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TEXT-BOOK 


OF 


WESTERN    BOTANY, 


CONSISTING    OF 


COULTER'S   MANUAL   OF   THE    BOTANY   OF 
THE   ROCKY   MOUNTAINS, 


TO  WHICH    IS   PREFIXED 


GRAY'S  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


FOB   THB    USE    OF   SCHOOLS   AND   COLLEGES   BETWEEN    THE   MISSISSIPPI 
RIVER  AND   THE   ROCKY   MOUNTAINS. 


IVISON,   BLAKEMAN,    TAYLOR,   AND  COMPANY  : 
NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO. 

1885. 


Copyriqht,  1885, 
BY  IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR,  AND  COMPANY 

EDUCATION  DEPT. 


PUBLISHEES'     NOTE. 


THE  issue  of  Professor  COULTER'S  Botany  of  the  Kocky 
Mountains,  and  of  the  Great  Plains  between  them  and  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  now  for  the  first  time  brings  this  great 
and  increasingly  populous  district,  from  Dakota  and  Montana 
to  New  Mexico,  within  the  pale  of  botanical  instruction. 

To  meet  the  wants  of  the  institutions  of  learning,  as  well 
as  of  private  students,  throughout  this  vast  region  of  sur- 
passing botanical  interest,  the  publishers  have  combined  into 
one  volume  this  Eocky  Mountain  Flora  with  Gray's  Lessons 
in  Botany,  as  its  appropriate  introduction,  grammar,  and 
lexicon. 


541831 


GRAY'S 

LESSONS    IN    BOTANY 


AND 


VEGETABLE   PHYSIOLOGY, 


ILLUSTRATED  BY  OVER  360   WOOD   ENGRAVINGS,  FROM   ORIGINAL 
DRAWINGS,  BY  ISAAC  SPRAGUB. 


TO    WHICH     IS     ADDED     A     COPIOUS 

GLOSSARY, 

OK 

DICTIONARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS, 


BY     ASA     GKAY, 

FISHER  PROFESSOR  OP  NATURAL  HISTORY  IN  HARVARD  UNIVERSITY. 


IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR  &   CO., 

NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1857.  by 

GEORGE    E.    PUTNAM    &    M.    . 
the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  District  of  New  Yod> 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  tie  /ear  1868,  bv 

ASA    «ll  AY, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  District  of  Massacnvwette. 


PREFACE. 


THIS  book  is  intended  for  the  use  of  beginners,  and  for  classes  in  the 
common  and  higher  schools,  —  in  which  the  elements  of  Botany,  one  of 
the  most  generally  interesting  of  the  Natural  Sciences,  surely  ought  to  be 
taught,  and  to  be  taught  correctly,  as  far  as  the  instruction  proceeds. 
While  these  Lessons  are  made  as  plain  and  simple  as  they  well  can  be, 
all  the  subjects  treated  of  have  been  carried  far  enough  to  make  the  book 
a  genuine  Grammar  of  Botany  and  Vegetable  Physiology,  and  a  sufficient 
introduction  to  those  works  in  which  the  plants  of  a  country  —  especially 
of  our  own  —  are  described. 

Accordingly,  as  respects  the  principles  of  Botany  (including  Vege- 
table Physiology),  this  work  is  complete  in  itself,  as  a  school-book 
for  younger  classes,  and  even  for  the  students  of  our  higher  seminaries. 
For  it  comprises  a  pretty  full  account  of  the  structure,  organs,  growth, 
and  reproduction  of  plants,  and  of  their  important  uses  in  the  scheme  of 
creation,  —  subjects  which  certainly  ought  to  be  as  generally  understood 
by  all  educated  people  as  the  elements  of  Natural  Philosophy  or  Astron- 
omy are ;  and  which  are  quite  as  easy  to  be  learned. 

The  book  is  also  intended  to  serve  as  an  introduction  to  the  author's 
Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States  (or  to  any  similar 
work  describing  the  plants  of  other  districts),  and  to  be  to  it  what  ,1 
grammar  and  a  dictionary  are  to  a  Classical  author.  It  consequentlv  co 
tains  many  terms  and  details  which  there  is  no  necessity  for  young  stu- 
dents perfectly  to  understand  in  the  first  instance,  and  still  less  to  commit 
to  memory,  but  which  they  will  need  to  refer  to  as  occasions  arise,  when 
they  come  to  analyze  flowers,  and  ascertain  the  names  of  our  wild  plants. 

To  make  the  book  complete  in  this  respect,  a  full  Glossary,  or  Diction- 
ary of  Term*  used  in  describing  Plants,  is  added  to  the  volume.  This  con- 
tains very  many  words  which  are  not  used  in  the  Manual  of  Bo! any ; 
but  as  they  occur  in  common  botanical  works,  it  was  thought  best  to  in- 
troduce and  explain  them.  All  the  words  in  the  Glossary  which  seemed 
to  require  it  are  accented. 


IV  PREFACE. 

It  is  by  no  means  indispensable  for  students  to  go  through  the  volume 
before  commencing  with  the  analysis  of  plants.  When  the  proper  season 
for  botanizing  arrives,  and  when  the  first  twelve  Lessons  have  been  gone 
over,  they  may  take  up  Lesson  XXVIII.  and  the  following  ones,  and  pro- 
ceed to  study  the  various  wild  plants  they  find  in  blossom,  in  the  manner 
illustrated  in  Lesson  XXX.,  &c.,  —  referring  to  the  Glossary,  and  thence 
to  the  pages  of  the  Lessons,  as  directed,  for  explanations  of  the  various 
distinctions  and  terms  they  meet  with.  Their  first  essays  will  necessarily 
be  rather  tedious,  if  not  difficult;  but  each  successful  attempt  smooths 
the  way  for  the  next,  and  soon  these  technical  terms  and  distinctions 
will  become  nearly  as  familiar  as  those  of  ordinary  language. 

Students  who,  having  mastered  this  elementary  work,  wish  to  extend 
their  acquaintance  with  Vegetable  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  and  to  con- 
sider higher  questions  about  the  structure  and  classification  of  plants,  will 
be  prepared  to  take  up  the  author's  Botanical  Text-Book,  an  Introduction 
to  Structural  Botany,  or  other  more  detailed  treatises. 

No  care  and  expense  have  been  spared  upon  the  illustrations  of  this 
volume;  which,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  are  all  original.  They 
were  drawn  from  nature  by  Mr.  Sprague,  the  most  accurate  of  living 
botanical  artists,  and  have  been  as  freely  introduced  as  the  size  to  which 
it  was  needful  to  restrict  the  volume  would  warrant. 

To  append  a  set  of  questions  to  the  foot  of  each  pa^e,  although  not  un- 
usual in  school-books,  seems  like  a  reflection  upon  the  competency  or  the 
faithfulness  of  teachers,  who  surely  ought  to  have  mastered  the  lesson  be- 
fore they  undertake  to  teach  it;  nor  ought  facilities  to  be  afforded  for 
teaching,  any  more  than  learning,  lessons  by  rote.  A  full  analysis  of  the 
contents  of  the  Lessons,  however,  is  very  convenient  and  advantageous. 
Such  an  Analysis  is  here  given,  in  place  of  the  ordinary  table  of  con- 
tents. This  will  direct  the  teacher  and  the  learner  at  once  to  the  leading 
ideas  and  important  points  of  each  Lesson,  and  serve  as  a  basis  to  ground 
proper  questions  on,  if  such  should  be  needed. 

ASA  GRAY 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY,  CAMBRIDGE, 
January  1,  1857. 


***  Revised  August,  1868,  and  alterations  made  adapting  it  to  the  new  edition  of 
Manual,  and  to  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany,  to  which  this  work  is  the  propei 
introduction  and  companion. 

A.  G. 


ANALYSIS   OF   THE   LESSONS.* 


WESSON  I. — BOTANY  AS  A  BRANCH  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY.     .     .    p.  1 

1.  Natural  History,  its  subjects.  2.  The  Inorganic  or  Mineral  Kingdom, 
what  it  is  :  why  culled  Inorganic.  3.  The  Organic  world,  or  the  world  of  Or- 
ganized beings,  why  so  called,  and  what  its  peculiarities.  4.  What  kingdoms 
it  comprises.  5,  6.  Differences  between  plants  and  animals.  7.  The  use  of 
plants  :  how  vegetables  are  nourished  ;  and  how  animals. 

8.  Botany,  how  denned.  9.  Physiology,  and  Physiological  Botany,  what 
/icy  relate  to.  10.  Systematic  Botany,  what  it  relates  to  :  a  Flora,  what  it  is 
11.  Geographical  Botany,  Fossil  Botany,  &c.,  what  they  relate  to. 

LESSON  II.  —  THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.          p.  4. 

12.  The  Course  of  Vegetation  :  general  questions  proposed.  13.  Plants 
formed  on  one  general  plan.  14.  The  Germinating  Plantlet :  15.  exists  in 
miniature  in  the  seed:  16.  The  Embryo;  its  parts:  17,  18.  how  it  develops. 
19.  Opposite  growth  of  Root  and  Stem  :  20.  its  object  or  results  :  21,  22.  the 
different  way  each  grows. 

LESSON  III.     GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED;  continued,     p.  9. 

23.  Recapitulation :  Ascending  and  Descending  Axis.  24,  25.  The  Germi- 
nating Plantlet,  how  nourished.  26.  Deposit  of  food  in  the  embryo,  illustrated 
in  the  Squash,  &c. :  27.  in  the  Almond,  Apple-seed,  Beech,  &c.  :  28.  in  the 
Bsan :  29.  in  the  Pea,  Oak,  and  Buckeye  :  peculiarity  of  these  last.  30,  31. 
Deposit  of  food  outside  of  the  embryo  :  Albumen  of  the  seed  :  various  shapes 
of  embryo.  32,  33.  Kinds  of  embryo  as  to  the  number  of  Cotyledons :  di- 
cotyledonous :  monocotyledonous  :  polycotyledonous.  34,  35.  Plan  of  vegeta- 
tion. 36.  Simple-stemmed  vegetation  illustrated. 

LESSON  IV.    THE  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS  AND  BRANCHES,  p.  20. 

37,  38.  Branching  :  difference  in  this  respect  between  roots  and  stems.  39. 
Buds,  what  they  are,  and  where  situated  :  40.  how  they  grow,  and  what  they 
become.  41.  Plants  as  to  size  and  duration  :  herb,  annual,  biennial,  perennial: 
shrub  :  tree.  42.  Terminal  Bud.  43.  Axillary  Buds.  44.  Scaly  Buds.  45. 
Naked  Buds.  46.  Vigor  of  vegetation  from  buds  illustrated.  47-49.  Plan 
and  arrangement  of  Branches  :  opposite  :  alternate.  50.  Symmetry  of  Branches, 

*  The  numbers  in  the  analysis  refer  to  th«  paragraphs. 

««  * 


Vi  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

what  it  depends  on:  51.  how  It  becomes  incomplete:  51-59.  how  varied. 
53  Definite  growth.  54.  Indefinite  growth.  55.  Deliquescent  or  dissolving 
stems,  how  formed.  56.  Excurrent  stems  of  spire-shaped  trees,  how  produced. 
57.  Latent  Buds.  58.  Adventitious  Buds.  59.  Accessory  or  supernumerary- 
Buds.  60.  Sorts  of  Buds  recaoitulated  and  defined. 

LESSON  V.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  ROOTS p.  28. 

61  -64.  Morphology;  what  the  term  means,  and  how  applied  in  Botany.  65.' 
Primary  Root,  simple;  and,  66.  multiple.  67.  Rootlets;  how  roots  absorb; 
time  for  transplantation,  &c.  68.  Great  amount  of  surface  which  a  plant 
spreads  out,  in  the  air  and  in  the  soil ;  reduced  in  winter,  increased  in  spring. 
69.  Absorbing  surface  of  roots  increased  by  the  root-hairs.  70  Fibrous  roots 
for  absorption.  71.  Thickened  or  fleshy  roots  as  storehouse  of  food.  72,  73. 
Their  principal  forms.  74.  Biennial  roots ;  their  economy.  75.  Perennial 
thickened  roots.  76.  Potatoes,  &c.  are  not  roots.  77.  Secondary  Roots,  their 
economy.  78.  Sometimes  striking  in  open  air,  when  they  arc,  79  Aerial  Roots  ; 
illustrated  In  Indian  Corn,  Mangrove,  Screw  Pine,  Banyan,  £c.  80.  Aerial 
Rootlets  of  Ivy.  81.  Epiphytes  or  Air-Plants,  illustrated.  82.  Parasitic  Plants, 
illustrated  by  the  Mistletoe,  Dodder,  &c. 

LESSON  VI.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.      ...    p.  36. 

83  -  85.  Forms  of  stems  and  branches  above  ground.  86  Their  direction  or 
habit  of  growth.  87.  Culm,  Caudex,  &c.  88.  Suckers  :  propagation  of  plants 
by  division.  89.  Stolons :  propagation  by  layering  or  laying.  90.  Offsets. 
91.  Runners.  92.  Tendrils;  how  plants  climb  by  them  :  their  disk-like  tips  in 
the  Virginia  Creeper.  93.  Tendrils  are  sometimes  forms  of  leaves.  94.  Spines 
or  Thorns  ;  their  nature  :  Prickles.  95  Strange  forms  of  stems.  96.  Subter- 
ranean stems  and  branches.  97.  The  Rootstock  or  Rhizoma,  why  stem  and 
not  root.  98.  Why  running  rootstocks  are  so  troublesome,  and  so  haul  to  de- 
stroy. 99-101.  Thickened  rootstoeks,  as  depositories  of  food.  102.  Their 
life  and  growth.  103.  The  Tuber.  104.  Economy  of  the  Potato-plant.  105. 
Gradations  of  tubers  into,  106.  Corms  or  solid  bulbs  :  the  nature  and  economy 
of  these,  as  in  Crocus.  107.  Gradation  of  these  into,  108.  the  Bulb  :  nature  of 
bulbs.  109,110.  Their  economy.  111.  Their  two  principal  sorts.  112  Bulb- 
lets.  113.  How  the  foregoing  sorts  of  stems  illustrate  what  is  meant  by  mor- 
phology. 114.  They  are  imitated  in  some  plants  above  ground.  115.  Consoli- 
dated forms  of  vegetation,  illustrated  by  Cactuses,  &c.  116.  Their  economy 
and  adaptation  to  dry  regions. 

LESSON  VII.     MORPHOLOGY  OF  LEAVES p.  49. 

117.  Remarkable  states  of  leaves  already  noticed.  118,  119.  Foliage  the 
natural  form  of  leaves:  others  are  special  forms,  or  transformations;  why  so 
called.  120.  Leaves  as  depositories  of  food,  especially  the  seed-leaves  ;  and,  121. 
As  Bulb-scales.  122.  Leaves  as  Bud-scales.  123.  As  Spines.  124.  As  Ten- 
drils. 125.  As  Pitchers.  126.  As  Fly-traps.  127-129.  The  same  leaf  serving 
various  purposes. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS.  vi» 

LESSON   VIII.    MoRprfOLOGY  OP  LEAVES  AS  FOLIAGE.       ...    p.  54. 

130.  Foliage  the  natural  state  of  leaves.  131.  Leaves  a  contrivance  for  in- 
creasing surface :  the  vast  surface  of  a  tree  in  leaf.  132,  133.  The  parts  of  a 
leaf.  134.  The  blade.  135.  Its  pulp  or  soft  part  and  its  framework.  136. 
The  latter  is  wood,  and  forms  the  ribs  or  veins  and  veinlets.  137.  Division  and 
use  of  these.  138.  Venation,  or  mode  of  veining.  139.  Its  two  kinds.  140. 
Nettcd-veined  or  reticulated.  141.  Parallel-veined  or  nerved.  142.  The  so- 
called  veins  and  nerves  essentially  the  same  thing;  the  latter  not  like  tl;e 
nerves  of  animals.  143.  How  the  sort  of  veining  of  leaves  answers  to  the  num- 
ber of  cotyledons  and  the  kind  of  plant.  144.  Two  kinds  of  parallel-veined  leaves. 
145,  146.  Two  kinds  of  nettcd-veincd  leaves.  147.  Relation  of  the  veining  to 
the  shape  of  the  leaf.  148  -  151.  Forms  of  leaves  illustrated,  as  to  general  out- 
line. 152.  As  to  the  base.  153.  As  to  the  apex. 

LESSON  IX.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  LEAVES  AS  FOLIAGE  ;  continued,     p.  61. 

154,  155.  Leaves  either  simple  or  compound.  156-162.  Simple  leaves  il- 
lustrated as  to  particular  outline,  or  kind  and  degree  of  division.  163.  Com- 
pound leaves.  164.  Leaflets.  165.  Kinds  of  compound  leaves.  166,  167. 
The  pinnate,  and,  168.  the  palmate  or  digitate.  169.  As  to  number  of  leaflets, 
&c.  170,  Leaflets,  as  to  lobing,  &c.  171,  172.  Doubly  or  trebly  compound 
leaves  of  both  sorts.  173.  Peculiar  forms  of  leaves  explained,  such  as:  174. 
Perfoliate:  175.  Equitant:  176.  Those  without  blade.  177.  Phyllodia,  or 
flattened  petioles.  178.  Stipules.  179.  Sheaths  of  Grasses  ;  Ligule. 

LESSON  X.     THE  ARRANGEMENT  OP  LEAVES p.  71. 

181.  Phyllotaxy,  or  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem  :  general  sorts  of  ar- 
rangement. 182.  Leaves  arise  only  one  from  the  same  place.  183.  Clustered 
or  fascicled  leaves  explained.  184.  Spiral  arrangement  of  alternate  leaves.  185. 
The  two-ranked  arrangement.  186.  The  three-ranked  arrangement.  187.  The 
five-ranked  arrangement.  188.  The  fractions  by  which  these  are  expressed. 
189.  The  eight-ranked  and  the  thirteen-ranked  arrangements.  190.  The  scries 
of  these  fractions,  and  their  relations.  191.  Opposite  and  whorled  leaves. 
192.  Symmetry  of  leaves,  &c.  fixed  by  mathematical  rule.  193.  Vernation,  or 
arrangement  of  leaves  in  the  bud.  194.  The  principal  modes. 

LESSON  XI.     THE   ARRANGEMENT  OF  FLOWERS  ON  THE  STEM, 

OR  INFLORESCENCE p.  76. 

195.  Passage  from  the  Organs  of  Vegetation  to  those  of  Fructification  or  Re- 
production. 196.  Inflorescence:  the  arrangement  of  flowers  depends  on  that 
of  the  leaves.  197.  They  arc  from  either  terminal  or  axillary  buds.  198.  In- 
determinate Inflorescence.  199.  Its  sorts  of  flower-clusters.  200.  Flower- 
stalks,  viz.  peduncles  and  pedicels,  bracts  and  bractlets,  &c.  201.  Raceme. 
202.  Its  gradation  into  (203)  a  Corymb,  and  that  (204)  into  (205)  an  Umbel. 
206.  Centripetal  order  of  development  207.  The  Spike.  208.  The  Hu-' 


tfii  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

209.  Spadix.  210.  Catkin  or  Ament.  211,  212.  Compound  inflorescence  of 
the  preceding  kinds.  213.  Panicle.  214.  Thyrsus.  215.  Determinate  In- 
florescence explained.  216,  217.  Cyme:  centrifugal  order  of  development 
218.  Fascicle.  219.  Glomerule.  221.  Analysis  of  flower-clusters.  222.  Com. 
bination  of  the  two  kinds  of  inflorescence  in  the  same  plant. 

LESSON  XII.    THE  FLOWER  :  ITS  PARTS  OR  ORGANS p.  84. 

223.  The  Flower.  224.  Its  nature  and  use.  225.  Its  organs.  226.  The 
Floral  Envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower.  Calyx  and  Corolla,  together  called 
(227)  Perianth.  228.  Petals,  Sepals.  229.  Neutral  and  "double"  flowers, 
those  destitute  of,  230.  The  Essential  Organs :  Stamens  and  Pistils.  231,232. 
The  parts  of  the  flower  in  their  su<  cession.  233.  The  Stamen  :  its  parts.  234. 
The  Pistil :  its  parts. 

LESSON  XIII.    THE  PLAN  or  THE  FLOWER p.  88. 

235.  Flowers  all  constructed  upon  the  same  plan.  236.  Plan  in  vegetation 
referred  to.  23*7  -  239.  Typical  or  pattern  flowers  illustrated,  those  at  once 
perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical.  241 .  Imperfect  or  separated  flowers. 
242.  Incomplete  flowers.  243.  Symmetry  and  regularity.  244.  Irregular  flow> 
ers.  245.  Unsymmetrical  flowers  246.  Numerical  plan  of  the  flower.  247. 
Alternation  of  the  successive  parts.  248.  Occasional  obliteration  of  certain  parts. 
24.a-  Abortive  organs.  250.  Multiplication  of  parts. 

LE8SON  XIV.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  FLOWER p  96. 

251.  Recapitulation  of  the  varied  forms  under  which  stems  and  leaves  appear. 
252.  These  may  be  called  metamorphoses.  253.  Flowers  are  altered  branches  ; 
how  shown.  254.  Their  position  the  same  as  that  occupied  by  buds.  255, 
256.  Leaves  of  the  blossom  are  really  leaves.  257.  Stamens  a  different  modifi- 
cation of  the  same.  258.  Pistils  another  modification ;  the  botanist's  idea  of 
a  pistil.  259.  The  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  a  flower  answers  to  that  of  the 
leaves  on  a  branch. 

LESSON  XV.     MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  CALYX  AND  COROLLA.     .  .    p.  99. 

260.  The  leaves  of  the  blossom  viewed  as  to  the  various  shapes  they  assume ; 
as,  261.  by  growing  together.  262.  Union  or  cohesion  of  parts  of  the  same  sort, 
rendering  the  flower,  263.  Monopetalous  or  monosepalous  ;  various  shapes  de- 
fined and  named.  265  The  tube,  and  the  border  or  limb.  266.  The  claw 
and  the  blade,  or  lamina  of  a  separate  petal,  &c.  267.  When  the  parts  are 
distinct,  polyscpalous,  and  polypetalous.  268.  Consolidation,  or  the  growing 
together  of  the  parts  of  different  sets.  269.  Insertion,  what  it  means,  and  what 
is  meant  by  the  terms  Free  and  Hypogynous.  270.  Perigynous  insertion.  271, 
272.  Coherent  or  adherent  calyx,  &c.  273.  Epigynous.  274.  Irregularity  of 
parts.  275.  Papilionaceous  flower,  and  its  parts.  276.  Labiate  or  bilabiate 
flowers.  277,  278.  Ligulate  flowers  :  the  so-called  compound  flowers. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS.  IX 

LESSON  XVI.    ^ESTIVATION,   OR    THE    ARRANGEMENT    OF    THE 

CALYX  AND  COROLLA  IN  THE  BUD.      ...     p.  108. 

279.  ^Estivation  or  Prsefloration  defined.  280.  Its  principal  modes  illustrated, 
viz.  the  valvate,  induplicate,  reduplicate,  convolute  or  twisted,  and  imbricated. 
282,  283.  Also  the  open,  and  the  plaited  or  plicate,  and  its  modification,  the 
supervolute. 

LESSON  XVII.     MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  STAMENS p.  Ill 

284.  Stamens  considered  as  to,  285.  Their  insertion.  286.  Their  union  with 
each  other.  287,  288.  Their  number.  289.  Their  parts.  290.  The  Filament. 
291.  The  Anther.  292,  293.  Its  attachment  to  the  filament.  294.  Its  structure. 
295.  Its  mode  of  opening,  &c.  296.  Its  morphology,  or  the  way  in  which  it  is 
supposed  to  bo  constructed  out  of  a  leaf;  its  use,  viz.  to  produce,  297.  Pollen. 
298.  Structure  of  pollen-grains.  299.  Some  of  their  forms. 


LESSON  XVIII.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  PISTILS p.  116. 

300.  Pistils  as  to  position.  301.  As  to  number.  302.  Their  parts ;  Ovary, 
style,  and  stigma.  303,  304.  Plan  of  a  pistil,  whether  simple  or  compound. 
305,  306.  The  simple  pistil,  or  Carpel,  and  how  it  answers  to  a  leaf.  307.  Its 
sutures.  308.  The  Placenta.  309.  The  Simple  Pistil,  one-celled,  310.  and  with 
one  style.  311,  312.  The  Compound  Pistil,  how  composed.  313.  With  two  or 
more  cells  :  314.  their  placentas  in  the  axis  :  315.  their  dissepiments  or  parti- 
tions. 316,  317.  One-celled  compound  pistils.  318.  With  a  free  central  pla- 
centa. 319,  320.  With  parietal  placentae.  321.  Ovary  superior  or  inferior. 
322.  Open  or  Gymnospermous  pistil :  Naked-seeded  plants.  323.  Ovules.  324. 
Their  structure.  325,  326.  Their  kinds  illustrated. 


LESSON  XIX.     MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  RECEPTACLE p.  124 

327.  The  Receptacle   or  Torus.      328-330.  Some  of  its  forms  illustrated. 
331.  The  Disk.     332.  Curious  form  of  the  receptacle  in  Nelumbium. 


LESSON  XX.    THE  FRUIT p.  126. 

333.  What  the  Fruit  consists  of.  334.  Fruits  which  are  not  such  in  a  strict 
botanical  sense.  335.  Simple  Fruits.  336,  337.  The  Pericarp,  and  the  changes 
it  may  undergo.  338.  Kinds  of  simple  fruits.  339.  Fleshy  fruits.  340  The 
Berry.  341.  The  Pepo  or  Ground-fruit.  342.  The  Pome  or  Apple-fruit.  343 
345.  The  Drupe  or  Stone-fruit.  346.  Dry  fruits.  347.  The  Achenium  :  nature 
of  the  Strawberry.  348-  Raspberry  and  Blackberry.  349.  Fruit  in  the  Com- 
posite Family :  Pappus.  350.  The  Utricle.  351.  The  Caryopsis  or  Grain.  352. 
The  Nut :  Cupulo.  353.  The  Samara  or  Key-fruit.  354.  The  Capsule  or  Pod. 
355.  The  Follicle.  356.  The  Legume  and  Loment.  357.  The  true  Capsule. 
358,359.  Dehiscence,  its  kinds.  361.  The  Silique.  362.  The  Silicic.  363.  T>»« 
Pyxis.  364.  Multiple  or  Collective  Fruits.  365.  The  Strobile  or  Cone. 


X  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

LESSON  XXL     THE  SEED .    p.  134. 

366.  The  Seed;  its  origin.  367.  Its  parts.  360,369.  Its  coats.  370.  The 
Aril  or  Arillus.  371.  Names  applied  to  the  parts  of  the  seed.  372.  The  Ker- 
nel or  Nucleus.  373.  The  Albumen.  374,  375.  The  Embryo.  376.  The 
Radicle.  377.  The  Cotyledons  or  Seed-leaves  :  the  monocotyledonous,  dicoty- 
ledonous, and  polycotyledonous  embryo.  378.  The  Plumule.  379.  The  circle 
of  vegetable  life  completed. 

LESSON  XXII.     How  PLANTS  GROW p.  138 

380,  381.  Growth,  what  it  is.  382.  For  the  first  formation  or  beginning  of 
a  plant  dates  farther  back  than  to,  383.  the  embryo  in  the  ripe  seed,  which  is 
already  a  plantlet.  384.  The  formation  and  the  growth  of  the  embryo  itself. 
385.  Action  of  the  pollen  on  the  stigma,  and  the  result.  386.  The  Embryonal 
Vesicle,  or  first  cell  of  the  embryo.  387.  Its  growth  and  development  into  the 
embryo.  388.  Growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the  seed,  389.  The  plant  built  up 
of  a  vast  number  of  cells.  390.  Growth  consists  of  the  increase  in  size  of  cells, 
and  their  multiplication  in  number. 


LESSON  XXIII.     VEGETABLE  FABRIC  :  CELLULAR  TISSUE.  .     .     p.  142. 

391,  392.  Organic  Structure  illustrated  :  Cells  the  units  or  elements  of  plants. 
393.  Cellular  Tissue.  394,395,397.  How  the  cells  are  put  together.  396.  Inter- 
cellular spaces,  air-passages.  398  Size  of  cells.  399.  Rapidity  of  their  produc- 
tion. 400.  Their  walls  colorless ;  the  colors  owing  to  their  contents.  401.  The 
walls  sometimes  thickened.  402.  Cells  are  closed  and  whole ;  yet  sap  flows  from 
one  cell  to  another.  403.  Their  varied  shapes. 


LESSON  XXIV.     VEGETABLE  FABRIC  :  WOOD p.  145. 

404.  All  plants  at  the  beginning  formed  of  cellular  tissue  only ;  and  some 
never  have  anything  else  in  their  composition.  405.  Wood  soon  appears  in 
most  plants.  406.  Its  nature,  408.  Wood-cells  or  Woody  Fibre.  409.  Hard 
wood  and  soft  wood.  410.  Wood-cells  closed  and  whole  ;  yet  they  convey  sap. 
411.  They  communicate  through  thin  places  :  Pine-wood,  &c.  412.  Bast-cells 
or  fibres  of  the  bark.  413.  Ducts  or  Vessels.  414.  The  principal  kinds.  415 
Milk-vessels,  Oil-receptacles,  &c. 


LESSON  XXV.     ANATOMY  OP  THE  ROOT,  STEM,  AND  LEAVES,      p.  149. 

416.  The  materials  of  the  vegetable  fabric,  how  put  together  417-419. 
Structure  and  action  of  the  rootlets.  420.  Root-hairs.  421.  Structure  of  the 
stem.  422.  The  two  sorts  of  stem.  423.  The  Endogenous.  423.  The  Exo- 
genous :  425.  more  particularly  explained.  426.  Parts  of  the  wood  or  stem 
itself.  427.  Parts  of  the  bark.  428  Growth  of  the  exogenous  stem  year  after 
year.  429.  Growth  of  the  bark,  and  what  becomes  of  the  older  parts.  431. 
Changes  in  the  wood ;  Sap-wood.  432.  Heart-wood.  433.  This  no  longer  liv- 


ANALYSIS    OF   THE    LESSONS.  x! 

ing.  434.  "What  the  living  parts  of  a  tree  are ;  their  annual  renewal.  435. 
Cambium-layer  or  zone  of  growth  in  the  stem ;  connected  with,  436.  new  root- 
lets below,  and  new  shoots,  buds,  and  leaves  above.  437.  Structure  of  a  leaf: 
its  two  parts,  the  woody  and  the  cellular,  or,  438.  the  pulp  ;  this  contains  the  green 
matter,  or  Chlorophyll.  439,  440.  Arrangement  of  the  cells  of  green  pulp  in  the 
leaf,  and  structure  of  its  epidermis  or  skin.  441.  Upper  side  only  endures  the 
sunshine.  442.  Evaporation  or  exhalation  of  moisture  from  the  leaves.  443 
Stomates  or  Breathing-pores,  their  structure  and  use.  444.  Their  numbers. 

LESSON  XXVI.      THE  PLANT   IN  ACTION,  DOING   THE  WORK 

OF  VEGETATION p.  157. 

446.  The  office  of  plants  to  produce  food  for  animals.  447.  Plants  feed 
npon  earth  and  air.  449.  Their  chemical  composition.  450.  Two  sorts  of 
material.  451,  452.  The  earthy  or  inorganic  constituents.  453.  The  organic 
constituents.  454.  These  form  the  Cellulose,  or  substance  of  vegetable  tissue  ; 
composition  of  cellulose.  455.  The  plant's  food,  from  which  this  is  made. 

456.  Water,  furnishing  hydrogen  and  oxygen.     458.  Carbonic  acid,  furnishing, 

457.  Carbon.     459.  The  air,  containing  oxygen  and  nitrogen  ;  and  also,  460. 
Carbonic  acid;  461.  which  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves,  462.  and  by  the   roots. 
463.  Water  and  carbonic  acid  the  general  food  of  plants.     464.  Assimilation 
the  proper  work  of  plants.     465    Takes  place  in  green  parts  alone,  under  the 
light  of  the  sun.     466  -  468.  Liberates  oxygen  gas  and  produces  Cellulose  or 
plant-fabric.     469.  Or  else  Starch  ;  its  nature  and  use.     470.  Or  Sugar;  its  na- 
ture, &c.     The  transformations  starch,  sugar,  &c.  undergo.     471.  Oils,  acids,  &c. 
The  formation  of  all  these  products  restores  oxygen  gas  to  the  air.     472.  There- 
fore plants  purify  the  air  for  animals.     473.  While  at  the  same  time  they  pro- 
duce all  the  food  and  fabric  of  animals.     The  latter  take  all  their  food  ready  made 
from  plants.     474.  And  decompose  starch,  sugar,  oil,  &c.,  giving  back  their  ma- 
terials to  the  air  again  as  the  food  of  the  plant ;  at  the  same  time  producing  ani- 
mal heat.    475.  But  the  fabric  or  flesh  of  animals  (fibrinc,  gelatine,  &c.)  contains 
nitrogen.    476    This  is  derived  from  plants  in  the  form  of  Proteine.     Its  nature 
and  how  the  plant  forms  it.     477.  Earthy  matters  in  the  plant  form  the  earthy 
part  of  bones,  &c.     478.  Dependence  of  animals  upon  plants  ;  showing  the  great 
object  for  which  plants  were  created. 

LESSON   XXVII.    PLANT-LIFE p.  166. 

479.  Life ;  manifested  by  its  effects ;  viz.  its  power  of  transforming  matter  : 
480.  And  by  motion.  481,  482.  Plants  execute  movements  as  well  as  animals. 
483.  Circulation  in  cells.  484.  Free  movements  of  the  simplest  plants  in  their 
forming  state.  485.  Absorption  and  conveyance  of  the  sap.  486.  Its  rise  into 
the  leaves.  487.  Explained  by  a  mechanical  law;  Endosmose.  488.  Set  in  ac- 
tion by  evaporation  from  the  leaves.  489.  These  movements  controlled  by  the 
plant,  which  directs  growth  and  shapes  the  fabric  by  an  inherent  power.  490  - 
492.  Special  movements  of  a  conspicuous  sort;  such  as  seen  in  the  bending, 
twining,  revolving,  and  coiling  of  stems  and  tendrils  ;  in  the  so-called  sleeping 
and  waking  states  of  plants  ;  in  movements  from  irritation,  and  striking  spon- 
taneous motions. 


xii  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

493.  Cryptogamous  or  Flowerless  Plants.  494.  What  they  comprise  •,  why 
so  called.  495.  To  be  studied  in  other  works. 

LESSON  XXVIII.    SPECIES  AND  KINDS p.  173. 

496.  Plants  viewed  as  to  their  relationships.  497.  Two  characteristics  of 
plants  and  animals  :  they  form  themselves,  and,  498  They  exist  as  Individu- 
als. The  chain  of  individuals  gives  rise  to  the  idea  of,  499,  500.  Species  :  as- 
semblages of  individuals,  so  like  that  they  are  inferred  to  have  a  common  an- 
cestry. 501.  Varieties  and  Races.  502.  Tendency  of  the  progeny  to  inherit 
all  the  peculiarities  of  the  parent ;  how  taken  advantage  of  in  developing  and 
fixing  races.  503.  Diversity  and  gradation  of  species  ;  these  so  connected  as  to 
show  all  to  be  formed  on  one  plan,  all  works  of  one  hand,  or  realizations  of  the 
conceptions  of  one  mind.  504.  Kinds,  what  they  depend  upon.  505.  Genera. 
606.  Orders  or  Families.  507.  Suborders  and  Tribes.  508  Classes.  509.  The 
two  great  Series  or  grades  of  plants.  510.  The  way  the  various  divisions  in 
classification  are  ranked 

LESSON  XXIX.    BOTANICAL  NAMES  AND  CHARACTERS.     .     .     .    p.  178. 

511,  512.  Classification  ;  the  two  purposes  it  subserves.  513.  Names  :  plan  of 
nomenclature.  514,  515.  Generic  names,  how  formed.  516.  Specific  names, 
how  formed.  517.  Names  of  Varieties.  518,  519.  Names  of  Orders,  Sub- 
orders, Tribes,  &c.  520,  521.  Characters. 

LESSONS  XXX. -XXXII.     How  TO  STUDY  PLANTS,     pp.  181,  187,  191. 

522  -  567.  Illustrated  by  several  examples,  showing  the  mode  of  analyzing  and 
ascertaining  the  name  of  an  unknown  plant,  and  its  place  in  the  system,  &c. 

LESSON  XXXIII.    BOTANICAL  SYSTEMS .     .     p.  195 

568-571.  Natural  System.  572,  573.  Artificial  Classification.  574.  Arti- 
ficial System  of  Linnaeus.  575.  Its  twenty-four  Classes,  enumerated  and  de- 
fined. 576.  Derivation  of  their  names.  577,  578.  Its  Orders. 

LESSON  XXXIV.     How   TO   COLLECT    SPECIMENS   AND    MAKE 

AN  HERBARIUM p    199. 

579-582.  Directions  for  collecting  specimens.  583,  584.  For  drying  and 
preserving  specimens.  585,  586  For  forming  an  Herbarium. 

GLOSSARY,  OR  DICTIONARY  or  BOTANICAL  TERMS p-  203 


FIRST  LESSONS 


IN 


BOTANY  AND  VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY, 


LESSON   I. 

BOTANY    AS    A    BRANCH    OF    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

1.  THE  subjects  of  Natural  History  are,  the  earth  itself  and  the 
beings  that  live  upon  it. 

2.  The  Inorganic  World,  or  Mineral  Kingdom,    The  earth  itself,  with 

the  air  that  surrounds  it,  and  all  things  naturally  belonging  to  them 
which  are  destitute  of  life,  make  up  the  mineral  kingdom,  or  in- 
organic world.  These  are  called  inorganic,  or  unorganized,  because 
they  are  not  composed  of  organs,  that  is,  of  parts  which  answer  to 
one  another,  and  make  up  a  whole,  such  as  is  a  horse,  a  bird,  or  a 
plant.  They  were  formed,  but  they  did  not  grow,  nor  proceed  from 
previous  bodies  like  themselves,  nor  have  they  the  power  of  pro- 
ducing other  similar  bodies,  that  is,  of  reproducing  their  kind.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  various  living  things,  01  £hose  which  have  pos- 
sessed life,  compose  , 

3.  The  Organic  World,  —  the  world  of  organized  beings.     Thest 
consist  of  organs ;  of  parts  which  go  to  make  up  an  individual,  a 
being.     And  each  individual  owes  its  existence  to  a  preceding  one 
like  itself,  that  is,  to  a  parent.      It  was  not  merely  formed,  but 
produced.     At  first  small  and  imperfect,  it  grows  and  develops  by 
powers  of  its  own  ;  it  attains  maturity,  becomes  old,  and  finally  dies. 
It  was  formed  of  inorganic  or  mineral  matter,  that  is,  of  earth  and 
air,  indeed  ;    but  only  of  this  matter  under  the  influence  of  life : 
and  after  life  departs,  sooner  or  later,  it  is  decomposed  into  earth 
and  air  again. 

1 


WHAT    IT    RELATES    TO.  ("LESSON  Ir 

4.  The  organic  world  consists  of  two  kinds  of  beings ;  namely, 
1.  Plants  or  Vegetables,  which  make  up  what  is  called  the  Vegetable 
Kingdom  ;  and,  2.  Animals,  which  compose  the  Animal  Kingdom. 

5.  The  Differences  between  Plants  and  Animals  seem  at  first  sight  so 

obvious  and  so  great,  that  it  would  appear  more  natural  to  inquire 
how  they  resemble  rather  than  how  they  differ  from  each  other. 
What  likeness  does  the  cow  bear  to  the  grass  it  feeds  upon  ?  The 
c  le  moves  freely  from  place  to  place,  in  obedience  to  its  own  will 
as  its  wants  or  convenience  require :  the  other  is  fixed  to  the  spot 
of  earth  where  it  grew,  manifests  no  wilt,  and  makes  no  movements 
that  are  apparent  to  ordinary  observation.  The  one  takes  its  food 
into  an  internal  cavity  (the  stomach),  from  which  it  is  absorbed 
into  the  system :  the  other  absorbs  its  food  directly  by  its  surface, 
by  its  roots,  leaves,  &c.  Both  possess  organs;  but  the  limbs  or 
members  of  the  animal  do  not  at  all  resemble  the  roots,  leaves, 
blossoms,  &c.  of  the  plant.  All  these  distinctions,  however,  gradu- 
ally disappear,  as  we  come  to  the  lower  kinds  of  plants  and  the  lower 
animals.  Many  animals  (such  as  barnacles,  coral-animals,  and 
polyps)  are  fixed  to  some  support  as  completely  as  the  plant  is  to 
the  soil ;  while  many  plants  are  not  fixed,  and  some  move  from 
place  to  place  by  powers  of  their  own.  All  animals  move  some  of 
their  parts  freely ;  yet  in  the  extent  and  rapidity  of  the  motion 
many  of  them  are  surpassed  by  the  common  Sensitive  Plant,  by 
the  Venus's  Fly-trap,  and  by  some  other  vegetables ;  while  whole 
tribes  of  aquatic  plants  are  so  freely  and  briskly  locomotive,  that 
they  have  until  lately  been  taken  for  animals.  It  is  among  these 
microscopic  tribes  that  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms  most 
nearly  approach  each  other,  —  so  nearly,  that  it  is  still  uncertain 
where  to  draw  the  line  between  them. 

6.  Since   the   difficulty  of  distinguishing   between    animals   and 
plants    occurs  only,  or    mainly,  in  those   forms    which    from  their 
minuteness  are  beyond  ordinary  observation,  we  need   not  further 
concern  ourselves  with  the  question  here.     One,  and  probably  the 
most  absolute,  difference,  however,  ought  to  be  mentioned  at  the 
outset,  because  it  enables  us  to  see  what  plants  are  made  for.     It 
is  this : — 

7.  Vegetables  are  nourished  by  the  mineral  kingdom,  that  is,  by 
the  ground  and  the  air,  which  supply  all  they  need,  and  which  they 
are  adapted  to  live  upon  ;  while  animals  are  entirely  nourished  by 
vegetables.     The  great  use  of  plants  therefore  is,  to  take  portions  of 


LESSON  1.]  BOTANY,    WHAT   IT    RELATES    TO.  3 

earth  and  air,  upon  which  animals  cannot  subsist  at  all,  and  to  con- 
vert these  into  something  upon  which  animals  can  subsist,  that  is, 
into  food.  All  food  is  produced  by  plants.  How  this  is  done,  it  is 
the  province  of  Vegetable  Physiology  to  explain. 

8.  Botany  is  the  name  of  the  science  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  in 
general. 

9.  Physiology  is  the  study  of  the  way  a  living  being  lives,  and 
grows,  and  performs  its  various  operations.     The  study  of  plants  in 
this  view  is  the  province  of  Vegetable  Physiology.     The  study  of  the 
form  and  structure  of  the  organs  or  parts  of  the  vegetable,  by  which 
its  operations  are  performed,  is  the  province  of  Structural  Botany. 
The  two  together  constitute  Physiological  Botany.     With  this  de- 
partment the  study  of  Botany  should  begin ;  both  because  it  lies 
at  the  foundation  of  all  the  rest,  and  because  it  gives  that  kind  of 
knowledge  of  plants  which  it  is  desirable  every  one  should  possess ; 
that  is,  some  knowledge  of  the  way  in  which  plants  live,  grow,  and 
fulfil  the  purposes  of  their  existence.     To  this  subject,  accordingly, 
a  large  portion  of  the  following  Lessons  is  devoted. 

10.  The  study  of  plants  as  to  their  kinds  is  the  province  of  Sys- 
tematic Botany.     An  enumeration  of  the  kinds  of  vegetables,  as  far 
as  known,  classified  according  to  their  various  degrees  of  resemblance 
or  difference,  constitutes  a  general  System  of  plants.     A  similar  ac- 
count of  the  vegetables  of  any  particular  country  or  district  is  called 
a  Flora  of  that  country  or  district. 

1 1 .  Other  departments  of  Botany  come  to  view  when  —  instead 
of  regarding  plants  as  to  what  they  are  in  themselves,  or  as  to  their 
relationship  with  each  other  —  we  consider  them  in  their  relations 
to  other  things.     Their  relation  to  the  earth.,  for  instance,  as  respects 
their  distribution  over  its  surface,  gives  rise  to  Geographical  Botany, 
or  Botanical  Geography.      The  study  of  the  vegetation  of  former 
times,  in  their  fossil  remains  entombed  in  the  crust  of  the  earth, 
gives  rise  to  Fossil  Botany.     The  study  of  plants  in  respect  to  their 
uses  to  man  is  the  province  of  Agricultural  Botany,  Medical  Botany, 
and  the  like. 


4  GROWTH    OF    THE   PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.       [LESSON  2. 

LESSON  II. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 

12.  The  Course  of  Vegetation,  We  see  plants  growing  from  the 
seed  in  spring-time,  and  gradually  developing  their  parts  :  at  length 
they  blossom,  bear  fruit,  and  produce  seeds  like  those  from  which 
they  grew.  Shall  we  commence  the  study  of  the  plant  with  the 
full-grown  herb  or  tree,  adorned  with  flowers  or  laden  with  fruit  ? 
Or  shall  we  commence  with  the  seedling  just  rising  from  the 
ground  ?  On  the  whole,  we  may  get  a  clearer  idea  of  the  whole 
life  and  structure  of  plants  if  we  begin  at  the  beginning,  that  is,  with 
the  plantlet  springing  from  the  seed,  and  follow  it  throughout  its 
course  of  growth.  This  also  agrees  best  with  the  season  in  which 
the  study  of  Botany  is  generally  commenced,  namely,  in  the  spring 
of  the  year,  when  the  growth  of  plants  from  the  seed  can  hardly 
fail  to  attract  attention.  Indeed,  it  is  this  springing  forth  of  vegeta- 
tion from  seeds  and  buds,  after  the  rigors  of  our  long  winter, — 
clothing  the  earth's  surface  almost  at  once  with  a  mantle  of  freshest 
verdure, —  which  gives  to  spring  its  greatest  charm.  Even  the 
dullest  beholder,  the  least  observant  of  Nature  at  other  seasons, 
can  then  hardly  fail  to  ask :  What  are  plants  ?  How  do  they  live 
and  grow  ?  What  do  they  live  upon  ?  What  is  the  object  and  use 
of  vegetation  in  general,  and  of  its  particular  and  wonderfully  various 
forms  ?  These  questions  it  is  the  object  of  the  present  Lessons  to 
answer,  as  far  as  possible,  in  a  simple  way. 

13.  A  reflecting  as  well  as  observing  person,  noticing  the  re- 
semblances between  one  plant  and  another,  might  go  on  to  inquire 
whether  plants,  with  all  their  manifold  diversities  of  form  and 
appearance,  are  not  all  constructed  on  one  and  the  same  general 
plan.  It  will  become  apparent,  as  we  proceed,  that  this  is  the 
case;  —  that  one  common  plan  may  be  discerned,  which  each  par- 
ticular plant,  whether  herb,  shrub,  or  tree,  has  followed  much  more 
dosely  than  would  at  first  view  be  supposed.  The  differences,  wide 
as  they  are,  are  merely  incidental.  What  is  true  in  a  general  way 
of  any  ordinary  vegetable,  will  be  found  to  be  true  of  all,  only  with 
great  variation  in  the  details.  In  the  same  language,  though  in 
varied  phrase,  the  hundred  thousand  kinds  of  plants  repeat  the  same 


LESSON  2.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 


story,  —  are  the  living  witnesses  and  illustrations  of  one  and  the 
same  plan  of  Creative  Wisdom  in  the  vegetable  world.  So  that  the 
study  of  any  one  plant,  traced  from  the  seed  it  springs  from  round 
to  the  seeds  it  produces,  would  illustrate  the  whole  subject  of  vege- 
table life  and  growth.  It  matters  little,  therefore,  what  particular 
plant  we  begin  with. 

14.  The  Germinating  Plantlet,    Take  for  example  a  seedling  Maplec 
Sugar  Maples  may  be  found  in  abundance  in  many  places,  starting 
from  the  seed  (i.  e.  germinating)  in  early  spring,  and  Red  Maples 
at  the  beginning  of  summer,  shortly  after  the  fruits  of  the  season 
have   ripened  and  fallen  to  the  ground.     A  pair  of  narrow  green 
leaves  raised  on  a  tiny  stem  make  up  the  whole  plant  at  its  first 
appearance  (Fig.  4).     Soon  a  root  appears  at  the  lower  end  of  this 
stemlet  ;  then  a  little  bud  at  its  upper  end,  between  the  pair  of 
leaves,  which  soon  grows  into  a  second  joint  or 

ritem  bearing  another  pair  of  leaves,  resembling 
the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  Red  Maple,  which 
the  first  did  not.  Figures  5  and  6  represent 
these  steps  in  the  growth. 

15.  Was  this  plantlet  formed  in  the  seed  at 
the  time  of  germination,  something  as  the  chick 
is  formed  in  the  egg  during  the  process  of  incu- 
bation ?      Or  did  it  exist   before  in   the   seed, 
ready   formed  ?      To  decide  this  question,  we 
have  only  to  inspect  a  sound  seed,  which  in  this 
instance  requires  no  microscope,  nor  any  other 
instrument   than  a  sharp   knife,  by  which   the 
coats  of  the  seed  (previously  soaked  in  water,  if 
dry)  may  be  laid  open.      We  find  within   the 
seed,  in  this  case,  the  little  plantlet  ready  formed, 
and  nothing  else   (Fig.   2)  ;  —  namely,   a   pair 
of  leaves    like  those    of  the    earliest    seedling 
(Fig.  4),  only  smaller,  borne  on  a  stemlet  just 
like   that   of  the  seedling,  only  much   shorter, 
and  all  snugly  coiled  up  within  the  protecting 
seed-coat.     The    plant   then    exists   beforehand 

in    the   seed,  in  miniature.     It  was   not  formed,  but   only  devel- 

FIG.  1.  A  winged  fruit  of  Red  Maple,  with  the  seed-bearing  portion  cut  open,  to  show  the 
seed.  2.  This  seed  cut  open  to  show  the  embryo  plantlet  within,  enlarged.  3.  The  embryo 
taken  out  whole,  and  partly  unfolded.  4.  The  same  after  it  has  begun  to  grow ;  of  the 
natural  size. 

1* 


6        GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.   [LESSON  2, 

oped,  in  germination  ;  when  it  had  merely  to  unfold  and  grow,  — 
to  elongate  its  rudimentary  stem,  which  takes 
at  the  same  time  an  upright  position,  so  as  to 
bring  the  leaf-bearing  end  into  the  light  and  air, 
where  the  two  leaves  expand ;  while  from  the 
opposite  end,  now  pushed  farther  downwards 
into  the  soil,  the  root  begins  to  grow.  All  this 
is  true  in  the  main  of  all  plants  that  spring  from! 
real  seeds,  although  with  great  diversity  in  the 
particulars.  At  least,  there  is  hardly  an  excep- 
tion to  the  fact,  that  the  plantlet  exists  ready 
formed  in  the  seed,  in  some  shape  or  other. 

16.  The  rudimentary  plantlet  contained  in 
the  seed  is  called  an  Embryo.  Its  little  stem 
is  named  the  Radicle,  because  it  was  supposed 
to  be  the  root,  when  the  difference  between  the 
root  and  stem  was  not  so  well  known  as  now. 
It  were  better  to  name  it  the  Caulicle  (i.  e. 
little  stem)  ;  but  it  is  not  expedient  to  change 
old  names.  The  seed-leaves  it  bears  on  its  sum- 
mit (here  two  in  number)  are  technically  called 
Cotyledons.  The  little  bud  of  undeveloped 
leaves  which  is  to  be  found  between  the  co- 
tyledons before  germination  in  many  cases  (as  in  the  Pea,  Bean, 
Fig.  17,  &c.),  has  been  named  the  Plumule. 

17.  In  the  Maple  (Fig.  4),  as  also  in  the  Morning-Glory  (Fig. 
28),  and  the  like,  this  bud,  or  plumule,  is  not  seen  for  some  days 
after  the  seed-leaves  are  expanded.  But  soon  it  appears,  in  the 
Maple  as  a  pair  of  minute  leaves  (Fig.  5),  erelong  raised  on  a  stalk 
which  carries  them  up  to  some  distance  above  the  cotyledons.  The 
plantlet  (Fig.  6)  now  consists,  above  ground,  of  two  pairs  of  leaves, 
viz. :  1.  the  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves,  borne  on  the  summit  of  the 
original  stemlet  (the  radicle)  ;  and  2.  a  pair  of  ordinary  leaves, 
raised  on  a  second  joint  of  stem  which  has  grown  from  the  top 
of  the  first.  Later,  a  third  pair  of  leaves  is  formed,  and  raised 
on  a  third  joint  of  stem,  proceeding  from  the  summit  of  the  second 
(Fig.  7),  just  as  that  did  from  the  first ;  and  so  on,  until  the  germi- 
nating plantlet  becomes  a  tree. 

FIG.  5.    Germinating  Red  Maple,  which  has  produced  its  root  beneath,  and  is  developing 
A  second  pair  of  leaves  above.     6.  Same,  further  advanced. 


LESSON  2.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 


18.  So  the  youngest  seedling,  and  even  the  embryo  in  the  seed, 
is  already  an  epitome  of  the  herb  or  tree.     It  has  a  stem,  from  the 
lower  end  of  which  it  strikes  root :  and  it 

has  leaves.  The  tree  itself  in  its  whole 
vegetation  has  nothing  more  in  kind. 
To  become  a  tree,  the  plantlet  has  only 
to  repeat  itself  upwardly  by  producing 
more  similar  parts,  —  that  is,  new  por- 
tions of  stem,  with  new  and  larger  leaves, 
in  succession,  —  while  beneath,  it  pushes 
its  root  deeper  and  deeper  into  the  soil. 

19.  The  Opposite  Growth  of  Root  and 

Stem  began  at  the  beginning  of  germi- 
nation, and  it  continues  through  the 
whole  life  of  the  plant.  While  yet 
buried  in  the  soil,  and  perhaps  in  total 
darkness,  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  grow, 
the  stem  end  of  the  embryo  points 
towards  the  light,  —  curving  or  turning 
quite  round  if  it  happens  to  lie  in 
some  other  direction,  —  and  stretches 
upwards  into  the  free  air  and  sunshine  ; 
while  the  root  end  as  uniformly  avoids 
the  light,  bends  in  the  opposite  direction 
to  do  so  if  necessary,  and  ever  seeks  to  bury  itself  more  and  more 
in  the  earth's  bosom.  How  the  plantlet  makes  these  movements  we 
cannot  explain.  But  the  object  of  this  instinct  is  obvious.  It 
places  the  plant  from  the  first  in  the  proper  position,  with  its  roots 
in  the  moist  soil,  from  which  they  are  to  absorb  nourishment,  and  its 
leaves  in  the  light  and  air,  where  alone  they  can  fulfil  their  office  of 
Digesting  what  the  roots  absorb. 

20-  So  the  seedling  plantlet  finds  itself  provided  with  all  the 
organs  of  vegetation  that  even  the  oldest  plant  possesses,  —  namely, 
root,  stem,  and  leaves ;  and  has  these  placed  in  the  situation  where 
each  is  to  act,  —  the  root  in  the  soil,  the  foliage  in  the  light  and  air. 
Thus  established,  the  plantlet  has  only  to  set  about  its  proper  work. 

21.  The  different  Mode  of  Growth  of  Root  and  Stem  may  also  be  here 

mentioned.     Each  grows,  not  only  in  a  different  direction,  but  in  a 
different  way.    The  stem  grows  by  producing  a  set  of  joints,  each  from 


FIG.  7.    Germinating  Red  Mapla.  further  developed. 


8  GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.       [LESSON   2, 

the  summit  of  its  predecessor ;  and  each  joint  elongates  throughout 
every  part,  until  it  reaches  its  full  length.  The  root  is  not  composed 
of  joints,  and  it  lengthens  only  at  the  end.  The  stem  in  the  embryo 
(viz.  the  radicle)  has  a  certain  length  to  begin  with.  In  the  pump- 
kin-seed, for  instance  (Fig.  9),  it  is  less  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
long :  but  it  grows  in  a  few  days  to  the  length  of  one  or  two  inches 
(Fig.  10),  or  still  more,  if  the  seed  were  deeper  covered  by  the  soil 
It  is  by  this  elongation  that  the  seed-leaves  are  raised  out  of  the 
soil,  so  as  to  expand  in  the  light  and  air.  The  length  they  acquire 
varies  with  the  depth  of  the  covering.  When  large  and  strong  seeds 
are  too  deeply  buried,  the  stemlet  sometimes  grows  to  the  length  of 
several  inches  in  the  endeavor  to  bring  the  seed-leaves  to  the  sur- 
face. The  lengthening  of  the  succeeding  joints  of  the  stem  serves  to 
separate  the  leaves,  or  pairs  of  leaves,  from  one  another,  and  to  ex- 
pose them  more  fully  to  the  light. 

22.  The  root,  on  the  other  hand,  begins  by  a  new  formation  at 
the  base  of  the  embryo  stem ;  and  it  continues  to  increase  in  length 
solely  by  additions  to  the  extremity,  the  parts  once  formed  scarcely 
elongating  at  all  afterwards.  This  mode  of  growth  is  well  adapted 
to  the  circumstances  in  which  roots  are  placed,  leaving  every  part 
undisturbed  in  the  soil  where  it  was  formed,  while  the  ever-advan- 
cing points  readily  insinuate  themselves  into  the  crevices  or  looser 
portions  of  the  soil,  or  pass  around  the  surface  of  solid  obstacles. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FKOM  THE  SEED.        9 

LESSON   III. 

GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED. Continued. 

23.  So  a  plant  consists  of  two  parts,  growing  in  a  different  manner, 
as  well  as  in  opposite  directions.     One  part,  the  root,  grows  down- 
wards into  the  soil :  it  may,  therefore,  be  called  the  descending  axis. 
The  other  grows  upwards  into  the  light  and  air :  it  may  be  called 
the  ascending  axis.     The  root  grows  on  continuously  from  the  ex- 
tremity, and  so  does  not  consist  of  joints,  nor  does  it  bear  leaves, 
or   anything    of  the    kind.      The    stem   grows  by  a  succession  of 
joints,  each  bearing  one  or  more  leaves  on  its  summit.     Root  on 
the  one  hand,  and  stem  with  its  foliage  on  the  other,  make  up  the 
whole  plantlet  as  it  springs  from  the  seed ;  and  the  full-grown  herb, 
shrub,  or  tree  has  nothing  more  in  kind,  —  only  more  in  size  and 
number.     Before  we  trace  the  plantlet  into  the  herb  or  tree,  some 
other  cases  of  the  growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the  seed  should  be 
studied,  that  we  may  observe  how  the  same  plan  is  worked  out  under 
a  variety  of  forms,  with  certain  differences  in  the  details.    The  mate- 
rials for  this  study  are  always  at  hand.    We  have  only  to  notice  what 
takes  place  all  around  us  in  spring,  or  to  plant  some  common  seeds 
in  pots,  keep  them  warm  and  moist,  and  watch  their  germination. 

24.  The  Germinating  Plantlel  feeds  on  Nourishment  provided  beforehand. 

The  embryo  so  snugly  ensconced  in  the  seed  of  the  Maple  (Fig.  2, 
3, 4)  has  from  the  first  a  miniature  stem,  and  a  pair  of  leaves  already 
green,  or  which  become  green  as  soon  as  brought  to  the  light.  It 
has  only  to  form  a  root  by  which  to  fix  itself  to  the  ground,  when  it 
becomes  a  perfect  though  diminutive  vegetable,  capable  of  providing 
for  itself.  This  root  can  be  formed  only  out  of  proper  material : 
neither  water  nor  anything  else  which  the  plantlet  is  imbibing  from 
the  earth  will  answer  the  purpose.  The  proper  material  is  nourish- 
ing matter,  or  prepared  food,  more  or  less  of  which  is  always  pro- 
vided by  the  parent  plant,  and  stored  up  in  the  seed,  either  in  the 
embryo  itself,  or  around  it.  In  the  Maple,  this  nourishment  is  stored 
up  in  the  thickish  cotyledons,  or  seed-leaves.  And  there  is  barely 
enough  of  it  to  make  the  beginning  of  a  root,  and  to  provide  for  the 
lengthening  of  the  stemlet  so  as  to  bring  up  the  unfolding  seed-leaves 
where  they  may  expand  to  the  light  of  day.  But  when  this  is  done, 
S&F— 2 


GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.      [LESSON  3. 


the  tiny  plant  is  already  able  to  shift  for  itself;  —  that  is,  to  live  and 
continue  its  growth  on  what  it  now  takes  from  the  soil  and  from  the 
air,  and  elaborates  into  nourishment  in  its  two  green  leaves,  under 
the  influence  of  the  light  of  the  sun. 

25.  In  most  ordinary  plants,  a  larger  portion  of  nourishment  is 
provided  beforehand  in  the  seed  ;  and  the  plantlet  consequently  is 
not  so  early  or  so  entirely  left  to  its  own  resources.     Let  us  examine 
ia  number  of  cases,  selected  from  very  common  plants.     Sometimes 
as  has  just  been  stated,  we  find  this 

26.  Deposit  Of  Food  in  the  Embryo  itself,     And  we  may  observe  it 
in  every  gradation  as  to  quantity,  from  the  Maple  of  our  first  illus- 
tration, where  there  is  very  little,  up  to 
the  Pea  and  the  Horsechestnut,  where 
there  is  as  much  as  there  possibly  can 
be.     If  we  strip  off  the  coats  from  the 
large    and   flat   seed   of   a    Squash    or 
Pumpkin,  we  find  nothing  but  the  em- 
bryo within   (Fig.  9)  ;   and  almost  the 
whole  bulk  of  this  consists  of  the  two 
seed-leaves.     That  these  contain  a  good 
supply  of  nourishing  matter,  is  evident 
from  their  sweet  taste  and  from  their 
thickness,  although  there  is  not  enough 
to  obscure  their   leaf-like   appearance. 
It  is  by  feeding  on  this  supply  of  nour 
ishment  that  the  germinating  Squash  or 
Pumpkin    (Fig.    10)    grows  so  rapidly 
and    so   vigorously    from   the    seed,  — 
lengthening   its   stemlet    to    more  than 
twenty  times  the  length  it  had  in  th« 
seed,  and  thickening  it  in  proportion,  — 
sending  out  at  once  a  number  of  roots 
from  its  lower  end,  and  soon  developing 

th?»,  plumule  (16)  from  its  upper  end  into  a  third  leaf:  meanwhile 
the  two  cotyledons,  relieved  from  the  nourishment  with  which  their 
tissue  was  gorged,  have  expanded  into  useful  green  leaves. 

27.  For  a  stronger  instance,  take  next  the  seed  of  a  Plum  or 
Peach,  or  an  Almond,  or  an  Apple-seed  (Fig.  11,  12),  which  shows 

FIG.  9.    Embryo  of  a  Pumpkin,  of  the   natural  size ;  the  cotyledons  a  little  opened 
JO    The  same,  when  it  has  germinated- 


LESSON  3.]      GROWTH    OP   THE    PLANT   PROM    THE    SEED. 


11 


the  same  thing  on  a  smaller  scale.  The  embryo,  which  here  also 
makes  up  the  whole  bulk  of  the  kernel  of  the 
seed,  differs  from  that  of  the  Pumpkin  only 
in  having  the  seed-leaves  more  thickened,  by 
the  much  larger  quantity  of  nourishment  stored 
up  in  their  tissue,  —  so  large  and  so  pure  in- 
deed,  that  the  almond  becomes  an  article  9 
food.  Fed  by  this  abundant  supply,  the  seconl 
and  even  the  third  joints  of  the  stem,  with 
their  leaves,  shoot  forth  as  soon  as  the  stemlet  comes  to  the  surface  of 
the  soil.  The  Beech-nut  (Fig.  13),  with 
its  sweet  and  eatable  kernel,  consisting 
mainly  of  a  pair  of  seed-leaves  folded 
together,  and  gorged  with  nourishing 
matter,  offers  another  instance  of  the 
same  sort :  this  ample  store  to  feed 
upon  enables  the  germinating  plantlet 
to  grow  with  remarkable  vigor,  and  to 
develop  a  second  joint  of  stem,  with  its 
pair  of  leaves  (Fig.  14),  before  the  first 
pair  has  expanded  or  the  root  has  ob- 
tained much  foothold  in  the  soil. 

28.  A  Bean  affords  a  similar  and 
more  familiar  illustration.  Here  the  co- 
tyledons in  the  seed  (Fig.  16)  are  so 
thick,  that,  although  they  are  raised  out 
of  ground  in  the  ordinary  way  in  ger- 
mination (Fig.  17),  and  turn  greenish, 
yet  they  never  succeed  in  becoming  leaf- 
like,  —  never  display  their  real  nature  of 
leaves,  as  they  do  so  plainly  in  the  Ma- 
ple (Fig.  5),  the  Pumpkin  (Fig.  10),  the 
Morning-Glory  (Fig.  8,  26-28),  &c. 
Turned  to  great  account  as  magazines 
of  food  for  the  germinating  plantlet,  they 
fulfil  this  special  office  admirably,  but 

FIG.  11.  An  Apple-seed  cut  through  lengthwise,  showing  the  embryo  with  its  thickened 
cotyledons,  12.  The  embryo  of  the  Apple,  taken  out  whole,  its  cotyledons  partly  separated 

FIG.  13.  A  Beech-nut,  cut  across.  14.  Beginning  germination  of  the  Beech,  showing  the 
plumule  growing  before  the  cotyledons  have  opened  or  the  root  has  scarcely  formed  15.  The 
•ame,  a  little  later,  with  the  second  joint  lenethened. 


12 


GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.   ^LESSON  3. 


they  were  so  gorged  and,  as  it  were,  misshapen,  that  they  became 

quite  unfitted  to  perform  the  office  of 
foliage.  This  office  is  accordingly  first 
performed  by  the  succeeding  pair  of 
leaves,  those  of  the  plumule  (Fig.  17, 
18),  which  is  put  into  rapid  growth  by 
the  abundant  nourishment  contained  in 
the  large  and  thick  seed-leaves.  The 
latter,  having  fulfilled  this  office,  soon 
wither  and  fall  away. 

29.  This  is  carried  a  step  farther  in 
the  Pea  (Fig.  19,  20),  a  near  relativQ 
of  the  Bean, 
and  in  the 
Oak  (Fig. 
21,  22),  a 
near  relative 
of  the  Beech. 
The  differ- 
ence in  these 
and  many 
other  similar 
cases  is  this. 

The  cotyledons,  which  make  up  nearly 

the  whole  bulk  of  the  seed  are  exces- 
sively thickened,  so  as  to  become  nearly 

hemispherical  in  shape.     They  have  lost 

all  likeness  to  leaves,  and  all  power  of 

ever  fulfilling  the  office  of  leaves.     Ac- 
cordingly in     germination    they   remain 

Unchanged   within    the  husk  or  coats  of 

the  seed,  never  growing  themselves,  but 

supplying  abundant   nourishment  to  the 

plumule  (the  bud  for  the  forming  stem) 

between  them.     This  pushes  forth  from 

the  seed,  shoots  upward,  and  gives  rise 

PIG.  16.  A  Bean :  the  embryo,  from  which  seed-coats  have  been  removed :  the  small 
stem  is  seen  above,  bent  down  upon  the  edge  of  the  thick  cotyledons.  17.  The  same  in  early 
germination  ;  the  plumule  growing  from  between  the  two  seed-leaves.  18.  The  germination 
more  advanced,  the  two  leaves  of  the  plumule  unfolded,  and  raised  on  a  short  joint  of  stem. 

FIG.  19.    A  Pea:   the  embryo,  with  the  seed-coats  taken  off.    30.  A  Pea  in  germination. 


LESSON  3.J    GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 


13 


to  the  first  leaves  that  appear.  In  most  cases  of  the  sort,  the  radicle, 
or  short  original  stemlet  of  the  embryo  be- 
low the  cotyledons  (which  is  plainly  shown 
in  the  Pea,  Fig.  19),  lengthens  very  little, 
or  not  at  all ;  and  so  the  cotyledons  remain 
under  ground,  if  the  seed  was  covered  by 
the  soil,  as  every  one  knows  to  be  the  case 
with  Peas.  In  these  (Fig.  20),  as  also  in 
the  Oak  (Fig.  22),  the  leaves  of  the  first 
one  or  two  joints  are  imperfect,  and  mere 
small  scales;  but  genuine  leaves  immedi- 
ately follow.  The  Horsechestnut  and  Buck- 
eye (Fig.  23,  24)  furnish  another  instance 
of  the  same  sort.  These  trees  are  nearly 
related  to  the  Maple  ;  but  while  the  seed- 
leaves  of  the  Maple  show  themselves  to 
be  leaves,  even  in  the  seed  (as  we  have 
already  seen),  and  when  they  germinate 
fulfil  the  office  of  ordinary  leaves,  those 
of  the  Buckeye  and  of  the  Horsechestnut 
(Fig.  23),  would  never  be  suspected  to  be 
the  same  organs.  Yet  they  are  so,  only 
in  another  shape,  —  exceedingly  thickened 
by  the  accumulation  of  a  great  quantity 
of  starch  and  other  nourishing  matter  in 
their  substance ;  and  besides,  their  contigu- 
ous faces  stick  together  more  or  less  firmly, 
so  that  they  never  open.  But  the  stalks 
of  these  seed-leaves  grow,  and,  as  they 
lengthen,  push  the  radicle  and  the  pumule 
out  of  the  seed,  when  the  former  develops  downwardly  the  root,  the 
latter  upwardly  the  leafy  stem  and  all  it  bears  (Fig.  24). 

30.  Deposit  Of  Food  outside  of  the  Embryo,  Very  often  the  nourish- 
ment provided  for  the  seedling  plantlet  is  laid  up,  not  in  the  embryo 
itself,  but  around  it.  A  good  instance  to  begin  with  is  furnished  by 
the  common  Morning-Glory,  or  Convolvulus.  The  embryo,  taken 
out  of  the  seed  and  straightened,  is  shown  in  Fig.  26.  It  consists 
of  a  short  stemlet  and  of  a  pair  of  very  thin  and  delicate  green 
leaves,  having  no  stock  of  nourishment  in  them  for  sustaining  the 

FIG.  21.    An  acorn  divided  lengthwise.     22.   The  germinating  Oak. 


2-2 


14 


GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.    [LESSON  3- 


earliest  growth.     On  cutting  open  the  seed,  however,  we  find  this 

embryo  (considerably  crumpled  or  folded  together,  so  as  to  occupy 

less  space,  Fig.  25)  to  be  surround- 
ed by  a  mass  of  rich,  mucilaginous 
matter  (becoming  rather  hard  and 
solid  when  dry),  which  forms  the 
principal  bulk  of  the  seed.  Upon 
this  stock  the  embryo  feeds  in  ger- 
mination ;  the  seed-leaves  absorbing 
it  into  their  tissue  as  it  is  rendered 
soluble  (through  certain  chemical 
changes)  and  dissolved  by  the  wa- 
ter which  the  germinating  seed  im- 
bibes from  the  moist  soil.  Having 
by  this  aid  &  & 

lengthened 
its  radicle 
into  a  stem 
of  consider- 
able length, 

and  formed  the  beginning  of  a  root  at  its 

lower  end,  already   imbedded   in  the  soil 

(Fig.   27),  the   cotyledons  now  disengage 

themselves    from   the   seed-coats,   and  ex- 
pand in  the  light  as  the  first  pair  of  leaves 

(Fig.  28).     These    immediately   begin    to 

elaborate,  under  the  sun's  influence,  what 

the  root  imbibes  from  the  soil,  and  the  new 

nourishment  so  produced  is  used,  partly  to 

increase  the  size  of  the  little  stem,  root, 

and  leaves  already  existing,  and  partly  to 

produce  a   second  joint  of  stem  with  its 

leaf  (Fig.  29),  then  a  third  with  its  leaf 

(Fig.  8)  ;  and  so  on. 

31.  This  maternal  store  of  food,  deposited  in  the  seed  along  with 

the  embryo  (but  not  in  its  substance),  the  old  botanists  likened  to 

FIG.  23.     Buckeye  :  a  seed  divided.    24.  A  similar  seed  in  gemination. 

FIG.  25.  Seed  and  embryo  of  Mornmg-Glory,  cut  across.  2(>.  Embryo  of  the  same,  de, 
tached  and  straightened.  27.  Germinating  Morning-Glury.  28.  The  same  further  advanced; 
tts  two  tfiin  seed-leaves  expanded. 


LESSON  3.J       GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED. 


15 


the  albumen,  or  white  of  the  egg,  which  encloses  the  yolk,  and 
therefore  gave  it  the  same  name, —  the  albumen  of  the  seed,  —  a 
name  which  it  still  retains.  Food  of  this  sort  for  the  plant  is  also 
food  for  animals,  or  for  man  ;  and  it  is 
this  albumen,  the  floury  part  of  the  seed, 
which  forms  the  principal  bulk  of  such 
important  grains  as  those  of  Indian  Corn 
(Fig,  38  -  40),  Wheat,  Rice,  Buck- 
wheat, and  of  the  seed  of  Four-o'clock, 
(Fig.  36,  37),  and  the  like.  In  all 
these  last-named  cases,  it  may  be  ob- 
served that  the  embryo  is  not  enclosed 
in  the  albumen,  but  placed  on  one  side 
of  it,  yet  in  close  contact  with  it,  so 
that  the  embryo  may  absorb  readily 
from  it  the  nourishment  it  requires 
when  it  begins  to  grow.  Sometimes 
the  embryo  is  coiled  around  the  outside,  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  as 
in  the  Purslane  and  the  Four-o'clock  (Fig.  36,  37) ;  sometimes  it  is 
coiled  within  the  albumen,  as  in  the  Potato  (Fig.  34,  35)  ;  some- 
times it  is  straight  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  occupying  nearly  its 

whole  length,  as  in 
the  Barberry  (Fig. 
32,  33),  or  much 
smaller  and  near  one 

cnd' as  m  the  iris 

(Fig.  43)  ;  or  some- 
times so  minute,  in 
the  midst  of  the  al- 
bumen, that  it  needs 
a  magnify  ing-glass  to 
find  it,  as  in  the  But- 

FIG.  29.  Germination  of  the  Morning  Glory  more  advanced  :  the  upper  part  only  ;  showing 
the  leafy  cotyledons,  the  second  joint  of  stem  with  its  leaf,  and  the  third  with  its  leaf  just 
developing. 

FIG.  30.  Section  of  a  seed  of  a  Peony,  showing  a  very  small  embryo  in  the  albumen, 
near  one  end.  31.  This  embryo  detached,  and  more  magnified. 

FIG.  32.  Section  of  a  seed  of  Barberry,  showing  the  straight  embryo  in  the  middle  of 
the  albumen,  33.  Its  embryo  detached. 

FIG.  34.  Section  o*  a  Potato-seed,  showing  the  embryo  coiled  in  the  albumen.  35.  Its 
embryo  detached. 

FIG.  36.  Section  of  the  seed  of  Four-o'clock,  showing  the  embryo  coiled  round  th« 
outside  of  the  albumen.  37  Its  embryo  detached 


16  GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.      [LESSON  & 

tercup  or  the  Columbine,  and  in  the  Peony  (Fig.  30,  31),  where, 
however,  it  is  large  enough  to  be  distinguished  by  the  naked  eye. 
Nothing  is  more  curious  than  the  various  shapes  and  positions  oi 
the  embryo  in  the  seed,  nor  more  interesting  than  to  watch  its  de- 
velopment in  germination.  One  point  is  still  to  be  noticed,  since 
the  botanist  considers  it  of  much  importance,  namely  :  — 

32.  The  Kinds  of  Embryo  as  to  the  Number  of  Cotyledons,  In  all  the 
figures,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  embryo,  however  various  in  shape, 
is  constructed  on  one  and  the  same  plan  ;  —  it  consists  of  a  radicle  or 
stemlet,  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  on  its  summit.  Botanists  there- 
fore call  it  dicotyledonous,  —  an  inconveniently  long  word  to  express 
the  fact  that  the  embryo  has  two  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves.  In 
many  cases  (as  in  the  Buttercup),  the  cotyledons  are  indeed  so 
minute,  that  they  are  discerned  only  by  the  nick  in  the  upper  end 
of  the  little  embryo ;  yet  in  germination  they  grow  into  a  pair  of 
seed-leaves,  just  as  in  other  cases  where  they  are  plain  to  be  seen, 
as  leaves,  in  the  seed.  But  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  40),  in  Wheat, 
the  Onion,  the  Iris  (Fig.  43),  &c.,  it  is  well  known  that  only  one 

leaf  appears  at  first  from  the 
sprouting  seed :  in  these  the 
embryo  has  only  one  cotyle- 
don, and  it  is  therefore  termed 
by  the  botanists  monocotyledo- 
nous ;  —  an  extremely  long 
word,  like  the  other,  of  Greek  derivation,  which  means  one-cotyle- 
doned.  The  rudiments  of  one  or  more  other  leaves  are,  indeed, 
commonly  present  in  this  sort  of  embryo,  as  is  plain  to  see  in  Indian 
Corn  (Fig.  38  -  40),  but  they  form  a  bud  situated  above  or  within 
the  cotyledon,  and  enclosed  by  it  more  or  less  completely ;  so  thaw 
they  evidently  belong  to  the  plumule  (1 6)  ;  and  these  leaves  appear 
31  the  seedling  plantlet,  each  from  within  its  predecessor,  and  there- 
fere  originating  higher  up  on  the  forming  stem  (Fig.  42,  44).  This 
will  readily  be  understood  from  the  accompanying  figures,  with  their 
explanation,  which  the  student  may  without  difficulty  verify  for  him- 

FIG.  38.  A  grain  of  Indian  Corn,  flatwise,  cut  away  a  little,  so  as  to  show  the  embryo, 
lying  on  the  albumen,  which  makes  the  principal  bulk  of  the  seed. 

FIG.  39.  Another  grain  of  Corn,  cut  through  the  middle  in  the  opposite  direction,  divid- 
ing the  embryo  through  its  thick  cotyledon  and  its  plumule,  the  latter  consisting  of  two 
leaves,  one  enclosing  the  other. 

FIG.  40.  The  embryo  of  Corn,  taken  out  whole  :  the  thick  mass  is  the  cotyledon  ;  th« 
narrow  body  partly  enclosed  by  it  is  the  plumule  ;  the  little  projection  at  its  base  is  the  verjr 
short  radicle  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  base  of  the  first  leaf  of  the  plumule- 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.       17 

self,  and  should  do  so,  by  examining  grains  of  Indian  Corn,  soaked 
m  water,  before  and  also  during  germination.  In  the  Onion,  Lily, 
and  the  Iris  (Fig.  43),  the  monocotyledonous  embryo  is  simpler, 
consisting  apparently  of  a  simple  oblong  or  cylindrical 
body,  in  which  no  distinction  of  parts  is  visible  :  the  lower 
c;nd  is  radicle,  and  from  it  grows  the  root ;  the  rest  is  a 
cotyledon,  which  has  wrapped  up  in  it  a  minute  plumule, 
or  bud,  that  shows  itself  when  the  seeds  sprout  in  germi- 
nation. The  first  leaf  which  appears  above  ground  in  all 
these  cases  is  not  the  cotyledon.  In  all  seeds  with  one  coty- 
ledon to  the  embryo,  this  remains  in  the  seed,  or  at  least 
iis  upper  part,  while  its  lengthening  base  comes  out,  so  as 
to  extricate  the  plumule,  which  shoots  upward,  and  de- 
velops the  first  leaves  of  the  plantlet.  These  appear  one 
above  or  within  the  other  in  succes- 
sion,—  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  42  and 
Fig.  44,  —  the  first  commonly  in  the 
form  of  a  little  scale  or  imperfect 
leaf;  the  second  or  third  and  the  4l 

following  ones  as  the  real,  ordinary  leaves  of 
the  plant.  Meanwhile,  from  the  root  end  of 
the  embryo,  a  root  (Fig.  41,  44),  or  soon  a 
whole  cluster  of  roots  (Fig.  42)?  makes  its 
appearance. 

33.  In  Pines,  and  the  like,  the  embryo  con- 
sists of  a  radicle    or    stemlet,  bearing  on  its 
summit  three  or  four,  or  often  from  five  to 
ten  slender  cotyledons,  arranged  in  a 
circle    (Fig.   45),   and    expanding    at 
once  into  a   circle   of  as  many  green 
leaves  in  germination  (Fig.  46).    Such 
embryos  are  said  to  be  polycotyledonous, 
that   is,  as  the    word   denotes,  many- 
cotyledoned. 

34.  Plan  of  Vegetation,    The  student 

42  who  has  understandingly  followed  the 

growth  of  the  embryo  in  the  seed  into  the  seedling  plantlet,  —  com  • 
posed  of  a  root,  and  a  stem  of  two  or  three  joints,  each  bearing  ft 

FIG.  41.    Grain  of  Indian  Corn  in  germination. 
FIG.  42.     The  same,  further  advanced 

2* 


18 


GROWTH    OF   THE    PLANT   FROM   THE    SEED.       [LESSON  3, 


leaf,  or  a  pair  (rarely  a  circle)  of  leaves,  —  will  have  gained  a  cor- 
rect idea  of  the  plan  of  vegetation  in  general,  and  have  laid  a  good 
foundation  for  a  knowledge  of  the  whole  structure  and  physiology 
a  of  plants.     For  the  plant  goes  on  to  grow  in  the  same 

way  throughout,  by  mere  repetitions  of  what  the  early 
germinating  plantlet  displays  to  view,  —  of  what  was 
contained,  in  miniature  or  in  rudiment,  in  the  seed  itsel£ 
So  far  as  vegetation  is  concerned  (leaving  out  of  view 
for  the  present  the  flower  and  fruit),  the  full-grown  leafy 
herb  or  tree,  of  whatever  size,  has  nothing,  and  does 
nothing,  which  the  seedling  plantlet  does  not  have  and 
do.  The  whole  mass  of  stem  or  trunk  and  foliage  of 
the  complete  plant,  even  of  the  largest  forest-tree,  is 
composed  of  a  succession  or  multiplication  of  similar 
parts,  —  one  arising  from  the  summit  of  another,  — 
each,  so  to  say,  the  offspring  of  the  preceding  and 
the  parent  of  the  next. 

35.  In  the  same  way  that  the  earliest  portions  of 
the  seedling  stem,  with  the  leaves 
they  bear,  are  successively  produced, 
so,  joint  by  joint  in  direct  succes- 
sion, a  single,  simple,  leafy  stem  is 
developed  and  carried  up.  Of  such  a 
simple  leafy  stem  many  a  plant  consists 
(before  flowering,  at  least),  —  many 
herbs,  such  as  Sugar-Cane,  Indian 
Corn,  the  Lily,  the  tall  Banana,  the 
Yucca,  &c. ;  and  among  trees  the 
Palms  and  the  Cycas  (wrongly  called 
Sago  Palm)  exhibit  the  same  simplicity,  their 
stems,  of  whatever  age,  being  unbranched  columns 
(Fig.  47).  (Growth  in  diameter  is  of  course  to  be  considered, 
as  well  as  growth  in  length.  That,  and  the  question  how  growth 
of  any  kind  takes  place,  we  will  consider  hereafter.)  But  more 
commonly,  as  soon  as  the  plant  has  produced  a  main  stem  of  a  cer- 
tain length,  and  displayed  a  certain  amount  of  foliage,  it  begins  to 

FIG.  43.  Section  of  a  seed  of  the  Iris,  or  Flower-de-Luce,  showing  its  small  embryo  In 
Ihe  albumen,  near  the  bottom. 

FIG.  44.    Germinating  plantlet  of  the  Iris. 

FIG.  45.  Section  of  a  seed  of  a  Pine,  with  its  embryo  of  several  cotyledons.  46.  Early 
•eedling  Pine,  with  its  stemlet,  displaying  its  six  seed-leaves. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 


19 


produce  additional  stems,  that  is,  branches.     The   branching  plant 
we  will  consider  in  the  next  Lesson. 

36.  The  subjoined  figures  (Fig.  47)  give  a  view  of  some  forms 
of  simple-stemmed  vegetation.  The  figure  in  the  foreground  on 
the  left  represents  a  Cycas  (wrongly  called  in  the  conservatories 
Sago  Palm).  Behind  it  is  a  Yucca  (called  Spanish  Bayonet  at  the 
South)  and  two  Cocoanut  Palm-trees.  On  the  right  is  some 
Corn,  and  behind  it  a  Banana. 


20  GROWTH    OF   PLANTS    FROM   BUDS.  (_LESSON  4. 


LESSON  IV. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS  AND  BRANCHES. 

37.  WE  have  seen  how  the  plant  grows  so  as  to  produce  a  root, 
and  a  simple  stem  with  its  foliage.     Both  the  root  and  stem,  how- 
ever, generally  branch. 

38.  The  branches  of  the  root  arise  without  any  particular  order. 
There  is  no  telling  beforehand  from  what  part,  of  a  main  root  they 
will  spring.     But  the  branches  of  the  stem,  except  in  some  extra- 
ordinary cases,  regularly  arise  from  a  particular  place.     Branches 
or  shoots  in  their  undeveloped  state  are 

39.  Bllds,     These  regularly  appear  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  — 
that  is,  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  leaf  with  the  stem  on  the  upper 
side  ;  and  as  leaves  are  symmetrically  arranged  on  the  stem,  the 
buds,  and  the  branches  into  which  the  buds  grow,  necessarily  par- 
take of  this  symmetry. 

40.  We  do  not  confine  the  name  of  bud  to  the  scaly  winter-buds 
which  are  so  conspicuous  on  most  of  our  shrubs  and  trees  in  winter 
and  spring.     It  belongs  as  well  to  the  forming  branch  of  any  herb,  at 
\ts  first  appearance  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf.     In  growing,  buds  lengthen 
into  branches,  just  as  the  original  stem  did  from  the  plumule  of  the 
embryo  (16)  when  the  seed  germinated.     Only,  while  the  original 
stem  is  implanted  in  the  ground  by  its  root,  the  branch  is  implanted 
on  the  stem.     Branches,  therefore,  are  repetitions  of  the  main  stem. 
They  consist  of  the  same  parts,  —  namely,  joints  of  stem  and  leaves, 
• — growing  in  the  same  way       And  in  the  axils  of  their  leaves 
another  crop  of  buds  is  naturally  produced,  giving  rise  to  another 
generation  of  branches,  which  may  in   turn  produce  still   another 
generation  ;  and  so  on,  —  until  the  tiny  and  simple  seedling  develops 
into  a  tall  and  spreading  herb  or  shrub  ;  or  into  a   massive  tree, 
with  its  hundreds  of  annually  increasing  branches,  and  its  thousands, 
perhaps  millions,  of  leaves. 

41.  The  herb  and  the  tree  grow  in  the  same  way.     The  difference 
is  only  in  size  and  duration. 

An  Herb  dies  altogether,  or  dies  down  to  the  ground,  after  it  has 
ripened  its  fruit,  or  at  the  approach  of  winter. 


LESSON  4.]  GROWTH    OP    PLANTS    FROM    BUDS. 


21 


An  annual  herb  flowers  in  the  first  year,  and  dies,  root  and  all, 
after  ripening  its  seed  :  Mustard,  Peppergrass,  Buckwheat,  &c.,  are 
examples. 

A  biennial  herb  —  such  as  the  Turnip,  Carrot,  Beet,  and  Cabbage 
—  grows  the  first  season  without  blossoming,  survives  the  winter, 
flowers  after  that,  and  dies,  root  and  all,  when  it  has  ripened  its  seed. 

A  perennial  herb  lives  and  blossoms  year  after  year,  but  dies 
down  to  the  ground,  or  near  it,  annually,  —  not,  however,  quite  down 
to  the  root :  for  a  portion  of  the  stem,  with  its  buds,  still  survives ; 
and  from  these  buds  the  shoots  of  the  following  year  arise. 

A  Shrub  is  a  perennial  plant,  with  woody  stems  which  continue 
alive  and  grow  year  after  year. 

A  Tree  differs  from  a  shrub  only  in  its  greater  size. 

42.  The  Terminal  Bud,  There  are  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees  which 
do  not  branch,  as  we  have  already  seen  (35)  ;  but  whose  stems, 
even  when  they  livo  for  many  years,  rise  as  a  simple  shaft 
(Fig.  47).  These  plants  grow  by  the  continued  evolution  of  a  bud 
which  crowns  the  summit  of  the  stem,  and  which  is  therefore  called 
the  terminal  bud.  This  bud  is  very  conspicuous  in 
many  branching  plants  also  ;  as  on  all  the  stems  or 
shoots  of  Maples  (Fig.  53),  Horsechestnuts  (Fig.  48), 
or  Hickories  (Fig.  49),  of  a  year  old.  When  they 
grow,  they  merely  prolong  the  shoot  or  stem  on  which 
they  rest.  On  these  same  shoots,  however,  other  buds 
are  to  be  seen,  regularly  arranged  down  their  sides. 
We  find  them  situated  just  over  broad,  flattened  places, 
which  are  the  scars  left  by  the  fall  of  the  leaf-stalk  the 
autumn  previous.  Before  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  they 
would  have  been  seen  to  occupy  their  axils  (39)  :  so 
they  are  named 

43  Axillary  Buds,  They  were  formed  in  these  trees 
early  in  the  summer.  Occasionally  they  grow  at  the 
time  into  branches  :  at  least,  some  of  them  are  pretty 
sure  to  do  so,  in  case  the  growing  terminal  bud  at  the 
end  of  the  shoot  is  injured  or  destroyed.  Otherwise 
they  lie  dormant  until  the  spring.  In  many  trees 
or  shrubs  (such  for  example  as  the  Sumach  and  Honey-Locust) 
these  axillary  buds  do  not  show  themselves  until  spring ;  but  if 


FIG.  48.     Shoot  of  Horsechestuut,  of  one  year's  growth,  taken  in  autumn  after  the  leaves 
have  fallen. 


22 


GROWTH    OF    PLANTS    FROM    BUDS.  [_LESSON  4. 


searched  for,  they  may  be  detected,  though  of  small  size,  hidden 
under  the  bark.  Sometimes,  although  early  formed,  they  are  con- 
cealed all  summer  long  under  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stalk, hollowed  out  into  a  sort  of  inverted  cup,  like  a 
candle-extinguisher,  to  cover  them ;  as  in  the  Locust, 
the  Yellow-wood,  or  more  strikingly  in  the  Button- 
wood  or  Plane-tree  (Fig.  50). 

44.  Such  large  and  conspicuous  buds  as  those  of 
the  Horsechestnut,  Hickory,  and  the  like,  are  scaly  ; 
the  scales  being  a  kind  of  imperfect  leaves.  The 
use  of  the  bud-scales  is  obvious  ;  namely,  to  protect 
the  tender  young  parts  beneath.  To  do  this  more 
effectually,  they  are  often  coated  on  the  outside  with 
a  varnish  which  is  impervious  to  wet,  while  within 
they,  or  the  parts  they  enclose,  are  thickly  clothed 
with  down  or  wool ;  not  really  to  keep  out  the  cold 
of  winter,  which  will  of  course  penetrate  the  bud  in 
time,  but  to  shield  the  interior  against  sudden  changes 
«  from  warm  to  cold,  or  from  cold  to  warm,  which  are 
equally  injurious.  Scaly  buds  commonly  belong,  as  would  be  expect- 
ed, to  trees  and  shrubs  of  northern  climates ;  while  naked  buds  are 
usual  in  tropical  regions,  as  well  as  in  herbs  everywhere  which 
branch  during  the  summer's  growth  and  do  not  endure  the  winter. 


45.  But  naked  buds,  or  nearly  naked,  also  occur  in  several  of  our 
own  trees  and  shrubs ;  sometimes  pretty  large  ones,  as  those  of  Hob 


FIG.  49.     Annual  shoot  of  the  Shagbark  Hickory. 

FIG.  50.    Bud  and  leaf  of  the  Buttonwood,  or  American  Plane-tree. 


LESSON  4.]  GROWTH    OP   PLANTS    FROM    BUDS.  23 

blebush  (while  those  of  the  nearly -related  Snowball  or  High  Bush- 
Cranberry  are  scaly)  ;  but  more  commonly,  when  naked  buds  occur 
in  trees  and  shrubs  of  our  climate,  they  are  small,  and  sunk  in  the 
bark,  as  in  the  Sumac ;  or  even  partly  buried  in  the  wood  until  they 
begin  to  grow,  as  in  the  Honey-Locust. 

46.  Vigor  of  Vegetation  from  Buds,    Large  and  strong  buds,  like  those 
of  the   Horsechestnut,  Hickory,  and  the  like,  on  inspection  will  be 
l)und  to  contain  several  leaves,  or  pairs  of  leaves,  ready  formed, 
folded  and  packed  away  in  small  compass,  just  as  the  seed-leaves 
are  packed  away  in  the  seed :  they  even  contain  all  the  blossoms  of 
the  ensuing  season,  plainly  visible  as  small  buds.     And  the  stems 
upon  which  these  buds  rest  are  filled  with  abundant  nourishment, 
which  was  deposited  the  summer  before  in  the  wood  or  in  the  bark. 
Under  the  surface  of  the  soil,  or  on  it,  covered  with  the  fallen  leaves 
of  autumn,  we  may  find  similar  strong  buds  of  our  perennial  herbs, 
in  great  variety ;  while  beneath  are  thick  roots,  rootstocks,  or  tubers, 
charged  with  a  great  store  of  nourishment  for  their  use.     As  we 
regard  these,  we  shall  readily  perceive  how  it  is   that  vegetation 
shoots  forth  so  vigorously  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  and  clothes  the 
bare  and  lately  frozen  surface  of  the  soil,  as  well  as  the  naked 
boughs  of  trees,  almost  at  once  with  a  covering   of  the  freshest 
green,  and  often  with  brilliant  blossoms.     Everything  was  prepared, 
and  even  formed,  beforehand :  the  short  joints  of  stem  in  the  bud 
have  only  to  lengthen,  and  to  separate  the  leaves  from  each  other 
so  that  they  may  unfold  and  grow.     Only  a  small  part  of  the  vege- 
tation of  the  season  comes  directly  from  the  seed,  and  none  of  the 
earliest  vernal  vegetation.     This  is  all  from  buds  which  have  lived 
through  the  winter. 

47.  This  growth  from  buds,  in  manifold  variety,  is  as  interesting 
a  subject  of  study  as  the  growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the  seed,  and 
is  still  easier  to  observe.     We  have  only  room  here  to  sketch  the 
general  plan  ;  earnestly  recommending  the  student  to  examine  at- 
tentively their  mode  of  growth  in  all  the  common  trees  and  shrubs, 
when  they  shoot  forth  in  spring.     The  growth  of  the  terminal  bud 
prolongs    the  stem   or  branch:    the  growth  of  axillary  buds    pro- 
duces branches. 

48.  The  Arrangement   of  Branches   is   accordingly  the  same   as  of 
axillary  buds  ;  and  the  arrangement  of  these  buds  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  leaves.    Now  leaves  are  arranged  in  two  principal  ways : 
they  are  either  opposite  or  alternate.     Leaves  are  opposite  when 


24  GROWTH    OF   PLANTS    FROM    BUDS.  [LESSON  4. 

there  are  two  borne  on  the  same  joint  of  stem,  as  in  the  Horse- 
chestuut,  Maple  (Fig.  7),  Honeysuckle  (Fig.  132),  Lilac,  &c. ;  the 
two  Iraves  in  such  cases  being  always  opposite  each  other,  that  is, 
on  exactly  opposite  sides  of  the  stem.  Here  of  course  the  buds 
in  their  axils  are  opposite,  as  we  observe  in  Fig.  48,  where  the 
leaves  have  fallen,  but  their  place  is  shown  by  the  scars.  And  the 
branches  into  which  the  buds  grow  are  likewise  opposite  each  other 
in  pairs. 

49.  Leaves  are  alternate  when  there  is  only  one  from  each  joint  of 
stem,  as  in  the  Oak  (Fig.  22),  Lime-tree,  Poplar,  Buttonwood  (Fig. 
50),  Morning-Glory  (Fig.  8),  —  not  counting  the  seed-leaves,  which  of 
course  are  opposite,  there  being  a  pair  of  them ;  also  in  Indian  Corn 
(Fig.  42),  and  Iris  (Fig.  44).     Consequently  the  axillary  buds  are 
also  alternate,  as  in  Hickory   (Fig.  49)  ;   and-  the  branches  they 
form  alternate,  —  making  a  different  kind  of  spray  from  the  other 
mode,  —  one  branch  shooting  on  the  one  side  of  the  stem  and  the 
next  on  some  other.     For  in  the  alternate  arrangement  no  leaf  is 
on   the  same  side  of  the   stem   as    the  one   next  above   or   next 
below  it. 

50.  Branches,  therefore,  are  arranged  with  symmetry ;  and  the 
mode  of  branching  of  the  whole  tree  may  be  foretold  by  a  glance  at 
the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  on  the  seedling  or  stem  of  the  first 
year.     This  arrangement  of  the  branches  according  to  that  of  the 
leaves  is  always  plainly  to  be   recognized  ;   but  the  symmetry  of 
branches  is  rarely  complete.      This  is  owing   to  several   causes  ; 
mainly  to  one,  viz. :  — 

51.  It  never  happens  that  all  the  budg  grow.     If  they  did,  there 
would  be  as  many  branches  in  any  year  as  there  were  leaves  the 
year  before.     And  of  those  which  do  begin  to  grow,  a  large  portion 
perish,  sooner  or  later,  for  want  of  nourishment  or  for  want  of  light. 
Those  which  first  begin  to  grow  have  an  advantage,  which  they  are 
apt  to  keep,  taking  to  themselves  the  nourishment  of  the  stem,  and 
starving  the  weaker  buds. 

52.  In  the  Horsechestnut   (Fig.  48),  Hickory  (Fig.  49),  Mag- 
nolia, and  most  other  trees  with  large  scaly  buds,  the  terminal  bud 
is  the  strongest,  and  has  the  advantage   in    growth,  and  next  in 
strength  are  the  upper  axillary  buds :  while  the  former  continues 
the  shoot  of  the  last  year,  some  of  the  latter  give  rise  to  branches, 
while  the  rest  fail  to  grow.     In  the  Lilac  also,  the  upper  axillary 
buds  are  stronger   than   the   lower ;    but  the  terminal  bud  rarely 


LESSON  4.]     GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS.  25 

appears  at  all ;  in  its  place  the  uppermost  pair  of  axillary  buds  grow, 
and  so  each  stem  branches  every  year  into  two ;  making  a  re- 
peatedly two-forked  ramification. 

53.  In  these  and  many  similar  trees  and  shrubs,  most  of  the  shoots 
make  a  definite  annual  growth.     That  is,  each  shoot  of  the  season 
develops  rapidly  from  a  strong  bud  in  spring,  —  a  bud  which  gen- 
erally contains,  already  formed  in  miniature,  all  or  a  great  part  of  the 
leaves  and  joints  of  stem  it  is  to  produce,  —  makes  its  whole  growth 
in  length  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks,  or  sometimes  even  in  a  few 
days,  and  then  forms  and  ripens  its  buds  for  the  next  year's  similar 
rapid  growth. 

54.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Locust,  Honey-Locust,  Sumac,  and, 
among  smaller  plants,  the  Rose  and  Raspberry,  make  an  indefinite 
annual  growth.     That  is,  their  stems  grow  on  all  summer   long, 
until  stopped  by  the  frosts  of  autumn  or  some  other  cause ;  con- 
sequently they  form  and  ripen  no  terminal  bud  protected  by  scales, 
and  the  upper  axillary  buds  are  produced  so  late  in    the  season 
that  they  have  no  time  to  mature,  nor  has  the  wood  time  to  solidify 
and  ripen.     Such  stems  therefore  commonly  die  at  the  top  in  winter, 
or  at  least  all  their  upper  buds  are  small  and  feeble ;  and  the  growth 
of  the  succeeding  year  takes  place  mainly  from  the  lower  axillary 
buds,  which  are  more  mature.     Most  of  our  perennial  herbs  grow 
in  this  way,  their  stems  dying  down  to  the  ground  every  year :  the 
part  beneath,   however,  is  charged  with  vigorous  buds,  well  pro- 
tected by  the  kindly  covering  of  earth,  ready  for  the  next  year's 
vegetation. 

55.  In  these  last-mentioned  cases  there  is,  of  course,  no  single 
main  stem,  continued  year  after  year  in  a  direct  line,  but  the  trunk 
is  soon  lost  in  the  branches ;  and  when  they  grow  into  trees,  these 
commonly  have  rounded  or  spreading  tops.      Of  such  trees  with 
deliquescent  stems,  —  that  is,  with  the  trunk  dissolved,  as  it  were, 
into  the   successively  divided  branches,  the  common  American  Elm 
(Fig.  54)  furnishes  a  good  illustration. 

56.  On  the  other  hand,  the  main  stem  of  Pines  and  Spruces,  as 
it  begins  in  the  seedling,  unless  destroyed  by  some  injury,  is  carried 
on  in  a  direct  line  throughout  the  whole  growth  of  the  tree,  by  the 
development  year  after  year  of  a  terminal  bud :  this  forms  a  single, 
uninterrupted  shaft,  —  an  excurrent  trunk,  which  can  never  be  con- 
founded with  the  branches  that  proceed  from  it.     Of  such  spiry  or 
spire-shaped  trees,  the   Firs  or   Spruces  are  the  most  perfect  and 

3 


26  GROWTH    OF    PLANTS   FROM   BUDS.  |_LESSON  4. 

familiar  illustrations  (Fig.  54)  ;  but  some  other  trees  with  strong 
terminal  buds  exhibit  the  same  character  for  a  certain  time,  and 
in  a  less  marked  degree. 

57.  Latent    Buds,     Some  of  the  axillary  buds  grow  the  following 
year  into  branches ;  but  a  larger  number  do  not  (51).     These  do  not 
necessarily  die.     Often  they  survive  in  a  latent  state  for  some  years, 
risible  on  the  surface  of  the  branch,  or  are  smaller  and  concealed 
under  the  bark,  resting  on  the  surface  of  the  wood :  and  when  at 
any  time  the  other  buds  or  branches  happen  to  be  killed,  these  older 
latent  buds  grow  to  supply  their  place ;  —  as  is  often  seen  when  the 
foliage  and  young  shoots  of  a  tree  are  destroyed  by  insects.     The 
new  shoots  seen  springing  directly  out  of  large  stems  may  sometimes 
originate  from  such  latent  buds,  which  have  preserved  their  life  for 
years.     But  commonly  these  arise  from 

58.  Adventitious  Buds,     These  are  buds  which  certain  shrubs  and 
trees  produce  anywhere  on  the  surface  of  the  wood,  especially  where 
it  has  been  injured.     They  give  rise  to  the  slender  twigs  which  often 
feather  so  beautifully  the  sides  of  great  branches  or  trunks  of  our 
American  Elms.     They  sometimes  form  on  the  root,  which  naturally 
is  destitute  of  buds  ;  and  they  are  sure  to  appear  on  the  trunks  and 
roots  of  Willows,  Poplars,  and  Chestnuts,  when  these  are  wounded 
or  mutilated.     Indeed  Osier- Willows  are  pollarded,  or  cut  off,  from 
time  to  time,  by  the  cultivator,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  crop  of 
slender  adventitious  twigs,  suitable  for  basket-work.    Such  branches, 
being  altogether  irregular,  of  course  interfere  with  the  natural  sym- 
metry of  the  tree  (50).     Another  cause  of  irregularity,  in  certain 
trees  and  shrubs,  is  the  formation  of  what  are  called 

59.  Accessory  ur  Supernumerary  Buds,     There  are  cases  where  two, 

three,  or  more  buds  spring  from  the 
axil  of  a  leaf,  instead  of  the  single 
one  which  is  ordinarily  found  there. 
Sometimes  they  are  placed  one  over 
the  other,  as  in  the  Aristolochia  or 
Pipe-Vine,  and  in  the  Tartarian 
Honeysuckle  (Fig.  51)  ;  also  in  the 
51  Honey-Locust,  and  in  the  Walnut  and 

Butternut  (Fig.  52),  where  the  upper  supernumerary  bud  is  a  good 
way  out  of  the  axil  and  above  the  others.  And  this  is  here  stronger 

FIG.  51.    Tartarian  Honeysuckle,  with  three  accessory  buds  in  one  axil. 


LESSON  4.]  GROWTH    OF   PLANTS    FROM    BUDS. 


27 


than  the  others,  and  grows  into  a  branch  which  is  considerably  out  ot 
tho  axil,  while  the  lower  and  smaller  ones  commonly  do  not  grow  at 
all.  In  other  cases  the  three  buds  stand  side  by  side* 
in  the  axil,  as  in  the  Hawthorn,  and  the  Red  Mapte 
(Fig.  53).  If  these  were  all  to  grow  into  branches, 
they  would  stifle  or  jostle  each  other.  But  some 
of  them  are  commonly  flower-buds :  in 
the  Red  Maple,  only  the  middle  one  is  ^ 

a  leaf-bud,  and  it  does  not  grow  until 
after  those  on  each  side  of  it  have  ex- 
panded the  blossoms  they  contain. 

60.  Sorts  Of  Buds,  It  may  be  useful 
to  enumerate  the  kinds  of  buds  which 
have  now  been  mentioned,  referring 
back  to  the  paragraphs  in  which  the  pe- 
culiarities of  each  are  explained.  Buds, 
then,  are  either  terminal  or  lateral. 
They  are 

Terminal  when  they  rest  on  the  apex 
of  a  stem  (42).  The  earliest  terminal 
bud  is  the  plumule  of  the  embryo  (16). 

Lateral,  when  they  appear  on  the 
side  of  a  stem  :  —  of  which  the  only 
regular  kind  is  the 

Axillary  (43),  namely,  those  which  are  situated  in 
the  axils  of  leaves. 

Accessory  or  Supernumerary  (59),  when  two  or  more 
occur  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  axillary  bud.  53 

Adventitious  (58),  when  they  occur  out  of  the  axils  and  without 
order,  on  stems  or  roots,  or  even  on  leaves.  Any  of  these  kind* 
may  be,  either 

Naked,  when  without  coverings;  or  scaly,  when  protected  by 
scales  (44,  45). 

Latent,  when  they  survive  long  without  growing,  and  commonly 
without  being  visible  externally  (57). 

Leaf-buds,  when  they  contain  leaves,  and  develop  into  a  leafy 
Bhoot. 

Flower-buds,  when  they  contain  blossoms,  and  no  leaves,  as  the 


FTG.  52.    Butternut  branch,  with  accessory  buds,  the  uppermost  above  the  axil. 
FIG.  53.    Red-Maple  branch,  with  accessory  buds  placed  side  by  side. 


28  MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS.  [LESSON  5. 

side-buds  of  the  Red-Maple,  or  when  they  are  undeveloped  blossoms. 
These  we  shall  have  to  consider  hereafter. 

Figure  54  represents  a  spreading-topped  tree  (American  Elm), 
the  stem  dividing  off  into  branches  ;  and  some  spiry  trees  (Spruces 
on  the  right  hand,  and  two  of  the  Arbor-  Vitse  on  the  left)  with  ex= 
current  siems. 


LESSON   V, 

MORPHOLOGY  (i.e.  VARIOUS  SORTS  AND  FORMS)  OF  ROOTS. 

61.  Morphology,    as  the  name   (derived  from  two  Greek  words) 
denotes,  is  the  doctrine  of  forms.     In  treating  of  forms  in  plants,  the 
botanist  is  not  confined  to  an  enumeration  or  description  of  the 
shapes  or  sorts  that  occur,  —  which  would  be  a  dull  and  tedious 
business,  —  but  he  endeavors  to  bring  to  view  the  relations  between 
one  form  and  another  ;  and  this  is  an  interesting  study. 

62.  Botanists  give  particular  names  to  all  the  parts  of  plants,  and 
ulso  particular  terms  to  express  their   principal  varieties  in  form. 
They  use  these  terms  with  great  precision  and  advantage  in  describ- 
ing the  species  or  kinds  of  plants.     They  must  therefore  be  defined 
and  explained  in  our  books.     But  it  would  be  a  great  waste  of  time 


LESSON  5.]  MORPHOLOGY    OF   ROOTS,  29 

for  the  young  student  to  learn  them  by  rote.  The  student  should 
rather  consider  the  connection  between  one  form  and  another ;  and 
notice  how  the  one  simple  plan  of  the  plant,  as  it  has  already  been 
illustrated,  is  worked  out  in  the  greatest  variety  of  ways,  through  the 
manifold  diversity  of  forms  which  each  of  its  three  organs  of  vege« 
tation  — root,  stem,  and  leaf — is  made  to  assume. 

63.  This  we  are  now  ready  to  do.     That  is,  having  obtained  & 
'g  neral  idea  of  vegetation,  by  tracing  the  plant  from  the  seed  and 
.the  bud  into  the  herb,  shrub,  or  tree,  we  proceed  to  contemplate  the 
principal  forms  under  which  these  three  organs  occur  in  different 
plants,  or  in  different  parts  of  the  same  plant ;  or,  in  other  words,  tc 
study  the  morphology  of  the  root,  stem,  and  leaves. 

64.  Of  these  three  organs,  the  root  is  the  simplest  and  the  lea&f 
varied  in  its  modifications.     Still  it  exhibits  some  widely  different 
kinds.     Going  back  to  the  beginning,  we  commence  with 

65.  The  simple  Primary  Root,  which  most  plants  send  down  frwtt 
the  root-end  of  the  embryo  as  it  grows  from  the  seed ;  as  we  havr 
seen  in  the  Maple   (Fig  5  -  7),  Morning-Glory   (Fig.  8  and  28) 
Beech  (Fig.  14,  15),  Oak  and  Buckeye  (Fig.  22-24),  &c.     This. 
if  it  goes  on  to  grow,  makes  a  main  or  tap  root,  from  which  side^ 
branches  here  and  there  proceed.     Some  plants  keep  this  mair  root 
throughout  their  whole  life,  and  send  off  only  small  side  bra'  <*hes  ; 
as  in  the  Carrot  (Fig.  58)  and  Radish  (Fig.  59)  :  and  in  some  trees, 
like  the  Oak.  it  takes  the  lead  of  the  side-branches  for  many  years, 
unless  accidentally  injured,  as  a  strong  tap-root.      But  con>monly 
the  main  root  divides  off  very  soon,  and  is  lost  in  the  branches. 
We  have  already  seen,  also,  that  there  may  be  at  the  beginning 

66.  Multiple  Primary  Roots,     We  have  noticed  them  in  the  Pump- 
kin (Fig.  10),  in  the  Pea  (Fig.  20),  and  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42). 
That  is,  several  roots  have  started  all  at  once,  or  nearly  so,  from  the 
seedling  stem,  and  formed  a  bundle  or  cluster   (a  fascicled  root,  as 
it  is  called),  in  place  of  one  main  root.     The  Bean,  as  we  observe 
in  Fig.  18,  begins  with  a  main  root ,  but  some  of  its  branches  soon 
overtake  it,  and  a  cluster  of  roots  is  formed. 

67.  Absorption  of  Moisture  by  Roots,     The  branches  of  roots  as  they 
grow  commonly  branch  again  and  again,  into  smaller  roots  or  rootlets  ; 
in  this  way  very  much  increasing  the  surface  by  which  the  plant 
connects  itself  with  the  earth,  and  absorbs  moisture  from  it.     The 
whole  surface  of  the  root  absorbs,  so  long  as  it  is  fresh  and  new  ? 
and  the  newer  the  roots  and  rootlets  are,  the  more  freely  do  they 

3* 


30 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


[LESSON  5. 


imbibe.  Accordingly,  as  long  as  the  plant  grows  above  ground,  and 
expands  fresh  foliage,  from  which  moisture  much  of  the  time  largely 
escapes  into  the  air,  so  long  it  continues  to  extend  and  multiply  its 
roots  in  the  soil  beneath,  renewing  and  increasing  the  fresh  surface 
for  absorbing  moisture,  in  proportion  to  the  demand  from  above. 
And  when  growth  ceases  above  ground,  and  the  leaves  die  and  fall^ 
or  no  longer  act,  then  the  roots  generally  stop  growing,  and  their 
soft  and  tender  tips  harden.  From  this  period,  therefore,  until 
growth  begins  anew  the  next  spring,  is  the  best  time  for  transplant- 
ing ;  especially  for  trees  and  shrubs,  and  herbs  so  large  that  they 
cannot  well  be  removed  without  injuring  the  roots  very  mnch. 

68.  We  see,  on  considering  a  moment,  that  an  herb  or  a  tree 
consists  of  two  great  surfaces,  with  a  narrow  part  or  trunk  between 
them,  —  one  surface  spread  out  in  the  air,  and  the  other  in  the  soil. 
These  two  surfaces  bear  a  certain  proportion  to  each  other ;  and  the 

upper  draws  largely  on  the  lower  for 
moisture.  Now,  when  the  leaves  fall 
from  the  tree  in  autumn,  the  vast  sur- 
face exposed  to  the  air  is  reduced  to  a 
very  small  part  of  what  it  was  before ; 
and  the  remainder,  being  covered  with 
a  firm  bark,  cannot  lose  much  by  evap- 
oration. In  common  herbs  the  whole 
surface  above  ground  perishes  in  au- 
tumn ;  and  many  of  the  rootlets  die  at 
the  same  time,  or  soon  afterwards. 
So  that  the  living  vegetable  is  reduced 
for  the  time  to  the  smallest  compass, 
—  to  the  thousandth  or  hundred-thou- 
sandth part  of  what  it  was  shortly 
before,  —  and  what  remains  alive  rests 
in  a  dormant  state,  and  may  now  be 
transplanted  without  much  danger  of 
harm.  If  any  should  doubt  whether 
there  is  so  great  a  difference  between 
the  summer  and  the  winter  size  of 
ss  plants,  let  them  compare  a  lily-bulb 

with  the  full-grown  Lily,  or  calculate  the  surface  of  foliage  which 

FIG.  55.     Seedling  Maple,  of  the  natural  size,  showing  the  root-hairs.    50.  A  bit  of  tba 
end  of  the  root  magnified. 


LESSON  5.] 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


31 


a  tree    exposes  to  the   air,  as   compared  with   the  surface  of  its 

twigs. 

69.  The  absorbing  surface  of  roots  is  very  much  greater  than 

it  appears   to   be,  on  account  of  the  root-hairs, 

or  slender  fibrils,  which  abound  on  the  fresh  and 

new  parts  of  roots.     These  may  be  seen  with 

an  ordinary    magnify  ing-glass,    or  even  by   the 

naked  eye  in  many  cases  ;   as   in  the  root  of  a 

seedling  Maple  (Fig.  55),  where  the  surface  is 

thickly  clothed  with  them.     They  are  not  root- 
lets of  a  smaller  sort ;  but,  when  more  magnified, 

are  seen  to  be  mere  elongations  of  the  surface 

of  the  root  into    slender  tubes,  which  through 

their  very  delicate  walls   imbibe  moisture  from 

the    soil  with    great   avidity.       They  are   com- 
monly much  longer  than  those  shown   in  Fig. 

56,  which  represents  only  the  very  tip  of  a  root 

moderately  magnified.      Small  as  they  are  indi- 
vidually, yet  the    whole    amount    of   absorbing 

surface  added  to   the    rootlets  by  the  countless 

numbers  of  these  tiny  tubes  is  very  great. 

79.  Roots  intend- 
ed mainly  for  ab- 
sorbing branch  free- 
ly, and  are  slender 
or  thread-like.  When  the  root  is  prin- 
cipally of  this  character  it  is  said  to  be 
fibrous ;  as  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42), 
and  other  grain,  and  to  some  extent  in 
all  annual  plants  (41). 

71.  The  Root  as  a  Storehouse  of  Food. 

In  biennial  and  many  perennial  herbs 
(41),  the  root  answers  an  additional 
purpose.  In  the  course  of  the  season  it 
becomes  a  storehouse  of  nourishment, 
and  enlarges  or  thickens  as  it  receives 
the  accumulation.  Such  roots  are  said 
to  be  fleshy  ;  and  different  names  are  applied  to  them  according  \Q 


FIG.  57  58,  59.     Forms  of  fleshy  or  thickened  root*. 


32 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


[LESSON  5. 


their  shapes.  We  may  divide  them  all  into  two  kinds ;  1st,  those 
consisting  of  one  main  root,  and  2d,  those  without  any  main  root. 

72.  The  first  are  merely  different  shapes  of  the  tap-root ;  which  is 

Conical,  when  it  thickens  most  at  the  crown,  or  where  it  joins 
the  stem,  and  tapers  regularly  downwards  to  a  point,  as  in  the 
Common  Beet,  the  Parsnip,  and  Carrot  (Fig.  58)  : 

Turnip-shaped  or  napiform,  when  greatly  thickened  above  ;  but 
abruptly  becoming  slender  below ;  as  the  Turnip  (Fig.  57)  :  and, 

Spindle-shaped,  or  fusiform,  when  thickest  in  the  middle  and 
tapering  to  both  ends ;  as  the  common  Radish  (Fig.  59). 

73.  In  the  second  kind,  where  there 
is  no  main  root,  the  store  of  nourishing 
matter  may  be  distributed  throughout 
the  branches  or  cluster  of  roots  gener- 
ally, or  it  may  be  accumulated  in  some 
of  them,  as  we  see  in  the  tuberous  roots 
of  the  Sweet  Potato,  the  common  Peony, 
and  the  Dahlia  (Fig.  60). 

74.  All  but  the  last  of  these  illustra- 
trations  are  taken  from  biennial  plants. 
These  grow  with  a  large  tuft  of  leaves 
next  the  ground,  and  accumulate  nour- 
ishment all  the  first  summer,  and  store 
up   all    they  produce  beyond   what   is 
wanted  at  the  time  in  their  great  root, 
which  lives  over  the  winter.     We  know 

very  well  what  use  man  and  other  animals  make  of  this  store  of  food, 
in  the  form  of  starch,  sugar,  jelly,  and  the  like.  From  the  second 
year's  growth  we  may  learn  what  use  the  plant  itself  makes  of  it. 
The  new  shoots  then  feed  upon  it,  and  use  it  to  form  with  great 
Sapidity  branches,  flower-stalks,  blossoms,  fruit,  and  seed ;  and,  having 
used  it  up,  the  whole  plant  dies  when  the  seeds  have  ripened. 

75.  In  the  same  way  the  nourishment  contained  in  the  separate 
tuberous  roots  of  the  Sweet  Potato  and  the  Dahlia  (Fig  60)  is  fed 
upon  in  the  spring  by  the  buds  of  the  stem  they  belong  to ;  and 
as  they  are  emptied  of  their  contents,  they  likewise  die  and  decay. 
But  meanwhile  similar  stores  of  nourishment,  produced  by  the  second 
year's  vegetation,  are  deposited  in  new  roots,  which  live  through  the 


FIG.  60.     Clustered   tuberous  roots  of  the  Dahlia,  with  the  bottom  of  the  stern   they 
talong  to. 


LESSON  5.]  MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS.  33 

next  winter,  and  sustain  the  third  spring's  growth,  and  so  on ;  — 
these  plants  being  perennial  (41),  or  lasting  year  after  year,  though 
each  particular  root  lives  little  more  than  one  year. 

76.  Many  things  which  commonly  pass  for  roots  are  not  really 
roots  at  all.     Common  potatoes  are  tuberous  parts  of  stems,  while 
sweet  potatoes  are  roots,  like  those  of  the  Dahlia  (Fig.  60).    The  dif- 
ference between  them  will  more  plainly  appear  in  the  next  Lesson. 

77.  Secondary  Roots.     So  far  we  have  considered  only  the  origimA. 
or  primary  root,  —  that  which  proceeded  from  the  lower  end  of  the 
first  joint  of  stem  in  the  plantlet  springing  from  the  seed,  —  and  its 
subdivisions.     We  may  now  remark,  that  any  other  part  of  the  stem 
will  produce  roots  just  as  well,  whenever  favorably  situated  for  it ; 
that  is,  when  covered  by  the  soil,  which  provides  the  darkness  and 
the  moisture  which  is  congenial  to  them.     For  these  secondary  roots, 
as  they  may  be  called,  partake  of  the  ordinary  disposition  of  the 
organ :  they  avoid   the  light,  and  seek   to  bury  themselves  in  the 
ground.     In  Indian  Corn  we  see  roots  early  striking  from  the  second 
and  the  succeeding  joints  of  stem  under  ground,  more  abundantly 
than  from  the  first  joint  (Fig.  42).     And  all  stems  that  keep  up  a 
connection  with  the  soil  —  such   as  those  which  creep  along  on  or 
beneath  its  surface  —  are  sure  to  strike  root  from  almost  every  joint. 
So  will  most  branches  when  bent  to  the  ground,  and  covered  with 
the  soil :  and  even  cuttings  from  the  branches  of  most  plants  can  be 
made  to  do  so,  if  properly  managed.     Propagation  by  buds  depends 
upon  this.     That  is,  a  piece  of  a  plant  which  has  stem  and  leaves, 
either  developed  or  in  the  bud,  may  be  made  to  produce  roots,  and 
so  become  an  independent  plant. 

78.  In  many  plants  the  disposition  to  strike  root  is  so  strong,  that 
they  even  will  spring  from  the  stem  above  ground.     In  Indian  Corn, 
for  example,  it  is  well  known  that  roots  grow,  not  only  from  all  those 
joints  round  which  the  earth  is  heaped  in  hoeing,  but  also  from  those 
several  inches  above  the  soil :  and  other  plants  produce  them  from 
stems  or  branches  high  in  the  air.     Such  roots  are  called 

79.  Aerial  Roots.     All  the  most  striking  examples  of  these  are  met 
with,  as  we  might  expect,  in  warmer  and  damper  climates  than  ours, 
and  especially  in  deep  forests  which  shut  out  much  of  the  light ;  this 
being  unfavorable  to  roots.     The  Mangrove  of  tropical  shores,  which 
occurs  on  our  own  southern  borders  ;  the  Sugar  Cane,  from  which 
roots  strike  just  as  in  Indian  Corn,  only  from  higher  up  the  stem ; 
the  Pandanus,  called  Screw  Pine   (not  from  its  resemblance  to  a 

S&F— 3 


84  MORPHOLOGY    OF   ROOTS  [LESSON  5. 

Pine-tree,  but  because  it  is  like  a  Pine-apple  plant)  ;  and  the  famous 
Banyan  of  India,  and  some  other  Fig-trees,  furnish  the  most  remark- 
able examples  of  roots,  which  strike  from  the  stem  or  the  branches 
in  the  open  air,  and  at  length  reach  the  ground,  and  bury  them- 
selves, when  they  act  in  the  same  manner  as  ordinary  roots. 

80.  Some  of  our  own  common  plants,  however,  produce  small 
aerial  rootlets  ;  not  for  absorbing  nourishment,  but  for  climbing.    Bj 
Ihese  rootlets,  that  shoot  out  abundantly  from  {he  side  of  the  stems 
and  branches,  the  Trumpet  Creeper,  the  Ivy  of  Europe,  and  our 
Poison  Rhus,  —  here  called  Poison  Ivy,  —  fasten  themselves  firmly 
to  walls,  or  the  trunks  of  trees,  often  ascending  to  a  great  height. 
Here  roots  serve  the  same  purpose  that  tendrils  do  in  the  Grape- 
Vine  and  Virginia  Creeper.     Another  form,  and  the  most  aerial  of 
all  roots,  since  they  never  reach  the  ground,  are  those  of 

81.  Epiphytes,  Of  Air-Plants,     These  are  called  by  the  first  name 
(which  means  growing  on  plants),  because  they  are  generally  found 
upon  the  trunks  and  branches  of  trees  ;  —  not  that  they  draw  any 
nourishment  from  them,  for  their  roots  merely  adhere  to  the  bark, 
and  they  flourish  just  as  well  upon  dead  wood  or  any  other  con- 
venient support.      They  are  called  air-plants  because  they  really 
live  altogether  upon  what  they  get  from  the  air,  as  they  have  no 
connection  with  the  soil.     Hundreds  of  air-plants  grow  all  around 
us  without  attracting  any  attention,  because  they  are  small  or  hum- 
ble.    Such  are  the  Lichens  and  Mosses  that  abound  on  the  trunks 
or  boughs  of  trees,  especially  on  the  shaded  side,  and  on  old  walls, 
fences,  or  rocks,  from  which  they  obtain  no  nourishment.     But  this 
name  is  commonly  applied  only  to  the  larger,  flower-bearing  plants 
which  live  in  this  way.     These  belong  to  warm  and  damp  parts  of 
the  world,  where  there  is  always  plenty  of  moisture  in  the  air.     The 
greater  part  belong  to  the  Orchis  family  and  to  the  Pine- Apple 
fimily;  and  among  them  are  some  of  the  handsomest  flowers  known. 
We  have  two  or  three  flowering  air-plants  in  the  Southern  States, 
though  they  are  not  showy  ones.     One  of  them  is  an  Epidendrum 
growing  on  the  boughs  of  the  Great-flowered  Magnolia :  another  is 
the  Long-Moss,  or  Black  Moss,  so  called,  —  although  it  is  no  Moss 
at  all,  —  which  hangs  from  the  branches  of  Oaks  and  Pines  in  all 
the  warm  parts  of  the  Southern  States.     (Fig  61  represents  both 
of  these.     The  upper  is  the  Epidendrum  conopseum  ;  the  lower,  the 
Black  Moss,  Tillandsia  usneoides.) 

82.  Para&itie  Plants  exhibit  roots  under  yet  another  remarkable 


LESSON  5.J  MORPHOLOGY    OF   ROOTS.  85 

aspect.  For  these  are  not  merely  fixed  upon  other  plants,  as  ah% 
plants  are,  but  strike  their  roots,  or  what  answer  to. roots,  into  them, 
and  feed  on  their  juices.  Not  only  Moulds  and  Blights  (which  are 
plants  of  very  low  organization)  live  in  this  predacious  way,  but 
many  flowering  herbs,  and  even  shrubs.  One  of  the  latter  is  the 
Mistletoe,  the  seed  of  which  germinates  on  the  bough  of  the  tree 
where  it  falls  or  is  left  by  birds ;  and  the  forming  root  penetrates  the 
bark  and  engrafts  itself  into  the  wood,  to  which  it  becomes  united  as 
firmly  as  a  natural  branch  to  its  parent  stem  ;  and  indeed  the  parasite 
lives  just  as  if  it  were  a  branch  of  the  tree  it  grows  and  feeds  on. 
A  most  common  parasitic  herb  is  the  Dodder;  which  abounds  in 
low  grounds  everywhere  in  summer,  and  coils  its  long  and  slender 
leafless,  yellowish  stems  —  resembling  tangled  threads  of  yarn  — 
round  and  round  the  stalks  of  other  plants ;  wherever  they  touch 
piercing  the  bark  with  minute  and  very  short  rootlets  in  the  form  of 
suckers,  which  draw  out  the  nourishing  juices  of  the  plants  laid  hold 
of.  Other  parasitic  plants,  like  the  Beech-drops  and  Pine-sap,  fasten 
their  roots  under  ground  upon  the  roots  of  neighboring  plants,  and 
rob  them  of  their  rich  juices. 


36         MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.   [LESSON  6. 


LESSON  VI. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES. 

83.  THE   growth  of  the  stem  in  length,  and  the  formation  o. 
branches,  have  been  considered  already.     Their  growth  in  thick- 
ness we  may  study  to  more  advantage  in  a  later  Lesson.     The  very 
various  forms  which  they  assume  will  now  occupy  our  attention,  — 
beginning  with 

84.  The  Forms  of  Stems  and  Branches  above  ground,    The  principal 

differences  as  regards  size  and  duration  have  been  mentioned  before 
(41);  namely,  the  obvious  distinction  of  plants  into  herbs,  shrubs, 
and  trees,  which  depends  upon  the  duration  and  size  of  the  stem. 
The  stem  is  accordingly 

Herbaceous,  when  it  dies  down  to  the  ground  every  year,  or  after 
blossoming. 

Suffrutescent,  when  the  bottom  of  the  stem  above  the  soil  is  a 
little  woody,  and  inclined  to  live  from  year  to  year. 

Suffruticose,  when  low  stems  are  decidedly  woody  below,  but 
herbaceous  above. 

Fruticose,  or  shrubby,  when  woody,  living  from  year  to  year,  and 
of  considerable  size,  —  not,  however,  more  than  three  or  four  times 
the  height  of  a  man. 

Arborescent,  when  tree-like  in  appearance,  or  approaching  a  tree 
in  size. 

Arboreous,  when  forming  a  proper  tree  trunk. 

85.  When  the  stem  or  branches  rise  above  ground  and  are  ap- 
parent to  view,  the  plant  is  said  to  be  caulescent,  (that  is,  to  have  a 
caulis  or  true  stem).     When  there  is  no  evident  stem  above  ground, 
but  only  leaves  or  leaf-stalks  and  flower-stalks,  the  plant  is  said  to 
be  acaulescent,  i.  e.  stemless,  as  in  the  Crocus,  Bloodroot,  common 
Violets,  &c.,  and  in  the  Beet,  Carrot,  and  Radish  (Fig.  59),  for  the 
first  season.     There  is  a  stem,  however,  in  all  such  cases,  only  it 
remains  on  or  beneath  the  ground,  and  is  sometimes  very  short. 
Of  course  leaves  an 3  flowers  do  not  arise  from  the  root.     These 
concealed  sorts  of  stem  we  will  presently  study. 

86.  The  direction  taken  by  stems,  &c.,  or  their  mode  of  growth, 


LESSON  6.]  SUCKERS,    STOLONS^   AND    OFFSETS.  37 

gives  rise  to  several  terms,  which  may  be  briefly  mentioned:  — 
such  as 

Diffuse,  when  loosely  spreading  in  all  directions. 

Declined,  when  turned  or  bending  over  to  one  side. 

Decumbent,  reclining  on  the  ground,  as  if  too  weak  to  stand- 

Assurgent  or  ascending,  when  rising  obliquely  upwards. 

Procumbent  or  prostrate,  lying  flat  on  the  ground  from  the  first 

Creeping,  or  repent,  when  prostrate  stems  on  or  just  beneath  the 
ground  strike  root  as  they  grow ;  as  does  the  White  Clover,  the 
little  Partridge-berry,  &c. 

Climbing,  or  scandent,  when  stems  rise  by  clinging  to  other  ob- 
jects for  support,  —  whether  by  tendrils,  as  do  the  Pea,  Grape- 
Vine,  and  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig.  62) ;  by  their  twisting  leaf-stalks, 
as  the  Virgin's  Bower ;  or  by  rootlets,  like  the  Ivy,  Poison  Ivy,  and 
Trumpet  Creeper  (80). 

Twining,  or  voluble,  when  stems  rise  by  coiling  themselves  spirally 
around  other  stems  or  supports ;  like  the  Morning-Glory  and  the  Bean. 

87.  Certain  forms  of  stems  have  received  distinct  names.     The 
jointed  stem  of  Grasses  and  Sedges  is  called  by  botanists  a  culm ; 
and  the  peculiar  scaly  trunk  of  Palms  and  the  like   (Fig  47)  is 
sometimes  called  a  caudex.     A  few  forms  of  branches  the  gardener 
distinguishes  by  particular  names ;    and  they  are  interesting  from 
their  serving  for  the  natural  propagation  of  plants  from  buds,  and 
for  suggesting  ways  by  which  we  artificially  multiply  plants  that 
would  not  propagate  themselves  without  the  gardener's  aid.     These 
are  suckers,  offsets,  stolons,  and  runners. 

88.  Slickers  are  ascending  branches  rising  from  stems  under  ground, 
such  as  are  produced  so  abundantly  by  the  Rose,  Raspberry,  and 
other  plants  said  to  multiply  "  by  the  root."     If  we  uncover  them, 
we  see  at  once  the  great  difference  between   these  subterranean 
branches  and  real  roots.     They  are  only  creeping  branches  under 
ground.     Remarking  how  the  upright  shoots  from  these  branches 
become  separate  plants,  simply  by  the  dying  off  of  the  connecting 
under-ground  stems,  the  gardener  expedites  the  result  by  cutting 
them  through  with  his  spade.     That  is,  he  propagates  the  plant  "  by 
division." 

89.  Stolons  are  trailing  or  reclining  branches  above  ground.,  which 
strike  root  where  they  touch  the  soil,  and  then  send  up  a  vigorous 
shoot,  which  has  roots  of  its  own,  and  becomes  an  independent  plant 
when  the  connecting  part  dies,  as  it  does  after  a  while.    The  Currant 

4 


38  MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEM8    A.ND    BRANCHES.       [_I-ESSON  <X 

and  the  Gooseberry  naturally  multiply  in  this  way,  as  well  as  by 
suckers  (which  we  see  are  just  the  same  thing,  only  the  connecting 
part  is  concealed  under  ground).  They  must  have  suggested  the 
operation  of  layering,  or  bending  down  and  covering  with  earth 
branches  which  do  not  naturally  make  stolons  ;  and  after  they  have 
taken  root,  as  they  almost  always  will,  the  gardener  cuts  through 
the  connecting  stem,  and  so  converts  a  rooting  branch  into  a  sepa* 
sate  plant. 

90.  Offsets,  like  those  of  the  Houseleek,  are  only  short  stolons, 
with  a  crown  of  leaves  at  the  end. 

91.  Klinncr-S,  of  which  the  Strawberry  presents  the  most  familiar 
example,  are  a  long  and  slender,  tendril-like,  leafless  form  of  creep- 
ing branches.     Each  runner,  after  having  grown  to  its  full  length, 
strikes  root  from  the  tip,  and  fixes  it  to  the  ground,  then  forms  a  bud 
there,  which  develops  into  a  tuft  of  leaves,  and  so  gives  rise  to  a  new 
plant,  which  sends  out  new  runners  to  act  in  the  same  way.     In  this 
manner  a  single  Strawberry  plant  will  spread  over  a  large  space,  or 
produce  a  great  number  of  plants,  in  the  course  of  the  summer ;  —  all 
connected  at  first  by  the  slender  runners  >  but  these  die  in  the 
following  winter,  if  not  before,  and  leave  the  plants  as  so  many 
separate  individuals. 

92.  Tendrils  are  branches  of  a  very  slender  sort,  like  runners,  not 
destined  like  them  for  propagation,  and  therefore  always  destitute 


of  buds  or  leaves,  but  intended  for  climbing.     Those  of  the  Grape- 
Vine,  of  the  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig.  62),  and  of  the  Cucumber  and 

FIG.  G2.     Piece  of  the  stem  of  Virginia  Creeper,  bearing  a  leaf  and  a  tendril.    63.  Tips 
of  a  tendril,  about  the  natural  size,  showing  the  disks  by  which  they  hold  fast  to  walls,  &,c. 


LESSON  6.]  RUNNERS,    TENDRILS,    SPINES.  89 

Squash  tribe  are  familiar  illustrations.  The  tendril  commonly  grows 
straight  and  outstretched  until  it  reaches  some  neighboring  support, 
such  as  a  stem,  when  its  apex  hooks  around  it  to  secure  a  hold  j 
then  the  whole  tendril  shortens  itself  by  coiling  up  spirally,  and  su 
draws  the  shoot  of  the  growing  plant  nearer  to  the  supporting  object. 
When  the  Virginia  Creeper  climbs  the  side  of  a  building  or  the 
smooth  bark  of  a  tree,  which  the  tendrils  cannot  lay  hold  of  in  tie 
usual  way,  their  tips  expand  into  a  flat  disk  or  sucker  (Fig.  62,  63), 
which  adheres  very  firmly  to  the  wall  or  bark,  enabling  the  plant  to 
climb  over  and  cover  such  a  surface,  as  readily  as  the  Ivy  does  by 
means  of  its  sucker-like  little  rootlets.  The  same  result  is  effected 
by  different  organs,  in  the  one  case  by  branches  in  the  form  of  ten- 
drils ;  in  the  other,  by  roots. 

93.  Tendrils,  however,  are  not  always  branches ;  some  are  leaves, 
or  parts  of  leaves,  as  those  of  the  Pea  (Fig.  20).     Their  nature  in 
each  case  is  to  be  learned  from  their  position,  whether  it  be  that  of 
a  leaf  or  of  a  branch.     In  the  same  way 

94.  Spines  OF  Thorns  sometimes  represent  leaves,  as  in  the  Bar- 
berry, where  their  nature  is  shown  by  their  situation  outside  of  an 
axillary  bud  or  branch.     In  other  words,  here  they  have  a  bud  in 
their  axil,  and  are  therefore  leaves ;  so  we  shall  have  to  mention 
them  in   another  place.      Most  commonly  spines  are  stunted  and 
hardened  branches,  arising  from  the  axils  of  leaves,  as  in  the  Haw- 
thorn and  Pear.     A  neglected  Pear-tree  or  Plum-tree  shows  every 
gradation  between  ordinary  branches  and  thorns.    Thorns  sometimes 
branch,  their  branches  partaking  of  the  same  spiny  character:  in 
this  way  those  on  the  trunks  of  Honey-Locust  trees  (produced  from 
adventitious  buds,  58)  become  exceedingly  complicated  and  horrid. 
The  thorns  on  young  shoots  of  the  Honey-Locust  may  appear  some- 
what puzzling  at  first  view;  for  they  are  situated  some  distance 
a')ove  the  axil  of  the  leaf.     Here  the  thorn  comes  from  the  upper- 
most of  several  supernumerary  buds  (59).     Prickles,  such  as  those 
of  the  Rose  and  Blackberry,  must  not  be  confounded  with  thorns : 
these  have  not  the  nature  of  branches,  and  have  no  connection  with 
the  wood ;  but  are  only  growths  of  the  bark.     When  we  strip  off 
the  bark,  the  prickles  go  with  it. 

95.  Still  stranger  forms  of  stems  and  branches  than  any  of  these 
are  met  with  in  some  tribes  of  plants,  such  as  Cactuses  (Fig.  76). 
These  will  be  more  readily  understood  after  we  have  considered 
some  of  the  commoner  forms  of 


40        MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.   [LESSON  6. 

96.  Subterranean  Stems  and  Branches,    These  are  very  numerous 

and  various  ;  but  they  are  commonly  overlooked,  or  else  confounded 
with  roots.  From  their  situation  they  are  out  of  the  sight  of  the 
superficial  observer :  but  if  sought  for  and  examined,  they  will  well 
repay  the  student's  attention.  For  the  vegetation  that  is  carried  on 
under  ground  is  hardly  less  varied,  and  no  less  interesting  and  im. 
portant,  than  that  which  meets  our  view  above  ground.  All  their 
ijrms  may  be  referred  to  four  principal  kinds  ;  namely,  the  Rhizo* 
ma  or  Rootstock,  the  Tuber,  the  Corm,  and  the  Bulb. 

97.  The  RootstOCk,  or  Rhizoma,  in  its  simplest  form,  is  merely  a 
creeping  stem  or  branch   (86)  growing  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
soil,  or  partly  covered  by  it.     Of  this  kind  are  the  so-called  creeping, 
running,  or  scaly  roots,  such  as  those  by  which  the  Mint  (Fig.  64), 
tke  Scotch  Rose,  the  Couch-grass  or  Quick-grass,  and  many  other 
plants,  spread  so  rapidly  and  widely,  "  by  the  root,"  as  it  is  said. 


64 

That  these  are  really  stems,  and  not  roots,  is  evident  from  the  way 
in  which  they  grow;  from  their  consisting  of  a  succession  of  joints; 
and  from  the  leaves  which  they  bear  on  each  joint  (or  node,  as 
the  botanist  calls  the  place  from  which  leaves  arise),  in  the  form  of 
small  scales,  just  like, the  lowest  ones  on  the  upright  stem  next  the 
ground.  Like  other  stems,  they  also  produce  buds  in  the  axils  of 
these  scales,  showing  the  scales  to  be  leaves ;  whereas  real  roots 
bear  neither  leaves  nor  axillary  buds.  Placed,  as  they  are,  in  the 
damp  and  dark  soil,  such  stems  naturally  produce  roots,  just  as  the 
creeping  stem  does  where  it  lies  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  j  but 
the  whole  appearance  of  these  roots,  their  downward  growth,  and 
their  mode  of  branching,  are  very  different  from  that  of  the  subter- 
ranean stem  they  spring  from. 

98.  It  is  easy  to  see  why  plants  with  these  running  rootstocks  take 
such  rapid  and  wide  possession  of  the  soil,  —  often  becoming  great 
pests  to  farmers, — and  why  they  are  so  hard  to  get  rid  of.  They  are 

FIG.  64.    Rootstocks,  or  creeping  subterranean  branches,  of  the  Peppermint. 


LESSON  6.]        SUBTERRANEAN    FORMS  :    ROOTSTOCKS.  41 

always  perennials  (41)  ;  the  subterranean  shoots  live  over  the  first 
winter,  if  not  longer,  and  are  provided  with  vigorous  buds  at  every 
joint.  Some  of  these  buds  grow  in  spring  into  upright  stems,  bearing 
foliage,  to  elaborate  the  plant's  crude  food  into  nourishment,  and  at 
length  produce  blossoms  for  reproduction  by  seed ;  while  many  oth- 
ers, fed  by  nourishment  supplied  from  above,  form  a  new  generation 
of  subterranean  shoots ;  and  this  is  repeated  over  and  over  in  the 
course  of  the  season  or  in  succeeding  years.  Meanwhile  as  the  sub^ 
terranean  shoots  increase  in  number,  the  older  ones,  connecting  the 
series  of  generations  into  one  body,  die  off  year  by  year,  liberating 
the  already  rooted  side-branches  as  so  many  separate  plants ;  and 
so  on  indefinitely.  Cutting  these  running  rootstocks  into  pieces, 
therefore,  by  the  hoe  or  the  plough,  far  from  destroying  the  plant, 
only  accelerates  the  propagation ;  it  converts  one  many-branched 
plant  into  a  great  number  of  separate  individuals.  Even  if  you 
divide  the  shoots  into  as  many  pieces  as  there  are  joints  of  stem, 
each  piece  (Fig.  Go)  is  already  a  plantlet,  with  its  roots  and  with  a 
bud  in  the  axil  of  its  scale-like  leaf  (either  latent  or  apparent),  and 

having  prepared  nourishment  enough  in  the  bit  of      ,, 

stem  to  develop  this  bud  into  a  leafy  stem  ;  and  so 
a  single  plant  is  all  the  more  speedily  converted 
into  a  multitude.      Such  plants  as  the  Quick- 
grass   accordingly  realize  the  fable  of  the  Hy- 
dra ;  as  fast  as  one  of  its  many  branches  is  cut  65 
off,  twice  as  many,  or  more,  spring  up  in  its  stead.     Whereas,  when 
the  subterranean  parts  are  only  roots,  cutting  away  the  stem  com- 
pletely destroys  the  plant,  except  in  the  rather  rare  cases  where  the 
root  produces  adventitious  buds  (58). 

99.  The  more  nourishment  rootstocks  contain,  the  more  readily  do 
separate  portions,  furnished  with  buds,  become  independent  plants. 
It  is  to  such  underground  stems,  thickened  with  a  large  amount  of 
starch,  or  some  similar  nourishing  matter  stored  up  in  their  tissue, 
that  the  name  of  rhizoma  or  rootstock  is  commonly  applied  ;  —  such, 
for  example,  as  those  of  the  Sweet  Flag  or  Calamus,  of  Ginger,  of  Iris 
or  Flower-de-luce  (Fig.  133),  and  of  the  Solomon's  Seal  (Fig.  66). 

100.  The  rootstocks  of  the  common  sorts  of  Iris  of  the  gardens 
usually   lie   on  the   surface  of  the  ground,   partly  uncovered ;  and 
they  bear  real  leaves  (Fig.  133),  which  closely  overlap  each  other; 

F'l.  65.     A  piece  of  the  running  rootstock  of  the  Peppermint,  with  its  node  or  joint,  and 
an  axillary  bud  ready  to  grow. 

J,* 


42 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  6. 


the  joints  (i.  e.  the  internodes,  or  spaces  between  each  leaf)  being 
very  short.  As  the  leaves  die,  year  by  year,  and  decay,  a  scar 
left  in  the  form  of  a  ring  marks  the  place  where  each  leaf  was 
attached.  Instead  of  leaves,  rootstocks  buried  under  ground  com- 
monly bear  scales,  like  those  of  the  Mint  (Fig.  64),  which  are  im- 
perfect leaves. 


101.  Some  rootstocks  are  marked  with  large  round  scars  of  a 
different  sort,  like  those  of  the  Solomon's  Seal  (Fig.  G6),  which  gave 
this  name  to  the  plant,  from  their  looking  something  like  the  impres- 
sion of  a  seal  upon  wax.     Here  the  rootstock  sends  up  every  spring 
an  herbaceous  stalk  or  stem,  which  bears  the  foliage  and  flowers, 
and  dies  in  autumn  ;  and  the  seal  is  the  circular  scar  left  by  the 
death  and  separation  of  the  dead  stalk  from  the  living  rootstock. 
As  but  one  of  these  is  formed  each  year,  they  mark  the  limits  of  a 
year's  growth.     The  bud  at  the  end  of  the  rootstock  in  the  figure, 
which  was  taken  in  summer,  will  grow  the  next  spring  into  the  stalk 
of  the  season,  vhich,  dying  in  autumn,  will  leave  a  similar  scar,  while 
another  bud  will  be  formed  farther  on,  crowning  the  ever-advancing 
summit  or  growing  end  of  the  stem. 

102.  As  each  year's  growth  of  stem,  in  all 
these  cases,  makes  its  own  roots,  it  soon  becomes 
independent  of  the  older  parts.      And  after  a 
certain    age,    a   portion    dies    off  behind,  every 
year,  about  as  fast  as  it  increases  at  the  grow- 
ing end  ;  —  death  following  life  with  equal  and 
certain  step,   with    only    a  narrow   interval  be- 
tween.     In  vigorous    plants   of  Solomon's  Seal 
or  Iris,  the  living  rootstock  is  several  inches  or 
a  foot  in  length ;  while  in  the  short  rootstock  of 

FIG.  66.     Rootstock  of  Solomon's  Seal,  with  the  bottom  of  the  stalk  of  the  season,  and  the 
kud  for  the  next  year's  growth. 
FIG.  67.    The  very  short  rootstock  and  bud  of  a  Trillium  or  Birthroot. 


LESSON  6.]  SUBTERRANEAN    FORMS  !    TUBERS. 


43 


Trillium  or  Birthroot  (Fig.  67)  life  is  reduced  to  a  very  narrow 
span,  only  an  inch  or  less  intervening  between  death  beneath  and 
young  life  in  the  strong  bud  annually  renewed  at  the  summit. 

103.  A  Tuber  is  a  thickened  portion  of  a  rootstock.  When  slender 
subterranean  branches,  like  those  of  the  Quick-grass  or  Mint  (Fig. 
64),  become  enlarged  at  the  growing  end  by  the  accumulation  there 
of  an  abundance  of  solid  nourishing  matter,  tubers  are  produced,  lik 
those  of  the  Nut-grass  of  the  Southern  States  (which  accordingly  be 
comes  a  greater  pest  even  than  the  Quick-grass),  and  of  the  Jerusalem 
Artichoke,  and  the  Potato.  The  whole  formation  may  be  seen  at  a 
glance  in  Figure  68,  which  represents  the  subterranean  growth  of  a 
Potato-plant,  and  shows  the  tubers  in  all  their  stages,  from  shoots 
just  beginning  to  enlarge  at  the  tip,  up  to  fully-formed  potatoes. 
And  Fig.  69,  —  one  of  the  forming  tubers  moderately  magnified,  — 
plainly  shows  the  leaves  of  this  thickening  shoot,  in  the  form  of  little 
scales.  It  is  under  these  scales  that  the  eyes  appear  (Fig.  70) : 
and  these  are  evidently  axillary  buds  (43). 


104.  Let  us  glance  for  a  moment  at  the  economy  or  mode  of  life 
of  the  Potato-plant,  and  similar  vegetables,  as  shown  in  the  mor- 

FIG.  68.     Forming  tubers  of  the  Potato.    69.  One  of  the  very  young  potatoes,  moderately 
magnified.     70    Slice  of  a  portion  through  an  eye,  more  magnified. 


44  MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  ft 

yihology  of  the  branches,  —  that  is,  in  the  different  forms  they  appear 
under,  and  the  purposes  they  serve.  The  Potato-plant  has  three 
principal  forms  of  branches  : —  1.  Those  that  bear  ordinary  leaves, 
expanded  in  the  air,  to  digest  what  they  gather  from  it  and  what 
the  roots  gather  from  the  soil,  and  convert  it  into  nourishment. 
2.  After  a  while  a  second  set  of  branches  at  the  summit  of  the 
plant  bear  flowers,  which  form  fruit  and  seed  out  of  a  portion  of  the 
nourishment  which  the  leaves  have  prepared.  3.  But  a  larger  part 
of  this  nourishment,  while  in  a  liquid  state,  is  carried  down  the  stem, 
into  a  third  sort  of  branches  under  ground,  and  accumulated  in  the 
form  of  starch  at  their  extremities,  which  become  tubers,  or  deposi- 
tories of  prepared  solid  food; — just  as  in  the  Turnip,  Carrof, 
Dahlia,  &c.  (Fig.  57-60),  it  is  deposited  in  the  root.  The  use 
of  the  store  of  food  is  obvious  enough.  In  the  autumn  the  whol« 
plant  dies,  except  the  seeds  (if  it  formed  them)  and  the  tubers ;  and 
the  latter  are  left  disconnected  in  the  ground.  Just  as  that  small 
portion  of  nourishing  matter  which  is  deposited  in  the  seed  (3,  and 
Fig.  34)  feeds  the  embryo  when  it  germinates,  so  the  much  larger 
portion  deposited  in  the  tuber  nourishes  its  buds,  or  eyes,  when  they 
likewise  grow,  the  next  spring,  into  new  plants.  And  the  great 
supply  enables  them  to  shoot  with  a  greater  vigor  at  the  beginning, 
and  to  produce  a  greater  amount  of  vegetation  than  the  seedling 
plant  could  do  in  the  same  space  of  time  ;  which  vegetation  in  turn 
may  prepare  and  store  up,  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks  or  months, 
the  largest  quantity  of  solid  nourishing  material,  in  a  form  most 
available  for  food.  Taking  advantage  of  this,  man  has  transported 
the  Potato  from  the  cool  Andes  of  South  America  to  other  cool  cli- 
mates, and  makes  it  yield  him  a  copious  supply  of  food,  especially  in 
countries  where  the  season  is  too  short,  or  the  summer's  heat  too 
little,  for  profitably  cultivating  the  principal  grain-plants. 

105.  All  the  sorts  of  subterranean  stems  or  branches  distinguished 
by  botanists  pass  into  one  another  by  gradations.     We  have  seen 
how  nearly  related  the  tuber  is  to  the  rootstock,  and  there  are  many 
cases  in  which  it  is  difficult  to  say  which  is  the  proper  name  to  use. 
So  likewise, 

106.  Th>  Corm,  Or  Solid  Bulb,  like  that  of  the  Indian  Turnip  and 
the  Crocus  (Fig.  71),  is  just  a  very  short  and  thick  rootstock  ;  as 
will  be  seen  by  comparing  Fig.  71  with  Fig.  67.     Indeed,  it  grows 
so  very  little  in  length,  that  it  is  often  much  broader  than  long,  as 
in  the  Indian  Turnip,  and  the  Cyclamen  of  our  greenhouses.    Conns 


LESSON  6.]  SUBTERRANEAN    FORMS  :    BULBS. 


are  usually  upright,   producing  buds  on  their  upper   surface   and 

roots  from  the  lower.     But  (as  we  see  in  the  Crocus  here  figured) 

buds   may   shoot  from  just  above  any  of  the  faint  cross  lines  or 

rings,  which  are  the  scars  left  by  the  death 

and  decay  of  the  sheathing   bases  of  former 

leaves.     That  is,  these  are  axillary  buds.     In 

these  extraordinary  (just  as  in  ordinary)  stems, 

the  buds  are  either  axillary  or  terminal.     The 

whole  mode  of  growth  is  just  the  same,  only 

the  corm  does   not  increase  in  length  faster 

than  it  does  in  thickness.     After  a  few  years 

some  of  the  buds  grow  into  new  corms  at  the 

expense  of  the  old  one ;  the  young  ones  taking 

the  nourishment  from  the  parent,  and  storing 

up  a   large    part   of  it   in    their   own   tissue. 

When  exhausted   in   this  way,  as  well  as  by 

flowering,  the  old  corm  dies,  and  its  shrivelled 

and  decaying  remains  may  be  found  at  the  side  of  or  beneath  the 

present  generation,  as  we  see  in  the  Crocus  (Fig.  71). 

107.  The  corm  of  a  Crocus  is  commonly  covered  with  a  thin  and 
dry,  scaly  or  fibrous  husk,  consisting  of  the  dead  remains  of  the  bases 
of  former  leaves.     When  this  husk  consists  of  many  scales,  there  is 
scarcely  any  distinction  left  between  the  corm  and 

108.  The  Blllb,     This  is   an  extremely  short  subterranean  stemr 
usually  much  broader  than  high,  producing  roots  from  underneath, 
and  covered  with  leaves  or  the  bases  of  leaves,  in  the  form  of  thick- 
ened scales.     It  is,  therefore,  the  same  as  a  corm,  or  solid  bulb,  only 
it  bears  an  abundance  of  leaves  or  scales,  which  make  up  the  greater 
part  of  its  bulk.     Or  we  may  regard  it  as  a  bud,  with  thick  and 
fleshy  scales.     Compare  a  Lily-bulb  (Fig.  73)  with  the  strong  scaly 
lids  of  the  Hickory  and  Horsechestnut  (Fig.  48  and  49),  and  the 
resemblance  will  be  apparent  enough. 

109.  Bulbs  serve  the  same  purpose  as  tubers,  rootstocks,  or  corms. 
The  main  difference  is,  that  in  these  the  store  of  food  for  future 
growth  is  deposited  in  the  stem  ;  while  in  the  bulb,  the  greater  part 
is  deposited  in  the  bases  of  the  leaves,  changing  them  into  thick 
scales,   which  closely  overlap  or  enclose  one  another,  because  the 
etem  does  not  elongate  enough  to  separate  them.     That  the  scales 


FIG.  71.    Conn  or  solid  bulb  of  a  Crocus.    72.  The  same,  cut  through  lengthwise. 


46 


MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.   [LESSON  6. 


of  the  bulb  are  the  bases  of  leaves  may  be  seen  at  once  by  follow- 
ing any  of  the  ground-leaves   (root-leaves  as  they   are  incorrectly 

called)  down  to  their 
origin  in  the  bulb. 
Fig.  75  represents 
one  of  them  from 
the  White  Lily;  tie 
thickened  base,  which 
makes  a  scale,  being 
cut  off  below,  to  show 
its  thickness.  After 
having  lasted  its  time 
and  served  its  purpose  as  foliage,  the  green  leaf  dies,  down  to  the 
thickened  base,  which  remains  as  a  scale  of  the  bulb.  And  year 
after  year,  as  the  bulb  grows  from  the  centre,  to  produce  the  vege- 
tation and  the  flowers  of  the  season,  the  outer  scales  yield  up  their 
store  of  nourishment  for  the  purpose,  and  perish. 

110.  Each  scale,  being  a  leaf,  may  have  a  bud  in  its  axil.     Some 
of  these  buds  grow  into  leafy  and  flowering  stems 

above  ground :  others  grow  into  new  bulbs,  feeding 
on  the  parent,  and  at  length  destroying  it,  in  the  same 
way  that  corms  do,  as  just  described  (106). 

111.  When  the  scales  are   broad  and  enwrap  all 
that  is  within  so  as  to  form  a  succession  of  coats,  one 
over  another,  the  bulb  is  said  to  be  tunicated  or  coated. 
The  Tulip,  Hyacinth,  Leek,  and   Onion  afford  such 
familiar  examples  of  coated  bulbs   that  no  figure  is 
needed.     When  the  scales  are  narrow  and  separate, 
as  in  the  Lily  (Fig.  73),  the  bulb  is  said  to  be  scaly. 

112.  Blllblcts  are  small  bulbs  formed  above  ground 
on  some  plants ;  as  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the 
common  bulbiferous  Lily  of  the  gardens,  and  often  in 
the  flower-clusters  of  the  Leek  and  Onion.     They  are 
plainly  nothing  but  bulbs  with  thickened  scales.     They 
never  grow  into  branches,  but  detach  themselves  when  75 

full  grown,  and  fall  to  the  ground,   to  take  root  there  and  form 
Tiew  plants. 

113.  From  the  few  illustrations  already  given,  attentive  students 

FIG.  73.     Bulb  of  the  Meadow  or  Canada  Lily.     74.  Tlie  same,  cut  through  lengthwise. 
FIG.  75.     A  lower  leaf  of  White  Lily,  with  its  base  Hnder  ground  thickened  into  a  Dulh 
Male. 


LESSON  G.]       CONSOLIDATED    FORMS    OF    VEGETATION.  47 

can  hardly  fail  to  obtain  a  good  idea  of  what  is  meant  by  morphology 
in  Botany ;  and  they  will  be  able  to  apply  its  simple  principles  for 
themselves  to  all  forms  of  vegetation.  They  will  find  it  very  inter- 
esting to  identify  all  these  various  subterranean  forms  with  the  com- 
mon plan  of  vegetation  above  ground.  There  is  the  same  structure, 
and  the  same  mode  of  growth  in  reality,  however  different  in  ap- 
pearance, and  however  changed  the  form,  to  suit  particular  condition?* 
pr  to  accomplish  particular  ends.  It  is  plain  to  see,  already,  that 
the  plant  is  constructed  according  to  a  plan,  —  a  very  simple  one, — 
which  is  exhibited  by  all  vegetables,  by  the  extraordinary  no  less 
than  by  the  ordinary  kinds ;  and  that  the  same  organ  may  appear 
under  a  great  many  different  shapes,  and  fulfil  very  different  offices. 

114.  These   extraordinary  shapes  are  not  confined  to  subterra- 
nean vegetation.     They  are  all  repeated  in  various  sorts  of  fleshy 
plants  ;  in  the  Houseleek,  Aloe,  Agave  (Fig.  82),  and  in  the  many 
and   strange    shapes  which   the   Cactus  family  exhibit   (Fig.  76) ; 
shapes  which  imitate  rootstocks,  tubers,  corms,  &c.  above  ground. 
All  these  we  may  regard  as 

115.  Consolidated  Forms  Of  Vegetation.     While  ordinary  plants  are 
constructed  on  the  plan  of  great  spread  of  surface    (131),   these 
are  formed  on  the  plan  of  the  least  possible  amount  of  surface  in 
proportion  to  their   bulk.     The  Cereus  genus  of  Cactuses,  for  ex- 
ample,  consisting  of  solid  columnar  trunks   (Fig.  76,  5),  may  be 
likened  to  rootstocks.     A  green  rind  serves  the  purpose  of  foliage ; 
but  the  surface  is  as  nothing  compared  with  an  ordinary  leafy  plant 
of  the  same  bulk.      Compare,  for  instance,  the  largest  Cactus  known, 
the  Giant  Cereus  of  the  Gila  River  (Fig.  76,  in  the  background), 
which  rises  to  the  height  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  with  a  common  leafy 
tree  of  the  same  height,  such  as  that  in  Fig.  54,  and  estimate  how 
vastly  greater,  even  without  the  foliage,  the  surface  of  the  latte 
is  than  that  of  the  former.      Compare,  in  the  same  view,  an  Opunti 
or  Prickly-Pear  Cactus,  its  stem  and  branches  formed  of  a  succes- 
sion of  thick  and  flattened  joints  (Fig.  76,  a),  which  may  be  likened 
to  tubers,  or  an  Epiphyllum  (d),  with  shorter  and  flatter  joints,  with 
an  ordinary  leafy  shrub   or  herb  of  equal  size.     And  finally,  in 
Melon-Cactuses  or  Echinocactus  (c),  with  their  globular  or  bulb-like 
shapes,  we  have  plants  in  the  compactest  shape ;  their  spherical  fig- 
ure being  such  as  to  expose  the  least  possible  amount  of  its  bulk 
to  the  air. 

116.  These  consolidated  plants  are  evidently  adapted  and  designed 


48 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  6, 


for  very  dry  regions  ;  and  in  such  only  are  they  found.  Similarly, 
bulbous  and  corm-bearing  plants,  and  the  like,  are  examples  of  a 
form  of  vegetation  which  in  the  growing  season  may  expand  a  large 
surface  to  the  air  and  light,  while  during  the  period  of  rest  the 
living  vegetable  is  reduced  to  a  globe,  or  solid  form  of  the  least 
possible  surface ;  and  this  is  protected  by  its  outer  coats  of  dead 
and  dry  scales,  as  well  as  by  its  situation  under  ground.  Such| 
giants  exhibit  another  and  very  similar  adaptation  to  a  season  of 
drought.  And  they  mainly  belong  to  countries  (such  as  Southern 
Africa,  and  parts  of  the  interior  of  Oregon  and  California)  which 
have  a  long  hot  season  during  which  little  or  no  rain  falls,  when, 
their  stalks  and  foliage  above  and  their  roots  beneath  being  early  cut 
off  by  drought,  the  plants  rest  securely  in  their  compact  bulbs,  filled 
with  nourishment,  and  retaining  their  moisture  with  great  tenacity, 
until  the  rainy  season  comes  round.  Then  they  shoot  forth  leaves 
and  flowers  with  wonderful  rapidity,  and  what  was  perhaps  a  desert 
of  arid  sand  becomes  green  with  foliage  and  gay  with  blossoms, 
almost  in  a  day.  This  will  be  more  perfectly  understood  when  the 
nature  and  use  of  foliage  have  been  more  fully  considered.  (Fig  76. 
represents  several  forms  of  Cactus  vegetation.) 


WESSON  7-3  MORPHOLOGY    OP    LEAVES.  49 


LESSON   VII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES. 

117.  IN  describing  the  sabterranean  forms  of  the  stem,  we 
been  led  to  notice  already  some  of  the  remarkable  forms   under 
which  leaves  occur ;  namely,  as  scales,  sometimes  small  and  thin,  as 
those  of  the  rootstocks  of  the  Quick-grass,  or  the  Mint  (Fig.  64), 
sometimes  large  and  thick,  as  those  of  bulbs  (Fig.  73-75),  where 
they  are  commonly  larger  than  the  stem  they  belong  to.     We  have 
seen,  too,  in  the  second  Lesson,  the  seed-leaves  (or  cotyledons)  in 
forms  as  unlike  foliage  as  possible  ;  and  in  the  third  Lesson  we  have 
spoken  of  bud-scales  as  a  sort  of  leaves.     So  that  the  botanist  recog- 
nizes the  leaf  under  other  forms  than  that  of  foliage. 

118.  We  may  call  foliage  the  natural  form  of  leaves,  and  look 
upon  the  other  sorts  as  special  forms,  —  as  transformed  leaves:  by 
this  term  meaning  only  that  what  would  have  been  ordinary  leaves 
under  other  circumstances  (as,  for  instance,  those  on  shoots  of  Mint, 
Fig.  64,  had  these  grown  upright  in  the  air,  instead  of  creeping  under 
ground)   are  developed  in  special  forms   to  serve  some  particular 
purpose.     For  the  Great  Author  of  Nature,  having  designed  plants 
upon  one  simple  plan,  just  adapts  this  plan  to  all  cases.     So,  when- 
ever any  special  purpose  is  to  be  accomplished,  no  new  instruments 
or  organs  are  created  for  it,  but  one  of  the  three  general  organs  of 
the  vegetable,  root,  stem,  or  leaf,  is  made  to  serve  the  purpose,  and 
is  adapted  to  it  by  taking  some  peculiar  form. 

119.  It  is  the  study  of  the  varied  forms  under  this  view  that  con- 
stitutes Morphology  (61),  and  gives  to  this  part  of  Botany  such  great 
interest.      We  have  already  seen   stems  and  roots  under  a  great 
variety  of  forms.     But  leaves  appear  under  more  various  and  widely 
different  forms,  and  answer  a  greater  variety  of  purposes,  than  do 
both  the  other  organs  of  the  plant  put  together.     We  have  to  con- 
sider, then,  leaves  as  foliage,  and  leaves  as  something  else  than  foliage. 
As  we  have  just  been  noticing  cases  of  leaves  that  are  not  foliage, 
we  may  consider  these  first,  and  enumerate  the  principal  kinds. 

120.  Leaves  as  Depositories  Of  Pood,     Of  these  we  have  had  plenty 
of  instances  in  the  seed-leaves,  such  as  those  of  the  Almond,  Apple- 

& 


50 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES. 


[LESSON  7, 


seed  (Fig.  11),  Beech  (Fig.  13-15),  the  Bean  and  Pea  (Fig.  16- 
20),  the  Oak  (Fig.  21,  22),  and  Horsechestnut  (Fig.  23,  24)  ;  where 
the  food  upon  which  the  plantlet  feeds  when  it  springs  irom  the 
seed  is  stored  up  in  its  cotyledons  or  first  leaves.  And  we  have 
noticed  how  very  unlike  foliage  such  leaves  are.  Yet  in  some  case?, 

as  in  the  Pumpkin  (Fig.  10),  they 
actually  grow  into  green  leaves  aa 
they  get  rid  of  their  burden. 

121.  Bulb-Scales  (Fig.  73-75)  of- 
fer another  instance,  which  we  were 
considering  at  the  close  of  the  last 
Lesson.    Here  a  part  of  the  nourish- 
ment prepared  in  the  foliage  of  one 
year  is  stored  up  in  the  scales,  or 
subterranean  thickened  leaves,  for  the 
early  growth  and  flowering  of  the  next 
year ;  and  this  enables  the  flowers  to 
appear  before  the  leaves,  or  as  soon 
as  they  do ;  as  in  Hyacinths,  Snow- 
drops, and  many  bulbous  plants. 

122.  Leaves  as  Bud-scales,  &c.  True 

to  its  nature,  the  stem  produces 
leaves  even  under  ground,  where 
they  cannot  serve  as  foliage,  and 
where  often,  as  on  rootstocks  and 
tubers  (97-103),  they  are  not  of 
any  use  that  we  know  of.  In  such 
cases  they  usually  appear  as  thin 
scales.  So  the  first  leaves  of  the 
stems  of  herbs,  as  they  sprout  from 
the  ground,  are  generally  mere  scales, 
such  as  those  of  an  Asparagus  shoot ; 
and  such  are  the  first  leaves  on  the 
stem  of  the  seedling  Oak  (Fig.  22) 
and  the  Pea  (Fig.  20).  Similar 
scales,  however,  often  serve  an  im- 
portant purpose;  as  when  they  form  the  covering  of  buds,  where 
they  protect  the  tender  parts  within  (44).  That  bud-scales  are 

FIG.  77.     Leaves  of  a  developing  bud  of  the  Low  Sweet  Buckeye  (vEsculus  parviflora), 
showing  a  nearly  complete  set  of  gradations  from  a  scale  to  a  compound  leaf  of  five  leaflets. 


LESSON  7.]  SPINES,    TENDRILS,    AND    PITCHERS.  51 

leaves  is  plainly  shown,  in  many  cases,  by  the  gradual  transition 
between  them  and  the  first  foliage  of  the  shoot.    The  Common  Lilac 
and  the  Shell-bark  Hickory  are  good  instances 
of  the  sort.      But  the  best   illustration  is  fur- 
nished  by   the    Low   Sweet    Buckeye   of  the 
Southern  States,   which   is  often  cultivated  as 
an  ornamental  shrub.      From  one  and  the  same 
growing  bud  we  may  often  find  all  the  grada- 
tions which  are  shown  in  Fig.  77. 

123.  Leaves  as  Spines  occur  in  several  plants. 
The  most  familiar  instance  is  that  of  the  Com- 
mon Barberry.     In  almost  any  summer  shoot, 
most  of  the  gradations  may  be  seen  between  the 
ordinary  leaves,  with  sharp  bristly  teeth,  and 
leaves  which  are  reduced  to  a  branching  spine 
or  thorn,  as  shown  in  Fig.  78.     The  fact  that 
the  spines  of  the  Barberry  produce  a  leaf-bud 
in  their  axil  also  proves  them  to  be  leaves. 

124.  Leaves  as  Tendrils  are  to  be  seen  in  the 
Pea  and  the  Vetch  (Fig.  20,  127),  where  the 
upper  part  of  each  leaf  becomes  a  tendril,  which 

the  plant    uses   to 

climb  by ;  and  in 

one  kind   of  Vetch   the  whole  leaf  is 

such  a  tendril. 

125.  Leaves  as  Pitchers,  or  hollow  tubes, 

are  familiar  to  us  in  the  common  Pitcher- 
plant  or  Side-saddle  Flower  (Sarrac^nia, 
Fig.  79)  of  our  bogs.  These  pitchers 
are  generally  half-full  of  water,  in  which 
flies  and  other  insects  are  drowned,  often 
in  such  numbers  as  to  make  a  rich 
manure  for  the  plant,  no  doubt ;  though 
we  can  hardly  imagine  this  to  be  the 
design  of  the  pitcher.  Nor  do  we  per- 
ceive here  any  need  of  a  contrivance 
to  hold  water,  since  the  roots  of  these 
plants  are  always  well  supplied  by  the  wet  bogs  where  they  grow. 


FIG.  78.     Summer  shoot  of  Barberry,  showing  the  transition  of  leaves  into  spines. 
FIG.  79.     Leaf  of  Sarracenia  purpurea,  entire,  and  another  with  the  upper  part  cut  off. 


52 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES. 


[LESSON 


126.  Leaves  as  Fly-traps,     Insects  are  caught  in  another  way,  and 
more  expertly,  by  the  most  extraordinary  of  all  the  plants  of  this 

country,  the  Dionaea  or  Venus's  Fly- 
trap, which  grows  in  the  sandy  bogs 
around  Wilmington,  North  Carolina. 
Here  (Fig.  81)  each  leaf  bears  at  its 
summit  an  appendage  which  opens  aid 
shuts,  in  shape  something  like  a  steel 
trap,  and  operating  much  like  one.  For 
when  open,  as  it  commonly  is  when  the 
sun  shines,  no  sooner  does  a  fly  alight 
on  its  surface,  and  brush  against  any 
one  of  the  several  long  bristles  that  grow 
there,  than  the  trap  suddenly  closes, 
often  capturing  the  intruder,  pressing  it 
all  the  harder  for  its  struggles,  and  com- 
monly depriving  it  of  life.  If  the  fly 
escapes,  the  trap  soon  slowly  opens,  and 
is  ready  for  another  capture.  When  retained,  the  insect  is  after  a 
time  moistened  by  a  secretion  from  minute  glands  of  the  inner  sur- 
face, and  is  apparently  digested !  How  such 
and  various  other  movements  are  made  by 
plants,  —  some  as  quick  as  in  this  case, 
others  very  slow,  but  equally  wonderful, — 
must  be  considered  in  a  future  Lesson. 

127.  Leaves   serving  both  Ordinary  and 

Special  Purposes,  Let  us  now  remark,  that 
the  same  leaf  frequently  answers  its  gen- 
eral purpose,  as  foliage,  and  some  special 
purpose  besides.  For  example,  in  the  Dio- 
trea,  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf,  and  prob- 
ably the  whole  of  it,  acts  as  foliage,  while  the 
appendage  serves  its  mysterious  purpose 
as  a  fly-catcher.  In  the  Pea  and  Vetch 
(Fig.  20,  127),  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf 
is  foliage,  the  upper  a  tendril.  In  the  Pitcher-plants  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago  (Nepenthes,  Fig.  80)  which  are  not  rare  in  conserva- 
tories, the  lower  part  of  the  leaf  is  expanded  and  acts  as  foliage; 


FIG.  80.     Leaf  of  Nepenthes:  leaf,  tendri\,  and  pitcher  combined. 

FIG.  81.    Leaves  of  Dioiuea  ;  the  trap  in  one  of  them  open,  in  the  others  closed. 


LESSON  7.]  THICKENED    AND    FLESHY    LEAVES.  53 

farther  on,  it  is  contracted  into  a  tendril,  enabling  the  plant  to  climb ; 
the  end  of  this  tendril  is  then  expanded  into  a  pitcher,  of  five  or 
six  inches  in  length,  and  on  the  end  of  this  is  a  lid,  which  exactly 
closes  the  mouth  of  the  pitcher  until  after  it  is  full  grown,  when  the 
lid  opens  by  a  hinge  !  But  the  whole  is^only  one  leaf. 

128.  So  in  the  root-leaves  of  the  Tulip  or  the  Lily  (Fig.  75), 
while  the  green  leaf  is  preparing  nourishment  throughout  the  grow- 
ing season,  its  base  under  ground  is  thickened  into  a  reservoir  for 
storing  up  a  good  part  of  the  nourishment  for  next  year's  use. 

129.  Finally,  the  whole  leaf  often  serves  both  as  foliage,  to  pre- 
pare nourishment,  and  as  a  depository  to  store  it  up.     This  takes 
place  in  all  fleshy-leaved   plants,  such  as  the  Houseleek,  the  Ice- 
plant,  and  various  sorts  of  Mesembryanthemum,  in  the  Live-for-ever 
of  the  gardens  to  some  extent,  and  very  strikingly  in  the  Aloe,  and 
in  the  Century-plant.     In  the  latter  it  is  only  the  green  surface  of 
these  large  and  thick  leaves  (of  three  to  five  feet  in  length  on  a 
strong  plant,  and  often  three  to  six  inches  thick  near  the  base)  which 
acts  as  foliage  ;  the  whole  interior  is  white,  like  the  interior  of  a 
potato,  and  almost  as  heavily  loaded  with  starch  and  other  nourish- 
ing matter.     (Fig.  82   represents  a  young  Century-plant,  .Agave 
Americana.) 


5* 


54  MORPHOLOGY    OF  LEAVES    AS    ^OLIAGE.       [LESSON  8. 

LESSON   VIII. 

MORPHOLOGY*  OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE. 

130.  HAVING  in  the  last  Lesson  glanced  at  some  of  the  special 
or  extraordinary  forms  and  uses  of  leaves,  we  now  return  to  leaves 
in  their  ordinary  condition,  namely,  as  foliage.     We  regard  this  as 
the  natural  state  of  leaves.     For  although  they  may  be  turned  to 
account   in   other   and  very   various   ways,  as  we  have  just  seen, 
still  their  proper  office  in  vegetation  is  to  serve  as  foliage.     In  this 
view  we  may  regard 

131.  Leaves  as  a  Contrivance  for  Increasing  the  Surface  of  that  large 

part  of  the  plant  which  is  exposed  to  the  light  and  the  air.  This  is 
shown  by  their  expanded  form,  and  ordinarily  slight  thickness  in 
comparison  with  their  length  and  breath.  While  a  Melon-Cactus 
(115,  Fig.  76)  is  a  striking  example  of  a  plant  with  the  least  pos- 
sible amount  of  surface  for  its  bulk,  a  repeatedly  branching  leafy 
herb  or  tree  presents  the  largest  possible  extent  of  surface  to  the 
air.  The  actual  amount  of  surface  presented  by  a  tree  in  full  leaf 
is  much  larger  than  one  would  be  apt  to  suppose.  Thus,  the  Wash- 
ington Elm  at  Cambridge  —  a  tree  of  no  extraordinary  size  —  was 
some  years  ago  estimated  to  produce  a  crop  of  seven  millions  of 
leaves,  exposing  a  surface  of  200,000  square  feet,  or  about  five 
acres,  of  foliage. 

132.  What  is  done  by  the  foliage  we  shall  have  to  explain  in 
another  place.     Under  the  present  head  we  are  to  consider  ordinary 
leaves  as  to  their  parts  and  their  shapes. 

133.  The  Parts  Of  the  Leaf,     The  principal  part  of  a  leaf  is  the 
blade,  or  expanded  portion,  one  face  of  which  naturally  looks  toward 
the  sky,  the  other  towards  the  earth.     The  blade  is  often  raised  on 
a  stalk  of  its  own,  and  on  each  side  of  the  stalk  at  its  base  there  is 
sometimes  an  appendage  called  a  stipule.     A  complete  leaf,  there- 
fore consists  of  a  blade  (Fig.  83,  b),  a  foot-stalk  or  leaf-stalk,  called 
the  petiole  (p),  and  a  pair  of  stipules  (st).     See  also  Fig.  136. 

134.  It  is  the  blade  which  we  are  now  to  describe.      This,  as 
being  the  essential  and  conspicuous  part,  we  generally  regard  as  the 
leaf:  and  it  is  only  when  we  have  to  particularize,  that  we  speak  of 
the  blade,  or  lamina,  of  the  leaf. 


LE9SON  8.] 


THEIR    VENATION. 


55 


135.  Without  here  entering  upon  the  subject  of  the  anatomy  o! 
the  leaf,  we  may  remark,  that  leaves  consist  of  two  sorts  of  mate- 
rial, viz.:    1.  the  green  pulp,  or  parenchyma;   and   2.  the  fibrous 
framework,  or  skeleton,  which  extends  throughout  the  soft  green, 
pulp  and  supports  it,  giving  the  leaf  a  strength  and  firmness  which 
it  would  not  otherwise  possess.     Besides,  the  whole  surface  is  cov- 
ered with  a  transparent  skin,  called  the 

epidermis*  like  that  which  covers  the 
surface  of  the  shoots,  &c. 

136.  The    framework    consists    of 
wood,  —  a  fibrous  and  tough  material 
which  runs  from  the  stem  through  the 
leaf-stalk,  when   there  is  one,  in   the 
form  of  parallel  threads  or  bundles  of 
fibres  ;  and  in  the  blade  these  spread 
out  in  a  horizontal  direction,  to  form 
the   ribs  and  veins  of  the  leaf.     The 
stout  main  branches  of  the  framework 
(like  those  in  Fig.  50)  are  called  the 
ribs.     When  there  is  only  one,  as  in 
Fig.  83,  &c.,  or  a  middle  one  decid- 
edly larger  than  the  rest,  it  is  called 

the  midrib.     The  smaller  divisions   are  termed  veins ;   and  their 
still  smaller  subdivisions,  veinlets. 

137.  The  latter  subdivide  again  and  again,  until  they  become  so 
fine  that  they  are  invisible  to  the  naked  eye.     The  fibres  of  which 
they  are  composed  are  hollow ;  forming  tubes  by  which  the  sap  is 
brought  into  the  leaves  and  carried  to  every  part.    The  arrangement 
of  the  framework  in  the  blade  is  termed  the 

138.  Venation,  or  mode  of  veining.    This  corresponds  so  complete? 
ly  with  the  general  shape  of  the  leaf,  and  with  the  kind  of  division 
when  the  blade  is  divided  or  lobed,  that  the  readiest  way  to  study 
and  arrange  the  forms  of  leaves  is  first  to  consider  their  veining. 

139.  Various  as  it  appears  in  different  leaves,  the  veining  is  all 
reducible  to  two  principal  kinds ;  namely,  the  parallel-veined  and  the 
netted-veined. 

140.  In  netted-veined  (also  called  reticulated)   leaves,  the  veins 
branch  off  from  the  main  rib  or  ribs,  divide  into  finer  and  finer 


FM.  &    Loaf  of  the  Quince ;  ft,  blade  ;  j»,  petiole  ;  at,  stipules. 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  8. 


veinlets,  and  the  branches  unite  with  each  other  to  form  meshes  of 
network.  That  is,  they  anastomose,  as  anatomists  say  of  the  veins 
and  arteries  of  the  body.  The  Quince-leaf,  in  Fig.  83,  shows  this 
kind  of  veining  in  a  leaf  with  a  single  rib.  The  Maple,  Basswood, 
and  Buttonwood  (Fig.  50)  show  it  in  leaves  of  several  ribs. 

141.  In  parallel-veined  leaves,  the  whole  framework  consists  of 
slender  ribs  or  veins,  which  run  parallel  with  each  other,  or  nearly 
go,  from  the  base  to  the  point  of  the  leaf,  not  dividing  and  sub 
dividing,  nor  forming  meshes,  except  by  very  minute  cross-veinlets, 
The  leaf  of  any  grass,  or  that  of  the  Lily  of  the  Valley  (Fig.  84] 
will  furnish  a  good  illustration. 

142.  Such  simple,  parallel  veins   Linnasus,  to  distinguish  them, 

called  nerves,  and  parallel-veined  leaver 
are  still  commonly  called  nerved  leaves  $ 
while  those  of  the  other  kind  are  said  to 
be  veined ;  —  terms  which  it  is  conven- 
ient to  use,  although  these  "  nerves  "  and 
"  veins  "  are  all  the  same  thing,  and  have 
no  likeness  to  the  nerves  of  animals. 

143.  Netted-veined  leaves  belong  to 
plants  which  have  a  pair  of  seed-leaves 
or  cotyledons,  such  as  the  Maple  (Fig.  1 
-7),  Beech  (Fig.  15),  Pea  and  Bean 
(Fig.  18,  20),  and  most  of  the  illustra- 
tions in  the  first  and  second  Lessons. 
While  parallel-veined  or  nerved  leaves 
belong  to  plants  with  one  cotyledon  or 
true  seed-leaf;  such  as  the  Iris  (Fig.  134) 
and  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42).  So  that  a  mere  glance  at  the  leaves 
of  the  tree  or  herb  enables  one  to  tell  what  the  structure  of  the 
embryo  is,  and  to  refer  the  plant  to  one  or  the  other  of  these  two 
grand  classes,  —  which  is  a  great  convenience.  For  generally  when 
plants  differ  from  each  other  in  some  one  important  respect,  they 
differ  correspondingly  in  other  respects  as  well. 

144.  Parallel- veined  leaves  are  of  two  sorts  ;  one  kind,  and  the 
commonest,  having  the  ribs  or  nerves  all  running  from  the  base  to 
the  point  of  the  leaf,  as  in  the  examples  already  given ;  while  in 
another  kind  they  run  from  a  midrib  to  the  margin ;  as  in  the  com- 


FIG.  84.    A  -(parallel-veined)  leaf  of  the  Lily  of  the  Valley. 


LESSON  8.]   THEIR  FORMS  AS  TO  GENERAL  OUTLINE.         57 

mon  Pickerel-weed  of  our  ponds,  in  the  Banana  (Fig.  47),  and  many 
similar  plants  of  warm  climates. 

145.  Netted- veined  leaves  are  also  of  two  sorts,  as  is  shown  in 
the  examples   already  referred  to.     In  one  case  the  veins  all  rise 
from  a  single  rib  (the  midrib),  as  in  Fig.  83.    Such  leaves  are  called 
feather-veined  or  pinnately-veined ;  both  terms  meaning  the  same 
thing,  namely,  that  the  veins  are  arranged  on  the  sides  of  the  rib 
like  the  plume  of  a  feather  on  each  side  of  the  shaft. 

146.  In  the  other  case  (as  in  the  Button  wood,  Fig.  50,  Maple, 
&c, ),  the  veins  branch  off  from  three,  five,  seven,  or  nine  ribs,  which 
spread  from  the  top  of  the  leaf-stalk,  and  run  through  the  blade  like 
the  toes  of  a  web-footed  bird.     Hence  these  are  said  to  be  palmately 
or  digitately  veined,  or  (since  the  ribs  diverge  like   rays  from  a 
centre)  radiate-veined. 

147.  Since  the  general  outline  of  leaves  accords  with  the  frame- 
work or  skeleton,  it  is  plain  that  feather-veined  leaves  will  incline  to 
elongated  shapes,  or  at  least  will  be  longer  than  broad ;  while  in 
radiate-veined  leaves  more  rounded  forms  are  to  be  expected.     A 
glance  at  the  following  figures  shows  this.     Whether  we  consider 
the  veins  of  the  leaf  to  be  adapted  to  the  shape  of  the  blade,  or  the 
green  pulp  to  be  moulded  to  the  framework,  is  not  very  material. 
Either  way,  the  outline  of  each  leaf  corresponds  with  the  mode  of 
spreading,  the  extent,  and  the  relative  length  of  the  veins.     Thus,  in 
oblong  or  elliptical  leaves  of  the  feather-veined  sort  (Fig.  87,  88), 
the  principal  veins  are  nearly  equal  in  length ;  while  in  ovate  and 
heart-shaped  leaves    (Fig.  89,   90),  those    below   the   middle   are 
longest;    and  in   leaves  which  widen  upwards  (Fig.  91  — 94),  the 
veins  above  the  middle  are  longer  than  the  others. 

1 48.  Let  us  pass  on,  without  particular  reference  to  the  kind  of 
reining,  to  enumerate  the  principal 

149.  Furms  of  Leaves  as  to  General  Outline.    It  is  necessary  to  give 

names  to  the  principal  shapes,  and  to  define  them  rather  precisely, 
since  they  afford  the  easiest  marks  for  distinguishing  species.  The 
same  terms  are  used  for  all  other  flattened  parts  as  well,  such  as  the 
petals  of  the  flowers  ;  so  that  they  make  up  a  great  part  of  the 
descriptive  language  of  Botany.  We  do  not  mention  the  names  of 
common  plants  which  exhibit  these  various  shapes.  It  will  be  a  good 
exercise  for  young  students  to  look  them  up  and  apply  them. 

150.  Beginning  with  the  narrower  and  proceeding  to  the  broadest 

forms,  a  leaf  is  said  to  be 
S&F— t 


58 


MORPHOLOGY    OF   LEAVES    A9    FOLIAGE.       ^LESSON  8. 


Linear  (Fig.  85),  when  narrow,  several  times  longer  than  wide, 
and  of  the  same  breadth  throughout. 

Lanceolate,  or  lance-shaped,  when  several  times  longer  than  wide, 
and  tapering  upwards  (Fig.  86),  or  both  upwards  and  downwards. 

Oblong  (Fig.  87),  when  nearly  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  broad. 

Elliptical  (Fig.  88)  is  oblong  with  a  flowing  outline,  the  two  ends 
alike  in  width. 

Oval  is  the  same  as  broadly  elliptical,  or  elliptical  with  the  breadth 
Considerably  more  than  half  the  length. 

Ovate  (Fig.  89),  when  the  outline  is  like  a  section  of  a  hen's-egg 
lengthwise,  the  broader  end  downward. 

Orbicular,  or  rotund  (Fig.  102),  circular  in  outline,  or  nearly  so. 


151.  When  the  leaf  tapers  towards  the  base,  instead  of  upwards, 
it  may  be 

Oblanceolate   (Fig.  91),  which   is  lance-shaped,  with   the  more 

tapering  end  downwards ; 

Spatulate  (Fig.  92),  round- 
ed above  and  long  and  narrow 
below,  like  a  spatula  ; 

Obovate  (Fig.  93),   or  in- 
versely ovate,  that  is,  ovate  with 
the  narrower  end  down  ;  or 
Cuneate,  or  cuneiform,  that  is,   wedge-shaped   (Fig.  94),  broad 
above  and  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  an  acute  angle  at  the  base. 

152.  As  to  the  Base,  its  shape  characterizes  several  forms,  such  as 
Cordate,  or  heart-shaped  ( Fig.  90,  99,  8),  when  a  leaf  of  an  ovate 

form,  or  something  like  it,  has  the  outline  of  its  rounded  base  turned 
in  (forming  a  notch  or  sinus)  where  the  stalk  is  attached. 
-  Reniform,  or  kidney-shaped  (Fig.  100),  like  the  last,  only  rounder 
and  broader  than  long. 

FIG.  85-90.    Various  forms  of  feather-veined  leaves. 

FIG-  91.    Oblanceolate, 92.  spatulate,  93.  obovate,  94.  wedge-shaped,  feather-veined  learea. 


LESSON  8.] 


THEIR  PARTICULAR  FORMS. 


59 


Auriculate,  or  eared,  having  a  pair  of  small  and  blunt  projections, 
or  ears,  at  the  base,  as  in  one  species  of  Magnolia  (Fig.  96). 

Sagittate,  or  arrow-shaped,  where  such  ears  are  pointed  and  turned 
downwards,  while  the 
main  body  of  the  blade 
tapers  upwards  to  a 
point,  as  in  the  conv 
mon  Sagittaria  or  Ar- 
row-head, and  in  the 
Arrow-leaved  Polygo- 
num  (Fig.  95). 

Hastate,  or  halberd- 
shaped,     when      such 
lobes  at  the  base   point  outwards,  giving  the  leaf  the  shape  of  the 
halberd  of  the  olden  time,  as  in  another  Polygonum  (Fig.  97). 

Peltate,  or  shield-shaped,  (Fig.  102,)  Is  the  name  applied  to  a 
curious  modification  of  the  leaf,  commonly  of  a  rounded  form,  where 
the  footstalk  is  attached  to  the  lower  surface,  instead  of  the  base,  and 


100  inn 

therefore  is  naturally  likened  to  a  shield  borne  by  the  outstretched 
arm.  The  common  Watershield,  the  Nelumbium,  and  the  White 
Water-lily,  and  also  the  Mandrake,  exhibit  this  sort  of  leaf.  On 
comparing  the  shield-shaped  leaf  of  the  common  Marsh  Pennywort 
(Fig.  102)  with  that  of  another  common  species  (Fig.  101),  we  see 
at  once  what  this  peculiarity  means.  A  shield-shaped  leaf  is  like  a 


FIG.  95.    Sagittate,  96.  auriculate,  97.  halberd-shaped,  leavea. 
FIG.  96  -  103.     Various  forms  of  radiate-veined  leavea. 


60  MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVKS    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  8. 

kidney-shaped  (Fig.  100)  or  other  rounded  leaf,  with  the  margins  at 
the  base  brought  together  and  united. 

153.  As  10  the  Apex,  the  following  terms  express  the  principal 
variations. 

Acuminate,  pointed,  or  taper-pointed,  when  the  summit  is  more  or 
less  prolonged  into  a  narrowed  or  tapering  point,  as  in  Fig.  97. 

Acute,  when  ending  in  an  acute  angle  or  not  prolonged  point,  aft 
in  Fig.  104,  98,  95,  &c. 

Obtuse,  when  with  a  blunt  or  rounded  point,  as  in  Fig.  105, 89,  &c. 

Truncate,  with  the  end  as  if  cut  off  square,  as  in  Fig.  106,  94. 

Retuse,  with  the  rounded  summit  slightly  indented,  forming  a 
very  shallow  notch,  as  in  Fig.  107. 

Emarginate,  or  notched,  indented  at  the  end  more  decidedly,  as 
in  Fig.  108. 

Obcordate,  that  is,  inversely  heart-shaped,,  where  an  obovate  leaf 
is  more  deeply  notched  at  the  end  (Fig.  109),  as  in  White  Clover  and 
Wood-sorrel ;  so  as  to  resemble  a  cordate  leaf  (Fig.  99)  inverted. 

Cuspidate,  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  rigid  point ;  as  in  Fig.  110. 

Mucronate,  abruptly  tipped  with  a  small  and  short  point,  like  a 
projection  of  the  midrib ;  as  in  Fig.  111. 

Aristate,  awn-pointed,  and  bristle-pointed,  are  terms  used  when  this 
mucronate  point  is  extended  into  a  longer  bristle-form  or  other 
slender  appendage. 

The  first  six  of  these  terms  can  be  applied  to  the  lower  as  well  as 
to  the  upper  end  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ.  The  others  belong  to 
the  apex  only. 


FIG.  103  -  111.    Forms  of  the  apex  of  leaves. 


LESSON  9.] 


SIMPLE    AND    COMPOUND    LEAVES. 


LESSON   IX. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE. SIMPLE    AND    COM- 
POUND   LEAVES,    STIPULES,  ETC. 

154.  IN  the  foregoing  Lesson  leaves  have  been  treated  of  in  their 
simplest  form,  namely,  as  consisting  of  a  single  blade.     But  in  many 
cases  the  leaf  is  divided  into  a  number  of  separate  blades.     That  is, 

155.  Leaves  are  either  Simple  or  Compound,    They  are  sdd  to  be 

simple,  when  the  blade  is  all  of  one  piece  :  they  are  compound,  when 
the  blade  consists  of  two  or  more  separate  pieces,  borne  upon  a 
common  leaf-stalk.  And  between  these  two  kinds  every  interme- 
diate gradation  is  to  be  met  with.  This  will  appear  as  we  proceed 
to  notice  the  principal 

156.  Forms  of  Leaves  as  to  particular  Outline  or  degree  of  division. 

In  this  respect,  leaves  are  said  to  be 

Entire,  when  their  general  outline  is  completely  filled  out,  so  that 
the  margin  is  an  even  line,  without  any  teeth  or  notches ;  as  in 
Fig.  83,  84,  100,  &c. 

Serrate,  or  saw-toothed,  when  the  margin  only  is  cut  into  sharp 
teeth,  like  those  of  a  saw,  and  pointing  forwards;  as  in  Fig.  112; 
also  90,  &c. 


\ 


112    113        114      115      116        117 

Dentate,   or   toothed,    when    such   teeth   point  outwards,  instead 
of  forwards  ;  as  in  Fig.  113. 


FIG.  112  -  117.    Kinds  of  margin  of  leaves. 

6 


62  MORPHOLOGY    OF   LEAVES     A.S    FOLIAGE.      ["LESSON  9. 

Crenate,  or  scalloped,  when  the  teeth  are  broad  and  rounded ;  as 
in  Fig.  114,  101. 

Repand,  undulate,  or  wavy,  when  the  margin  of  the  leaf  forms  a 
wavy  line,  bending  slightly  inwards  and  outwards  in  succession ;  as 
in  Fig.  115. 

Sinuate,  when  the  margin  is  more  strongly  sinuous,  or  turned 
inwards  and  outwards,  as  in  Fig.  116. 

Incised,  cut,  or  jagged,  when  the  margin  is  cut  into  sharp,  deep, 
and  irregular  teeth  or  incisions,  as  in  Fig.  117. 

157.  When  leaves  are  more  deeply  cut,  and  with  a  definite  number 
of  incisions,  they  are  said,  as  a  general  term,  to  be  lobed  ;  the  parts 
being  called  lobes.     Their  number  is  expressed  by  the  phrase  two- 
lobed,  three-lobed,  five-lobed,  many-lobed,  &c.,  as  the  case  may  be. 
When  the  depth  and  character  of  the  lobing  needs  to  be  more  par- 
ticularly specified,  —  as  is  often  the  case,  —  the  following  terms  are 
employed,  viz. : 

Lobed,  when  the  incisions  do  not  extend  deeper  than  about  half- 
way between  the  margin  and  the  centre  of  the  blade,  if  so  far,  and 
are  more  or  less  rounded ;  as  in  the  leaves  of  the  Post-Oak,  Fig. 
118,  and  the  Hepatica,  Fig.  122. 

Cleft,  when  the  incisions  extend  half-way  down  or  more,  and 
especially  when  they  are  sharp,  as  in  Fig.  119,  123.  And  ths 
phrases  two-cleft,  or,  in  the  Latin  form,  bifid ;  three-cleft,  or  trifid  j 
four-cleft,  or  quadrifid ;  Jive-cleft,  or  quinquefid,  &c. ;  or  many-ukft^ 
in  the  Latin  form  muliifid,  —  express  the  number  of  the  segments, 
or  portions. 

Parted,  when  the  incisions  are  still  deeper,  but  yet  da  not  quite 
reach  to  the  midrib  or  the  base  of  the  blade ;  as  in  Fig.  120,  124. 
And  the  terms  two-parted,  three-parted,  &c.  express  the  number  of 
such  divisions. 

Divided,  when  the  incisions  extend  quite  to  the  midrib,  as  in  the 
lower  part  of  Fig.  121 ;  or  to  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  Fig.  125 ;  which 
makes  the  leaf  compound.  Here,  using  the  Latin  form,  the  leaf  is 
said  to  be  Usected,  trisected  (Fig.  125),  &c.,  to  express  the  number 
of  the  divisions. 

158.  In  this  way  the  degree  of  division  is  described.     We  may 
likewise  express  the  mode  of  division.     The  notches  or  incisions, 
being  places  where  the  green  pulp  of  the  blade  has  not  wholly  filled 
up  the  framework,  correspond  with  the  veining ;    as  we  perceive 
on  comparing  the  figures  118  to  121  with  figures  122  to  125.     The 


LESSON  9.] 


LOBED    OR   DIVIDED    LEAVES. 


65 


upper  row  of  figures  consists  of  feather-veined,  or,  in  Latin  form, 
pinnately-veined  leaves  (145);  the  lower  row,  of  radiate-veined  or 
palmately-veined  leaves  (146). 


159.  In  the  upper  row  the  incisions  all  point  towards  the  midrib, 
from  which  the  main  veins  arise,  the  incisions  (or  sinuses)  being 
between   the  main  veins.      That  is,  being  pinnately  veined,  such 
leaves  are  pinnately  lobed  (Fig.  118),  pinnately  cleft,  or  pinnatijid 
(Fig.  119),  pinnately  parted  (Fig.  120),  or  pinnately  divided  (Fig. 
121),  according  to  the  depth  of  the  incisions,  as  just  defined. 

160.  In  the  lower  row  of  figures,  as  the  main  veins  or  ribs  all 
proceed  from  the  base  of  the  blade  or  the  summit  of  the  leaf-stalk,  so 
the  incisions  all  point  in  that  direction.     That  is,  palmately-veined 
leaves  are  palmately  lobed  (Fig.  122),  palmately  cleft  (Fig.  123), 
palmately  parted  (Fig.  124),  or  palmately  divided  (Fig.  125).    Some- 
times, instead  of  palmately,  we  say  digitately  cleft,  &c.,  which  means 
just  the  same. 

161.  To  be  still  more  particular,  the  number  of  the  lobes,  &c. 
may  come  into  the  phrase.     Thus,  Fig.  122  is  a  palmately  three* 
lobed;  Fig.  123,  a  palmately  three-cleft;  Fig.  124,  a  palmately  three- 
parted;  Fig.  125,  a  palmately  three-divided,  or  trisected,  leaf.     The 

F'G.   118  -  121.     Pinnately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  and  divided  leaves. 

PIG.  122-125.     Palmately  or  digitately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  and  divided  leaves. 


64  MOKPHOLOGY    OF   LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       ["LESSON  9. 

Sugar-Maple  and  the  Buttonwood  (Fig.  50)  have  palmately  Jlve- 
lobed  leaves;  the  Soft  White-Maple  palmately  Jive-parted  leaves;  and 
so  on.  And  in  the  other  sort,  the  Post-Oak  has  pinnately  seven- 
to  nine-lobed  leaves  ;  the  Red-Oak  commonly  has  pinnately  seven-  to 
nine-cleft  leaves,  &c.,  &c. 

162.  The  divisions,  lobes,  &c.  may  themselves  be  entire  (without 
teeth  or  notches,  156),  as  in  Fig.  118,  122,  &c. ;  or  serrate   (Fig. 
124),  or  otherwise  toothed  or  incised  (Fig.  121 ) ;  or  else  lobed,  cleft, 
parted,  &c. :  in  the  latter  cases  making  twice  pinnatijid,  twice  pal- 
mately or  pinnately  lobed,  parted,  or  divided  leaves,  &c.     From  these 
illustrations,  the  student  will  perceive  the  plan  by  which  the  bota- 
nist, in  two  or  three  words,  may  describe  any  one  of  the  almost 
endlessly  diversified  shapes  of  leaves,  so  as  to  convey  a  perfectly 
clear  and  definite  idea  of  it. 

163.  Compound  Leaves,      These,  as  already  stated  (155),  do  not 
differ  in  any  absolute  way  from  the  divided  form  of  simple  leaves. 
A  compound  leaf  is  one  which  has  its  blade  in  two  or  more  entirely 
separate  parts,  each  usually  with  a  stalklet  of  its  own :  and  the  stalk- 
let  is  often  jointed  (or  articulated)  with  the  main  leaf-stalk,  just  as 
this  is  jointed  with  the  stem.     When  this  is  the  case,  there  is  no 


doubt  that  the  leaf  is  compound.  But  when  the  pieces  have  no 
stalklets,  and  are  not  jointed  with  the  main  leaf-stalk,  the  leaf  may 
be  considered  either  as  simple  and  divided,  or  compound,  according 
to  the  circumstances. 

FIG.  126.     Pinnate  with  an   odd  leaflet,  or  odd-pinnate.     127.  Pinnate  with  »  tendril 
128.  Abruptly  pinnate  leaf. 


LESSON  9.]  COMPOUND  LEAVES.  65 

164.  The  separate  pieces  or  little  blades  of  a  compound  leaf  are 
called  leaflets. 

165.  Compound  leaves  are  of  two  principal  kinds,  namely,  the 
pinnate  and  the  palmate  ;  answering  to  the  two  modes  of  veining  in 
reticulated  leaves  (145-147),  and  to  the  two  sorts  of  lobed  or  di- 
vided leaves  (158,  159). 

166.  Pinnate  leaves  are  those  in  which  the  leaflets  are  arranged 
on  the  sides  of  a  main  leaf-stalk ;  as  in  Fig.  126  - 128.    They  answer 
to  the  feather-veined  (i.  e.  p innately-veined)  simple  leaf;  as  will  bo 
seen  at  once,  on  comparing  Fig.  126  with  the  figures  118  to  121. 
The  leaflets  of  the  former  answer  to  the  lobes  or  divisions  of  the 
latter ;  and  the  continuation  of  the  petiole,  along  which  the  leaflets 
are  arranged,  answers  to  the  midrib  of  the  simple  leaf. 

167.  Three  sorts  of  pinnate  leaves  are  here  given.     Fig.  126  is 
pinnate  with  an  odd  or  end  leaflet,  as  in  the  Common  Locust  and 
the  Ash.     Fig.  127  is  pinnate  with  a  tendril  at  the  end,  in  place  of 
the  odd  leaflet,  as  in  the  Vetches  and  the  Pea.     Fig.  128  is  abruptly 
pinnate,  having  a  pair  of  leaflets  at  the  end,  like  the  rest  of  the  leaf- 
lets ;  as  in  the  Honey-Locust. 

168.  Palmate  (also  named  digitate)  leaves  are  those  in  which  the 
leaflets  are  all  borne  on  the  very  tip  of  tUe  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the 
Lupine,  the  Common  Clover  (Fig.  136),  tLe  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig. 
62),  and  the  Horsechestnut  and  Buckeye  (Fig.  129).     They  answer 
to  the  radiate-veined  or  palmately- 

veined  simple  leaf;  as  is  seen  by 
comparing  Fig.  136  with  the  figures 
122  to  125.  That  is,  the  Clover- 
leaf  of  three  leaflets  is  the  same  as 
a  palmately  three-ribbed  leaf  cut 
into  three  separate  leaflets.  And 
such  a  simple  five-lobed  leaf  as  that 
of  the  Sugar-Maple,  if  more  cut,  so 
as  to  separate  the  parts,  would  pro- 
duce a  palmate  leaf  of  five  leaflets, 
like  that  of  the  Horsechestnut  or  Buckeye  (Fig.  129). 

169.  Either  sort  of  compound  leaf  may  have  any  number  of  leaf- 
lets ;  though  palmate  leaves  cannot  well  have  a  great  many,  since 
they  are  all  crowded  together  on  the   end  of  the  main  leaf-stalk. 

FIG.  129.     Palmate  leaf  of  five  leaflets,  of  the  Sweet  Buckeye. 
6* 


66 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  9. 


Some  Lupines  have  nine  or  eleven ;  the  Horsechestnut  has  seven, 
the  Sweet  Buckeye  more  commonly  five,  the  Clover  three.  A  pin- 
nate leaf  often  has  only  seven  or  five  leaflets,  as  in  the  Wild  Bean 
or  Groundnut;  and  in  the  Common  Bean  it  has  only  three;  in 

some  rarer  cases  only  two ;  in 
the  Orange  and  Lemon  only 
one!  The  joint  at  the  place 
where  the  leaflet  is  united  with 
the  petiole  alone  distinguishes 
this  last  case  from  a  simple 
leaf.* 

170.  The  leaflets  of  a  com- 
pound leaf  may  be  either  entire 
(as  in  Fig.  126-128),  or  ser- 
rate,  or    lobed,    cleft,    parted, 
&c. :    in  fact,  they  may  pre- 
sent all  the  variations  of  simple 

^  leaves,    and    the   same    terms 
equally  apply  to  them. 

171.  When  this  division  is 
carried  so  far  as  to  separate 
what  would  be  one  leaflet  into 
two,  three,  or  several,  the  leaf 
becomes  doubly  or  twice  com- 
pound, either  pinnately  orpal- 
mately,   as  the    case    may  be. 

For  example,  while   some    of  the  leaves  of  the  Honey-Locust  are 
simply  pinnate,  that  is,  once  pinnate,  as  in  Fig.  128,  the  greater  part 


130 


*  When  the  botanist,  in  describing  leaves,  wishes  to  express  the  number  o 
leaflets,  he  may  use  terms  like  these  :  — 

Unifoliolate,  for  a  compound  leaf  of  a  single  leaflet ;  from  the  Latin  unum,  ono. 
andfoliolum,  leaflet. 

Bifoliolate,  of  two  leaflets,  from  the  Latin  bis,  twice,  an&foliolum,  leaflet. 

Trifoliolate  (or  ternate),  of  three  leaflets,  as  the  Clover;  and  so  on. 

When  he  would  express  in  one  phrase  both  the  number  of  leaflets  and  the  way 
the  leaf  is  compound,  he  writes  :  — 

Palmately  bifoliolate,  trifoliolate,  plurlfollolate  (of  several  leaflets),  &c.,  or  else 

Pinnately  bi-,  tri-,  quadri-,  or  plari-fuliolate  (that  is,  of  two,  three,  four,  five,  or 
several  leaflets),  as  the  case  may  be. 


FIG.  130.     A  twice-pinnate  (abruptly)  leaf  of  the  Hon&v-Locnst, 


9.] 


PERFOLIATE    LEAVES,   ETC. 


67 


are  bipinnate,  i.  e.  twice  pinnate,  as  in  Fig.  130.  If  these  leaflets 
were  again  divided  in  the  same  way,  the  leaf  would  become  thrice 
pinnate,  or  trlpinnate,  as  in  many  Acacias.  The  first  divisions  are 
called  pinnae  ;  the  others,  pinnules ;  and  the  last,  or  little  blades, 
leaflets. 

172.  So  the  palmate  leaf,  if  again  compounded  in  the  same  way, 
becomes  twice  palmate,  or,  as  we  say  when  the  divisions  are  in' 
threes,  twice  ternate  (in  Latin  form  biternate)  ;  if  a  third  time  com* 
pounded,  thrice  ternate  or  triternate.     But  if  the  division  goes  still 
further,  or  if  the  degree  is  variable,  we  simply  say  that  the  leaf  is 
decompound ;  either  palmately  or  pinnately  so,  as  the  case  may  be. 
Thus,  Fig.  138  represents  a  four  times  ternately  compound,  in  other 
words  a  ternately  decompound,  leaf  of  our  common  Meadow  Rue. 

173.  So  exceedingly  various  are  the  kinds  and  shapes  of  leaves, 
that  we  have  not  yet  exhausted  the  subject.     We  have,  however, 
mentioned   the  principal   terms   used   in  describing   them.     Many 
others  will  be  found  in  the  glossary  at  the  end  of  the  volume.     Some 
peculiar  sorts  of  leaves  remain  to  be  noticed,  which  the  student  might 
not  well  understand  without  some  explanation  ;  such  as 

174.  Perforate  Leaves,     A  common  and  simple  case  of  this  sort  is 
found  in  two  species  of  Uvularia  or  Bellwort,  where  the  stem  appears 
to  run  through  the  blade  of  the  leaf, 

near  one  end.  If  we  look  at  this  plant 
in  summer,  after  all  the  leaves  are 
formed,  we  may  see  the  meaning  of  this 
at  a  glance.  For  then  we  often  find 
upon  the  same  stem  such  a  series  of 
leaves  as  is  given  in  Fig.  131  :  the  low- 
er leaves  are  perfoliate,  those  next  above 
less  so  ;  then  some  (the  fourth  and  fifth) 
with  merely  a  heart-shaped  clasping 
base,  and  finally  one  that  is  merely 
sessile.  The  leaf,  we  perceive,  becomes 
perfoliate  by  the  union  of  the  edges  of 
the  base  with  each  other  around  the 
stem  ;  just  as  the  shield-shaped  leaf,  Fig. 
102,  comes  from  the  union  of  the  edges  of  the  base  of  such  a  leaf 
as  Fig.  101.  Of  the  same  sort  are  the  upper  leaves  of  most  of 


FIG.  131.     Leaves  of  Uvularia  (Bellwort) ;  the  lower  ones  perfoliate,  the  others  merely 
clasping,  or  the  uppermost  only  sessile. 


68 


MORPHOLOGY    OF   LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  9. 


the  true  Honeysuckles  (Fig.  132) :  but  here  it  is  a  pair  of  oppo- 
site leaves,  with  their  contiguous  broad  bases  grown  together,  which 
makes  what  seems  to  be  one  round  leaf,  with  the  stem  running 
through  its  centre.  This  is  seen  to  be  the  case,  by  comparing 
together  the  upper  and  the  lowest  leaves  of  the  same  branch. 
Leaves  of  this  sort  are  said  to  be  c.onnate-perfoliate. 

175.  Equitant  LeaVCS.  While  ordinary 
leaves  spread  horizontally,  and  present 
one  face  to  the  sky  and  the  other  to  the 
earth,  there  are  some  that  present  their 
tip  tc  the  sky,  and  their  faces  right 
and  left  to  the  horizon.  Among  these 
are  the  equitant  leaves  of  the  Iris  or 
Flower-de-Luce.  On  careful  inspection 
we  shaU  find  that  each  leaf  was  formed 
folded  together  length- 
wise,  so  that  what 
would  be  the  upper 
surface  is  within,  and 
all  grown  together,  ex- 
cept next  Uie  bottom, 
where  each  leaf  covers 

the  next  younger  one.  It  was  from  their  strad- 
dling over  each  other,  like  a  man  on  horseback  (as 
is  seen  in  the  cross-section,  Fig.  134),  that  Linnaeus, 
with  his  lively  fancy,  called  these  equitant  leaves. 

176.  Leaves  with  no  distinction  of  Petiole  and  Elade, 

The  leaves  of  Iris  just  mentioned  show  one  form 
of  this.  The  flat  but  narrow 
leaves  of  Jonquils,  Daffodils, 
and  the  like,  are  other  in- 
stances. Needle-shaped  leaves, 
like  those  of  the  Pine  (Fig. 
140),  Larch  (Fig.  139),  and 
Spruce,  and  the  awl-shaped 
as  well  as  the  scale-shaped 
leaves  of  Junipers,  Red  Ce- 


FIG.  132.    Branch  of  a  Yellow  Honeysuckle,  with  connate-perfoliate  leaves. 
FIG.  133.    Rootstock  and  equitant  leaves  of  Iris.    134.  A  section  across  the  cluster  of 
leaves  at  the  bottom. 


LESSON  9.J 


PHILLODIA,    STIPULES,    ETC. 


69 


dar,  and  Arbor- Yitae  (Fig.  135),  are  different  examples.  These 
last  are  leaves  serving  for  foliage,  but  having  as 
little  spread  of  surface  as  possible.  They  make 
up  for  this,  however,  by  their  immense  numbers. 

177.  Sometimes  the  petiole  expands  and  flattens, 
and  takes  the  place  of  the  blade ;  as  in  numerous 
New  Holland  Acacias,  some  of  which  are  now 
common  in  greenhouses.  Such  counterfeit  blades 
are  called  phyllodia,  —  meaning  leaf-like  bodies. 
They  may  be  known  from  true  blades  by  their 
standing  edgewise,  their  margins  being  directed 
upwards  and  downwards  ;  while  in  true  blades  the 
faces  look  upwards  and  downwards ;  excepting  in 
equitant  leaves,  as  al- 
ready explained,  and 
in  those  which  are 
turned  edgewise  by 

a  twist,   such  as  those  of  the   Callis- 

temon  or  Bottle-brush  Flower  of  our 

greenhouses,  and  other  Dry  Myrtles 

of  New  Holland,  &c. 

178.  Stipules,  the  pair  of  appendages 

which  is  found  at  the  base  of  the  peti- 
ole in  many  leaves  (133),  should  also 

be  considered  in  respect  to  their  very 

varied  forms  and  appearances.     More 

commonly  they  appear  like  little  blades, 

on  each  side  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the 

Quince  (Fig.  83),  and  more  strikingly 

in  the  Hawthorn  and  in  the  Pea.    Here 

they  remain  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the 

ieaf,  and  serve  for  the  same  purpose 

as  the  blade.     Very  commonly  they 

serve  for  bud-scales,  and  fall  off  when 

the  leaves  expand,  as  in  the  Fig-tree, 

and  the  Magnolia  (where  they  are  large  and  conspicuous),  or  soon 

FIG.  135.  Twig  of  Arbor- Vitae,  with  its  two  sorts  of  leaves:  viz.  some  awl-shaped,  the 
others  scale-like  ;  the  latter  on  the  brauchlets,  a. 

FIG.  136.  Leaf  of  Red  Clover  :  st,  stipules,  adhering  to  the  base  of  p,  the  petiole  :  b,  blade 
of  three  leaflets. 

FIG.  137.  Part  of  stem  and  leaf  of  Prince's-Feather  (Polygonum  orientale)  with  the  united 
*hea thing  stipules  forming  a  sheath- 


70 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  9. 


afterwards,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree.  In  the  Pea  the  stipules  make  a 
very  conspicuous  part  of  the  leaf;  while  in  the  Bean  they  are  quite 
small ;  and  in  the  Locust  they  are  reduced  to  bristles  or  prickles. 
Sometimes  the  stipules  are  separate  and  distinct  (Fig.  83):  often 
they  are  united  with  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the  Rose  and 
the  Clover  (Fig.  136) :  and  sometimes  they  grow  together  by  both 
margins,  so  as  to  form  a  sheath  around  the  stem,  above  the  leaf,  as 
in  the  Buttonwood,  the  Dock,  and  almost  all  the  plants  of  the 
Polygonum  Family  (Fig.  137). 

179.  The  sheaths  of  Grasses  bear  the  blade  on  their  summit,  and 
therefore  represent  a  form  of  the  petiole.  The  small  and  thin  ap- 
pendage which  is  commonly  found  at  the  top  of  the  sheath  (called  a 
ligule)  here  answers  to  the  stipule. 

FIG.  138.     Ternately -decompound  leaf  of  Meadow  Rue  (Thalictrum  Cornuti). 


LESSON  10.]  ARRANGEMENT    OF   LEAVES.  71 


LESSON   X. 

THE    ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES. 

180.  UNDER  this  head  we  may  consider,  —  1.  the  arrangement  of 
leaves  on  the  stem,  or  what  is  sometimes  called  PHYLLOTAXY  (from 
two  Greek  words  meaning  leaf-order)  ;  and  2.  the  ways  in  which 
they  are  packed  together  in  the  bud,  or  their  VERNATION  (the  word 
meaning  their  spring  state). 

181.  Phyllotaxy,     As  already  explained  (48,  49),  leaves  are  ar- 
ranged on  the  stem  in  two  principal  ways.     They  are  either 

Alternate  (Fig.  131,  143),  that  is,  one  after  another,  only  a  single 
leaf  arising  front  each  node  or  joint  of  the-  stem  ;  or 

Opposite  (Fig.  147),  when  there  is  a  pair  of  leaves  on  each  joint 
of  the  stem ;  one  of  the  two  leaves  being  in  this  case  always  situ- 
ated exactly  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem  from  the  other.  A 
third,  but  uncommon  arrangement,  may  be  added  ;  namely,  the 

Whorled,  or  verticillale  (Fig.  148),  when  there  are  three  or  mor% 
leaves  in  a  circle  (whorl  or  verticil)  on  one  joint  of  stem.  But  this 
is  only  a  variation  of  the  opposite  mode;  or  rather  the  latter  ar- 
rangement is  the  same  as  the  whorled,  with  the  number  of  the 
leaves  reduced  to  two  in  each  whorl. 

182.  Only  one  leaf  is  ever  produced  from  the  same  point.     When 
two  are  borne  on  the  same  joint,  they  are  always  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  stem,  that  is,  are  separated  by  half  the  circumference ;  when 
in  whorls  of  three,  four,  five,  or  any  other  number,  they  are  equally 
distributed  around  the  joint  of  stem,  at  a  distance  of  one  third,  one 
fourth,  or  one  fifth  of  the  circumfer- 
ence  from   each   other,  according  to 

their  number.  So  they  always  have 
the  greatest  possible  divergence  from 
each  other.  Two  or  more  leaves  be- 
longing to  the  same  joint  of  stem 
never  stand  side  by  side,  or  one 
above  the  other,  in  a  cluster. 

183.  What  are  called  clustered  or  fascicled  leaves,  and  which 

FIG.  139.     Clustered  or  fascicled  leaves  of  the  Larch, 


?2  ARRANGEMENT    OF   LEAVES    ON    THE    STEM       [LESSON  10. 

appear  to  be  so,  are  always  the  leaves  of  a  whole  branch  which 
remains  so  very  short  that  they  are  all  crowded  together  in  a 
bundle  or  rosette ;  as  in  the  spring  leaves  of  the  Barberry  and  of 
the  Larch  (Fig.  139).  In  these  cases  an  examination  shows  them 
to  be  nothing  else  than  alternate  leaves,  very  much  crowded  on  a 
short  spur ;  and  some  of  these  spurs  are  seen  in  the  course  of  the 
season  to  lengthen  into  ordinary  shoots  with  scattered  alternate 
leaves.  So,  likewise,  each  cluster  of  two  or  three  needle-shaped 
Laves  in  Pitck  Pines  (as  in  Fig.  140),  or  of  five  leaves 
in  White  Pine,  answers  to  a  similar,  extremely  short 
branch,  springing  from  the  axil  of  a  thin  and  slender 
scale,  which  represents  a  leaf  of  the  main  shoot.  For 
Pines  produce  two  kinds  of  leaves ;  —  1.  primary,  the 
proper  leaves  of  the  shoots,  not  as  foliage,  but  in  the 
shape  of  delicate  scales  in  spring,  which  soon  fall  away ; 
and  2.  secondary,  the  fascicled  leaves,  from  buds  in  the 
axils  of  the  former,  and  these  form  the  actual  foliage. 

184.  Spiral  Arrangement  of  Leaves,    If  we  examine  any 
alternate-leaved  stem,  we  shall  find  that  the  leaves  are 
placed  upon  it  in  symmetrical  order,  and  in  a  way  per- 
fectly uniform  for  each  species,  but  different  in  different 
plants.     If  we  draw  a  line  from  the  insertion  (i.  e.  the 
point  of  attachment)  of  one  leaf  to  that  of  the  next,  and 
so  on,  this  line  will  wind  spirally  around  the  stem  as  it 
rises,  and  in  the  same  species  will  always  have  just  the 
same  number  of  leaves  upon  it  for  each  turn  round  the 
stem.     That  is,  any  two  successive  leaves  will  always 
be  separated  from  each  other  by  just  an  equal  portion 

of  the  circumference  of  the  stem.  The  distance  in  height  between 
any  two  leaves  may  vary  greatly,  even  on  the  same  shoot,  for  that 
d  spends  upon  the  length  of  the  internodes  or  spaces  between  each 
leaf;  but  the  distance  as  measured  around  the  circumference  (in 
other  words,  the  angular  divergence,  or  angle  formed  by  any  two 
successive  leaves)  is  uniformly  the  same. 

185.  The  greatest  possible  divergence  is,  0f  course,   where  the 
second  leaf  stands  on  exactly  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem  from  the 
first,  the  third  on  the  side  opposite  the  second,  and  therefore  over  the 

FIG.  140.  Piece  of  a  branchlet  of  Pitch  Pine,  with  three  leaves  in  a  fascicle  or  bundle,  in 
the  axil  of  a  thin  scale  which  answers  to  a  primary  leaf.  The  bundle  is  surrounded  at  the 
frasc  by  a  short  sheath,  formed  of  the  delicate  scales  of  the  axillary  bud. 


LESSON  10.' 


IN   A   SPIRAL    ORDER. 


73 


first,  and  the  fourth  over  the  second.  This  brings  all  the  leaves  into 
two  ranks,  one  on  one  side  of  the  stem  and  one  on  the  other ;  and 
is  therefore  called  the  two-ranked  arrangement.  It  occurs  in  all 
Grasses,  —  in  Indian  Corn,  for  instance ;  also  in  the  Spiderwort,  the 
Bellwort  (Fig.  131)  and  Iris  (Fig.  132),  in  the  Basswood  or  Lime- 
tree,  &c.  This  is  the  simplest  of  all  arrangements. 

186.  Next  to  this  is  the  three-ranked  arrangement,  such  as  we 
see  in  Sedges,  and  in  the  Veratrum  or  White  Hellebore.     The  plan 
of  it  is  shown  on  a  Sedge  in  Fig.  141,  and  in  a  diagram  or  cross- 
section  underneath,  in  Fig.  142.     Here  the 

second  leaf  is  placed  one  third  of  the  way 
round  the  stem,  the  third  leaf  two  thirds  of 
the  way  round,  the  fourth  leaf  accordingly 
directly  over  the  first,  the  fifth  over  the 
second,  and  so  on.  That  is,  three  leaves 
occur  in  each  turn  round  the  stem,  and  they 
are  separated  from  each  other  by  one  third 
of  the  circumference. 

187.  The  next  and  one  of  the  most  com- 
mon is  the  Jive-ranked  arrangement ;  which 
is  seen  in  the  Apple  (Fig.  143),  Cherry, 
Poplar,  and  the  greater  part  of  our  trees 
and  shrubs.     In  this  case  the  line  traced 
from  leaf  to  leaf  will  pass  twice  round  the 
stem  before  it  reaches  a  leaf  situated  di- 
rectly over  any  below  (Fig.  144).     Here 
the  sixth  leaf  is  over  the  first ;  the  leaves 
stand  in  five  perpendicular  ranks,  equally 
distant  from  each  other ;  and  the  distance 
between  any  two  successive  leaves  is  just 
two  fifths  of  the  circumference  of  the  stem. 

188.  The  five-ranked  arrangement  :s  expressed  by  the  fraction  {. 
This  fraction  denotes  the  divergence  of  the  successive  leaves,  i.  e.  the 
angle  they  form  with  each  other :  the  numerator  also  expresses  the 
number  of  turns  made  round  the  stern  by  the  spiral  line  in  complet- 
ing one  cycle  or  set  of  leaves,  namely  L' ;  and  the  denominator  gives 
the  number  of  leaves  in  each  cycle,  or  the  number  of  perpendicular 

FIG.  141.     Piece  of  the  stalk  of  a  Sedge,  with  the  leaves  cut  away,  leaving  their  bases  : 
the  leaves  are  numbered  in  order,  from  I  to  6.     142.  Diagram  or  cross-section  of  the 
all  in  one  plane  ;  tha  leaves  similarly  numbered. 

7 


74  ARRANGEMENT    OP   LEAVES    ON   THE    STEM.       [LESSON  10. 


ranks,  namely  5.  In  the  same  way  the  fraction  J  stands  for  the 
two-ranked  mode,  and  £  for  the  three-ranked :  and  so  these  different 
sorts  are  expressed  by  the  series  of  fractions  £, 
£,  f .  And  the  other  cases  known  follow  in  the 
same  numerical  progression. 

189.  The  next  is  the  eight-ranked  arrange- 
ment, where  the  ninth  leaf  stands  over  the  first, 
and  three  turns  are  made  around  the  stem  to 
reach  it ;  so  it  is  expressed  by  the  fraction  |. 
This  is  seen  in  the  Holly,  and  in  the  common 
Plantain.     Then  comes  the  thirteen-ranked  ar- 
rangement, in  which  the  fourteenth  leaf  is  over 
the  first,  after  five  turns  around  the  stem.     Of 
this  we  have  a  good  example  in  the  common 
Houseleek  (Fig.  146). 

190.  The  series  so   far, 
then,  is  £,  £,  f ,  f ,  T5^ ;  the 
numerator  and  the  denomi- 
nator of  each  fraction  being 
those  of  the  two  next  pre- 
ceding ones  added  together. 
At  this  rate  the  next  higher 
should  be  /T,  then  £§,  and 
so  on;  and  in  fact  just  such 

cases  are  met  with,  and  (commonly)  no  others. 
These  higher  sorts  are  found  in  the  Pine  Fam- 
ily, both  in  the  leaves  and  the  cones  (Fig.  324), 
and  in  many  other  plants  with  small  and  crowd- 
ed leaves.  But  the  number  of  the  ranks,  or  of 
leaves  in  each  cycle,  can  here  rarely  be  made 
out  by  direct  inspection:  they  may  be  ascer- 
tained, however,  by  certain  simple  mathematical 
computations,  which  are  rather  too  technical  for 
these  Lessons. 


V 
H 


FIG.  143.    Shoot  with  its  leaves  5-ranked,  the  sixth  leaf  over  the  first ;  as  in  the  Apple-tree. 

FIG.  144.  Diagram  of  this  arrangement,  with  a  spiral  line  drawn  from  the  attachment  of. 
one  leaf  to  the  next,  and  so  on  ;  the  parts  on  the  side  turned  from  the  eye  are  fainter. 

FIG.  145.  A  ground-plan  of  the  same  ;  the  section  of  the  leaves  similarly  numbered ;  a 
dotted  line  drawn  from  the  edge  of  one  leaf  to  that  of  the  next  completes  the  spiral. 

FIG.  146.  A  young  plant  of  the  Houseleek,  with  the  leaves  ^not  yet  expanded)  numbered, 
«nd  exhibiting  the  11J- ranked  arrangement 


LESSON  10.]      ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES    IN    THE    BUD.  75 

191.  The  arrangement  of  opposite  leaves  (181)  is  usually  very 
simple.     The  second  pair  is  placed  over  the  intervals  of  the  first ; 
the  third  over  the  intervals  of  the  second,  and  so  on  (Fig.  147)  ;  the 
successive    pairs    thus   crossing   each   other,  — 

commonly  at  right  angles,  so  as  to  make  four 
upright  rows.  And  whorled  leaves  (Fig.  148) 
follow  a  similar  plan. 

192.  So  the  place  of  every  leaf  on  every  plant 
is  fixed   beforehand  by  unerring  mathematical 
rule.     As  the  stem  grows  .on,  leaf  after  leaf  ap- 
pears exactly  in  its  predes- 
tined place,  producing  a  per- 
fect symmetry  ;  —  a  symme- 
try which  manifests  itself  not 

in  one  single  monotonous 
pattern  for  all  plants,  but  in 
a  definite  number  of  forms 
exhibited  by  different  spe- 
cies, and  arithmetically  ex- 
pressed by  the  series  of  frac- 
tions, £,  -£,  f,  |,  ^73-,  ^8T,  &c.,  according  as  the  formative  energy  in 
its  spiral  course  up  the  developing  stem  lays  down  at  corresponding 
intervals  2,  3,  5,  8,  13,  or  21  ranks  of  alternate  leaves. 

193.  Vernation,  sometimes  called  Pr&foUation,  relates  to  the  way 
in  which  leaves  are  disposed  in  the  bud  (180).     It  comprises  two 
things ;  —  1st,  the  way  in  which  each  separate  leaf  is  folded,  coiled,  or 
packed  up  in  the  bud ;  and  2d,  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the 
bud  with  respect  to  one  another.     The  latter  of  course  depends  very 
much  upon  the  phyllotaxy,  i.  e.  the  position  and  order  of  the  leaves 
upon  the  stem.     The  same  terms  are  used  for  it  as  for  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  leaves  of  the  flower  in  the  flower-bud :  so  we  may  pass 
them  by  until  we  come  to  treat  of  the  flower  in, this  respect. 

194.  As   to  each  leaf  separately,  it  is  sometimes  straight  and 
open  in  vernation,  but  more  commonly  it  is  either  bent,  folded,  or 
rolled  up.      When  the  upper  part  is  bent  down  upon  the  lower, 
as  the  young  blade  in  the  Tulip-tree  is  bent  upon   the  leafstalk, 
it  is  said  to  be  inflexed  or  reclined  in  vernation.      When  folded 


FIG.  147.    Opposite  leaves  of  the  Spindle-tree  or  Burning-bush. 
FIG.  148.    Whorled  or  verticillate  leaves  of  Galium  or  Bedstraw. 


76  ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.      [LESSON  11. 

by  the  midrib  so  that  the  two  halves  are  placed  face  to  face,  it  is 
conduplicate  (Fig.  149),  as  in  the  Magnolia,  the  Cherry,  and  the 
Oak :  when  folded  back  and  forth  like  the  plaits  of  a  fan,  it  is  plicate 
or  plaited  (Fig.  150),  as  in  the  Maple  and  Currant.  If  rolled, 
it  may  be  so  either  from  the  tip  downwards,  as  in  Ferns  and  the 
Sundew  (Fig.  154)r  when  in  unrolling  it  resembles  the  head  of  a 
crosier,  and  is  said  to  be  circinate  ;  or  it  may  be  rolled  up  parallel 
with  the  axis,  either  from  one  edge  into  a  coil,  when  it  is  convolute 
(Fig.  151),  as  in  the  Apricot  and  Plum,  or  rolled  f.om  both  edges 
towards  the  midrib;  —  sometimes  inwards,  when  it  is  involute  (Fig. 
152),  as  in  the  Violet  and  Water-Lily  ;  sometimes  outwards,  when 
it  is  revolute  (Fig.  153),  in  the  Rosemary  and  Azalea.  The  figures 
are  diagrams,  representing  sections  through  the  leaf,  in  the  way 
they  were  represented  by  Linna3us. 


158 


LESSON   XL 

THE    ARPANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM,    OR    INFLO 

RESCENCE. 

195.  THUS  far  we  have  been  considering  the  vegetation  of  the 
plant,  and  studying  those  parts,  viz.  root,  stem,  and  leaves,  by  which 
it  increases  in  size  and  extent,  and  serves  the  purpose  of  its  indi- 
vidual life.  But  after  a  time  each  plant  produces  a  different  set  of 
organs,  —  viz.  flowers,  fruit,  and  seed,  —  subservient  to  a  different 
purpose,  that  is,  the  increase  in  numbers,  or  the  continuance  of  the 


LESSON  11.]  INDETERMINATE    INFLORESCENCE.  77 

species.  The  plant  reproduces  itself  in  new  individuals  by  seed. 
Therefore  the  seed,  and  the  fruit  in  which  the  seed  is  formed,  and 
the  flower,  from  which  the  fruit  results,  are  named  the  Organs  of 
Reproduction  or  Fructification.  These  we  may  examine  in  succes- 
sion. We  begin,  of  course,  with  the  flower.  And  the  first  thing  to 
consider  is  the 

196.  Inflorescence,  or  the  mode  of  flowering,  that  is,  the  situation 
and  arrangement  of  blossoms  on  the  plant.     Various  as  this  arrange- 
ment may  seem  to  be,  all  is  governed  by  a  simple  law,  which  is 
easily  understood.     As  the  position  of  every  leaf  is  fixed  beforehand 
by  a  mathematical  law  which  prescribes  where  it  shall  stand  (192), 
so  is  that  of  every  blossom  ;  —  and  by  the  same  law  in  both  cases. 
For  flowers  are  buds,  developed  in  a  particular  way ;  and  flower- 
buds  occupy  the  position  of  leaf-buds,  and  no  other      As  leaf-buds 
are  either  terminal  (at  the  summit  of  a  stem  or  branch,  42),  or 
axillary  (in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  43),  so  likewise 

197.  Flowers  are  either  terminal  or  axillary.     In  blossoming  as 
in  vegetation  we  have  only  buds  terminating  (i.  e.  on  the  summit  of) 
stems  or  branches,  and  buds  from  the  axils  of  leaves.     But  while 
the  same  plant  commonly  produces  both  kinds  of  leaf-buds,  it  rarely 
bears  flowers  in  both  situations.     These  are  usually  either  all  axil- 
lary or  all  terminal ;  —  giving  rise  to  two  classes  of  inflorescence, 
viz.  the  determinate  and  the  indeterminate. 

198.  Indeterminate  Inflorescence  is  that  where  the  flowers  all  arise 
from  axillary  buds;  as  in  Fig.  155,  156,  157,  &c. ;  and  the  reason 
why  it  is  called  indetermi- 
nate (or  indefinite)  is,  that 

while  the  axillary  buds 
give  rise  to  flowers,  the 
terminal  bud  goes  on  to 
grow,  and  continues  the 
stem  indefinitely. 

199.  Where  the  flowers  arise,  as  in  Fig.  155,  singly  from  the 
axils  of  the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  plant,  they  do  not  form  flower- 
clusters,  but  are  axillary  and  solitary.      But  when  several  or  many 
flowers  are  produced  near  each  other,  the  accompanying  leaves  are 
usually  of  smaller  size,  and  often  of  a  different  shape  or  character: 
then  they  are  called  bracts  ;  and  the  flowers  thus  brought  together 

FIG.  156     Moneywort  (Lysimachia  nummularia)  of  the  gardens,  with  axillary  flowers- 

7* 


78  ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON   THE    STEM.       [LESSON  11. 


form  one  cluster  or  inflorescence.  The  sorts  of  inflorescence  of  the 
indeterminate  class  which  have  received  separate  names  are  chiefly 
the  following :  viz.  the  Raceme,  the  Corymb,  the  Umbel,  the  Spike, 
the  Head,  the  Spadix,  the  Catkin,  and  the  Panicle. 

200.  Before  illustrating  these,  one  or  two  terms,  of  common  oc- 
currence, may  be  defined.  A  flower  (or  other  body)  which  has  no 
stalk  to  support  it,  but  which  sits  directly  on  the  stem  or  axis  it  pro- 
ceeds from,  is  said  to  be  sessile.  If  it  has  a  stalk,  this  is  called  its 
peduncle.  If  the  whole  flower-cluster  is  raised  on  a  stalk,  this  is 
called  the  peduncle,  or  the  common  peduncle  (Fig.  156,  p) ;  and  the 
stalk  of  each  particular  flower,  if  it  have  any,  is  called 
the  pedicel  or  partial  peduncle  (p1).  The  portion 
of  the  general  stalk  along  which  flowers  are  dis- 
posed is  called  the  axis  of  inflorescence,  or,  when  cov- 
ered with  sessile  flowers,  the  rhachis  (back-bone),  and 
sometimes  the  receptacle.  The  leaves  of  a  flower- 
cluster  generally  are  termed  bracts.  But  when  we 
wish  particularly  to  distinguish  them,  those  on  the 
peduncle,  or  main  axis,  and  which  have  a  flower  in 
their  axil,  take  the  name  of  bracts  (Fig.  156,  b) ;  and 
those  on  the  pedicels  or  partial  flower-stalks,  if  any, 
that  ofbractlets  (Fig.  156,  b'). 

201.  A  Raceme  (Fig.  156, 157)  is  that  form  of  flower- 
cluster  in  which  the  flowers,  each  on  their  own  foot- 
stalk or  pedicel,  are  arranged  along  a  common  stalk 
or  axis  of  inflorescence ;  as  in  the  Lily  of  the  Valley, 
Currant,  Choke-Cherry,  Barberry,  &c.  Each  flower 
comes  from  the  axil  of  a  small  leaf,  or  bract,  which, 
m  however,  is  often  so  small  that  it  might  escape  notice, 
and  which  sometimes  (as  in  the  Mustard  Family)  disappears  alto- 
gether. The  lowest  blossoms  of  a  raceme  are  of  course  the  oldest, 
and  therefore  open  first,  and  the  order  of  blossoming  is  ascending, 
from  the  bottom  to  the  top.  The  summit,  never  being  stopped  by 
a  terminal  flower,  may  go  on  to  grow,  and  often  does  so  (as  in  the 
common  Shepherd's  Purse),  producing  lateral  flowers  one  after  an- 
other the  whole  summer  long. 

202.  All  the  various  kinds  of  flower-clusters  pass  one  into  another 


FIG.  156,     A  Raceme,  with  a  general  peduncle  (p),  pedicels  (p'),  bracts  (i),  and  bract- 
tets  (*')• 


LESSON  ll.J  RACEME,    CORYMB,    UMBEL,    ETC.  79 

by  intermediate  gradations  of  every  sort.  For  instance,  if  we 
lengthen  the  lower  pedicels  of  a  raceme,  and  keep  the  main  axis 
rather  short,  it  is  converted  into 

203.  A  Corymb  (Fig.  158).     This  is  the  same  as  a  raceme,  except 
that  it  is  flat  and  broad,  either  convex,  or  level-topped,  as  in  the 
Hawthorn,  owing  to  the  lengthening  of  the  lower  pedicels  while  the 
uppermost  remain  shorter. 

204.  The  main  axis  of  a  corymb  is  short,  at  least  in  comparison 
with  the  lower  pedicels.     Only  suppose  it  to  be  so  much  contracted 
that  the  bracts  are  all  brought  into  a  cluster  or  circle,  and  the 
corymb  becomes 

205.  An  Umbel  (Fig.  159),  —  as  in  the  Milkweed  and  Primrose, 
—  a  sort  of  flower-cluster  where  the  pedicels  all  spring  apparently 
from  the  same  point,  from  the  top  of  the  peduncle,  so  as  to  resemble, 
when  spreading,  the  rays  of  an  umbrella,  whence  the  name.     Here 
the  pedicels  are  sometimes  called  the  rays  of  the  umbel.     And  the 
bracts,  when  brought  in  this  way  into  a  cluster  or  circle,  form  what 
is  called  an  involucre. 


206.  For  the  same  reason  that  the  order  of  blossoming  in  a  ra- 
ceme is  ascending  (201),  in  the  corymb  and  umbel  it  is  centripetal, 
that  is,  it  proceeds  from  the  margin  or  circumference  regularly  to- 
wards the  centre ;  the  lower  flowers  of  the  former  answering  to  the 
outer  ones  of  the  latter.  Indeterminate  inflorescence,  therefore,  is 
said  to  be  centripetal  in  evolution.  And  by  having  this  order  of1 
blossoming,  all  the  sorts  may  be  distinguished  from  those  of  the 
other,  or  the  determinate  class.  In  all  the  foregoing  cases  the 
flowers  are  raised  on  pedicels.  These,  however,  are  very  short  in 
many  instances,  or  are  wanting  altogether;  when  the  flowers  are 
sessile  (200).  They  are  so  in 

PIG.  157.    A  raceme.    158   A  corymj),    159.  An  umbel 


80  ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON   THE    STEM.       [LESSON  11. 

207.  The  Spike,  This  is  a  flower-cluster  with  a  more  or  lesa 
lengthened  axis,  along  which  the  flowers  are  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  as  in  the  Mullein  and  the  Plantain  (Fig.  160), 
It  is  just  the  same  as  a  raceme,  therefore,  without  any 
pedicels  to  the  flowers. 

208.  The  Head  is  a  round  or  roundish  cluster  of  flowers 
which  are  sessile  on  a  very  short  axis  or  receptacle,  as  in 
the  Button-ball,  Button-bush  (Fig.  161),  and  Red  Cloven 
It  is  just  what  a  spike  would  become  if  its  axis  were 
shortened ;  or  an  umbel,  if  its  pedicels  were  all  shortened 
until  the  flowers  became  sessile  or  apparently  so.  The 
head  of  the  Button-bush  (Fig.  161)  is  naked ;  but  that  of 
the  Thistle,  of  the  Dandelion,  the  Cichory  (Fig.  221), 
and  the  like,  is  surrounded  by  empty  bracts,  which  form 
an  involucre.  Two  particular  forms  of  the  spike  and  the 
head  have  received  particular  names,  namely,  the  Spadix 
and  the  Catkin. 

209.  A  Spadix  is  nothing  but  a  fleshy  spike  or  head,  with  small 
and   often  imperfect  flowers,  as  in  the  Calla,  the  Indian  Turnip 


(Fig.  162),  Sweet  Flag,  &c.     It  is  commonly  covered  by  a  peculia? 
enveloping  leaf,  called  a  spathe. 

FIG.  160.     Spike  of  the  common  Plantain  or  Ribwort. 

FIG.  161.     Head  of  the  Button-bush  (Cephalanthus). 

FIG.  162.    Spadix  and  spathe  of  the  Indian  Turnip ;  the  latter  cut  through  below. 


LESSON  11.]  DETERMINATE    INFLORESCENCE.  81 

210.  A  Catkin  or  Ament  is  the  name  given  to  the  scaly  sort  of  spike 
of  the  Birch  and  Alder,  the  Willow  and  Poplar,  and  one  sort  of 
flower-clusters  of  the  Oak,  Hickory,  and  the  like ;  —  on  which  ac- 
count these  are  called  Amentaceous  trees. 

211.  Sometimes  these  forms  of  flower-clusters  become  compound. 
For  example,  the  stalks  which,  in  the  simple  umbel  such  as  hai 
been  described  (Fig.  159),  are  the  pedicels  of  single  flowers,  may 
themselves  branch  in  the  same  way  at  the  top,  and  so  each  become 
the  support  of  a  smaller  umbel ;  as  is  the  case  in  the  Parsnip,  Cara- 
way, and  almost  the  whole  of  the  great  family  of  what  are  called 
Umbelliferous   (i.   e.    umbel-bearing)    plants.      Here   the  whole  is 
termed  a  compound  umbel;  and  the  smaller  or  partial  umbels  take 
the  name  in  English  of  umbettets.      The  general  involucre,  at  the 
base  of  the  main  umbel,  keeps  that  name ;  while  that  at  the  base 
of  each  umbellet  is  termed  a  partial  involucre  or  an  involucel. 

212.  So  a  corymb  (Fig.  158)  with  its  separate  stalks  branching 

again,  and  bearing  smaller  clusters  of  the  same 
sort,  is  a  compound  corymb ,  of  which  the  Moun- 
tain Ash  is  a  good  example.  A  raceme  where 
what  would  be  the  pedicels  of  single  flowers 
become  stalks,  along  which  flowers  are  disposed 
on  their  own  pedicels,  forms  a  compound  raceme, 
as  in  the  Goat's-beard  and  the  False  Spikenard. 
But  when  what  would  have  been  a  raceme  or  a 
corymb  branches  irregularly  into  an  open  and 
more  or  less  compound  flower-cluster,  we  have 
what  is  called 

213.  A  Paniele  (Fig.  163);  as  in  the  Oat  and 
in  most  common  Grasses.     Such  a  raceme  as  that 
of  the  diagram,  Fig.  156,  would  be  changed  into 
a  panicle  like   Fig.  16o,  by  the  production  of  a 
flower  from  the  axil  of  each  of  the  bractlets  &. 

214.  A  ThjTSUS  is  a  compact  panicle  of  a  pyram- 
idal or  oblong  shape ;  such  as  a  bunch  of  grapes, 

163  or  the  cluster  of  the  Lilac  or  Horsechestnut. 

215.  Determinate  Inflorescence  is  that  in  which  the  flowers  are  from 
terminal  buds.  The  simplest  case  is  where  a  stem  bears  a  soli- 
tary, terminal  flower,  as  i.i  Fig.  163".  This  stops  the  growth  of 


FIG.  163.     A  Panicle 
S&F— 5 


82  ARRANGEMENT    OF   FLOWER3    ON   THE   STEM.      [LESSON  11. 


the  stem ;  for  its  terminal  bud,  being  changed  into  a  blossom,  can 
no  more  lengthen  in  the  manner  of  a  leaf-bud.     Any  further  growth 

b         a     b  c    b     c        a         e    b     c 


164 

must  be  from  axillary  buds  developing  into  branches.  If  such 
branches  are  leafy  shoots,  at  length  terminated  by  single  blossoms, 
the  inflorescence  still  consists  of  solitary  flowers  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem  and  branches.  But  if  the  flowering  branches  bear  only  bracts 
in  place  of  ordinary  leaves,  the  result  is  the  kind  of  flower-cluster 
called 

216.  A  Cyme,  This  is  commonly  a  flat-topped  or  con- 
vex flower-cluster,  like  a  corymb,  only  the  blossoms  are 
from  terminal  buds.  Fig.  164  illustrates  the  simplest 
cyme  in  a  plant  with  opposite  leaves,  namely,  with  three 
flowers.  The  middle  flower,  «,  terminates  the  stem ; 
the  two  others,  b  5,  terminate  short  branches,  one  from 
the  axil  of  each  of  the  uppermost  leaves;  and  being 
later  than  the  middle  one,  the  flowering  proceeds  from 
the  centre  outwards,  or  is  centrifugal; — just  the  op- 
posite of  the  indeterminate  mode,  or  that  where  all 
the  flower-buds  are  axillary.  If  flowering  branches 
appear  from  the  axils  below,  the  lower  ones  are  the 
166  later,  so  that  the  order  of  blossoming  continues  centrif- 

ugal or  descending  (which  is  the  same  thing),  as  in  Fig.  166,  mak- 
ing a  sort  of  reversed  raceme ;  —  a  kind  of  cluster  which  is  to  the 
true  raceme  just  what  the  flat  cyme  is  to  the  corymb. 

217.  Wherever  there  are  bracts  or  leaves,  buds  may  be  produced 
from  their  axils  and  appear  as  flowers.  Fig.  165  represents  the 
case  where  the  branches,  b  b,  of  Fig.  1 64,  each  with  a  pair  of  small 

PIG.  ]63o.  Diagram  of  an  opposite-leaved  plant,  with  a  single  terminal  flower.  164 
Same,  with  a  cyme  of  three  flowers  ,  a,  the  first  flower,  of  the  main  axis ;  b  b,  those  of  branches 
165.  Same,  with  flowers  of  the  third  order,  c  e.  166.  Same,  with  flowers  only  of  the  second 
order  from  all  the  axils  ;  the  central  or  uppermost  opening  first,  and  so  on  downwards. 


LESSON  11.]  SORTS    OF    FLOWER-CLUSTERS.  83 

leaves  or  bracts  about  their  middle,  have  branched  again,  and  pro- 
duced the  branchlets  and  flowers  c  c,  on  each  side.  It  is  the  con- 
tinued repetition  of  this  which  forms  the  full  or  compound  cyme, 
such  as  that  of  the  Laurustinus,  Hobblebush,  Dogwood,  and  Hy- 
drangea (Fig.  167). 

218.  A  Fascicle,  like  that  of  the  Sweet- William  and  Lychnis  of 
the  gardens,  is  only  a  cyme  with  the  flowers  much  crowded,  as  it 
were,  into  a  bundle. 

219.  A  Glomerule  is  a  cyme  still  more  compacted,  so  as  to  form  a 
sort  of  head.     It  may  be  known  from  a  true  head  by  the  flowers 
not  expanding  centripetally,  that  is,  not  from  the  circumference  to- 
wards the  centre,  or  from  the  bottom  to  the  top. 

220.  The  illustrations  of  determinate  or  cymose  inflorescence  have 
been  taken  from  plants  with  opposite  leaves,  which  give  rise  to  the 
most  regular  cymes.     But  the  Rose,  Cinquefoil,  Buttercup,  and  the 
like,  with  alternate  leaves,  furnish  equally  good  examples  of  this 
class  of  flower-clusters. 

221.  It  may  be  useful  to  the  student  to  exhibit  the  principal  sorts 
of  inflorescence  in  one  view,  in  the  manner  of  the  following 

Analysis  of  Flower-Clusters, 

I.  INDETERMINATE  OR  CENTRIPETAL.  (198.) 
Simple ;  and  with  the 

Flowers  borne  on  pedicels, 

Along  the  sides  of  a  lengthened  axis,  RACEME,  201- 

Along  a  short  axis  ;  lower  pedicels  lengthened,   CORYMB,  203- 

Clustered  on  an  extremely  short  axis,  UMBEL,  205. 
Flowers  sessile,  without  pedicels  (206), 

Along  an  elongated  axis,  SPIKE,  207 . 

On  a  very  short  axis,  HEAD,  208. 

with  their  varieties,  the  SPADIX,  209,  and  CATKIN,  210. 

Branching  irregularly,  PANICLE,  213. 

with  its  variety,  the  THYRSUS,  214 
«I.  DETERMINATE  OR  CENTRIFUGAL.  (215.) 

Open,  mostly  flat-topped  or  convex,  CYME,  216 

Contracted  into  a  bundle,  FASCICLE,  218- 

Contracted  into  a  sort  of  head,  GLOMERULE,  219- 

222.  The  numbers  refer  to  the  paragraphs  of  this  Lesson.     The 
various  sorts  run  together  by  endless  gradations  in  different  plants. 
The   botanist   merely  designates    the   leading   kinds   by  particular 
names.     Even  the  two  classes  of  inflorescence  are  often  found  com- 
bined in  the  same  plant.     For  instance,  in  the  whole  Mint  Family, 


84 


THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  12: 


the  flower-clusters  are  centrifugal,  that  is,  are  cymes  or  fascicles  ; 
but  they  are  themselves  commonly  disposed  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  centripetal,  or  develop  in  succession  from  below  up- 
wards. 


LESSON   XII. 


THE  FLOWER:  ITS  PARTS  OR  ORGANS. 


223,  HAVING  considered,  in  the  last  Lesson,  the  arrangement  oi 
flowers  on  the  stem,  or  the  places  from  which  they  arise,  we  now 
direct  our  attention  to  the  flower  itself. 

224.  Nature  and  Use  Of  the  Flower,     The  object  of  the  flower  is  the 
production  of  seed.     The  flower  consists  of  all  those  parts,  or  organs, 
which  are  subservient  to  this  end.     Some  of  these  parts  are  neces- 
sary to  the  production  of  seed.     Others  serve  merely  to  protect  or 
support  the  more  essential  parts. 

FIG.  1G7.     Cyme  of  the  Wild  Hydrangea  (with  neutral  flowers  in  the  border). 


LESSON  12.]  ITS    PARTS    OR    ORGANS*  85 

225.  The  Organs  Of  the  Flower  are  therefore  of  two  kinds ;  namely, 
first,  the  protecting  organs,  or  leaves  of  the  flower,  —  also  called  the 
floral  envelopes,  —  and,  second,  the  essential  organs.     The  latter  are 
situated  within  or  a  little  above  the  former,  and  are  enclosed  by  them 
in  the  bud. 

226.  The  Floral  Envelopes  in  a  complete  flower  are  double  ;  that  is, 
they  consist  of  two  whorls  (181),  or  circles  of  leaves,  one  above  or 
•within  the  other.     The  outer  set  forms  the  Calyx ;  this  more  com 
monly  consists  of  green  or  greenish  leaves,  but  not  always.     The 
inner  set,  usually  of  a  delicate  texture,  and  of  some  other  color  than 
green,  and  in  most  cases  forming  the  most  showy  part  of  the  blos- 
som, is  the  Corolla. 

227.  The  floral  envelopes,  taken  together,  are  sometimes  called  the 
Perianth.     This  name  is  not  much  used,  however,  except  in  cases 
where  they  form  only  one  set,  at  least  in  appearance,  as  in  the  Lily, 
or  where,  for  some  other  reason,  the  limits  between  the  calyx  and 
the  corolla  are  not  easily  made  out. 

228.  Each  leaf  or  separate  piece  of  the  corolla  is  called  a  Petal ; 
each  leaf  of  the  calyx  is  called  a  Sepal.     The  sepals  and  the  petals 
—  or,  in  other  words,  the  leaves  of  the  blossom  —  serve  to  protect, 
support,  or  nourish  the  parts  within.     They  do  not  themselves  make 
a  perfect  flower. 

229.  Some  plants,  however,  naturally  produce,  besides  their  per- 
fect flowers,  others  which  consist  only  of  calyx  and  corolla  (one  or 
both),  that  is,  of  leaves.     These,  destitute  as  they  are  of  the  essential 
organs,  and  incapable  of  producing  seed,  are  called  neutral  flowers. 
We  have  an  example  in  the  flowers  round  the  margin  of  the  cyme  of 
the  Hydrangea  (Fig.  167),  and  of  the  Cranberry-Tree,  or  Snowball, 
in  their  wild  state.     By  long  cultivation  in  gardens  the  whole  cluster 
has  been  changed  into  showy,  but  useless,  neutral  flowers,  in  these 

'and  some  other  cases.  What  are  called  double  flowers,  such  as  full 
Roses  (Fig.  173),  Buttercups,  and  Camellias,  are  blossoms  which, 
under  the  gardener's  care,  have  developed  with  all  their  essential 
organs  changed  into  petals.  But  such  flowers  are  always  in  an 
unnatural  or  monstrous  condition,  and  are  incapable  of  maturing 
seed,  for  want  of 

230.  The  Essential  Organs,    These  are  likewise  of  two  kinds,  placed 
one  above  or  within  the  other ;  namely,  first,  the  Stamens  or  fertil- 
izing organs,  and,  second,  the  Pistils,  which  are  to  be  fertilized  and 
bear  the  seeds. 

8  ' 


86 


THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  12. 


231.  Taking  them  in  succession,  therefore,  beginning  from  below, 
or  at  the  outside,  we  have  (Fig.  168,  169),  first,  the  calyx  or  outer 

circle  of  leaves,  which  are  individually 
termed  sepals  (a)  ;  secondly,  the  corolla 
or  inner  circle  of  delicate  leaves,  called 
petals  (b)  ;  then  a  set  of  stamens  (c)  ; 
and  in  the  centre  one  or  more  pistils  (d). 
The  end  of  the  flower-stalk,  or  the  short 
axis,  upon  which  all  these  parts  stand,  is 
called  the  Torus  or  Receptacle. 

232.  We  use  here  for  illus- 
tration the  flower  of  a  spe- 
cies of  Stonecrop  (Sedum  ter- 
iiatum), —  which    is   a  com- 
mon plant  wild  in  the  Middle 
States,  and  in  gardens  almost 
everywhere,  —  because,     al- 
though small,  it  exhibits  all 

the  parts  in  a  perfectly  simple  and  separate  state,  and  so  answers  for 
a  sort  of  pattern  flower,  better  than  any  larger  one  that  is  common 
c  and  well  known. 

233.  A  Stamen  consists  of  two  parts, 
namely,  the  Filament  or  stalk  (Fig.  170, 
a),  and  the  Anther  (b).  The  latter  is 
a  the  only  essential  part.  It  is  a  case, 
commonly  with  two  lobes  or  cells,  each 
opening  lengthwise  by  a  slit,  at  the 
proper  time,  and  discharging  a  pow- 
der or  dust-like  substance,  usually  of  a  yellow  color.  This  powder 
is  the  Pollen,  or  fertilizing  matter,  to  produce  which  is  the  sole  office 
of  the  stamen. 

234.  A  Pistil  is  distinguished  into  three  parts  ;  namely,  —  beginning 
from  below,  —  the  Ovary,  the  Style,  and  the  Stigma.  The  Ovary  is 
the  hollow  case  or  young  pod  (Fig.  171,  a),  containing  rudimentary 
seeds,  called  Ovules  (c?).  Fig.  172,  representing  a  pistil  like  that  ot 

FIG.  168.  Flower  of  a  Stonecrop  :  Sedum  ternatum. 

FIG.  1G9.  Two  parts  of  each  kind  of  the  same  flower,  displayed  and  enlarged. 

FIG.  170.  A  stamen  :  a,  the  filament;  6,  the  anther,  discharging  pollen. 

FIG.  171.  A   pistil    divided   lengthwise,  showing   the   interior  of  the  ovary,  a,  and   it* 
ovules,  d  ;  ft,  the  style  ;  c,  stigma. 

FIG.  172.  A  pistil,  enlarged  ;  the  ovary  cut  across  to  show  the  ovules  within. 

FIG.  173.  "  Double  "  Rose ;  the  essential  organs  all  replaced  by  petals. 


LESSON  12.] 


IT8    PARTS    OR    ORGANS. 


87 


Fig.  169,  d,  but  on  a  larger  scale,  and  with  the  ovarj  cut  across, 
shows  the  ovules  as  they  appear  in  a  transverse 
section.  The  style  (Fig.  171,  b)  is  the  tapering 
part  above,  sometimes  long  and  slender,  sometimes 
short,  and  not  rarely  altogether  wanting,  for  it  is 
not  an  essential  part,  like  the  two  others.  The 
stigma  (c)  is  the  tip  or  some  other  portion  of  the 
style  (or  of  the  top  of  the  ovary  when  there  is  no 
distinct  style),  consisting  of  loose  tissue,  not  cov- 
ered, like  the  rest  of  the  plant,  by  a  skin  or  epi- 
dermis. It  is  upon  the  stigma  that  the  pollen 
falls ;  and  the  result  is,  that  the  ovules  contained 
in  the  ovary  are  fertilized  and  become  seeds,  by 
having  an  embryo  (16)  formed  in  them.  To  the 
pistil,  therefore,  all  the  other  organs  of  the  blos- 
som are  in  some  way  or  other  subservient :  the 
stamens  furnish  pollen  to  fertilize  its  ovules ;  the 
corolla  and  the  calyx  form  coverings  which  pro- 
tect the  whole. 

234a.  These  are  all  the  parts  which  belong  to  any  flower.  But 
these  parts  appear  under  a  variety  of  forms  and  combinations,  some 
of  them  greatly  disguising  their  natural  appearance.  To  understand 
the  flower,  therefore,  under  whatever  guise  it  may  assume,  we  must 
etudy  its  plan. 


£8  PLAN    OF   THE   FLOWER.  '  LESSON  13. 


LESSON  XIII. 

THE    PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 

%tl.  THE  FLOWER,  like  every  other  part  of  the  plant,  is  formed 
jbpon  a  plan,  which  is  essentially  the  same  in  all  blossoms ;  and  the 
student  should  early  get  a  clear  idea  of  the  plan  of  the  flower.  Then 
the  almost  endless  varieties  which  different  blossoms  present  will  be 
at  once  understood  whenever  they  occur,  and  will  be  regarded  with 
a  higher  interest  than  their  most  beautiful  forms  and  richest  colors 
are  able  to  inspire. 

236.  We  have  already  become  familiar  with  the  plan  of  the  vege- 
tation;—  with  the  stem,  consisting  of  joint  raised  upon  joint,  each 
bearing  a  leaf  or  a  pair  of  leaves ;  with  the  leaves  arranged  in  sym- 
metrical order,  every  leaf  governed  by  a  simple  arithmetical  law, 
which  fixes  beforehand  the  precise  place  it  is  to  occupy  on  the  stem ; 
and  we  have  lately  learned  (in  Lesson  11)  how  the  position  of  each 
blossom  is  determined  beforehand  by  that  of  the  loaves  ;  so  that  the 
shape  of  every  flower-cluster  in  a  bouquet  is  given  by  the  same  sim- 
ple mathematical  law  which  arranges  the  foliage.     Let  us  now  con- 
template the  flower  in  a  similar  way.     Having  just  learned  what 
parts  it  consists  of,  let  us  consider  the  plan  upon  which  it  is  made, 
and  endeavor  to  trace  this  plan  through  some  of  the  various  forms 
which  blossoms  exhibit  to  our  view. 

237.  In  order  to  give  at  the  outset  a  correct  idea  of  the  blossom, 
we  took,  in  the  last  Lesson,  for  the  purpose  of  explaining  its  parts,  a 
perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical  flower,  and  one  nearly  as 
simple  as  such  a  flower  could  well  be.     Such  a  blossom  the  botanist 
regards  as 

238.  A  Typical  Flower5  that  is,  a  pattern  flower,  because  it  well  ex- 
emplifies the  plan  upon  which  all  flowers  are  made,  and  serves  as 
,what  is  called  a  type,  or  standard  of  comparison. 

239.  Another  equally  good  typical  flower  (except  in  a  single  re- 
spect, which  will  hereafter  be  mentioned),  and  one  readily  to  be  ob- 
tained in  the  summer,  is  that  of  the  Flax  (Fig.  174).     The  parts 
differ  in  shape  from  those  of  the  Stonecrop  ;  but  the  whole  plan  is 
evidently  just  the  same  in  both.     Only,  while  the  Stonecrop  has  ten 
stamens,  or  in  many  flowers  eight  stamens,  —  in  all  cases  just  twice 


LESSON  13.]       PERFECT   AND    IMPERFECT    FLOWERS. 


as  many  as  there  are  petals,  —  the  Flax  has  only  five  stamens,  01 
just  as  many  as  the  petals.     Such  flowers  as  these  are  said  to  be 

Perfect,  because  they  are 
provided  with  both  kinds  of 
essential  organs  (230),  namely, 
stamens  and  pistils  ; 

Complete,  because  they  have 
all  the  sorts  of  organs  which 
any  flower  has,  namely,  both 
calyx  and  corolla,  as  well  as 
stamens  and  pistils  ; 

Regular,  because  all  the  parts 
of  each  set  are  alike  in  shape  and  size ;  and 

Symmetrical,  because  they  have  an  equal  number  of  parts  of  each 
sort,  or  in  each  set  or  circle  of 
organs.  That  is,  there  are  five 
sepals,  five  petals,  five  stamens, 
or  in  the  Stonecrop  ten  stamens 
(namely,  two  sets  of  five  each), 
and  five  pistils. 

240.    On    the    other    hand, 
many  flowers  do   not  present 
this  perfect  symmetry  and  reg- 
ularity, or  this  completeness  of  parts.     Accord- 
ingly, we  may  have 
241.  Imperfect,  or  Separated  Flowers;  which  are 

those  where  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate 
blossoms ;  that  is,  one  sort  of  flowers  has  stamens 
and  no  pistils,  and  another  has  pistils  and  no  sta- 
mens, or  only  imperfect  ones.  The  blossom  which 
has  stamens  but  no  pistils  is  called  a  staminate  or 
sterile  flower  (Fig.  176)  ;  and  the  corresponding 
one  with  pistils  but  no  stamens  is  called  a  pistil- 
late or  fertile  flower  (Fig.  177).  The  two  sorts 
may  grow  on  distinct  plants,  from  different  roots, 
as  they  do  in  the  Willow  and  Poplar,  the  Hemp,  and  the  Moonseed 

FIG.  174.  Flowers  of  the  common  Flax :  a  perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical 
blossom,  all  its  parts  in  fives.  175.  Half  of  a  Flax- flower  divided  lengthwise,  and  enlarged. 

FIG.  176.  Staminate  flower  of  Moonseed  (Menispermum  Canadense).  177.  Pistillat* 
flower  of  the  came. 

8* 


90 


PLAN    OF   THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  13. 


(Fig.  176, 177)  ;  when  the  flowers  are  said  to  be  dioecious  (from  two 
Greek  words  meaning  in  two  households).     Or  the  two  may  occur 

on  the  same  plant 
or  the  same  stem, 
as  in  the  Oak, 
Walnut,  Nettle, 
and  the  Castor-oil 
Plant  (Fig.  178); 
when  the  flowers 
are  said  to  be  mo- 

no2cious  (that  is,  in  one  household).  A  flower 
may,  however,  be  perfect,  that  is,  have  both 
stamens  and  pistils,  and  yet  be  incomplete. 

242.  Incomplete  Flowers  are  those  in  which 
one  or  both  sorts  of  the  floral  envelopes,  or 
leaves  of  the  blossom,  are  wanting.  Some- 
times only  one  sort  is  wanting,  as  in  the 
Castor-oil  Plant  (Fig.  178)  and  in  the  Anem- 
one (Fig.  179).  In  this  case  the  missing 
sort  is  always  supposed  to  be  the  inner,  that  is,  the  corolla  ;  and 
accordingly  such  flowers  are  said  to  be  apetalous  (meaning  without 
petals).  Occasionally  both  the  corolla  and  the  calyx  are  wanting, 
when  the  flower  has  no  proper  cover- 
ings or  floral  envelopes  at  all.  It  is  then 
eaid  to  be  naked,  as  in  the  Lizard's- 
tail  (Fig.  180),  and  in  the  Willow. 

243.  Our  two  pattern  flowers  (Fig. 
168,  *74)  are  regular  and  symmetrical 
(239).  We  commonly 
expect  this  to  be  the 
case  in  living  things. 
The  corresponding 

parts  of  plants,  like  the  limbs  or  members  of  ani- 
mals, are  generally  alike,  and  the  whole  arrange- 
ment is  symmetrical.     This   symmetry  pervades 
the  blossom,  especially.     But  the  student  may  often  fail  to  perceive 

FIG  178.     Monoecious  flowers,  i.  e.  one  staminate  (s)  and  one  pistillate  (p)  flower,  of 
the  O-sfor-oil  Plant,  growing  on  the  same  stem. 

FIG.  179.     Apetalous  (incomplete)  flower  of  Anemone  Pennsylvania. 
FIG.  180.     A  naked  (but  perfect)  flower  of  the  Lizard's-tail. 


LESSON  13.  J       IRREGULAR  AND  UNSYMMETRICAL  FLOWERS 


91 


it,  at  first  view,  at  least  in  cases  where  the  plan  is  more  or  less 
obscured  by  the  leaving  out  (obliteration)  of  one  or  more  of  the 
members  of  the  same  set,  or  by  some  in- 
equality in  their  size  and  shape.  The 
latter  circumstance  gives  rise  to 

244.  Irregular  Flowers,  This  name  is 
given  to  blossoms  in  which  the  different 
members  of  the  same  sort,  as,  for  exam- 
ple, the  petals  or  the  stamens,  are  unlike 
in  size  or  in  form.  We  have  familiar 

cases  of  the 
sort  in  the 
Larkspur 
(Fig.  1 
184),  and 
Monkshood 
(Fig.  185, 
186);  also 
in  the  Vio- 
let (Fig.  181,  182).  In  the  latter  it 
is  the  corolla  principally  which  is  ir- 
regular, one  of  the  petals  being  larger 
than  the  rest,  and  extended  at  the 
base  into  a  hollow  protuberance  or 
spur.  In  the  Larkspur  (Fig.  183), 
both  the  calyx  and  the  corolla  par- 
take of  the  irregularity.  This  and 
the  Monkshood  are  likewise  good  ex- 
amples of 

245.  Unsymmetrical   Flowers,     Wa 

call  them  unsymmetrical,  when  the 
different  sets  of  organs  do  not  agree 
in  the  number  of  their  parts.  The 
irregular  calyx  of  Larkspur  (Fig.  183,  184)  consists  of  five  sepals, 
one  of  which,  larger  than  the  rest,  is  prolonged  behind  into  a  large 
spur;  but  the  corolla  is  made  of  only  four  petals  (of  two  shapes); 

FJG.  181.  Flower  of  a  Violet.  182.  Its  calyx  and  corolla  displayed  :  the  five  smaller 
p*rts  are  the  sepals  ;  the  five  intervening  larger  ones  are  the  petals. 

FIG.  183,  Flower  of  a  Larkspur.  184.  Its  calyx  and  corolla  displayed  ;  the  five  larget 
pieces  are  the  sepals ;  the  four  smaller,  the  petals. 


92 


PLAN    OF   THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  13. 


the  fifth,  needed  to  complete  the  symmetry,  being  left  out.     And 
the   Monkshood    (Fig.  185,  186)   has  five  very  dissimilar  sepals, 

and  a  corolla  of  only  two,  very  small, 
curiously-shaped  petals ;  the  three  need^ 
ed  to  make  up  the  symmetry  being  left 
out.  For  a  flower  which  is  unsymmet 
rical  but  regular,  we  may  take  the  com 
mon  Purslane,  which  has  a  calyx  o. 
only  two  sepals,  but  a  corolla  of  five 
petals,  from  seven  to  twelve  stamens, 
and  about  six  styles.  The  Mustard, 
and  all  flowers  of  that  family,  are  un- 
symmetrical  as  to  the  stamens,  these 
being  six  in  number  (Fig.  188,  while 
the  leaves  of  the  blossom  (sepals  and 
petals)  are  each  only  four 
(Fig.  187).  Here  the 
stamens  are  irregular  also, 
two  of  them  being  shorter 
than  the  other  four. 

246.  Numerical  Plan  of 
the  Flower,   Although  not 

easy  to  make  out  in  all 
cases,  yet  generally  it  is 
plain  to  see  that  each 

blossom  is  based  upon  a  particular  number,  which 
runs  through  all  or  most  of  its  parts.  And  a  prin- 
cipal thing  which  a  botanist  notices  when  examin- 
ing a  flower  is  its  numerical  plan.  It  is  upon  this 
that  the  symmetry  of  the  blossom  depends.  Our  two 
pattern  flowers,  the  Stonecrop  (Fig.  168)  and  the 
Flax  (Fig.  174),  are  based  upon  the  number  five, 
which  is  exhibited  in  all  their  parts.  Some  flowers  of  this  same 
Stonecrop  have  their  parts  in  fours,  and  then  that  number  runa 
throughout ;  namely,  there  are  four  sepals,  four  petals,  eight  stamens 
(two  sets),  and  four  pistils.  The  Mustard  (Fig.  187,  188),  Radish, 

FIG.  185.  Flower  of  a  Monkshood.  186.  Its  parts  displayed  :  the  fiye  larger  pieces  are  th' 
sepals  ;  the  two  small  ones  under  the  hood  are  petals ;  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  t* 
lentre. 

FIG.  187.    Flower  of  Mustard.     188.  Its  stamens  and  pistil  sepaiate  and  enlarged. 


LESSON  13.]      THE    RELATIVE    POSITION    OF    ITS    PARTS. 


93 


&c.,  also  have  their  flowers  constructed  on  the  plan  of  four  as  to  the 
calyx  and  corolla,  but  this  number  is  interfered  wkh  in  the  stamens, 
either  by  the  leaving  out  of  two  sta- 
mens (which  would  complete  two  sets), 
or  in  some  other  way.  Next  to  five, 
the  most  common  number  in  flowers 
is  three.  On  this  number  the  flowers 
of  Lily,  Crocus,  Iris,  Spiderwort,  and 
Trillium  (Fig.  189)  are  constructed. 
In  the  Lily  and  Crocus  the  leaves  of 
the  flower  at  first  view  appear  to  be 
six  in  one  set ;  but  the  bud  or  just- 
opening  blossom  plainly  shows  these  to  consist  of  an  outer  and  an 
inner  circle,  each  of  three  parts,  namely,  of  calyx  and  corolla,  both  of 
the  same  bright  color  and  delicate  texture.  In  the  Spiderwort  and 
Trillium  (Fig.  189)  the  three  outer 
leaves,  or  sepals,  are  green,  and  dif- 
ferent in  texture  from  the  three  inner, 
or  the  petals  ;  the  stamens  are  six 
(namely,  two  sets  of  three  each),  and 
the  pistils  three,  though  partly  grown 
together  into  one  mass. 

247.  Alternation  of  Parts,  The  symmetry  of  the  flower  is  likewise 
shown  in  the  arrangement  or  relative  position  of  successive  parts. 
The  rule  is,  that  the  parts  of  successive  circles  alternate  with  one 
another.  That  is,  the  petals  stand  over  the  intervals  between  the 
sepals  ;  the  stamens,  when  of  the  same  number, 
stand  over  the  intervals  between  the  petals ;  or 
when  twice  as  many,  as  in  the  Trillium,  the 
outer  set  alternates  with  the  petals,  and  the 
inner  set,  alternating  with  the  other,  of  course 
stands  before  the  petals  ;  and  the  pistils  alter- 
nate with  these.  This  is  shown  in  Fig.  189, 
and  in  the  diagram,  or  cross-section  of  the  same  in  the  bud  Fig.  190. 
And  Fig.  191  is  a  similar  diagram  or  ground-plan  (in  the  form  of  a 


FIG.  189.  Flower  of  Trillium  erectum,  or  Birthroot,  spread  out  a  little,  and  viewed  from 
above. 

FIG.  190.  Diagram  or  ground-plan  of  the  same,  as  it  would  appear  in  a  cross-section  o< 
the  bud  ;  —  the  parts  all  in  the  same  relative  position 

FIG.  191.     Diagram,  or  ground-plan,  of  the  Flax -flower,  Fig.  174. 


04  PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER.  ^LESSON   13. 

section  made  across  the  bud)  of  the  Flax  blossom,  the  example  of  a 
pattern  symmetrical  flower  taken  at  the  beginning  of  this  Lesson, 
with  its  parts  all  in  fives. 

248.  Knowing  in  this  way  just  the  position  which   each  organ 
should  occupy  in  the  flower    it  is  readily  understood  that  flowers 
often  become  unsymmetrical  through  the  loss  of  some  parts,  which 

belong  to  the  plan,  but  are  obliterated 
or  left  out  in  the  execution.  For  ex« 
ample,  in  the  Larkspur  (Fig.  183, 
184),  as  there  are  five  sepals,  there 
should  be  five  petals  likewise.  We 
find  only  four ;  but  the  vacant  place 
where  the  fifth  belongs  is  plainly  rec- 
ognized at  the  lower  side  of  the  flower. 
Also  the  similar  plan  of  the  Monkshood  (Fig.  186)  equally  calls  for 
five  petals ;  but  three  of  them  are  entirely  obliterated,  and  the  two 
that  remain  are  reduced  to  slender  bodies,  which  look  as  unlike  or- 
dinary petals  as  can  well  be  imagined.  Yet  their  position,  answer- 
ing to  the  intervals  between  the  upper  sepals  and  the  side  ones, 
reveals  their  true  nature.  All  this  may  perhaps  be  more  plainly 
shown  by  corresponding  diagrams  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  of  the 
Larkspur  and  Monkshood  (Fig.  192,  193),  in  which  the  places  of 
the  missing  petals  are  indicated  by  faint  dotted  lines.  The  oblitera- 
tion of  stamens  is  a  still  more  common  case.  For  example,  the 
Snapdragon,  Foxglove,  Gerardia,  and  almost  all  flowers  of  the 
large  Figwort  family  they  belong  to,  have  the  parts  of  the  calyx 
and  corolla  five  each,  but  only  four  stamens  (Fig.  194) ;  the  place 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower  where  the  fifth  stamen  belongs  is 
vacant.  That  there  is  in  such  cases  a  real  obliteration  of  the  miss- 
ing part  is  shown  by  the 

249.  Abortive  Organs,  or  vectiges  which  are  sometimes  met  with ; 
—  bodies  which  stand  in  th  e  place  of  an  organ,  and  represent  it, 
although  wholly  incapable  of  fulfilling  its  office.     Thus,  in  the  Fig- 
wort  family,  the  fifth  stamen,  which  is  altogether  missing  in  Gerardia 
(Fig.  194)  and  most  others,  appears  in  the  Figwort  as  a  little  scale, 
and  in  Pentstemon  (Fig.  195)  and  Turtlehead  as  a  sort  of  filament 
without  any  anther  ;  —  a  thing  of  no  use  whatever  to  the  plant,  but 

FIG.  192.  Diagram  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  of  a  Larkspur.  193.  Similar  diagram  ol 
Monkshood.  The  dotted  lines  show  where  the  petals  are  wanting ;  one  in  the  former,  three 
\u  the  latter. 


LESSON  13. 


ABORTIVE    ORGANS* 


95 


very  interesting  to  the  botanist,  since  it  completes  the  symmetry  of 
the  blossom.  And  to  show  that  this  really  is  the  lost  stamen,  it 
now  arid  then  bears  an  anther,  or  the  rudiment  of  one.  So  the 
flower  of  Catalpa  should  likewise  have  five  stamens  ;  but  we  seldom 
find  more  than  two  good  ones.  Still  we 
may  generally  discern  the  three  others, 
as  vestiges  or  half-obliterated  stamens 
(Fig.  196).  In  separated  flowers  the 
rudiments  of  pistils  are  often  found  in 
the  sterile  blossom,  and  rudimentary  sta- 
mens in  the  fertile  blossom,  as  in  Moon- 
seed  (Fig.  177). 

250.  Multiplicatic"  of  Paris,    Quite  in 

the  opposite  way,  the  simple  plan  of  the 
flower  is  often  more  or  less  obscured  by  [  _, 
an  increase  in  the  number  of  parts.  In 
the  White  Water-Lily,  and  in  many 
Cactus-flowers  (Fig.  107),  all  the  parts 
are  very  numerous,  so  that  it  is  hard 
to  say  upon  what  number  the  blos- 
som is  constructed.  But  more  com- 
moHv  so-ne  of  the  sets  are  few  and 
definite  in  the  number  of  their  parts. 
The  Buttercup,  for  instance,  has  five 
sepals  and  five  petals,  but  many  sta- 
mens and  pistils ;  so  it  is  built  upon 
the  plan  of  five.  The  flowers  of  Mag- 
nolia have  indefinitely  numerous  stamens 
and  pistils,  and  rather  numerous  floral 
envelopes  ;  but  these  latter  are  plainly  distinguishable  into  sets  o 
three  ;  namely,  there  are  three  sepals,  and  six  petals  in  two  circles 
or  nine  in  three  circles,  —  showing  that  these  blossoms  are  con- 
structed on  the  number  three. 


FIG.  194.  Corolla  of  a  purple  Gerardia  laid  open,  showing  the  four  stamens ;  the  cross 
shows  where  the  fifth  stamen  would  be,  if  present. 

FIG.  195.  Corolla,  laid  open,  and  stamens  of  Pentstemon  grandiflorus  of  Iowa,  &c.,  with 
a  sterile  filament  in  the  place  of  the  fifth  stamen,  and  representing  it. 

FIG.  196.  Corolla  of  Catalpa  laid  open,  displaying  two  good  stamens  and  three  abortive 
Vestiges  of  stamens 


96  MORPHOLOGY    OF   THE   FLOWER.  ^LESSON  14 


LESSON   XIV. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    FLOWER. 

251.  IN  all  the  plant  till  we  came  to  the  blossom  we  found  nothing 
bat  root,  stem,  and  leaves  (23,  118).  However  various  or  strange 
their  shapes,  and  whatever  their  use,  everything  belongs  to  one  of 
these  three  organs,  and  everything  above  ground  (excepting  the  rare 
case  of  aerial  roots)  is  either  stem  or  leaf.  We  discern  the  stem 
equally  in  the  stalk  of  an  herb,  the  trunk  and  branches  of  a  tree,  the 
trailing  or  twining  Vine,  the  straw  of  Wheat  or  other  Grasses,  the 
columnar  trunk  of  Palms  (Fig.  47),  in  the  flattened  joints  of  the 
Prickly-Pear  Cactus,  and  the  rounded  body  of  the  Melon  Cactus 
Ipig.  76).  Also  in  the  slender  runners  of  the  Strawberry,  the 
tendrils  of  the  Grape-vine  and  Virginia  Creeper,  the  creeping 
subterranean  shoots  of  the  Mint  and  Couchgrass,  the  tubers  of  the 
Potato  and  Artichoke,  the  solid  bulb  of  the  Crocus,  and  the  solid 
part  or  base  of  scaly  bulbs  ;  as  is  fully  shown  in  Lesson  6.  And  in 
Lesson  7  and  elsewhere  we  have  learned  to  recognize  the  leaf  alike 
in  the  thick  seed-leaves  of  the  Almond,  Bean,  Horsechestnut,  and  the 
like  (Fig.  9-24),  in  the  scales  of  buds  (Fig.  77),  and  the  thickened 

FIG.  197.     A  Cactus-flower,  viz.  of  Mamillaria  caespitosa  of  the  Upper  Missouri. 


LESSON  14.]      ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES    IN   THE   BUD.  97 

scales  of  bulbs  (Fig.  73-75),  in  the  spines  of  the  Barberry  and  the 
tendrils  of  the  Pea,  in  the  fleshy  rosettes  of  the  Houseleek,  the 
strange  fly-trap  of  Dionaea  (Fig.  81),  and  the  curious  pitcher  of  Sar 
racenia  (Fig.  79). 

252.  Now  the  student  who  understands  these  varied  forms  or 
metamorphoses  of  the  stem  and  leaf,  and  knows  how  to  detect  the 
real  nature  of  any  part  of  the  plant  under  any  of  its  disguises, 
may  readily  trace  the  leaf  into  the  blossom  also,  and  perceive  that, 
as  to  their  morphology, 

253.  Flowers  are  altered  Branches,  and  their  parts,  therefore,  altered 
leaves.     That  is,  certain  buds,  which  might  have  grown  and  length- 
ened into  a  leafy  branch,  do,  under  other  circumstances  and  to  ac- 
complish other  purposes,  develop  into  blossoms.     In  these  the  axis 
remains  short,  nearly  as  it  is  in  the  bud ;  the  leaves  therefore  remain 
close  together  in  sets  or  circles ;  the  outer  ones,  those  of  the  calyx, 
generally  partake  more  or  less  of  the  character  of  foliage ;  the  next 
set  are  more  delicate,  and  form  the  corolla,  while  the  rest,  the  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  appear  under  forms  very  different  from  those  of 
ordinary  leaves,  and  are  concerned  in  the  production  of  seed-     This 
is  the  way  the  scientific  botanist  views  a  flower ;  and  this  view  gives 
to  Botany  an  interest  which  one  who  merely  notices  the  shape  and 
counts  the  parts  of  blossoms,  without  understanding  their  plan,  has 
no  conception  of. 

254.  That  flowers  answer  to  branches  may  be  shown  first  from 
their  position.     As  explained  in  the  Lesson  on  Inflorescence,  flowers 
arise  from  the  same  places  as  branches,  and  from  no  other ;  flower- 
buds,  like  leaf-buds,  appear  either  on  the  summit  of  a  stem,  that  is, 
as  a  terminal  bud,  or  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  as  an  axillary  bud  (196). 
And  at  an  early  stage  it  is  often  impossible  to  foretell  whether  the 
bud  is  to  give  rise  to  a  blossom  or  to  a  branch. 

255.  That  the  sepals  and  petals  are  of  the  nature  of  leaves  is 
fevident  from  their  appearance  ;  persons  who  are  not  botanists  com- 
monly call  them  the  leaves  of  the  flower.     The  calyx  is  most  gen- 
erally green  in  color,  and  foliaceous  (leaf-like)  in  texture.     And 
though  the  corolla  is  rarely  green,  yet  neither  are  proper  leaves 
always  green.     In  our  wild  Painted-Cup,  and  in  some  scarlet  Sages, 
common  in  gardens,  the  leaves  just  under  the  flowers  are  of  the 
brightest  red  or  scarlet,  often  much  brighter-colored  than  the  corolla 
itself.     And  sometimes  (as  in  many  Cactuses,  and  in  Carolina  All- 
spice) there  is  such  a  regular  gradation  from  the  last  leaves  of  the 

9 


98  MORPHOLOGY    OF   THE   FLOWER.  [LESSON  14. 

plant  (bracts  or  bractlets)  into  the  leaves  of  the  calyx,  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  say  where  the  one  ends  and  the  other  begins.  And  if 
sepals  are  leaves,  so  also  are  petals ;  for  there  is  no  clearly  fixed 
limit  between  them.  Not  only  in  the  Carolina  Allspice  and  Cactus 
(Fig.  197),  but  in  the  Water-Lily  (Fig.  198)  and  a  variety  of 
flowers  with  more  than  one  row  of  petals,  there  is  such  a  complete 
transition  between  calyx  and  corolla  that  no  one  can  surely  tell  hosf 
many  of  the  leaves  belong  to  the  one  and  how  many  to  the  other. 

256.  It  is  very  true  that  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  often  takes  the 
form  of  a  cup  or  tube,  instead  of  being  in  separate  pieces,  as  in  Fig. 
194  —  196.      It   is  then  composed  of  two  or  more  leaves  grown 
together.     This  is  no  objection  to  the  petals  being  leaves ;  for  the 
same  thing  takes  place  with  the  ordinary  leaves  of  many  plants,  as, 
for  instance,  in  the  upper  ones  of  Honeysuckles  (Fig.  132). 

257.  That  stamens  are  of  the  same  general  nature  as  petals,  and 
therefore  a  modification  of  leaves,  is  shown  by  the  gradual  transitions 
that  occur  between  the  one  and  the  other  in  many  blossoms  ;  es- 
pecially in  cultivated  flowers,  such  as  Roses  and  Camellias,  when 
they  begin  to  double,  that  is,  to  change  their  stamens  into  petals. 
Some  wild  and  natural  flowers  show  the  same  interesting  transitions. 
The  Carolina  Allspice  and  the  White  Water-Lily  exhibit  complete 
gradations  not  only  between  sepals  and  petals,  but  between  petals 
and  stamens.     The  sepals  of  the  Water-Lily  are  green  outside,  but 
white  and  petal-like  on  the  inside ;  the  petals,  in  many  rows,  grad- 
ually grow  narrower  towards  the  centre  of  the  flower ;  some  of  these 
are  tipped  with  a  trace  of  a  yellow  anther,  but  still  are  petals ;  the 
next  are  more  contracted  and  stamen-like,  but  with  a  flat  petal-like 
filament ;  and  a  further  narrowing  of  this  completes  the  genuine  sta- 
men.     A  series  of  these  stages  is  shown  in  Fig.  198. 

258.  Pistils  and  stamens  now  and  then  change  into  each  other  in 
some  Willows ;  pistils  often  turn  into  petals  in  cultivated  flowers ; 
and  in  the  Double  Cherry  they  occasionally  change  directly  into 
small  green  leaves.     Sometimes  a  whole  blossom  changes  into  a 
cluster  of  green  leaves,  as  in  the  "  green  roses  "  which  are  occa- 
sionally noticed  in  gardens,  and  sometimes  it  degenerates  into  a 
leafy  branch.     So  the  botanist  regards  pistils  also  as  answering  to 
leaves.     And  his  idea  of  a  pistil  is,  that  it  consists  of  a  leaf  with  its 
margins  curved  inwards  till  they  meet  and  unite  to  form  a  closed 
cavity,  the  ovary,  while  the  tip  is  prolonged  to  form  the  style  and 
bear  the  stigma ;  as  will  be  illustrated  in  the  Lesson  upon  the  PistiL 


LESSON  15.] 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


259.  Moreover,  the  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  the  flower  answers 
to  that  of  leaves,  as  illustrated  in  Lesson  10,  —  either  to  a  succes- 
sion of  whorls  alternating  with  each  other  in  the  manner  of  whorled 
leaves,  or  in  some  regular  form  of  spiral  arrangement. 


LESSON   XV. 

MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  CALYX  AND  COROLLA. 

260.  HAVING  studied  the  flower  as  a  whole,  we  proceed  to  con- 
sider more  particularly  its  several  parts,  especially  as  to  the  principal 
differences  they  present  in  different  plants.     "We  naturally  begin 
with  the  leaves  of  the  blossom,  namely,  the  calyx  and  corolla.     And 
first  as  to 

261.  The  Growing  together  Of  Parts,     It  is  this  more  than  anything 
else  which  prevents  one  from  taking  the  idea,  at  first  sight,  that  the 
flower  is  a  sort  of  very  short  branch  clothed  with  altered  leaves. 
For  most  blossoms  we  meet  with  have  some  of  their  organs  grown 
together  more  or  less.     We  have  noticed  it  as  to  the  corolla  of  Ge- 
rardia,  Catalpa,  &c.  (Fig.  194-196),  in  Lesson  13.     This  growing 


FIG.  198.    Succession  of  sepals,  petals,  gradations  between  petals  and  stamens,  and  trua 
stamens,  of  the  Nymphaea,  or  White  Water-Lily. 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  15. 


together  takes  place  in  two  ways :  either  parts  of  the  same  kind, 
or  parts  of  different  kinds,  may  be  united.  The  first  we  may  call 
simply  the  union,  the  second  the  consoli- 
dation, of  parts. 

262.  Union  or  Cohesion  with  one  another 
of  parts  of  the  same  sort.  We  very  com- 
monly find  that  the  calyx  or  the  corolla 
is  a  cup  or  tube,  instead  of  a  set  of  leavesc 
Take,  for  example,  the  flower  of  the  Stra- 
monium or  Thorn-Apple,  where  both  the 
calyx  and  the  corolla  are  so  (Fig.  199) ; 
likewise  the  common  Morning-Glory,  and 
the  figures  201  to  203,  where  the  leaves 
of  the  corolla  are  united  into  one  piece, 
but  those  of  the  calyx  are  separate.  Now 
there  are  numerous  cases  of  real  leaves 
growing  together  much  in  the  same 
way,  —  those  of  the  common  Thorough- 
wort,  and  the  upper  pairs  in  Woodbines 
or  Honeysuckles,  for  example  (Fig.  132) ; 
so  that  we  might  expect  it  to  occur  in 
the  leaves  of  the  blossom  also.  And  that  this  is  the  right  view  to 
take  of  it  plainly  appears  from  the  transitions  everywhere  met  with 
in  different  plants,  between  a  calyx  or  a  corolla  of  separate  pieces 
and  one  forming  a  perfect  tube  or  cup.  Figures  200  to  203  show 
one  complete  set  of  such  gradations  in  the  corolla,  and  Fig.  204  to 
206  another,  in  short  and  open  corollas.  How  many  leaves  or  petals 
each  corolla  is  formed  of  may  be  seen  by  the  number  of  points  or 
tips,  or  of  the  notches  (called  sinuses)  which  answer  to  the  inter- 
vals between  tLem. 

263.  When  the  parts  are  united  in  this  way,  whether  much  or 
little,  the  corolla  is  said  to  be  monopetalous,  and  the  calyx  mono- 
sepalous.  These  terms  mean  "  of  one  petal,"  or  "  of  one  sepal " ; 
that  is,  of  one  piece.  Wherefore,  taking  the  corolla  or  the  calyx 
as  a  whole,  we  say  that  it  is  parted  when  the  parts  are  separate 
almost  to  the  base,  as  in  Fig.  204  ;  cleft  or  lobed  when  the  notches 
do  not  extend  below  the  middle  or  thereabouts,  as  in  Fig.  205  ; 


FTG.  199.    Flower  of  the  common  Stramonium  ;  both  the  calyx  and  the  corolla  with  then 
parts  united  into  a  tube. 


LESSON  15.]  UNION    OP   PARTS.  '','  /A  i,  J0V 

toothed  or  dentate,  when  only  the  tips  are  separate  as  short  points 
entire,  when  the  border  is  even,  without  points  or  notches,  as  in  the 


common  Morning-Glory,  and  very  nearly  so  in  Fig.  203 ;  and  so 
on ;  —  the  terms  being  just  the  same  as  those  applied  to  leaves  and 
all  other  flat  bodies,  and  illustrated  in  Lessons  8  and  9. 

264.  There  is  a  set  of  terms  applied  particularly  to  calyxes, 
corollas,  or  other  such  bodies  of  one  piece,  to  express  their  general 
shape,  which  we  see  is  very  various.  The  following  are  some  of 
the  principal :  — 

Wheel-shaped,  or  rotate  ;  when  spreading  out  at  once,  without  a 
tube  or  with  a  very  short  one,  something  in  the  shape  of  a  wheel 
or  of  its  diverging  spokes,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  Potato  and  Bitter- 
sweet (Fig.  204,  205). 

Salver-shaped,  or  salver-form  ;  when  a  flat-spreading  border  is 
raised  on  a  narrow  tube,  from  which  it  diverges  at  right  angles, 


204 

like  the  salver  represented  in  old  pictures,  with  a  slender  handle 
beneath.  The  corolla  of  the  Phlox  (Fig.  208)  and  of  the  Cypress- 
Vine  (Fig.  202)  are  of  this  sort 

FIGo  200.    Corolla  of  Soapwort  (the  same  in  Pinks,  &c.\  of  5  separate,  long-clawed  petal*. 

F[G.  201.  Flower  of  Gilia  or  Ipomopsis  coronopifolia  ;  the  parts  answering  to  the  claw» 
of  the  petals  of  the  last  figure  here  all  united  into  a  tube. 

FIG.  202.  Flower  of  the  Cypress-Vine  ;  the  petals  a  little  farther  united  into  a  five-lobed 
spreading  border. 

FIG.  203.  Flower  of  the  small  Scarlet  Morning-Glory,  the  five  petals  it  is  composed  o. 
perfectly  united  into  a  trumpet-shaped  tube,  with  the  spreading  border  nearly  even  (or  entire). 

FIG.  204.     Wheel-shaped  and  five-parted  corolla  of  Bittersweet  (Solanum  Dulcamara). 

FIG.  205.     Wheel-shaped  and  five-cleft  corolla  of  the  common  Potato. 

FIG.  206.  Almost  entire  and  very  open  bell-shaped  corolla  of  a  Ground  Cherry  (Physalis) 
9* 


102 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  15. 


Bell-shaped,  or  campanulate ;  where  a  short  and  broad  tube 
widens  upward,  in  the  shape  of  a  bell,  as  in  Fig.  207. 

Funnel-shaped,  or  funnel-form  ;  gradually  spreading  at  the  sum- 
mit of  a  tube  which  is  narrow  below,  in  the  shape  of  a  funnel  or 
tunnel,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  common  Morning-Glory,  and  of  the 
Stramonium  (Fig.  199). 

Tubular  ;  when  prolonged  into  a  tube,  without  much  spreading  at 
the  border,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  Trumpet  Honeysuckle,  the  calyx 
of  Stramonium  (Fig.  199),  &c. 


210 


211 


265.  In  most  of  these  cases  we  may  distinguish  two  parts ;  namely, 
the  tube,  or  the  portion  all  in  one  piece  and  with  its  sides  upright  or 
nearly  so  ;  and  the  border  or  limb,  the  spreading  portion  or  summit. 
The  limb  may  be  entire,  as  in  Fig.  203,  but  it  is  more  commonly 
lobed,  that  is,  partly  divided,  as  in  Fig.  202,  or  parted  down  nearly 
to  the  top  of  the  tube,  as  in  Fig.  208,  &e. 

266.  So,  likewise,  a  separate  petal  is  sometimes  distinguishable 
into  two  parts ;  namely,  into  a  narrowed  base  or  stalk-like  part  (a? 
in  Fig.  200,  where  this  part  is  peculiarly  long),  called  the  claw,  and 
a  spreading  and  enlarged  summit,  or  body  of  the  petal,  called  the 
lamina  or  blade. 

267.  When  parts  of  the  same  set  are  not  united  (as  in  the  Flax> 
Cherry,  &c.,  Fig.  212  -  215),  we  call  them  distinct.    Thus  the  sepals 
or  the  petals  are  distinct  when  not  at  all  united  with  each  other.    As 
a  calyx  with  sepals  united  into  one  body  is  called  monosepalous  (263, 
that  is,  one-sepalled),  or  sometimes  monophyllous,  that  is,  one-leaved ; 
so,  on  the  other  hand,  when  the  sepals  are  distinct,  it  is  said  to  be 

PIG.  207.  Flower  of  the  Harebell,  with  a  campanulate  or  bell-shaped  corolla.  208.  Of  a 
Phlox,  with  salver-shaped  corolla.  209.  Of  Dead-Nettie  (Lamium),  with  labiate  ringent  (or 
gaping)  corolla.  210.  Of  Snapdragon,  with  labiate  personate  corolla.  211.  Of  Toad-Flax, 
tvith  a  similar  corolla  spurred  at  the  base. 


LESSON  15.] 


CONSOLIDATION    OF   PARTS.  V  ,  /,\  \     W& 


polysepalous,  that  is,  composed  of  several  or  many  sepals.     And  a 
corolla  with  distinct  petals  is  said  to  be  polypetalous. 

268.  Consolidation,  the  growing  together  of  the  parts  of  two  or  more 
different  sets.     In  the  most  natural  or  pattern  flower  (as  explained 
in  Lessons   13   and    14),  the 

several  parts  rise  from  the 
receptacle  or  axis  in  succes- 
sion, like  leaves  upon  a  very 
short  stem  ;  the  petals  just 
above  or  within  the  sepals, 
the  stamens  just  above  or 
within  these,  and  then  the 
pistils  next  the  summit  or 
centre.  Now  when  contiguous  parts  of  different  sorts,  one  within 
the  other,  unite  at  their  base  or  origin,  it  obscures  more  or  less  the 
plan  of  the  flower,  by  consolidating  organs  which  in  the  pattern 
flower  are  entirely  separate. 

269.  The  nature  of  this  con- 
solidation will  be  at  once  un- 
derstood on  comparing  the  fol- 
lowing series  of   illustrations. 
Fig.  212  represents  a  flower  of 
the  common  Flax,  cut  through 
lengthwise,  so  as  to  show  the 
attachment  (or  what  the  bot- 
anist calls  the  insertion)  of  all 
the  parts.     Here  they  are  all 
inserted  on,  that  is  grow  out 
of,  the   receptacle  or  axis  of 
.'he  blossom.     In  other  words, 

here  is  no  union  at  all  of  the 
parts  of  contiguous  circles.  So 
the  parts  are  said  to  be  free. 
And  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  all  springing  of  course  fron. 
beneath  the  pistils,  which  are  on  the  very  summit  of  the  axis,  are 
said  to  be  hypogynous  (a  term  composed  of  two  Greek  words,  mean- 
ing "under  the  pistil"). 

PIG.  212.    A  Flax-flower,  cut  through  lengthwise. 

FIG.  213.     Flower  of  a  Cherry,  divided  in  the  same  way. 

FIG.  214.     Flower  of  the  common  Purslane,  divided  lengthwise. 


THE    CALYX   AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  15. 


270.  Fig.  213  is  a  flower  of  a  Cherry,  cut  through  lengthwise  in 
the  same  way.     Here  the  petals  and  the  stamens  grow  out  of,  that 
is,  are  inserted  on,  the  calyx ;   in  other  words  they  cohere  or  are 
consolidated  with  the  base  of  the  calyx  up  to  a  certain  height.     In 
such  cases  they  are  said  to  be  perigynous  (from  two  Greek  words, 
meaning  around  the  pistil).     The  consolidation  in  the  Cherry  is  con- 
fined to  the  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens :  the  calyx  is  still  free  from 
the  pistil.     One  step  more  we  have  in 

271.  Fig.  214,  which  is  a  similar  section  of  a  flower  of  a  Purslane. 

Here  the  lower  part  of  the 
calyx  (carrying  with  it  of 
course  the  petals  and  stamens) 
is  coherent  with  the  surface  of 
the  whole  lower  half  of  the 
ovary.  Therefore  the  calyx, 
seeming  to  rise  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  ovary,  is  said  to  be 
half  superior,  instead  of  being 
inferior,  as  it  is  when  entirely  free.  It  is  better  to  say,  however, 
calyx  half-adherent  to  the  ovary.  Every  gradation  occurs  between 
/?  such  a  case  and  that  of  a  calyx 

altogether  free  or  inferior,  as 
we  see  in  different  Purslanes 
and  Saxifrages.  The  consol- 
idation goes  farther, 

272.  In  the  Apple,  Quince, 
Hawthorn  (Fig.  215),  &c. 
Here  the  tube  of  the  calyx 
is  consolidated  with  the  whole 
surface  of  the  ovary ;  and  its 
limb,  or  free  part,  therefore  appears  to  spring  from  its  top,  instead  of 
underneath  it,  as  it  naturally  should.  So  the  calyx  is  said  to  be 
sup&rior,  or  (more  properly)  adherent  to,  or  coherent  with,  the  ovary. 
In  most  cases  (and  very  strikingly  in  the  Evening  Primrose),  the 
tube  of  the  calyx  is  continued  on  more  or  less  beyond  the  ovary, 
and  has  the  petals  and  stamens  consolidated  with  it  for  some  dis- 
tance ;  these  last,  therefore,  being  borne  on  the  calyx,  are  said  to 
be  perigynous,  as  before  (270). 

FIG.  215.    Flower  of  a  Hawthorn,  divided  lengthwise. 
FIG.  216.     Flower  of  the  Cranberry.,  divided  lengthwise. 


LESSON  15.] 


IRREGULARITY    OP    PARTS. 


105 


273.  But  if  the  tube  of  the  calyx  ends  immediately  at  the  summit 
of  the  ovary,  and  its  lobes  as  well  as  the  corolla  and  stamens  are  as 
it  were  inserted  directly  on  the  ovary,  they  are  said  to  be  epigynous 
(meaning  on  the  pistil),  as  in  Cornel,  the  Huckleberry,  and  the  Cran- 
berry (Fig.  216). 

274.  Irregularity  Of  Parts  in  the  calyx  and  corolla  has  already  been 
noticed  (244)  as  sometimes  obstructing  one's  view  of  the  real  plan  of 
a  flower.     There  is  infinite  variety  in  this  respect ;  but  what  has 
already  been  said  will  enable  the  student  to  understand  these  irreg- 
ularities when  they  occur.     We  have  only  room  to  mention  one  or 
two  cases  which  have  given  rise  to 

particular  names.  A  very  common 
kind,  among  polypetalous  (267) 
flowers,  is 

275.  The  Papilionaceous  flower 
of  the  Pea,  Bean,  and  nearly  all 

that  family.     In  this  we  have  an  217 

irregular  corolla  of  a  peculiar  shape,  which  Linnasus  likened  to  a 
butterfly  (whence  the  term,  papilio  being  the  Latin  name  for  a  but- 
terfly) ;  but  the  resemblance  is 
not  very  obvious.  The  five  pet- 
als of  a  papilionaceous  corolla 
(Fig.  217)  have  received  different 
names  taken  from  widely  different 
objects.  The  upper  and  larger 
petal  (Fig.  218,  s),  which  is  gen- 
erally wrapped  round  all  the  rest 
in  the  bud,  is  called  the  standard 
or  banner.  The  two  side  petals 
(w)  are  called  the  wings.  And 
the  two  anterior  ones  (&),  the 
blades  of  which  commonly  stick 
together  a  little,  and  which  en- 
close the  stamens  and  pistil  in  the  flower,  from  their  forming  a 
body  shaped  somewhat  like  the  keel,  or  rather  the  prow,  of  an 
ancient  boat,  are  together  named  the  keel. 

276.  The  Labiate  or  bilabiate  (that  is,  two-lipped)  flower  is  a  very 
common  form  of  the  monopetalous  corolla,  as  in  the  Snapdragon 

FIG.  217.    Front  view  of  the  papilionaceous  corolla  of  the  Locust-tree.    218.  The  parts  o. 
the  same,  displayed 

S&F— 6 


106  THE    CALYX   AND    COROLLA.  [LESSON  15. 

(Fig.  210),  Toad-Flax  (Fig.  211),  Dead-Nettie  (Fig.  209),  Catnip, 
Horsemint,  &c. ;  and  in  the  Sage,  the  Catalpa,  &c.,  the  calyx  also  is 
two-lipped.  This  is  owing  to  unequal  union  of  the  different  parts  of 
the  same  sort,  as  well  as  to  diversity  of  shape.  In  the  corolla  two 
of  the  petals  grow  together  higher  than  the  rest,  sometimes  to  the 
very  top,  and  form  the  upper  lip,  and  the  three  remaining  ones  join 
on  the  other  side  of  the  flower  to  form  the  lower  lip,  which  therefore 
is  more  or  less  three-lobed,  while  the  upper  lip  is  at  most  only  two- 
lobed.  And  if  the  calyx  is  also  two-lipped,  as  in  the  Sage, —  since 
the  parts  of  the  calyx  always  alternate  with  those  of  the  corolla 
(247), — then  the  upper  lip  has  three  lobes  or  teeth,  namely,  is  com- 
posed of  three  sepals  united,  while  the  lower  has  only  two  ;  which  is 
the  reverse  of  the  arrangement  in  the  corolla.  So  that  all  these 
flowers  are  really  constructed  on  the  plan  of  five,  and  not  on  that  of 
two,  as  one  would  at  first  be  apt  to  suppose.  In  Gerardia,  &c.  (Fig. 
194, 195),  the  number  five  is  evident  in  the  calyx  and  corolla,  but  is 
more  or  less  obscured  in  the  stamens  (249).  In  Catalpa  this  num- 
ber is  masked  in  the  calyx  by  irregular  union,  and  in  the  stamens  by 
abortion.  A  different  kind  of  irregular  flower  is  seen  in 

rv  277.  The  Ligulate  or  strap- 

VV  \N^\  /Vv  ol  ^n  si*^,  shaped  corolla  of  most  com- 
pound flowers.  What  was 
called  the  compound  flower 
of  a  Dandelion,  Succory  (Fig. 
221),  Thistle,  Sunflower,  As- 
ter, Whiteweed,  &c.,  consists 
of  many  distinct  blossoms, 
closely  crowded  together  into 
a  head,  and  surrounded  by  an  involucre  (208).  People  who  are  not 
botanists  commonly  take  the  whole  for  one  flower,  the  involucre  for 
a  calyx,  and  corollas  of  the  outer  or  of  all  the  flowers  as  petals. 
And  this  is  a  very  natural  mistake  when  the  flowers  around  the 
edge  have  flat  and  open  or  strap-shaped  corollas,  while  the  rest 
are  regular  and  tubular,  but  small,  as  in  the  Whiteweed,  Sunflower, 
&c.  Fig.  219  represents  such  a  case  in  a  Coreopsis,  with  the 
head,  or  so-called  compound  flower,  cut  through  ;  and  in  Fig.  220 
we  see  one  of  the  perfect  flowers  of  the  centre  or  disk,  with  a  reg- 
ular tubular  corolla  (a),  and  with  the  slender  bract  (b)  from  whose 

PIG.  S19.    Head  of  flowers  (th»  so-called  «« compound  flower  ")  of  Coreopsis,  divided 
lanitthwise. 


LESSON  15.]  SO-CALLED    COMPOUND    FLOWERS. 


107 


axil  it  grew ;  and  also  one  belonging  to  the  margin,  or  ray,  with 
a  strap-shaped  corolla  (c),  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf  or  bract  of 


the  involucre  (d).  Here  the  ray-flower  consists  merely  of  a  strap- 
shaped  corolla,  raised  on  the  small  rudiment  of  an  ovary ;  it  is 
therefore  a  neutral  flower,  like  those  of  the  ray  or  margin  of  the 
cluster  in  Hydrangea  (229,  Fig.  167),  only  of  a  different  shape. 
More  commonly  the  flowers  with  a  strap-shaped  corolla  are  pis- 
tillate, that  is,  have  a  pistil  only,  and  produce  seed  like  the  others, 
as  in  Whiteweed.  But  in  the  Dandelion,  Succory  (Fig.  221,  222), 


and  all  of  that  tribe,  these  flowers  are  perfect,  that  is,  bear  both 
stamens  and  pistils.  And  moreover  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  are 
strap-shaped  and  alike. 

278.  Puzzling  as  these  strap-shaped  corollas  appear  at  first  view, 
an  attentive  inspection  will  generally  reveal  the  plan  upon  which 
they  are  constructed.  We  can  make  out  pretty  plainly,  that  each 
one  consists  of  five  petals  (the  tips  of  which  commonly  appear  as  five 
teeth  at  the  extremity),  united  by  their  contiguous  edges,  except  on 

FIG.  220.  A  slice  of  Fig.  219,  more  enlarged,  with  one  tubular  perfect  flower  (a)  left 
standing  on  the  receptacle,  with  its  bractlet  or  chaff  (6),  one  ligulate,  neutral  ray-flower  (c)k 
and  part  of  another:  d,  section  of  bracts  or  leaves  of  the  involucre. 

FIG.  222.     Head  of  flowera  of  Succory,  cut  through  lengthwise  and  enlarged 


108 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  16. 


one  side,  and  spread  out  flat.  To  prove  that  this  is  the  case,  we  have 
only  to  compare  such  a  corolla  (that  of  Coreopsis,  Fig.  220,  c,  or 
one  from  the  Succory,  for  instance)  with  that  of  the  Cardinal-flower, 
or  of  any  other  Lobelia,  which  is  equally  split  down  along  one  side ; 
and  this  again  with  the  less  irregular  corolla  of  the  Woodbine,  par- 
tially split  down  on  one  side. 


LESSON   XVI. 

ESTIVATION,  OR  THE  ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  CALYX  AND  CO 
ROLLA  IN  THE  BUD. 


279.  ESTIVATION  or  Prcefloration  relates  to  the  way  in  which 
the  leaves  of  the  flower,  or  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  or  corolla,  are 
placed  with  respect  to  each  other  in  the  bud.  This  is  of  some 
importance  in  distinguishing  different  families  or  tribes  of  plants, 
being  generally  very  uniform  in  each.  The  aestivation  is  best  seen 

FIG.  221.    Compound  flowers,  i.  e.  heads  of  flowers,  of  Succory. 


LESSON  16.]        THEIR    ARRANGEMENT    IN    THE    BUD. 


109 


by  making  a  horizontal  slice  of  the  flower-bud  when  just  ready  to 
open  ;  and  it  may  be  expressed  in  diagrams,  as  in  Fig.  223,  224. 

280.  The  pieces  of  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  either  overlap  each 
other  ki  the  bud,  or  they  do  not.  When  they  do  not,  the  aestivation 
is  commonly 

Valvate,  as  it  is  called  when  the  pieces  meet  each  other  by  their 
abrupt  edges  without  any  infolding  or  overlapping ;  as  the  calyx  of 
the  Linden  or  Basswood  (Fig.  223)  and  the  Mallow,  and  the  corolla 
of  the  Grape,  Virginia  Creeper,  &c.  Or  it  may  be 

Induplicate,  which  is  valvate  with  the  margins  of  each  piece  pro- 
jecting inwards,  or  involute  (like  the  leaf  in  Fig.  152),  as  in  the 
calyx  of  Virgin's-Bower  and  the  corolla  of  the  Potato,  or  else 

Reduplicate,  like  the  last,  but  the  margins  projecting  outwards 
instead  of  inwards ;  these  last  being  mere  vari- 
ations of  the  valvate  form. 

281.  When  the  pieces  overlap  in  the  bud,  it 
is  in  one  of  two  ways  :  either  every  piece  has 
one  edge  in  and  one  edge  out ;  or  some  pieces 
are  wholly  outside  and  others  wholly  inside. 
In  the  first  case  the  aestivation  is 
Convolute  or  twisted,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Geranium  (most  com- 
monly, Fig.   224),  Flax  (Fig.   191),  and  of  the   Mallow  Family. 
Here  one  edge  of  every  petal  covers  the  next 
before  it,  while  its  other  edge  is  covered  by 
the  next  behind  it.    In  the  second  case  it  is 

Imbricated  or  imbricate,  or  breaking  joints, 
like  shingles  on  a  roof,  as  in  the  calyx  of  Ge- 
ranium (Fig.  224)  and  of  Flax  (Fig.  191), 
and  the  corolla  of  the  Linden  (Fig.  223).  In 
these  cases  the  parts  are  five  in  number ;  and  the  regular  way  then 
'  is  (as  in  the  calyx  of  the  figures  above  cited)  to  have  two  pieces  en° 
tirely  external  (1  and  2),  one  (3)  with  one  edge  covered  by  the  first, 
while  the  other  edge  covers  that  of  the  adjacent  one  on  the  other 
side,  and  two  (4  and  5)  wholly  within,  their  margins  at  least  being 
covered  by  the  rest.  That  is,  they  just  represent  a  circle  of  five 
leaves  spirally  arranged  on  the  five-ranked  or  f  plan  (187,  188, 
and  Fig.  143-145),  only  with  the  stem  shortened  so  as  to  bring 
the  parts  close  together.  The  spiral  arrangement  of  the  parts  of 

FIG.  223.     Section  across  the  flower-bud  of  Linden. 

FIG.  224.    Section  across  the  riower-bud  ol  Geranium  :  the  sepals  numbered  in  their  order 

10 


110  ARRANGEMENT    OF    PARTS    IN   THE   BUD.       ^LESSON  16. 

the  blossom  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  foliage,  —  an  additional  evi- 
dence that  the  flower  is  a  sort  of  branch.  The  petals  of  the  Linden, 
with  only  one  outside  and  one  inside,  as  shown  in  Fig.  223,  exhibit 
a  gradation  between  the  imbricated  and  the  convolute  modes.  When 
the  parts  are  four  in  number,  generally  two  opposite  ones  overlap  the 
other  two  by  both  edges.  When  three  in  number,  then  one  is  outer- 
most, the  next  has  one  edge  out  and  the  other  covered,  and  the  third 
is  within,  being  covered  by  the  other  two;  as  in  Fig.  190.  This  is 
just  the  three-ranked  (J)  spiral  arrangement  of  leaves  (186,  and 
Fig.  171). 

282.  In  the  Mignonette,  and  some  other  flowers,  the  aestivation  is 
open  ;  that  is,  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  not  closed  at  all  over  the 
other  parts  of  the  flower,  even  in  the  young  bud. 

283.  When  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  is  tubular,  the  shape  of  the 
tube  in  the  bud  has  sometimes  to  be  considered,  as  well  as  the  way 
the  lobes  are  arranged.     For  example,  it  may  be 

Plaited  or  plicate,  that  is,  folded  lengthwise ;  and  the  plaits  may 
either  be  turned  outwards,  forming  projecting  ridges,  as  in  the 
corolla  of  Campanula ;  or  turned  inwards,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the 
Gentian,  &c.  When  the  plaits  are  wrapped  round  all  in  one  direc- 
tion, so  as  to  cover  one  another  in  a  convolute  manner,  the  aestivation 
is  said  to  be 

Supervolute,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Stramonium  (Fig.  225)  and  the 
Morning-Glory ;  and  in  the  Morning-Glory  it  is  twisted  besides. 

FIG.  225.     Upper  part  of  the  corolla  of  a  Stramonium  (Datura  meteloides),  in  the  bud. 
triulerneath  is  a  cross-section  of  the  same. 


LESSON  17.]  THE    STAMENS.  Ill 


LESSON   XVII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    STAMENS. 

284.  THE  STAMENS  exhibit  nearly  the  same  kinds  of  variation  in 
different  species  that  the  calyx  and  corolla  do.     They  may  be  dis- 
tinct (that  is,  separate  from  each  other,  267)  or  united.     They  may 
be  free  (269),  or  else  coherent  with  other  parts  :  this  concerns 

285.  Their  Insertion,  or  place  of  attachment,  which  is  most  com- 
monly the  same  as  that  of  the  corolla.     So,  stamens  are 

Hypogynous  (269),  when  they  are  borne  on  the  receptacle,  or  axis 
of  the  flower,  under  the  pistils,  as  they  naturally  should  be,  and  as  is 
shown  in  Fig.  212. 

Perigynous,  when  borne  on  (that  is  coherent  below  with)  the 
calyx ;  as  in  the  Cherry,  Fig.  213. 

Epigynous,  when  borne  on  the  ovary,  appar- 
ently, as  in  Fig.  216.  To  these  we  may  add 

Gynandrous  ( from  two  Greek  words,  answer- 
ing to  "  stamens  and  pistil  united "),  when  the 
stamens  are  consolidated  with  the  style,  so  as 
to  be  borne  by  it,  as  in  the  Lady's  Slipper 
(Fig.  226)  and  all  the  Orchis  Family.  Also 

Epipetalous  (meaning  on  the  petals),  when 
they  are  borne  by  the  corolla ;  as  in  Fig.  194, 
and  in  most  monopetaious  blossoms.  As  to 

286.  Their  Union  With  each  Other,  the  stamens  may  be  united  by 
their  filaments  or  by  their  anthers.     In  the  former  case  they  are 

Monadelphous  (from  two  Greek  words,  meaning  "  in  one  brother- 
hood "),  when  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set,  usually  into  a 
ring  or  cup  below,  or  into  a  tube,  as  in  the  Mallow  Family,  the 
Passion  flower,  and  the  Lupine  (Fig.  228). 

Diadelphous  (in  two  brotherhoods),  when  so  united  in  two  sets, 
as  in  the  Pea  and  almost  all  papilionaceous  flowers  (275)  :  here 
the  stamens  are  nine  in  one  set,  and  one  in  the  other  (Fig.  227). 

FIG.  226.  Style  of  a  Lady's  Slipper  (Cypripedium),  and  stamens  united  with  it :  a,  a,  the 
anthers  of  the  two  good  stamens  ;  st,,  an  abortive  stameii,  what  should  be  ifcs  anther  changed 
into  a  petal-like  body  ;  stiff.,  tho  etigaia. 


112 


THE    STAMENS. 


[LESSON  17. 


Triadelphous,  in  three  sets  or  parcels,  as  in  the  common  St.  Johns- 
wort  ;  or 

Polyadelphous,  when  in  more  numerous  sets,  as  in  the  Loblolly 
Bay,  where  they  are  in  five  clusters.  On 
the  other  hand,  stamens  are  said  to  be 

Syngenesious,  when  united  by  their  an- 
thers (Fig.  229,  230),  as  they  are  in  Lobelia, 
in  the  Violet  (slightly),  and  in  what  are 
called  compound  flowers,  such  as  the  Thistle, 
Sunflower,  Coreopsis  (Fig.  220),  and  Suc- 
cory (Fig.  222).  In  Lobelia,  and  in  the 
Squash  and  Pumpkin,  the  stamens  are 
united  both  by  their  anthers  and  their  filaments. 

287.  Their  Number  in  the  flower  is  sometimes  expressed  by  terms 
compounded  of  the  Greek  numerals  and  the  word  used  to  signify 
stamen ;  as,  monandrous,  for  a  flower  having 

only  one  stamen  ;  diandrous,  one  with  two 
stamens ;  triandrous,  with  three  stamens ;  te- 
trandrous,  with  four  stamens ;  pentandrous, 
with  five  stamens ;  and  so  on,  up  to  polyan- 
drous  (meaning  with  many  stamens),  when 
there  are  twenty  or  a  larger  number,  as  in  a 
Cactus  (Fig.  ]97).  All  such  terms  may  be 
found  in  the  Glossary  at  the  end  of  the  book. 

288.  Two  terms  are  used  to  express  particular  numbers  with  un- 
equal length.     Namely,  the  stamens  are  didynamous  when  only  four 
in  number,  two  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in  the  Mint,  Catnip, 
Gerardia  (Fig.   194),  Trumpet-Creeper,  &c. ;    and  tetradynamous, 
when  they  are  six,  with  four  of  them  regularly  longer  than  the 
other  two,  as  in  Mustard  (Fig.  188),  and  all  that  family. 

28&.  Their  Parts.  As  already  shown  (233),  a  stamen  consists  of 
two  parts,  the  Filament  and  the  Anther  (Fig.  231). 

290.  The  Filament  is  a  kind  of  stalk  to  the  anther :  it  is  to  the 
anther  nearly  what  the  petiole  is  to  the  blade  of  a  leaf.  Therefore 
it  is  not  an  essential  part.  As  a  leaf  may  be  without  a  stalk,  so 
the  anther  may  be  sessile,  or  without  a  filament.  When  present, 

FIG.  227.  Diadelphous  stamens  of  the  Pea,  &c.  228.  Monadelphous  stamens  of  the 
Lupine. 

FIG.  229.  Syngenesious  stamens  of  Coreopsis  (Fig.  220,  a),  &c.  230.  Same,  with  the 
tub*  of  anthers  split  down  on  one  side  and  spread  open. 


LESSON  17.]  THEIR    STRUCTURE    AND    PARTS. 


113 


the  filament  may  be  of  any  shape ;  but  it  is  commonly  thread-like, 
as  in  Fig.  231,  234,  &c. 

291.  The  Anther  is  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen.    6  '"' 
It  is  a  sort  of  case,  filled  with  a  fine  powder,  called 
Pollen,  which  serves  to  fertilize  the  pistil,  so  that  it 
may  perfect  seeds.      The  anther  may  be  considered, 
first,  as  to 

292.  Its  Attachment  to  the  filament.     Of  this  there  are 
three  ways  ;  namely,  the  anther  is 

Innate  (as  in  Fig.  232),  when  it  is  attached  by  its  base  to  the 
very  apex  of  the  filament,  turning  neither  inwards  nor  outwards ;  or 

Adnate  (as  in  Fig.  233),  when  at- 
tached by  one  face,  usually  for  its 
whole  length,  to  the  side  of  the  fila- 
ment ;  and 

Versatile  (as  in  Fig.  234),  when  fixed 
by  its  middle  only  to  the  very  point  of 
the  filament,  so  as  to  swing  loosely,  as 
we  see  it  in  the  Lily,  in  Grasses,  &c. 

293.  In  both  the  last-named  cases, 
the  anther  either  looks  inwards  or  out- 
wards. When  it  is  turned  inwards,  or  is  fixed  to  that  side  of  the 
filament  which  looks  towards  the  pistil  or  centre  of  the  flower,  the 
anther  is  incumbent  or  introrse,  as  in  Magnolia  and  the  Water-Lily. 
When  turned  outwards,  or  fixed  to  the  outer  side  of  the  filament,  it  is 
extrorse,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree. 

294.  Its  Structure,  &c.  There  are  few  cases  in  which  the  stamen 
bears  any  resemblance  to  a  leaf.  Nevertheless,  the  botanist's  idea  of 
a  stamen  is,  that  it  answers  to  a  leaf  developed  in  a  peculiar  form 
and  for  a  special  purpose.  In  the  filament  he  sees  the  stalk  of  the 
leaf;  in  the  anther,  the  blade.  The  blade  of  a  leaf  consists  of  two 
similar  sides ;  so  the  anther  consists  of  two  lobes  or  cells,  one  iwiswer- 
ing  to  the  left,  the  other  to  the  right,  side  of  the  blade.  The  two  lobes 
are  often  connected  by  a  prolongation  of  the  filament,  which  answers 
to  the  midrib  of  a  leaf  •  this  is  called  the  connective.  It  is  very  con- 
spicuous in  Fig.  232,  where  the  connective  is  so  broad  that  it  separates 
the  two  cells  of  the  anther  to  some  distance  from  each  other. 

FIG.  231.     A  stamen  :  a,  filament ;  b,  anther  discharging  pollen. 

FIG.  232.    Stamen  of  Isopyrum,  with  innate  anther.    233.  Of  Tulip-tree,  with  adnate  (and 
extrorse)  anther.    234   Of  Evening  Primrose,  with  versatile  anther. 
10* 


114 


THE    STAMENS. 


[LESSON  17. 


295.  To  discharge  the  pollen,  the  anther  opens  (or  is  dehiscent) 
at  maturity,  commonly  by  a  line  along  the  whole 
length  of  each  cell,  and  which  answers  to  the 
margin  of  the  leaf  (as  in  Fig.  231)  ;  but  when 
the  anthers  are  extrorse,  this  line  is  often  on  the 
outer  face,  and  when  introrse,  on  the  inner  face 
of  each  cell.  Sometimes  the  anther  opens  only 
by  a  chink,  hole,  or  pore  at  the  top,  as  in  the 
285  ass  Azalea,  Pyrola  or  False  Wintergreen  (Fig.  235), 

&c. ;  and  sometimes  a  part  of  the  face  separates  as  a  sort  of  trap-door 
(or  valve),  hinged  at  the  top,  and  opening  to  allow  the  escape  of  the 
pollen,  as  in  the  Sassafras,  Spice-bush,  and  Barberry  (Fig.  236). 
Most  anthers  are  really  four-celled  when  young ; 
a  slender  partition  running  lengthwise  through 
each  cell  and  dividing  it  into  two  compartments, 
one  answering  to  the  upper,  and  the  other  to  the 
lower,  layer  of  the  green  pulp  of  the  leaf.  Oc- 
casionally the  anther  becomes  one-celled.  This 
takes  place  mostly  by  confluence,  that  is,  the  two 
cells  running  together  into  one,  as  they  do 
slightly  in  Fentstemon  (Fig.  237) 
and  thoroughly  in  the  Mallow  Family  (Fig.  238).  But 
sometimes  it  occurs  by  the  obliteration  or  disappear- 
ance of  one  half  of  the  anther,  as  in  the  Globe  Ama- 
ranth of  the  gardens  (Fig.  239). 

296.  The  way  in  which  a  stamen  is  supposed  to  be 
constructed  out  of  a  leaf,  or  rather  on   the  plan  of  a 
leaf,  is  shown  in  Fig.  240,  an  ideal  figure,  the  lower 
part  representing  a  stamen  with  the  top  of  its  anther 
cut  away ;  the  upper,  the  corresponding  upper  part  of 
a  leaf.  —  The  use  of  the  anther  is  to  produce 
297.  Pollen,     This  is  the  powder,  or  fine  dust,  commonly  of  a  yel- 
low color,  which  fills  the  cells  of  the  anther,  and  is  discharged  during 
blossoming,  after  which  the  stamens  generally  fall  off  or  wither  away. 

FIG.  235.  Stamen  of  Pyrola  ;  the  anther  opening  by  holes  at  the  top. 

FIG.  236.  Stamen  of  Barberry  ;  the  anther  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

FIG.  237.  Stamen  of  Pentstemon  pubescens  ;  anther-cells  slightly  confluent. 

FIG.  238.  Stamen  of  Mallow  j  the  two  cells  confluent  into  one,  opening  round  the  margin 

FIG.  239.  Anther  of  Globe  Amaranth,  of  only  one  cell ;  the  other  cell  wanting. 

FIG.  240  Diagram  of  the  lower  part  of  an  anther,  cut  across  above,  and  the  upper  part  of 
a  leaf,  to  show  how  the  one  answers  to  the  other. 


LESSON  17.J 


POLLEN. 


Under  the  microscope  it  is  found  to  consist  of  grains,  usually  round  or 
oval,  and  all  alike  in  the  same  species,  but  very  different  in  different 
plants.  So  that  the  plant  may  sometimes  be  recognized  from  the 
pollen  alone. 

298.  A  grain  of  pollen  is  made  up  of  two  coats ;  the  outer  coat 
thickish,  but  weak,  and  frequently  adorned  with  lines  or  bands,  01 
studded  with  points  ;  the  inner  coat  is  extremely  thin  and  delicate^ 
but  extensible,  and  its  cavity  is  filled  with  a  thickish  fluid,  oftenx 
rendered  turbid  by  an  immense  number  of  minute  grains  that  float 
in  it.     When  wet,  the  grains  absorb  the  water  and  swell  so  much 
that  many  kinds  soon  burst  and  discharge  their  contents. 

299.  Figures  241  -  250  represent  some  common  sorts  of  pollen, 
magnified  one  or  two  hundred  diameters,  viz. :  —  A  pollen-grain  of 
the  Musk  Plant,  spirally  grooved.     One  of  Sicyos,  or  One-seeded 
Cucumber,  beset  with  bristly  points  and  marked  by  smooth  bands. 
One  of  the  Wild  Balsam- Apple  (Echinocystis),  grooved  lengthwise. 
One  of  Hibiscus  or  Rose-Mallow,  studded  with  prickly  points.     One 
of  Succory,  many-sided,  and  dotted  with  fine  points.     A  grain  of  the 
curious  compound  pollen  of  Pine.     One  from  the  Lily,  smooth  and 
oval.     One  from  Enchanter's  Nightshade,  with  three  small  lobes  on 
the  angles.     Pollen  of  Kalmia,  composed  of  four  grains  united,  as  in 
all  the  Heath  family.     A  grain  from  an  Evening  Primrose,  with  a 
central  body  and  three  large  lobes.     The  figures  number  from  left 
to  right,  beginning  at  the  top. 


116  THE  PISTILS.  [LESSON  1& 

LESSON    XVIII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    PISTILS. 

300.  THE   PISTIL,  when   only  one,  occupies  the  centre  of  the 
flower ;  when  there  are  two  pistils,  they  stand  facing  each  other  in 
the  centre  of  the  flower ;  when  several,  they  commonly  form  a  ring 
or  circle ;  and  when  very  numerous,  they  are  generally  crowded  in 
rows  or  spiral  lines  on  the  surface  of  a  more  or  less  enlarged  or 
elongated  receptacle. 

301.  Their  number  in  a  blossom  is  sometimes  expressed,  in  Sys- 
tematic Botany,  by  terms  compounded  of  the  Greek  numerals  and 
the  Greek  word  used  to  signify  pistil,  in  the  following  way.    A  flower 
with  one  pistil  is  said  to  be  monogynous  ;  with  two,  digynous  ;  with 
three,  trigynous  ;  with  four,  tetragynous  ;  with  five,  pentagynous,  and 
so  on  ;  with  many  pistils,  polygynous, —  terms  which  are  explained 
in  the  Glossary,  but  which  there  is  no  need  to  commit  to  memory. 

302.  The  Parts  Of  a  Pistil,  as   already  explained   (234),  are  the 
jpvary,  the  Style,  and  the  Stigma.     The  ovary  is  one  essential  part  : 
»e  contains  the  rudiments  of  seeds,  called  Ovules.     The  stigma  at 
the  summit  is  also  essential :  it  receives  the  pollen,  which  fertilizes 
the  ovules  in  order  that  they  may  become  seeds.     But  the  style,  the 
tapering  or  slender  column  commonly  borne  on  the  summit  of  the 
ovary,  and  bearing  the  stigma  on  its  apex  or  its  side,  is  no  more  neces- 
sary to  a  pistil  than  the  filament  is  to  the  stamen.    Accordingly,  there 
is  no  style  in  many  pistils :  in  these  the  stigma  is  sessile,  that  is,  rests 
Jirectly  on  the  ovary.     The  stigma  is  very  various  in  shape  and 
appearance,  being  sometimes  a  little  knob  (as  in  the  Cherry,  Fig, 
213),  sometimes  a  small  point,  or  small  surface  of  bare,  moist  tissue 
(as  in  Fig.  254-256),  and  sometimes  a  longitudinal  crest  or  line 
(as  in  Fig.  252,  258,  267,  269),  and  also  exhibiting  many  other 
shapes. 

303.  The  pistil  exhibits  an  almost  infinite  variety  of  forms,  and 
many  complications.     To  understand   these,  it  is  needful  to  begin 
with  the  simple  kinds,  and  to  proceed  gradually  to  the  complex. 
And,  first  of  all,  the  student  should  get  a  clear  notion  of 

304.  The  Plan  or  Ideal  Structure  of  the  Pistil,  or,  in  other  words,  of 

the  way  in  which  a  simple  pistil  answers  to  a  leaf.     Pistils  are  either 


LESSON  18.]  SIMPLE    PISTILS.  117 

simple  or  compound.  A  simple  pistil  answers  tc  a  sin^K  itaf.  A 
compound  pistil  answers  to  two  or  more  leaves  combined,  just  as  a 
monopetalous  corolla  (263)  answers  to  two  or  more  petals,  or  leaves 
of  the  flower,  united  into  one  body.  In  theory,  accordingly, 

305.  The  Simple  Pistil,  OF  Carpel  (as  it  is  sometimes  called),  consists 
of  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  curved  until  the  margins  meet  and  unite,  form- 
ing in  this  way  a  closed  case  or  pod,  which  is  the  ovary.     So  that 
the  upper  face  of  the  altered  leaf  answers  to  the  inner  surface  of  the 
ovary,  and  the  lower,  to  its  outer  surface.    And  the  ovules  are  borne 
on  what  answers  to  the  united  edges  of  the  leaf.     The  tapering  sum- 
mit, rolled  together  and  prolonged,  forms  the  style,  when  there  is 
any  ;  and  the  edges  of  the  altered  leaf  turned  outwards,  either  at 
the  tip  or  along  the  inner  side  of  the  style,  form  the  stigma.     To 
make  this  perfectly  clear,  compare  a  leaf  folded  together  in  this  way 
(as  in  Fig.  251)  with  a  pistil  of  a 

Garden  Pasony,  or  Larkspur,  or  with 
that  in  Fig.  252  ;  or,  later  in  the 
season,  notice  how  these,  as  ripe  pods, 
split  down  along  the  line  formed  by 
the  united  edges,  and  open  out  again 
into  a  sort  of  leaf,  as  in  the  Marsh- 
Marigold  (Fig.  253).  In  the  Double- 
flowering  Cherry  the  pistil  occasion 
ally  is  found  changed  back  again  into 
a  small  green  leaf,  partly  folded,  much  as  in  Fig.  251. 

306.  Fig.  172  represents  a  simple  pistil  on  a  larger  scale,  the 
ovary  cut  through  to  show  how  the  ovules  (when  numerous)  are 
attached  to  what  answers  to  the  two  margins  of  the  leaf.      The 
Stonecrop  (Fig.  168)  has  five  such  pistils  in  a  circle,  each  with  the 
side  where  the  ovules  are  attached  turned  to  the  centre  of  the  flower. 

307  The  line  or  seam  down  the  inner  side,  which  answers  to  the 
united  edges  of  the  leaf,  and  bears  the  ovules,  is  called  the  ventral  or 
inner  Suture.  A  corresponding  line  down  the  back  of  the  ovary, 
and  which  answers  to  the  middle  of  the  leaf,  is  named  the  dorsal  or 
outer  Suture. 

308.  The  ventral  suture  inside,  where  it  projects  a  little  into  the 


FIG.  251.  A  leaf  rolled  up  inwards,  to  show  how  the  pistil  is  supposed  to  he  formed. 

FIG.  252.  Pistil  of  Isopyrum  biternatum  cut  across,  with  the  inner  suture  turned  towarda 
the  eye. 

FIG.  253.  Pod  or  ripe  pistil  of  the  Caltha,  or  Marsh-Marigold,  after  opening. 


118 


THE    PISTILS. 


[LESSON  18. 


cavity  of  the  ovary,  and  bears  the  ovules,  is  called  the  Placenta. 
Obviously  a  simple  pistil  can  have  but  one  placenta ;  but  this  is  in 
its  nature  double,  one  half  answering  to  each  margin  of  the  leaf. 
And  if  the  ovules  or  seeds  are  at  all  numerous,  they  will  be  found 
to  occupy  two  rows,  one  for  each  margin,  as  we  see  in  Fig.  252, 172, 
in  the  Marsh-Marigold,  in  a  Pea-pod,  and  the  like. 

309.  A  simple  pistil  obviously  can  have  but  one  cavity  or  cell; 
except  from  some  condition  out  of  the  natural  order  of  things.     But 
the  converse  does  not  hold  true :  all  pistils  of  a  single  cell  are  not 
simple.     Many  compound  pistils  are  one-celled. 

310.  A  simple  pistil  necessarily  has  but  one  style.     Its  stigma, 
however,  may  be  double,  like  the  placenta,  and  for  the  same  reason 
(305) ;  and  it  often  exhibits  two  lines  or  crests,  as  in  Fig.  252,  or  it 
may  even  be  split  into  two  lobes. 

311.  The  Compound  Pistil  consists  of  two,  three,  or  any  greater 

number  of  pistil-leaves, 
or  carpels  (305),  in  a 
circle,  united  into  one 
body,  at  least  by  their 
ovaries.  The  Culti- 
vated Flax,  for  exam- 
ple (Fig.  212),  has  a 
compound  pistil  com- 
posed of  five  simple 
ones  with  their  ovaries 
united,  while  the  five 
styles  are  separate. 
But  in.  one  of  our 
wild  species  of  Flax,  the  styles  are  united  into  one  also,  for  about 
half  their  length.  So  the  Common  St.  John's  wort  of  the  fields  has 
t  compound  ovary,  of  three  united  carpels,  but  the  three  styles  are 
separate  (Fig.  255),  while  some  of  our  wild,  shrubby  species  have  the 
styles  also  combined  into  one  (Fig.  256),  although  in  the  fruit  they 
often  split  into  three  again.  Even  the  ovaries  may  only  partially 
combine  with  each  other,  as  we  see  in  different  species  of  Saxifrage, 
some  having  their  two  pistils  nearly  separate,  while  in  others  they 
> 

FIG.  254.    Pistil  of  a  Saxifrage,  of  two  simple  carpels  or  pistil-leaves,  united  at  the  bas» 
Wily,  cut  across  both  above  and  below. 

FIG.  255.     Compound  pistil  of  common  St.  John's-wort,  cut  across:  styles  separate. 
FIG.  256.    The  same  of  shrubby  St.  John's-wort ;  the  three  styles  united  into  one- 


LESSON  18.]  COMPOUND    PISTILS.  119 

are  joined  at  the  base  only,  or  else  below  the  middle  (as  in  Fig. 
254),  and  in  some  they  are  united  quite  to  the  top. 

312.  Even  when  the  styles  are  all  consolidated  into  one,  the  stig- 
mas are  often  separate,  or  enough  so  to  show  by  the  number  of  their 
lobes  how  many  simple  pistils  are  combined  to  make  the  compound 
one.    In  the  common  Lily,  for  instance,  the  three  lobes  of  the  stigma, 
as  well  as  the  three  grooves  down  the  ovary,  plainly  tell  us  that  the 
pistil  is  made  of  three  combined.     But  in  the  Day-Lily  the  three 
lobes  of  the  stigma  are  barely  discernible  by  the  naked  eye,  and  in 
the  Spiderwort  ^Fig-  257)  they  are  as  perfectly  united  into 

one  as  the  ovaries  and  styles  are.  Here  the  number  of 
cells  in  the  ovary  alone  shows  that  the  pistil  is  compound. 
These  are  all  cases  of 

313.  Compound  Pistils  wiih  two  or  more  Cells,  namely,  with 

as  many  cells  as  there  are  simple  pistils,  or  carpels,  that 
have  united  to  compose  the  organ.  They  are  just  what 
would  be  formed  if  the  simple  pistils  (two,  three,  or  five 
in  a  circle,  as  the  case  may  be),  like  those  of  a  Paeony  or 
Stonecrop,  all  pressed  together  in  the  centre  of  the  flower, 
were  to  cohere  by  their  contiguous  parts. 

314.  As  each  simple  ovary  has  its  placenta,  or  seed- 
bearing  line   (308),  at  the  inner  angle,  so  the  resulting 
compound  ovary  has  as  many  axile  placentae  (that  is,  as       2S7 
many  placenta?  in  the  axis  or  centre)  as  there  are  pistil-leaves  in 
its  composition,  but  all  more  or  less  consolidated  into  one.     This  is 
shown  in  the  cross-sections,  Fig.  254-256,  &c. 

315.  The  partitions  (or  Dissepiments,  as   they  are    technically 
named)  of  a  compound  ovary  are  accordingly  part  of  the  walls  or 
the  sides  of  the  carpels  which  compose  it.    Of  course  they  are  double, 
one  layer  belonging  to  each  carpel ;  and  in  ripe  pods  they  often  split 

nto  the  two  layers. 

316.  We  have  described  only  one,  though  the  commonfistj  kind  of 
compound  pistil.     There  are  besides 

317.  One-CClled  Compound  Pistils,     These  are  of  two  sorts,  those  with 
axile,  and  those  with  parietal  placentae.     That  is,  first,  where  the 
ovules  or  seeds  are  borne  in  the  axis  or  centre  of  the  ovary,  and, 
secondly,  where  they  are  borne   on  its  walls.     The  first  of  these 
cases,  or  that 

FIG.  237.    Pistil  of  Spiderwort  (Tradescantia) :  the  three-celled  oyary  cut  across. 


120 


THE    PISTILS. 


[LESSON  18. 


318.  With  a  Free  Central  Placenta,  is  what  *r<   Snd  in  Purslane 

(Fig.  214),  and  in  most  Chickweeds  (Fig.  258,  259)  and  Pinks. 
The  difference  between  this  and  the  foregoing  case  is  only  that  the 
delicate  partitions  have  very  early  vanished  ;  and  traces  of  them 
may  often  be  detected.  Or  sometimes  this  is  a  variation 
of  the  mode 

319.  With  Parietal  Placenta?,  namely,  with  the  ovules 
and  seeds  borne  on  the  sides  or  wall  (parietes)  of  the 
ovary.  The  pistil  of  the  Prickly  Poppy,  Bloodroot, 
Violet,  Frost-weed  (Fig.  261),  Gooseberry,  and  of 
many  Hypericums,  are  of  this  sort.  To  understand  it 
perfectly,  we  have  only  to  imagine  two,  three,  or  any 
number  of  carpel-leaves  (like  that  of  Fig. 
251),  arranged  in  a  circle,  to  unite  by  their 
contiguous  edges,  and  so  form  one  ovary 
or  pod  (as  we  have  endeavored  to  show  in  Fig.  260) ; 
—  very  much  as  in  the  Stramonium  (Fig.  199)  the 
five  petals  unite  by  their  edges  to  compose  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla,  and  the  five  sepals  to  form  a  tubular 
calyx.  Here  each  carpel  is  an  open  leaf,  or  partly 
open,  bearing  ovules  along  its  margins ;  and  each 
placenta  consists  of  the  contiguous  margins  of  two 
pistil-leaves  grown  together. 

320.  All  degrees  occur  between  this  and  the  sev- 
eral-celled ovary  with  the  placentce  in  the  axis.  Com- 
pare, for  illustration,  the  common  St.  John's-worts,  Fig.  255  and  256, 
with  Fig.  262,  a  cross-section  of  the  ovary  of  a  different  species,  in 
which  the  three  large  placentae  meet  in  the  axis,  but 
scarcely  unite,  and  with  Fig.  263,  a  similar  section  of 
the  ripe  pod  of  the  same  plant,  showing  three  parietal 
placentas  borne  on  imperfect  partitions  projecting  a 
little  way  into  the  general  cell.  Fig.  261  is  the  same 
in  plan,  but  with  hardly  any  trace  of  partitions  ;  that 
is,  the  united  edges  of  the  leaves  only  slightly  project  into  the  cell. 

FIG.  258.  Pistil  of  a  Sandwort,  with  the  ovary  divided  lengthwise ;  and  259,  the  same 
divided  transversely,  to  show  the  free  central  placenta. 

FIG.  260.  Plan  of  a  one-celled  ovary  of  three  carpel-leaves,  with  parietal  placentae,  cut 
across  below,  where  it  is  complete  ;  the  upper  part  showing  the  top  of  the  three  leaves  it  is 
composed  of,  approaching,  but  not  united. 

FIG.  2CL  Cross-section  of  the  ovary  of  Frost-weed  (Heliantheimun),  with  three  parietal 
Vlacentse,,  bearing  ovules. 


LESSON  18.] 


OPEN   PISTILS. 


121 


321.  The  ovary,  especially  when  compound,  is  often  covered  by- 
and  united  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  as  has  already  been  explained 
(272).     We  describe   this  by  saying  either  "  ovary  adherent,"  or 
" calyx  adherent,"  &c.     Or  we  say  " ovary  inferior"  when  the  tube 
of  the  calyx  is  adherent  throughout  to 

the  surface  of  the  ovary,  so  that  its 
lobes,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  flower, 
appear  to  be  borne  on  its  summit,  as 
in  Fig.  215  and  Fig.  216;  or  "half- 
inferior?  as  in  the  Purslane  (Fig.  214), 
where  the  calyx  is  adherent  part  way  up  ;  or  "superior"  where  the 
calyx  and  the  ovary  are  not  combined,  as  in  the  Cherry  (Fig.  213) 
and  the  like,  that  is,  where  these  parts  are  free.  The  term  "  ovary 
superior,"  therefore,  means  just  the  same  as  "calyx  inferior";  and 
"  ovary  inferior,"  the  same  as  "  calyx  superior." 

322.  Open  or  Gymnospermons  Pistil,    This  is  what  we  have  in  the 

whole  Pine  family,  the  most  peculiar,  and  yet  the  simplest, 
of  all  pistils.  While  the  ordinary  simple  pistil  in  the  eye 
of  the  botanist  represents  a  leaf  rolled  together  into  a 
closed  pod  (305),  those  of  the  Pine,  Larch  (Fig.  264), 
Cedar,  and  Arbor- Vitae  (Fig.  265, 

266)  are  plainly  open  leaves,  in  the  form  of 

scales,  each  bearing  two  or  more  ovules  on  the 

inner  face,  next  the  base.     At  the  time  of 

blossoming,  these  pistil-leaves  of  the  young 

cone  diverge,  and  the  pollen,  so  abundantly 

shed  from  the  staminate  blossoms,  falls  di- 
rectly upon  the  exposed  ovules.  Afterwards 

the  scales  close  over  each  other  until  the 

seeds  are  ripe.     Then  they  separate  again, 

that  the  seeds  may  be  shed.     As  their  ovules  and  seeds  are  not 

enclosed  in  a  pod,  all  such  plants  are  said  to  be  Gymnospermous, 

that  is,  naked-seeded. 

FIG.  262.  Cross-section  of  the  ovary  of  Hypericum  graveolens.  2G3.  Similar  section  of 
the  ripe  pod  of  the  same. 

FIG.  264.  A  pistil,  that  is,  a  scale  of  the  cone,  of  a  Larch,  at  the  time  of  flowering  > 
inside  view,  showing  its  pair  of  naked  ovules. 

FIG.  265.  Branchlet  of  the  American  Arbor- Vitse,  considerably  larger  than  in  nature, 
terminated  by  its  pistillate  flowers,  each  consisting  of  a  single  scale  (an  open  pistil),  together 
forming  a  small  cone. 

FIG.  266.    One  of  the  scales  or  pistils  of  the  last,  removed  and  more  enlarged,  the  Lia:d« 
exposed  to  view,  showing  a  pair  of  ovules  on  its  base. 
11 


122  THE  PISTILS.  [LESSON  18: 

323.  Ovules  (234).     These  are  the  bodies  which  are  to  become 
seeds.     They  are  either  sessile,  that  is,  stalkless,  or  else  borne  on  a 
stalk,  called  the  Funiculus.    They  may  be  produced  along  the  whole 
length  of  the  cell,  or  only  at  some  part  of  it,  generally  either  at  the 
top  or  the  bottom.     In  the  former  case  they  are  apt  to  be  numerous ; 
in  the  latter,  they  may  be  few  or  single  (solitary,  Fig.  267  -  269). 
As  to  their  direction,  ovules  are  said  to  be 

Horizontal,  when   they  are  neither  turned  upwards  nor  down- 
wards, as  in  Fig.  252,  261 ; 

Ascending,  when  rising  obliquely  upwards,  usually  from  the  side 
of  the  cell,  not  from  its  very  base,  as  in  the  Buttercup  (Fig.  267), 

and  the  Purslane  (Fig.  214)  ; 

Erect,  when  rising  upright  from 
the  base  of  the  cell,  as  in  the  Buck- 
wheat (Fig.  268) ; 

Pendulous,  when    hanging  from 
towards   the  top,  as  in    the    Flax 
(Fig.  212);  and 
Suspended,  when   hanging  perpendicularly  from  the  very  sum- 
mit of  the  cell,  as  in  the  Anemone  (Fig.  269),  Dogwood,  &c.     All 
these  terms  equally  apply  to  seeds. 

324.  An  ovule  consists  of  a  pulpy  mass  of  tissue,  the  Nucleus  or 
kernel,  and  usually  of  one  or  two  coats.     In  the  nucleus  the  embryo 
is  formed,  and  the  coats  become  the  skin  or  coverings  of  the  seed. 
There  is  a  hole  (  Orifice  or  Foramen)  through  the  coats,  at  the  place 
which  answers  to  the  apex  of  the  ovule.     The  part  by  which  the 
ovule  is  attached  is  its  base ;  the  point  of  attachment,  where  the  ripe 
seed  breaks  away  and  leaves  a  scar,  is  named  the  Hilum.     The 
place  where  the  coats  blend,  and  cohere  with  each  other  and  with  the 
nucleus,  is  named  the  C/ialaza.     We  will  point  out  these  parts  in 
illustrating  the  four  principal  kinds  of  ovule.     These  are  not  difficult 
to  understand,  although  ovules  are  usually  so  small  that  a  good  mdg- 
nifying-glass  is  needed  for  their  examination.    Moreover,  their  names, 
all  taken  from  the  Greek,  are  unfortunately  rather  formidable. 

325.  The  simplest  sort,  although  the   least  common,  is  what  is 
called  the 

Orthotropous,  or  straight  ovule.     The  Buckwheat  affords  a  good 

FIG.  267.     Section  of  the  ovary  of  a  Buttercup,  lengthwise,  showing  its  ascending  ovule. 
(TIG.  2C8.     Section  of  the  ovary  of  Buckwheat,  showing  the  erect  ovule. 
FIG.  269.    Section  of  tb*  ovary  of  Anemone,  showing  its  suspended  ovule 


LESSON  18.]  OVULES.  123 

instance  of  it :  it  is  shown  in  its  place  in  the  ovary  in  Fig.  268, 
also  detached  in  Fig.  270,  and  a  much  more  magnified  diagram  of  it 
in  Fig.  274.  In  this  kind,  the  orifice  (/)  is  at  the  top,  the  chalaza 
and  the  hilum  (c)  are  blended  at  the  base  or  point  of  attachment, 
which  is  at  the  opposite  end ;  and  the  axis  of  the  ovule  is  straight, 


If  such  an  ovule  were  to  grow  on  one  side  more  than  on  the  other 
and  double  up,  or  have  its  top  pushed  round  as  it  enlarges,  it  would 
become  a 

Campylotropous  or  curved  ovule,  as  in  Cress  and  Chickweed  (Fig. 
271).  Here  the  base  remains  as  in  the  straight  kind,  but  its  apex 
with  the  orifice  is  brought  round  close  to  it.  —  Much  the  most  com- 
mon form  of  all  is  the 

Anatropous  or  inverted  ovule.  This  is  shown  in  Fig.  267,  and 
273  ;  also  a  much  enlarged  section  lengthwise,  or  diagram,  in  Fig. 
275.  To  understand  it,  we  have  only  to  suppose  the  first  sort  (Fig. 
270)  to  be  inverted  on  its  stalk,  or  rather  to  have  its  stalk  bent 
round,  applied  to  one  side  of  the  ovule  lengthwise,  and  to  grow  fast 
to  the  coat  down  to  near  the  orifice  (f)  ;  the  hilum,  therefore,  where 
the  seed-stalk  is  to  break  away  (A),  is  close  to  the  orifice ;  but  the 
chalaza  (c)  is  here  at  the  top  of  the  ovule ;  between  it  and  the  hilum 
runs  a  ridge  or  cord,  called  the  Rhaphe  (r),  which  is  simply  that  part 
of  the  stalk  which,  as  the  ovule  grew  and  turned  over,  adhered  to  its 
surface.  —  Lastly,  the 

Amphitropous  or  half-anatropous  ovule  (Fig.  272)  differs  from 
the  last  only  in  having  a  shorter  rhaphe,  ending  about  half-way 
between  the  chalaza  and  the  orifice.  So  the  hilum  or  attachment  is 
not  far  from  the  middle  of  one  side,  while  the  chalaza  is  at  one  end 
and  the  orifice  at  the  other. 

326.  The  internal  structure  of  the  ovule  is  sufficiently  displayed 
in  the  subjoined  diagrams,  representing  a  longitudinal  slice  of  two 

FIG.  270.  Orthotropous  ovule  of  Buckwheat:  c,  hilum  and  chalaza  ;  /,  orifice. 

FIG.  271.  Campylotropous  ovule  of  a  Chickweed  :  c,  hilum  arid  chalaza  ;  /,  orifice. 

FIG    272.  Amphitropous  ovule  of  Mallow  :  /,  orifice  ;  A,  hilum  ;  r,  rhaphe  ;  c,  chalaza. 

FIG.  273.  Anatropous  ovule  of  a  Violet ;  the  parts  lettered  as  in  the  last. 


124 


THE    RECEPTACLE. 


[LESSON  19. 


ovules  ;  Fig.  274,  an  orthotropous,  Fig.  275,  an  anatropous  ovule. 
The  letters  correspond  in  the  two  ;  c,  the  chalaza ;  f,  the  orifice ; 
r,  rhaphe  (of  which  there  is  of  course  none  in  Fig.  274) ;  p,  the 
outer  coat,  called  primine  ;  s,  inner  coat,  called  secundine  ;  n,  nu- 
cleus or  kernel. 


LESSON   XJX. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    RECEPTACLE. 

327.  THE  RECEPTACLE  (also  called  the  Torus)  is  the  axis,  or 
stem,  which  the  leaves  and  other  parts  of  the  blossom  are  attached 
to  (231).     It  is  commonly  small  and  short  (as  in  Fig.  169)  ;  but  it 
sometimes  occurs  in  more  conspicuous  and  remarkable  forms. 

328.  Occasionally  it  is  elongated,  as  in  some  plants  of  the  Caper 
family  (Fig.  276),  making  the  flower  really  look  like  a  branch,  hav- 
ing its  circles  of  leaves,  stamens,  &c.,  separated  by  long  spaces  or 
internodes. 

329.  The  Wild  Geranium  or  Cranesbill  has  the  receptacle  pro- 
longed above  and  between  the  insertion  of  the  pistils,  in  the  form 
of  a  slender  beak.      In  the  blossom,  and  until  the  fruit  is  ripe,  it 
is  concealed  by  the  five  pistils  united  around  it,  and  their  flat  styles 
covering  its  whole  surface  (Fig.  277).     But  at  maturity,  the  five 
small  and  one-seeded  fruits  separate,  and  so  do  their  styles,  from  the 
beak,  and  hang  suspended  from  the  summit.     They  split  off  elasti- 


LESSON  19.] 


THE    RECEPTACLE. 


125 


cally  from  the  receptacle,  curving  upwards  with  a  sudden  jerk,  which 
scatters  the  seed,  often  throwing  it  to  a  considerable  distance. 

330.  When  a  flower 
bears  a  great  many  pis- 
tils, its  receptacle  is  gen- 
erally enlarged  so  as  to 
give  them  room ;  some- 
times becoming  broad 
and  flat,  as  in  the  Flow- 
ering Raspberry,  some- 
times elongated,  as  in 
the  Blackberry,  the  Mag- 
nolia, &c.  It  is  the  re- 
ceptacle in  the  Straw- 
berry (Fig.  279),  much 

enlarged  and  pulpy  when  ripe,  which  forms  the  eatable  part  of  the 
fruit,  and  bears  the  small  seed-like  pistils  on  itS 
surface.  In  the  Rose  (Fig.  280),  instead  of  being 
convex  or  conical,  the  receptacle  is  deeply  con' 
cave,  or  urn-shaped.  Indeed,  a  Rose-hip  may  bd 
likened  to  a  strawberry  turned  inside  out,  like 
the  finger  of  a  glove  reversed,  and  the  whole 
covered  by  the  adherent  tube  of  the  calyx,  which 
remains  beneath  in  the  strawberry. 

331.  A  Disk  is  a  part  of  the  re- 
ceptacle, or  a  growth  from  it,  en- 
larged under  or  around  the  pistil. 
It  is  hypogynous  (269),  when  free 
from  all  union  either  with  the  pistil 
or  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Rue  and  the 
Orange  (Fig.  281).  It  is  perigy- 
nous  (270),  when  it  adheres  to  the 
base  of  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Bladder-nut  and  Buckthorn  (Fig.  282, 

FIG.  276.  Flower  of  Gynandropsis  ,  the  receptacle  enlarged  and  flattened  where  it  bears 
the  sepals  and  petals,  then  elongated  into  a  slender  stalk,  bearing  the  stamens  (in  appearance, 
but  they  are  monadelphous)  above  its  middle,  and  a  compound  ovary  on  its  summit. 

FIG.  277.     Young  fruit  of  the  common  Wild  Cranesbill. 

FIG.  278.  The  same,  ripe,  with  the  five  pistils  splitting  away  from  the  long  beak  or  recep. 
tacle,  and  hanging  from  its  top  by  their  styles. 

FTG.  279.    Longitudinal  section  of  a  young  strawberry,  enlarged. 

FIG.  280.     Similar  section  of  a  young  Rose-hip. 

FIG.  281.    Pistil  of  the  Orange,  with  a  large  hypogynous  disk  at  its  base. 
11* 


126  THE  FRUIT.  [LESSON  20. 

283).  Often  it  adheres  both  to  the  calyx  and  to  the  ovary,  as  in 
New  Jersey  Tea,  the  Apple,  &c.,  consolidating  the  whole  together. 
In  such  cases  it  is  sometimes  carried  up  and  expanded  on  the  top  of 

the  ovary,  as  in  the  Parsley  and 
the  Ginseng  families,  when  it  is 
said  to  be  epigynous  (273). 

332.  In  Nelumbium, —  a  large 
Water-Lily,  abounding  in  the  wa- 
ters of  our  Western  States,  —  the 
singular  and  greatly  enlarged  receptacle  is  shaped  like  a  top,  and 
bears  the  small  pistils  immersed  in  separate  cavities  of  its  flat  upper 
surface  (Fig.  284). 


LESSON   XX. 

THE    FRUIT. 

333  THE  ripened  ovary,  with  its  contents,  becomes  the  Fruit. 
When  the  tube  of  the  calyx  adheres  to  the  ovary,  it  also  becomes 
\  part  of  the  fruit :  sometimes  it  even  forms  the  principal  bulk  of  it, 
as  in  the  apple  and  pear. 

334.  Some  fruits,  as  they  are  commonly  called,  are  not  fruits  at 
all  in  the  strict  botanical  sense.  A  strawberry,  for  example  (as 
we  have  just  seen,  330,  Fig.  282),  although  one  of  the  choicest  fruits 
in  the  common  acceptation,  is  only  an  enlarged  and  pulpy  receptacle, 
bearing  the  real  fruits  (that  is,  the  ripened  pistils)  scattered  over  its 

FIG.  282.    Flower  of  a  Buckthorn,  with  a  large  perigynous  disk.    283.  The  same,  divided. 
PIG.  284.     Receptacle  of  Nelumbium,  in  fruit. 


LESSON  20.]  ITS   KINDS.  127 

surface,  and  too  small  to  be  much  noticed.  And  mulberries,  figs, 
and  pine-apples  are  masses  of  many  fruits  with  a  pulpy  flower-stalk, 
&c.  Passing  these  by  for  the  present,  let  us  now  consider  only 

335.  Simple  Fruits.    These  are  such  as  are  formed  by  the  ripening 
of  a  single  pistil,  whether  simple  (305)  or  compound  (311). 

336.  A  simple  fruit  consists,  then,  of  the  Seed-vessel  (technically 
called  the  Pericarp},  or  the  walls  of  the  ovary  matured,  and  the  seeds^ 
contained  in  it.     Its  structure  is  generally  the  same  as  that  of  tha 
ovary,  but  not  always ;  because  certain  changes  may  take  place  after 
flowering.    The  commonest  change  is  the  obliteration  in  the  growing 
fruit  of  some  parts  which  existed  in  the  pistil  at  the  time  of  flowering. 
The  ovary  of  a  Horsechestnut,  for  instance,  has  three  cells  and  two 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  but  the  fruit  never  has  more  than  three  seeds, 
and  rarely  more  than  one  or  two,  and  only  as  many  cells.     Yet  the 
vestiges  of  the  seeds  that  have  not  matured,  and  of  the  wanting  cells 
of  the  pod,  may  always  be  detected  in  the  ripe  fruit.     This  oblitera- 
tion is  more  complete  in  the  Oak  and  Chestnut.     The  ovary  of  the 
first  likewise  has  three  cells,  that  of  the  second  six  or  seven  cells, 
each  with  two  ovules  hanging  from  the  summit.     We  might  there- 
fore expect  the  acorn  and  the  chestnut  to  have  as  many  cells,  and 
two  seeds  in  each  cell.     Whereas,  in  fact,  all  the  cells  and  all  the 
ovules  but  one  are  uniformly  obliterated  in  the  forming  fruit,  which 
thus  becomes  one-celled  and  one-seeded,  and  rarely  can  any  vestige 
be  found  of  the  missing  parts. 

337.  On  the  other  hand,  a  one-celled  ovary  sometimes  becomes 
several-celled  in  the  fruit  by  the  formation  of  false  partitions,  com- 
monly by  cross-partitions,  as  in  the  jointed  pod  of  the  Sea-Rocket 
and  the  Tick-Trefoil  (Fig.  304). 

338.  Their  Kinds.     In  defining  the  principal  kinds  of  simple  fruits 
which  have  particular  names,  we  may  classify  them,  in  the  first  place9 
into,  —  1.  Fleshy  Fruits;   2.   Stone  Fruits-,    and  3.   Dry  Fruits. 
The  first  and  second  are  of  course  indehiscent ;  that  is,  they  do  not 
split  open  when  ripe  to  discharge  the  seeds. 

339.  In  fleshy  fruits  the  whole  pericarp,  or  wall  of  the  ovary, 
thickens  and  becomes  soft  (fleshy,  juicy,  or  pulpy)  as  it  ripens.     Of 
this  the  leading  kind  is 

340.  The  Berry,  such  as  the  gooseberry  and  currant,  the  blueberry 
and  cranberry,  the  tomato,  and  the  grape.     Here  the  whole  flesh  is 
equally  soft  throughout.      The  orange  is  merely  a  berry  with  '4 
leathery  rind. 


128  THE  FRUIT.  [LESSON  20. 

341.  The  Pepo,  or  Gourd-fruit,  is  the  sort  of  berry  which  belongs 
to  the  Gourd  family,  mostly  with  a  hard  rind  and  the  inner  portion 
softer.     The  pumpkin,  squash,  cucumber,  and  melon  are  the  prin- 
cipal examples. 

342.  The  Pome  is  a  name  applied  to  the  apple,  pear,  and  quince ; 
fleshy  fruits  like  a  berry,  but  the  principal  thickness  is  calyx,  only 
the  papery  pods  arranged  like  a  star  in  the  core  really  belonging  to 
the  pistil  itself  (333). 

343.  Secondly,  as  to  fruits  which  are  partly  fleshy  and  partly  hard, 
one  of  the  most  familiar  kinds  is 

344.  The  Drupe,  or  Stone-fruit ;  of  which  the  cherry,  plum,  and 

peach  (Fig.  285)  are  familiar  examples.  In 
this  the  outer  part  of  the  thickness  of  the 
pericarp  becomes  fleshy,  or  softens,  like  a 
berry,  while  the  inner  hardens,  like  a  nut. 
From  the  way  in  which  the  pistil  is  con- 
structed (305),  it  is  evident  that  the  fleshy 
part  here  answers  to  the  lower,  and  the  stone 
to  the  upper,  side  of  the  leaf;  —  a  leaf  always 

consisting  of  two  layers  of  green  pulp,  an  upper  and  an  under  layer, 

which  are  considerably  different  (439). 

345.  Whenever  the  walls  of  a  fruit  are  separable  into  two  layers, 
the  outer  layer  is  called  the  Exocarp,  the  inner,  the  Endocarp  (from 
Greek  words  meaning  "outside  fruit"  and  "  inside  fruit'').     But  in 
a  drupe  the  outer  portion,  being  fleshy,  is  likewise  called  Sarcocarp 
(which  means  "fleshy  fruit"),  and  the  inner,  the  Putamen  or  stone. 
The  stone  of  a  peach,  and  the  like,  it  will  be  perceived,  belongs  to 
the  fruit,  not  to  the  seed.     When  the  walls  are  separable  into  three 
layers,  the  o.uter  layer  is  named  either  exocarp  or  Epicarp  ;  the 
middle  one  is  called  the  Mesocarp  (i.  e.  middle  fruit) ;  and  the  inner- 
most, as  before,  the  Endocarp. 

346.  Thirdly,  in  dry  fruits  the  seed-vessel  remains  herbaceous  in 
texture,  or  becomes  thin  and  membranaceous,  or  else  it  hardens 
throughout.      Some  forms   remain  closed,  that  is,  are   indehiscent 
(338)  ;  others  are  dehiscent,  that  is,  split  open  at  maturity  in  some 
regular  way.     Of  indehiscent  or  closed  dry  fruits  the  principal  kinds 
are  the  following. 

347.  The  AcheniUffl,  or  Ahem,  is  a  small,  one-seeded,  dry,  indehis- 

FIG.  285.     Longitudinal  section  of  a  peach,  showing  the  flesh,  the  stone,  and  the  seed 


LESSON  23.J 


ITS    KINDS. 


129 


cent  frnit,  such  as  is  popularly  taken  for  a  naked  seed :  but  it  is 
plainly  a  ripened  ovary,  and  shows  the  re- 
mains of  its  style  or  stigma,  or  the  place 
ass  from    which    it    has 

fallen.  Of  this  sort 
»re  the  fruits  of  the 
Buttercup  (Fig.  286, 

287),  the  Cinque-foil,  &.nd  the  Strawberry  (Fig. 
279,  288) ;    that  is,  the  real  fruits,  botanically 
speaking,  of  the  latter,  which  are  taken  for  seeds, 
not  the  large  juicy  receptacle  on  the  surface  of 
which  they  rest  (330).     Here  the  akenes  are 
simple  pistils  (305),  very  numerous  in  the  same 
flower,  and  forming  a  head  of  such  fruits.     In 
the  Nettle,  Hemp,  &c.,  there  is  only  one  pistil  to 
each  blossom, 

348.  In  the  raspberry  and  blackberry,  each  grain 
is  a  similar  pistil,  like  that  of  the  strawberry  in  the 
flower,  but  ripening  into  a  miniature  stone-fruit,  or 
drupe.      So   that   in    the   strawberry   we    eat    the 
receptacle,  or  end  of  the  flower-stalk;  in  the  rasp- 
berry, a  cluster  of  stone-fruits,  like  cherries  on  a 
very  small  scale ;  and  in  the  blackberry,  both  a  juicy 
receptacle  and  a  cluster  of  btone-fruits  covering  it 
(Fig.  289,  290). 

349.  The  fruit  of  the  Composite  family  is  also 
an  achenium.     Here  the  surface  of  the  ovary  is 
covered  by  an   adherent  calyx-tube,  as  is  evident 
from  the  position  of  the  corolla,  apparently  standing 
on  its  summit  (321,  md  Fig.  220,  a).    Sometimes  the 
limb  or  divisions  of  the  calyx  are  entirely  wanting, 

as  in  Mayweed  (Fig.  291)  and  White.weed.  Sometimes  the  limb 
of  the  calyx  forms  a  crown  or  cup  on  the  top  of  the  achenium,  as  in 
Succory  (Fig.  292)  ;  in  Coreopsis,  it  often  takes  the  form  of  two 
blunt  teeth  or  scales  ;  in  the  Sunflower  (Fig.  293),  it  consists  of  two 

FIG.  286.     Achenium  of  Buttercup.    287.  Same,  cut  through,  to  show  the  seed  within. 

FIG.  288.     Slice  of  a  part  of  a  ripe  strawberry,  enlarged  ;  some  of  the  achenia  shown  cut 
through. 

FIG.  289.    Slice  of  a  part  of  a  blackberry.    290    One  of  the  grains  or  drupes  divided,  mow 
enlarged ;  showing  the  flesh,  the  stone,  and  the  seed,  as  in  Fig.  285. 
S&F— 7 


130 


THE   FRUIT. 


[LESSON  2(X 


thin  scales  which  fall  off  at  the  touch  ;  in  the  Sneezeweed,  of  about 
five  very  thin  scales,  which  look  more  like  a  calyx  (Fig.  204)  ;  and 
in  the  Thistle,  Aster,  Sow-Thistle  (Fig.  295),  and  hundreds  of  others, 
it  is  cut  up  into  a  tuft  of  fine  bristles  or  hairs.  This  is  called  the 
Pappus  ;  —  a  name  which  properly  means  the  down  like  that  of  the 
Thistle ;  but  it  is  applied  to  all  these  forms, 
and  to  every  other  under  which  the  limb  of  the 
calyx  of  the  "  compound  flowers  "  appears.  In 
Lettuce,  Dandelion  (Fig.  296),  and  the  like, 
the  achenium  as  it  matures  tapers  upwards 
into  a  slender  beak,  like  a  stalk  to  the  pappus. 


350.  A  Utricle  is  the  same  as  an  achenium,  but  witk  a  thin  and 
bladdery  loose  pericarp  ;  like  that  of  the  Goosefoot  or  Pigweed 
(Fig.  297).  When  ripe  it  bursts  open  irregularly  to 
discharge  the  seed  ;  or  sometimes  it  opens  by  a  circular 
line  all  round,  the  upper  part  falling  off  like-  a  lid  ;  as  in 
the  Amaranth  (Fig.  298). 

351.  A  Caryopsis,  OF  Grain,  differs  from  the  last  only 
in  the  seed  adhering  to  the  thin   pericarp 
throughout,  so  that  fruit  and  seed  are  in- 
corporated into  one  body;  as  in  wheat,  In- 
dian corn,  and  other  kinds  of  grain. 

352.  A  Nut  is  a  dry  and  indehiscent  fruit, 
commonly  one-celled  and  one-seedci,  with  a  hard,  crus- 
taceous,  or  bony  wall,  such  as  tne  cocoanut,  hazelnut, 
chestnut,  and  the  acorn  (Fig.  21,  299).      Here   the 
involucre,  in  the  form  of  a  cup  at  the  base,  is  called  the  Cupule.     I» 
the  Chestnut  it  forms  the  bur ;  in  the  Hazel,  a  leafy  husk. 

PIG.  091.  Achenium  of  Mayweed  (no  pappus).  292.  That  of  Succory  (its  pappus  a  shal 
low  cup).  293.  Of  Sunflower  (pappus  of  two  deciduous  scales).  294.  Of  Sneezeweed  (Hele' 
nium),  with  its  pappus  of  five  scales.  295.  Of  Sow-Thistle,  With  its  pappus  of  delicate  downj 
hair?.  29fi.  Of  the  Dandelion,  its  pappus  raised  on  a  long  beak. 

IG.  297.     Utricle  of  the  common  Pigweed  (Chenopodium  album). 

PIG.  298.     Utricle  (pyxis)  of  Amaranth,  opening  all  round  (circumcisniU,, 

PIG.  209.     Nut  (acorn)  of  the  Oak,  with  its  cup  (or  cupule). 


LESSON  20.] 


ITS    KINDS. 


131 


353.  A  Samara,  or  Key-fruit,  is  either  a  nut  or  an  achenium,  or  any 
other  indehiscent  fruit,  furnished  with  a  wing,  like  that  of  the  Mapls 
(Fig.  1),  Ash  (Fig.  300),  and  Elm  (Fig.  301). 

354.  The  Capsule,  or  Pod,  is  the  general  name  for  dry  seed-vessels 
which  split  or  burst  open  at  maturity. 

But  several  sorts  of  pod  are  distin- 
guished by  particular  names.  Two  of 
them  belong  to  simple  pistils,  namely, 
the  Follicle  and  the  Legume. 

355.  The  Follicle  is  a  fruit  of  a  simple 
pistil  opening  along   the  inner  suture 
(307).     The  pods  of  the  Paeony,  Col- 
umbine,    Larkspur,     Marsh-Marigold 
(Fig.  302),  and  Milkweed  are  of  this 
kind.     The  seam  along  which 

the  follicle  opens  answers  to 
the  edges  of  the  pistil-leaf 
(Fig.  251,  253). 

356.  The  Legume  or  true 

Pod,  like  the  Pea-pod  (Fig.  302 
303),  is  similar  to  the  follicle,  only  it  opens  by  the  outer  as  well  as 
the  inner  or  ventral  suture  (307),  that  is,  by  what  answers  to  the 
midrib  as  well  as  by  what  answers  to  the  united  margins  of  the  leaf. 
It  splits  therefore  into  two  pieces,  which  are  called  valves.  The  le- 
gume belongs  to  plants  of  the  Pulse  family,  which  are  accordingly 
termed  Leguminosa,  that  is,  leguminous  plants.  So  the  fruits  of  this 
family  keep  the  name  of  legume,  whatever  their  form,  and  whether 
they  open  or  not.  A  legume  divided  across  into  one-seeded  joints, 
which  separate  when  ripe,  as  in  Tick-Trefoil  (Fig.  304),  is  named  a 
Lament. 

357.  The  true  Capsule  is  the  pod  of  a  compound  pistil.     Like  the 
ovary  it  resulted  from,  it  may  be  one-celled,  or  it  may  have  as  many 
cells  as  there  are  carpels  in  its  composition.     It  may  discharge  its 
seeds  through  chinks  or  pores,  as  in  the  Poppy,  or  burst  irregularly 
in  some  part,  as  in  Lobelia  and  the  Snapdragon  ;  but  commonly  it 
splits  open  (or  is  dehiscent)  lengthwise  into  regular  pieces,  called 
valves. 

FIG.  300.  Samara  or  key  of  the  White  Ash.    301.  Samara  of  the  American  Elm 

FIG.  30a  Follicle  of  Marsh-Marigold  (Caltha  palustris). 

'FIG.  303.  Legume  of  a  Sweet  Pea,  opened. 

FIG   304.  Loment  or  jointed  legume  of  Tick-Trefoil  (Desino(7iuin,J. 


132 


THE    FRUIT. 


[LESSON  20. 


358.  Dehiscence  of  a  pod  resulting  from  a  compound  pistil,  when 
regular,  takes  place  in  one  of  two  principal  ways,  which  are  best 

shown  in  pods  of  two  or  three  cells.  Either  the  pod 
splits  open  down  the  middle  of  the  back  of  each  cell, 
when  the  dehiscence  is  loculicidal,  as  in  Fig.  305  ;  or 
it  splits  through  the  partitions,  after  which  each  cell 
generally  opens  at  its  inner  angle,  when  it 
is  septicidal,  as  in  Fig.  306.  These  names 
are  of  Latin  derivation,  the  first  meaning 
"cutting  into  the  cells";  the  second,  "cut- 
ting through  the  partitions."  Of  the  first 
sort,  the  Lily  and  Iris  (Fig.  305)  are  good 
examples  ;  of  the  second,  the  Rhododen- 
dron, Azalea,  and  St.  John's-wort.  From 
the  structure  of  the  pistil  (305-311)  the 
student  will  readily  see,  that  the  line  down 
the  back  of  each  cell  answers  to  the  dorsal  suture  of  the  carpel ;  so 
that  the  pod  opens  by  this  when  loculicidal,  while  it  separates  into 
its  component  carpels,  which  open  as  follicles,  when  septicidal. 
Some  pods  open  both  ways,  and  so  split  into  twice  as  many  valves 
as  the  carpels  of  which  they  are  formed. 

359.  In  loculicidal  dehiscence  the  valves  naturally  bear  the  par- 
titions on  their  middle ;  in  the  septicidal,  half  the  thickness  of  a 
partition  is  borne  on  the  margin  of  each  valve.     See  the  diagrams, 
Fig.  307  —  309.     A  variation  of  either  mode  sometimes  occurs,  as 


shown  in  the  diagram,  Fig.  309,  where  the  valves  break  away  from 
the  partitions.  This  is  called  septifragal  dehiscence  ;  and  may  be 
seen  in  the  Morning- Glory. 

360.  Three  remaining  sorts  of  pods  are  distinguished  by  proper 
names,  viz. :  — 

FIG.  305.     Capsule  of  Iris  (\rith  loculicidal  dehiscence),  below  cut  across. 

FIG.  306.     Pod  of  a  Marsh  St.  John's-wort,  with  septicidal  dehiscence.  ^ 

FIG.  307.     Diagram  of  septicidal  j  308,  of  loculicidal ;  and  308,  of  septifragal  dehiscenc*. 


LESSON  20.] 


MULTIPLE    FRUITS. 


133 


361.  The  Siliujie  (Fig.  310),  the  peculiar  pod  of  the  Mustard  fam- 
ily ;  which  is  two-celled  by  a  false  partition  stretched  across  between 
two  parietal  placenta.     It  generally  opens  by  two  valves 

from  below  upwards,  and  the  placentae  with  the  partition 
are  left  behind  when  the  valves  fall  off. 

362.  A  Silide  or  Pouch  is  only  a  short  and  broad  silique, 
like  that  of  the  Shepherd's  Purse,  of  the  Candy-tuft,  &c. 

363.  The  Pyxis  is  a  pod  which  opens  by  a  circular  hori- 

zontal line,  the  upper  part  forming  a  lid,  as 
in  Purslane  (Fig.  311),  the  Plantain,  Hen- 
bane, &c.     In  these  the  dehiscence  extends 
all  round,  or  is  circumcissile.     So  it  does 
in  Fig.  298,  which  represents  a  sort  of  one-      31° 
seeded  pyxis.     In  JefFersonia  or  Twin-leaf,  the  line 
does  not  separate  quite  round,  but  leaves  a  portion 
to  form  a  hinge  to  the  lid. 

364.  Multiple  OF  Collective   Fruits  (334)   are,  properly  speaking, 
masses  of  fruits,  resulting  from  several  or  many  blossoms,  aggre- 
gated into  one  body.     The  pine-apple,  mulberry,  Osage-orange,  and 
the  fig,  are  fruits  of  this  kind.     This  latter  is  a  peculiar  form,  how- 
ever, being  to  a  mulberry  nearly  what  a  Rose-hip  is  to  a  strawberry 
(Fig.  279,  280),  namely,  with  a  hollow  receptacle  bearing  the  flowers 
concealed  inside  ;  and  the  whole  eatable  part  is  this  pulpy  common 
receptacle,  or  hollow  thickened  flower-stalk. 

365.  A  Strobile,  or  Cone  (Fig.  314),  is  the  pe- 
culiar multiple  fruit  of  Pines,  Cypresses,  and 
the  like ;    hence   named   Goniferce,  viz.  cone- 
bearing  plants.    As  already  shown  (322),  these 
cones  are  made  of  open  pistils,  mostly  in  the 
form  of  flat   scales,   regularly  overlying   each 

other,  and  pressed  together  in  a  spike  or  head.  sl*  31S 

Each  scale  bears  one  or  two  naked  seeds  on  its  inner  face.  When 
the  cone  is  ripe  and  dry,  the  scales  turn  back  or  diverge,  and  the 
seed  peels  off  and  falls,  generally  carrying  with  it  a  wing,  which  was 
a  part  of  the  lining  of  the  scale,  and  which  facilitates  the  dispersion 
of  the  seeds  by  the  wind  (Fig.  312,  313).  In  Arbor- Vita3,  the  scales 

FIG.  310.     Silique  of  Spring  Cress  (Cardamine  rhomboidea),  opening. 
FIG.  311.     The  pyxis,  or  pod,  of  the  common  Purslane 

FIG.  312.    Inside  view  of  a  scale  from  the  cone  of  Pitch-Pine  ;  with  one  of  the  seeda 
(Fig.  313)  detached  ;  the  other  in  its  place  on  the  scale. 

12 


134 


THE    SEED. 


[LESSON  21. 


of  the  small  cone  are  few,  and  not  very  unlike  the  leaves  (Fig.  265). 
In  Cypress  they  are  very  thick  at  the  top  and  narrow  at  the  base,  so 
as  to  make  a  peculiar  sort  of  closed  cone.  In  Juniper  and  Red  Ce- 
dar, the  few  scales  of  the  very  small  cone  become  fleshy,  and  ripen 
into  a  fruit  which  might  be  taken  for  a  berry. 


LESSON   XXI. 


THE    SEED. 


366.  THE  ovules  (323),  when  they  have  an  embryo  (or  unde- 
veloped plantlet,  16)  formed  in  them,  become  seeds. 

367.  The  Seed,  like  the  ovule  from  which  it  originates,  consists 
of  its  coats,  or  integuments,  and  a  kernel. 

368.  The  Seed-coats  are  commonly  two  (324),  the  outer  and  the 

inner.  Fig.  315  shows  the  two,  in  a  seed  cut  through 
lengthwise.  The  outer  coat  is  often  hard  or  crustaceous, 
whence  it  is  called  the  Testa,  or  shell  of  the  seed ;  the 
inner  is  thin  and  delicate. 

369.  The  shape  and  the  markings,  so  various  in  dif- 
ferent seeds,  depend  mostly  on  the  outer  coat.     Sometimes  it  fits 

FIG.  314.    Cone  of  Pitch-Pine  (Pinus  rigida). 

PIG.  315.    Seed  of  Basswood  cut  through  lengthwise :  a,  the  hilum  or  scar  j  6,  the  outer 
coat ;  c,  the  inner  ;  d,  the  albumen  ;  e.  the  embryo. 


LESSON  21.] 


ITS    COATS    OR    COVERINGS. 


135 


the  kernel  closely ;  sometimes  it  is  expanded  into  a  wing,  as  in  the 
Trumpet-Creeper  (Fig.  316),  and  occasionally  this  wing  is  cut  up 
into  shreds  or  tufts,  as  in  the  Catalpa ;  or  instead  of  a 
wing  it  may  bear  a  coma,  t  r  tuft  of  long  and  soft  hairs, 
such  as  we  find  in  the  Milkweed  or  Silk  weed  (Fig.  317). 
The  object  of  wings  or  downy  tufts  is  to  render  the  seeds 
buoyant,  so  that  they  may  be  widely  dispersed  by  the 
winds.  This  is  clear,  not  only  from  their  evident  adap- 
tation to  this  purpose,  but  also  from  the  interesting  fact 
that  winged  and  tufted  seeds  are  found  only  in  fruits  that  split  open 
at  maturity,  never  in  those  that  remain  closed.  The  coat  of  some 
seeds  is  beset  with  long  hairs  or  wool.  Cotton,  one  of 
the  most  important  vegetable  products,  —  since  it  forms 
the  principal  clothing  of  the  larger  part  of  the  human 
race,  —  consists  of  the  long  and  woolly  hairs  which 
thickly  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the  seed.  Certain 
seeds  have  an  additional,  but  more  or  less  incomplete 
covering,  outside  of  the  real  seed-coats,  called  an 

370.  Aril,  OF  ArillllS,  The  loose  and  transparent  bag 
which  encloses  the  seed  of  the  White  Water-Lily  (Fig.  SIT 
318)  is  of  this  kind.  So  is  the  mace  of  the  nutmeg ;  and  also  the 
scarlet  pulp  around  the  seeds  of  the  Waxwork  (Celastrus) 
and  Strawberry -bush  (Euonymus),  so  ornamental  in  autumn, 
after  the  pods  burst.  The  aril  is  a  growth  from  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  seed-stalk,  or  the  placenta, 

371.  The  names  of  the  parts  of  the  seed  and  of  its  kinds 
3I8  are  the  same  as  in  the  ovule.  The  scar  left  where  the  seed- 
stalk  separates  is  called 
the  Hilum.  The  orifice 
of  the  ovule,  now  closed 
up,  and  showing  only  a 
small  point  or  mark,  is 
named  the  Micropyk.  The  terms  orthotropous,  anatropous,  &C. 

FIG.  31G.  A  winged  seed  of  the  Trumpet-Creeper. 

FIG.  317.  Seed  of  Milkweed,  with  a  coma  or  tuft  of  long  silky  hairs  at  one  end. 

FIG.  318.  Seed  of  White  Water- Lily,  enclosed  in  its  aril. 

FIG.  319.  Seed  of  a  Violet  (anatropous) :  a,  hilum  ;  6,  rhaphe;  c,  chalaza. 

FIG.  320.  Seed  of  a  Larkspur  (also  anatropous)  ;  the  parts  lettered  as  in  the  last. 

FIG.  321.  The  same,  cut  through  lengthwise:  a,  the  hilum;  c,  chalaza;  d,  outer  seed- 
coat  ;  e,  inner  seed-coat  5  /,  the  albumen  ;  g-,  the  minute  embryo. 

FIG.  322.  Seed  of  a  St.  Juhii's-wort,  divided  lengthwise;  here  the  whole  kernel  Li 
embryo. 


136  THE  SEED.  [LESSON  21. 

apply  to  seeds  just  as  they  do  to  ovulea  (325)  ;  and  so  do  those 
terras  which  express  the  direction  of  the  ovule  or  the  seed  in  the 
cell ;  such  as  erect,  ascending,  horizontal,  pendulous,  or  suspended 
(323)  :  therefore  it  is  not  necessary  to  explain  them  anew.  The 
accompanying  figures  (Fig.  319-322)  show  all  the  parts  of  the 
most  common  kind  of  seed,  namely,  the  anatropous. 

372.  The  Kerne],  or  Nucleus,  is  the  whole  body  of  the  seed  within  the 
coats.     In  many  seeds  the  kernel  is  all  Embryo  ;  in  others  a  large 
part  of  it  is  the  Albumen. 

373.  The  Albumen  of  the  seed  is  an  accumulation  of  nourishing 
matter  (starch,  &c.),  commonly  surrounding  the  embryo,  and  des- 
tined to  nourish  it  when  it  begins  to  grow,  as  was  explained  in  the 
earlier  Lessons  (30-32).     It  is  the  floury  part  of  wheat,  corn  (Fig. 
38,  39),  buckwheat,  and  the  like.     But  it  is  not  always  mealy  in 
texture.     In  Poppy-seeds  it  is  oily.     In  the  seeds  of  Prcony  and 
Barberry,  and  in  the  cocoanut,  it  is  fleshy  ;  in  coffee  it  is  corneous 
(that  is,  hard  and  tough,  like  horn) ;  in  the  Ivory  Palm  it  has  the 
hardness  as  well  as  the  general  appearance  of  ivory,  and  is  now 
largely  used  as  a  substitute  for  it  in  the  fabrication  of  small  objects. 
However  solid  its  texture,  the  albumen  always  softens  and  partly 
liquefies  during  germination  ;  when  a  considerable  portion  of  it  is 
transformed  into  sugar,  or  into  other  forms  of  fluid  nourishment,  on 
which  the  growing  embryo  may  feed. 

374.  The  Embryo,  or  Germ,  is  the  part  to  which  all  the  rest  of  the 
seed,  and  also  the  fruit  and  the  flower,  are  subservient.     When  the 
embryo  is  small  and  its  parts  little  developed,  the  albumen  is  the 
more  abundant,  and  makes  up  the  principal  bulk  of  the  seed,  as  in 
Fig.  30,  321,  325.     On  the  other  hand,  in  many  seeds  there  is  no 
albumen  at  all ;  but  the  strong  embryo  forms  the  whole  kernel ;  as 
in  the  Maple  (Fig.  2,  3),  Pumpkin  (Fig.  9),  Almond,  Plum,  and 
Apple  (Fig.  11,  12),  Beech  (Fig.  13),  and  the  like.     Then,  what- 
ever nourishment  is  needed  to  establish  the  plantlet  in  the  soil  is 
stored  up  in  the  body  of  the  embryo  itself,  mostly  in  its  seed-leaves. 
And  these  accordingly  often  become  very  large  and  thick,  as  in  the 
almond,  bean,  and  pea  (Fig.  16,  19),  acorn  (Fig.  21),  chestnut,  and 
horsechestnut  (Fig.  23,  24).     Besides  these,  Fig.  25,  26,  30  to  37, 
43,  and  45  exhibit  various  common  forms  of  the  embryo ;  and  also 
some  of  the  ways  in  which  it  is  placed  in   the  albumen  ;    being 
sometimes  straight,  and  sometimes  variously  coiled  up  or  packed 
away. 


LESSON  21.] 


THE    EMBRYO. 


137 


375.  The  embryo,  being  a  rudimentary  plan  tie  t,  ready  formed  in 
the  seed,  has  only  to  grow  and  develop  its  parts  to  become  a  young 
plant  (15).     Even  in  the  seed  these  parts  are  generally  distinguish- 
able, and  are  sometimes  very  conspicuous  ;  as  in  a  Pumpkin-seed,  for 
example  (Fig.  323,  324).     They  are,  first, 

376.  The  Radicle,  or  rudimentary  stemlet,  which  is  sometimes  long 
and  slender,  and  sometimes  very  short,  as  we  may  see  in  the  numer- 
ous figures  already  referred  to.    In  the  seed  it  always 

points  to  the  micropyle  (371),  or  what  answers  to  the 
foramen  of  the  ovule  (Fig.  325,  326).  As  to  its  po- 
sition in  the  fruit,  it  is  said  to  be  inferior  when  it  points 
to  the  base  of  the  pericarp,  superior  when  it  points  to 
its  summit,  &c.  The  base  or  free  end  of  the  radicle 
gives  rise  to  the  root ;  the  other  extremity  bears 

377.  The  Cotyledons  or  Seed-Leaves,    With  these  in  various  forms  we 
have  already  become  familiar.     The  number  of 

cotyledons  has  also  been  explained  to  be  impor- 
tant (32,  33).  In  Cora  (Fig.  40),  and  in  all 
Grasses,  Lilies,  and  the  like,  we  have  a 

Monocotyledonous  embryo,  namely,  one  fur- 
nished with  only  a  single  cotyledon  or  seed-leaf.  —  Nearly  all  the 
rest  of  our  illustrations  exhibit  various  forms  of  the 

Dicotyledonous  embryo ;  namely,  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  or  seed- 
leaves,  always  opposite  each  other.     In  the  Pine  family  we  find  a 

Polycotyledonous  embryo  (Fig.  45,  46)  ;  that  is,  one  with  several, 
or  more  than  two,  seed-leaves,  arranged  in  a  circle  or  whorl. 

378.  The  Plumule  is  the  little  bud,  or  rudiment  of  the  next  leaf  or 
pair  of  leaves  after  the  seed-leaves.     It  appears  at  the  summit  of 
the  radicle,  between  the  cotyledons  when  there  is  a  pair  of  them, 
as  in   Fig.  324,  14,  24,  &c. ;  or  the   cotyledon  when  only  one  is 
wrapped  round  it,  as  in  Indian  Corn,  Fig.  40.     In  germination  th« 
plumule  develops  upward,  to  form  the  ascending  trunk  or  stem  of 
the   plant,  while  the  other  end  of  the   radicle  grows  downward, 
and  becomes  the  root. 

FIG.  323.  Embryo  of  the  Pumpkin,  seen  flatwise.  324.  Same  cut  through  and  viewed 
edgewise,  enlarged  ;  the  small  plumule  seen  between  the  cotyledons  at  their  base. 

FIG.  325.  Seed  of  a  Violet  (Fig.  319)  cut  through,  showing  the  embryo  in  the  section, 
edgewise ;  being  an  anatropous  seed,  the  radicle  of  the  straight  embryc  points  down  to  the 
base  near  the  hilum. 

FIG.  326.  Similar  section  of  the  orthotropous  seed  of  Buckwheat.  Here  the  radicle  points 
directly  away  from  the  hilum,  and  to  the  apex  of  the  seed;  also  the  thin  cotyledons  happen 
MI  this  plant  to  be  bent  round  into  the  same  direction. 

12* 


140 


HOW   PLANTS    GROW. 


[LESSON  22. 


385.  The  pollen  (297)  which  falls  upon  the  stigma  grows  there 
in  a  peculiar  way :  its  delicate  inner  coat  extends  into  a  tube  (the 
pollen-tube),  which  sinks  into  the  loose  tissue  of  the  stigma  and 
the  interior  of  the  style,  something  as  the  root  of  a  seedling 
sinks  into  the  loose  soil,  reaches  the  cavity  of  the  ovary,  and  at 
length  penetrates  the  orifice  of  an  ovule.  The  point  of  the  pollen- 
x®  tube  reaches  the  surface  of  the  embryo-sac,  and  in 

some  unexplained  way  causes  a  particle  of  soft  pulpy 
or  mucilaginous  matter  (Fig.  328)  to  form  a  mem- 
branous coat  and  to  expand  into  a  vesicle,  which  is 
the  germ  of  the  embryo. 

386.  This  vesicle  (shown  detached  and  more  mag- 
nified in  Fig.  329)  is  a  specimen  of  what  botanists  call 
a  Cell.     Its  wall  of  very  delicate  membrane  encloses  a 
mucilaginous  liquid,  in  which  there  are  often   some 
minute    grains,  and   commonly  a   larger    soft    mass 
(called  its  nucleus). 

387.  Growth  takes  place  by  this  vesicle  or  cell, 
after  enlarging  to  a  certain  size,  dividing  by  the  for- 
mation of  a  cross  partition   into  two  such  cells,  co- 
hering together  (Fig.  330)  ;    one  of  these  into  two 
more  (Fig.   331);   and   these  repeating   the  process 
by  partitions  formed  in  both  directions  (Fig.  332); 
forming  a  cluster  or  mass  of  cells,  essentially  like  the 

first,  and  all  proceeding  from  it.  After  increasing  in  number  for 
some  time  in  this  way, 
and  by  a  continuation  of 
the  same  process,  the  em- 
bryo begins  to  shape  it- 
self; the  upper  end  forms 
the  radicle  or  root-end, 
while  the  other  end  shows  a  notch  between  two  lobes  (Fig.  333), 
these  lobes  become  the  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves,  and  the  embryo 
as  it  exists  in  the  seed  is  at  length  completed  (Fig.  336) 

FIG.  329.  Vesicle  or  first  cell  of  the  embryo,  with  a  portion  of  the  summit  of  the  embryo, 
sac,  detached.  330.  Same,  more  advanced,  divided  into  two  cells.  331.  Same,  a  little  far- 
ther advanced,  consisting  of  three  cells.  332.  Same,  still  more  advanced,  consisting  of  a 
little  mass  of  young  cells. 

FIG.  333.  Forming  embryo  of  Buckwheat,  moderately  magnified,  showing  a  nick  at  the 
0nd  where  the  cotyledons  are  to  be.  334.  Same,  more  advanced  in  growth.  335.  Same, 
etill  farther  advanced.  336.  The  completed  embryo,  displayed  and  straightened  out;  the 
as  shown  in  a  section  when  folded  together  in  Fig.  326. 


LESSON  22.] 


GROWTH    OP   THE    PLANTLET. 


141 


388.  The  Growth  of  the  Plantlet  when  it  springs  from  the  seed  is 
only  a  continuation  of  the  same  process.     The  bladder-like  cells  of 
which  the  embryo  consists   multiply  in  number  by  the  repeated 
division  of  each  cell  into  two.     And  the  plantlet  is  merely  the  ag- 
gregation of  a  vastly  larger  number  of  these  cells.     This  may  be 
clearly  ascertained  by  magnifying  any  part  of  a  young  plantlet.    The 
young  root,  being  more  transparent 

than  the  rest,  answers  the  purpose 
best  Fig.  56,  on  page  30,  repre- 
sents the  end  of  the  rootlet  of  Fig. 
55,  magnified  enough  to  show  the 
cells  that  form  the  surface.  Fig. 
337  and  338  are  two  small  bits  of 
the  surface  more  highly  magnified, 
showing  the  cells  still  larger.  And 
if  we  make  a  thin  slice  through  the 
young  root  both  lengthwise  and 
crosswise,  and  view  it  under  a  good 
microscope  /Trig.  340),  we  may  per- 
ceive that  the  whole  interior  is  made  up  of  just  such  cells.  It  is 
the  same  with  the  young  stem  and  the  leaves  (Fig.  355,  357). 
It  is  essentially  the  same  in  the  full-grown  herb  and  the  tree. 

389.  So  the  plant  is  an  aggregation  of  countless  millions  of  little 
vesicles,   or  cells  (Fig.   339),  as  they  are  called,  essentially   like 

the  cell  it  began  with  in  the  formation  of  the  embryo 
(Fig.  329)  ;  and  this  first  cell  is  the  foundation  of 
the  whole  structure,  or  the  ancestor  of  all  the  rest. 
And  a  plant  is  a  kind  of  structure  built  up  of  these 
individual  cells,  something  as  a  house  is  built  of 
bricks,  —  only  the  bricks  or  cells  are  not  brought  to  the  forming 
plant,  but  are  made  in  it  and  by  it ;  or,  to  give  a  better  comparison, 
tie  plant  is  constructed  much  as  a  honeycomb  is  built  up  of  cells, 
—  only  the  plant  constructs  itself,  and  shapes  its  own  materials  into 
fitting  forms. 

390.  And  vegetable  growth  consists  of  two  things ; —  1st,  the  ex- 
pansion of  each  cell  until  it  gets  its  full  size  (which  is  commonly  not 
more  than  ^^  of  an  inch  in  diameter)  ;  and  2d,  the  multiplication 

FIG.  337.     Tissue  from  the  rootlet  of  a  seedling  Maple,  magnified,  showing  root-hairs, 
838.   A  small  portion,  more  magnified. 
FIG.  333.    A  regularly  twelve-sided  cell,  like  those  of  Fig.  840,  detached. 


140 


HOW   PLANTS    GROW. 


[LESSON  22. 


831 


385.  The  poJlen  (297)  which  falls  upon  the  stigma  grows  there 
in  a  peculiar  way :  its  delicate  inner  coat  extends  into  a  tube  (the 
pollen-tube),  which  sinks  into  the  loose  tissue  of  the  stigma  and 
the  interior  of  the  style,  something  as  the  root  of  a  seedling 
sinks  into  the  loose  soil,  reaches  the  cavity  of  the  ovary,  and  at 
length  penetrates  the  orifice  of  an  ovule.  The  point  of  the  pollen- 
tube  reaches  the  surface  of  the  embryo-sac,  and  in 
some  unexplained  way  causes  a  particle  of  soft  pulpy 
or  mucilaginous  matter  (Fig.  328)  to  form  a  mem- 
branous coat  and  to  expand  into  a  vesicle,  which  is 
the  germ  of  the  embryo. 

386.  This  vesicle  (shown  detached  and  more  mag- 
nified in  Fig.  329)  is  a  specimen  of  what  botanists  call 
a  Cell.     Its  wall  of  very  delicate  membrane  encloses  a 
mucilaginous  liquid,  in  which  there  are  often  some 
minute    grains,  and   commonly  a   larger    soft    mass 
(called  its  nucleus). 

387.  Growth  takes   place  by  this  vesicle  or  cell, 
after  enlarging  to  a  certain  size,  dividing  by  the  for- 
mation of  a  cross   partition   into  two  such  cells,  co- 
hering together  (Fig.  330) ;    one  of  these  into  two 
more  (Fig.   331);   and   these  repeating   the  process 
by  partitions  formed   in  both  directions  (Fig.  332); 
forming  a  cluster  or  mass  of  cells,  essentially  like  the 

first,  and  all  proceeding  from  it.     After  increasing  in  number  for 
some   time   in   this   way, 
and  by  a  continuation  of 
the  same  process,  the  em- 


bryo begins  to  shape  it- 
self; the  upper  end  forms 
the  radicle  or  root-end, 
while  the  other  end  shows  a  notch  between  two  lobes  (Fig.  333), 
these  lobes  become  the  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves,  and  the  embryo 
as  it  exists  in  the  seed  is  at  length  completed  (Fig.  336) 

FIG.  329.  Vesicle  or  first  cell  of  the  embryo,  with  a  portion  of  the  summit  of  the  embryo, 
sac,  detached.  330.  Same,  more  advanced,  divided  into  two  cells.  331.  Same,  a  little  far- 
ther advanced,  consisting  of  three  cells.  332.  Same,  still  more  advanced,  consisting  of  a 
little  mass  of  young  cells. 

FIG.  333.  Forming  embryo  of  Buckwheat,  moderately  magnified,  showing  a  nick  at  the 
•nd  where  the  cotyledons  are  to  be.  334.  Same,  more  advanced  in  growth.  335.  Same, 
Btill  farther  advanced.  336.  The  completed  embryo,  displayed  and  straightened  out;  the 
i  as  shown  in  a  section  when  folded  together  in  Fig.  326. 


LESSON  22.] 


GROWTH    OF   THE    PLANTLET. 


141 


388.  The  Growth  of  the  Plantlet  when  it  springs  from  the  seed  is 
only  a  continuation  of  the  same  process.     The  bladder-like  cells  of 
which  the  embryo  consists   multiply  in  number  by  the  repeated 
division  of  each  cell  into  two.     And  the  plantlet  is  merely  the  ag- 
gregation of  a  vastly  larger  number  of  these  cells.     This  may  be 
clearly  ascertained  by  magnifying  any  part  of  a  young  plantlet.    The 
young  root,  being  more  transparent 

than  the  rest,  answers  the  purpose 
best.  Fig.  56,  on  page  30,  repre- 
sents the  end  of  the  rootlet  of  Fig. 
55,  magnified  enough  to  show  the 
cells  that  form  the  surface.  Fig. 
337  and  338  are  two  small  bits  of 
the  surface  more  highly  magnified, 
showing  the  cells  still  larger.  And 
if  we  make  a  thin  slice  through  the 

young    root    both    lengthwise    and  /  {/  \\ 

crosswise,  and  view  it  under  a  good 

microscope  /T^ig.  340),  we  may  per-  ~~  sas 

ceive  that  the  whole  interior  is  made  up  of  just  such  cells.  It  is 
the  same  with  the  young  stem  and  the  leaves  (Fig.  355,  357). 
It  is  essentially  the  same  in  the  full-grown  herb  and  the  tree. 

389.  So  the  plant  is  an  aggregation  of  countless  millions  of  little 
vesicles,   or  cells  (Fig.   339),  as  they  are  called,  essentially   like 

the  cell  it  began  with  in  the  formation  of  the  embryo 
(Fig.  329)  ;  and  this  first  cell  is  the  foundation  of 
the  whole  structure,  or  the  ancestor  of  all  the  rest. 
And  a  plant  is  a  kind  of  structure  built  up  of  these 
individual  cells,  something  as  a  house  is  built  of 
bricks,  —  only  the  bricks  or  cells  are  not  brought  to  the  forming 
plant,  but  are  made  in  it  and  by  it ;  or,  to  give  a  better  comparison, 
tae  plant  is  constructed  much  as  a  honeycomb  is  built  up  of  cells, 
—  only  the  plant  constructs  itself,  and  shapes  its  own  materials  into 
fitting  forms. 

390.  And  vegetable  growth  consists  of  two  things ; —  1st,  the  ex- 
pansion of  each  cell  until  it  gets  its  full  size  (which  is  commonly  not 
more  than  ^^  of  an  inch  in  diameter)  ;  and  2d,  the  multiplication 


FIG.  337.     Tissue  from  the  rootlet  of  a  seedling  Maple,  magnified,  showing  root-hairs. 
38.   A  small  portion,  more  magnified. 
FIG.  333.     A  regularly  twelve-sided  cell,  like  those  of  Fig.  840,  detached. 


142 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[LESSON  23. 


of  the  cells  in  number.     It  is  by  the  latter,  of  course,  that  the  prin- 
cipal increase  of  plants  in  bulk  takes  place. 


LESSON   XXIII. 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC  t     CELLULAR    TISSUE. 


391.  Organic  Structure,     A  mineral  —  such  as  a  crystal  of  spar,  or 
a  piece  of  marble  —  may  be  divided  into  smaller  and  still  smaller 
pieces,  and  yet  the  minutest  portion  that  can  be  seen  with  the  mi- 
croscope will  have  all  the  characters  of  the  larger  body,  and  be 
capable  of  still  further  subdivision,  if  we  had  the  means  of  doing  it, 
into  just  such  particles,  only  of  smaller  size.     A  plant  may  also  be 
divided  into  a  number  of  similar  parts  :  first  into  branches  ;   then 
each  branch  or  stem,  into  joints  or  similar  parts  (34),  each  with  its 
leaf  or  pair  of  leaves.     But  if  we  divide  these  into  pieces,  the  pieces 
are  not  all  alike,  nor  have  they  separately  the   properties  of  the 
whole  ;  they  are  not  whole  things,  but  fragments  or  slices. 

392.  If  now,  under  the  microscope,  we  subdivide  a  leaf,  or  a  piece 
of  stem  or  root,  we  come  down  in  the  same  way  to  the  set  of  similar 
things  it  is  made  of,  —  to  cavities  with  closed  walls,  —  to  Cells,  as  we 
call  them  (386),  essentially  the  same  everywhere,  however  they  may 
vary  in  shape.     These  are  the  units,  or  the  elements  of  which  every 
part  consists ;  and  it  is  their  growth  and  their  multiplication  which 

FIG.  340.    Magnified  view,  or  diagram,  of  some  perfectly  regular  cellular  tissue,  formed  of 
twelve-shied  cells,  rut  crosswi  e  and  lengthwise. 


LESSON  23.]  CELLULAR    TISSUE.  143 

make  the  growth  of  the  plant,  as  was  shown  in  the  last  Lesson. 
We  cannot  divide  them  into  similar  smaller  parts  having  the  prop 
erties  of  the  whole,  as  we  may  any  mineral  body.  We  may  cut 
them  in  pieces ;  but  the  pieces  are  only  mutilated  parts  of  a  cell. 
This  is  a  peculiarity  of  organic  things  (2,  3)  :  it  is  organic  structure. 
Being  composed  of  cells,  the  main  structure  of  plants  is  called 

393.  Cellular  Tissue,     The  cells,  as  they  multiply,  build  up  the 
tissues  or  fabric  of  the  plant,  which,  as  we  have  said  (389),  may  be 
likened  to  a  wall  or  an  edifice  built  of  bricks,  or  still  better  to  a 
honeycomb  composed  of  ranges  of  cells  (Fig.  340). 

394.  The  walls  of  the  cells  are  united  where  they  touch  each 
other ;   and  so  the   partition  appears  to  be  a  simple   membrane, 
although  it  is  really  double  ;  as  may  be  shown  by  boiling  the  tissue 
a  few  minutes  and  then  pulling  the  parts  asunder.    And  in  soft  fruits 
the  cells  separate  in  ripening,  although  they  were  perfectly  united 
into  a  tissue,  when  green,  like  that  of  Fig,  340. 

395.  In  that  figure  the  cells  fit  together  perfectly,  leaving  no 
interstices,  except   a  very  small   space   at   some  of   the   corners. 
But  in  most  leaves,  the  cells  are  loosely  heaped  together,  leaving 
spaces  or  passages  of  all  sizes  (Fig.  356)  ;  and  in  the  leaves  and 
stems  of  aquatic  and  marsh  plants,  in  particular,  the  cells  are  built 
up  into  narrow  partitions,  which  form  the  sides  of  large  and  regular 
canals  or  passages  (as  shown  in  Fig.  341).     These  passages  form 
the  holes  or  cavities  so  conspicuous  on  cutting  across  any  of  these 
plants,  and  which  are  always  filled  with  air.     They  may  be  likened 
to  a  stack  of  chimneys,  built  up  of  cells  in  place  of  bricks. 

396.  When  small  and  irregular,  the  interstices  are  called  inter- 
cellular spaces  (that  is,  spaces  between  the  cells).     When  large  and 
regular,  they  are  named  intercellular  passages  or  air-passages* 

397.  It  will  be  noticed  that  in  slices  of  the  root,  stem,  or  any  tissue 
where  the  cells  are  not  partly  separate,  the  boundaries  of  the  cells 
are  usually  more  or  less  six-sided,  like  the  cells  of  a  honeycomb ; 
and  this  is  apt  to  be  the  case  in  whatever  direction  the  slice  is  made, 
whether  crosswise,  lengthwise,  or  obliquely.     The  reason  of  this  is 
easy  to  see.     The  natural  figure  of  the  cell  is  globular      Cells  which 
are  not  pressed   upon  by  others  are  generally  round  or  roundish 
(except  when  they  grow  in  .some  particular  direction),  as  we  see  in 
the  green  pulp  of  many  leaves.     When  a  quantity  of  spheres  (such, 
for  instance,  as  a  pile  of  cannon-balls)  are  heaped  up,  each  one  in  the 
ioterior  of  the  heap  is  touched  by  twelve  others.     If  the  spheres  be 


144  VEGETABLE    FABRIC.  [LESSON  23. 

soft  and  yielding,  as  young  cells  are,  when  pressed  together  they  will 
become  twelve-sided,  like  that  in  Fig.  339.  And  a  section  in  any 
direction  will  be  six-sided,  as  are  the  meshes  in  Fig.  340. 

398.  The  size  of  the  common  cells  of  plants  varies  from  about 
the  thirtieth  to  the  thousandth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.     An  ordinary 
size  is  from  -gfa  to  -5^  of  an  inch  ;  so  that  there  may  generally  be 
from  27  to  125  millions  of  cells  in  the  compass  of  a  cubic  inch  ! 

399.  Now  when  it  is  remembered  that  many  stems  shoot  up  at 
the  rate  of  an  inch  or  two  a  day,  and  sometimes  of  three  or  four 
inches,  knowing  the  size  of  the  cells,  we  may  form  some  conception 
of  the  rapidity  of  their  formation.     The  giant  Puff-ball  has  been 
known  to  enlarge  from  an  inch  or  so  to  nearly  a  foot  in  diameter 
in  a  single  night ;  but  much  of  this  is  probably  owing  to  expansion. 
We  take  therefore  a  more  decisive,  but  equally  extraordinary  case, 
in  the  huge  flowering  stem  of  the  Century-Plant.     After  waiting 
many  years,  or  even  for  a  century,  to  gather  strength  and  materials 
for  the  effort,  Century-Plants  in  our  conservatories  send  up  a  flow- 
ering stalk,  which  grows  day  after  day  at  the  rate  of  a  foot  in  twenty- 
four  hours,  and  becomes  about  six  inches  in  diameter.     This,  sup- 
posing the  cells  to  average  ^^  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  requires  the 
formation  of  over  twenty  thousand  millions  of  cells  in  a  day ! 

400.  The  walls  of  the  cells  are  almost  always  colorless.     The 
green  color  of  leaves  and  young  bark,  and  all  the  brilliant  hues  of 
flowers,  are  due  to  the  contents  of  the  cells,  seen  through  their  more 
or  less  transparent  walls. 

401.  At  first  the  walls  are  always  very  thin.     In  all  soft  parts 
they  remain  so ;  but  in  other  cases  they  thicken  on  the  inside  and 
harden,  as  we  see  in  the  stone  of  stone-fruits,  and  in  all  hard  wood 
(Fig.  345)      Sometimes  this  thickening  continues  until  the  cell  is 
nearly  filled  up  solid. 

402.  The  walls  of  cells  are  perfectly  closed  and  whole,  at  least  in 
all  young  and  living  cells.     Those  with  thickened  walls  have  thin 
places,  indeed ;  but  there  are  no  holes  opening  from  one  cell  into 
another.     And  yet  through  these  closed  cells  the  sap  and  all  the 
juices  are  conveyed  from  one  end  of  the  plant  to  the  other. 

403.  Vegetable  cells  may  vary  widely  in  shape,  particularly  when 
not  combined  into  a  tissue  or  solid  fabric.     The  hairs  of  plants,  for 
example,  are  cells  drawn  out  into  tubes,  or  are  composed  of  a  row 
of  cells,  growing  on  the  surface.     Cotton  consists  of  simple  long  hairs 
on  the  coat  of  the  seed ;  and  these  hairs  are  single  cells.    The  hair- 


LESSON  24.]  "WOOD.  145 

like  bodies  which  abound  on  young  roots  are  rery  slender  projec- 
tions of  some  of  the  superficial  cells,  as  is  seen  in  Fig.  337.  Even 
the  fibres  of  wood,  and  what  are  called  vessels  in  plants,  are  only 
peculiar  forms  or  transformations  of  cells. 


LESSON   XXI\. 

VEGETABLE    FABRIC  :     WOOD. 

404.  CELLULAR  TISSUTC,  such  as  described  in  the  last  Lesson, 
makes  up  the  whole  structure  of  all  very  young  plants,  and  the 
whole  of  Mosses  and  other  vegetables  of  the  lowest  grade,  even 
when  full  grown.     But  this  fabric  is  too  tender  or  too  brittle  to 
give  needful  strength  and  toughness  for  plants  which  are  to  rise  to 
any  considerable  height  and  support  themselves.     So  all  such  plants 
have  also  in  their  composition  more  or  less  of 

405.  Wood,     This  is  found  in  all  common  herbs,  as  well  as  in 
shrubs  and  trees ;  only  there  is  not  so  much  of  it  in  proportion  to 
the  softer  cellular  tissue.     It  is  formed  very  early  in  the  growth  of 
foe  root,  stem,  and  leaves ;  traces  of  it  appearing  in  large  embryos 
even  while  yet  in  the  seed. 

406.  Wood  is  likewise  formed  of  cells,  —  of  cells  which  at  first 
are  just  like  those  that  form  the  soft  parts  of  plants.     But  early  in 
their  growth,  some  of  these  lengthen  and  at  the  same  time  thicken 
their  walls ;  these  are  what  is  called  Woody  Fibre  or  Wood-  Cells  ; 
others  grow  to  a  greater  size,  have  thin  walls  with  various  markings 
upon  them,  and  often  run  together  end  to  end  so  as  to  form  pretty 

HO.  341.   Part  of  a  slice  across  the  stem  of  the  Oalla,  or  rather  Richardia  Africana,  magnified 

13 


146 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[LESSON  24. 


large  tubes,  comparatively ;  these  are  called  Ducts,  or  sometimes 
Vessels.  Wood  almost  always  consists  of  both  woody  fibres  and  ducts, 

variously  intermingled,  and  combined 
into  bundles  or  threads  which  run 
lengthwise  through  the  root  and  stem, 
and  are  spread  out  to  form  the  frame- 
work  of  the  leaves  (136).  In  trees 
and  shrubs  they  are  so  numerous  and 
crowded  together,  that  they  make  a 

*  solid  mass  of  wood.      In   herbs  they 
are  fewer,  and  often  scattered.     That 
is  all  the  difference. 

407.  The  porosity  of  some  kinds  of 
wood,  which  is  to  be  seen  by  the  naked 
eye,  as  in  mahogany  and  Oak-wood,  is 
owing  to  a  large  sort  of  ducts.  These 

*  generally  contain  air,  except  in  very 
6  young  parts,  and  in  the  spring  of  the 

year,  when  they  are  often  gorged  with 
gap,  as  we  gee  in  a  wounded  Grape- 
vine, or  in  the  trunk  of  a  Sugar-Maple 
at  that  time.  But  in  woody  plants 
through  the  season,  the  sap  is  usually 
carried  up  from  the  roots  to  the  leaves 
by  the 
408.  Wood-Cells,  or  Woody  Fibre.  (Fig.  342-345.)  These  are 

email  tubes,  commonly  between  one  and  two  thousandths,  but  in 
Pine-wood  sometimes  two  or  three  hundredths,  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Those  from  the  tough  bark  of  the  Basswood,  shown  in  Fig. 

342,  are  only  the  fifteen-hundredth  of  an  inch  wide.     Those  of  But- 
ton wood  (Fig.  345)  are  larger,  and  are  here  highly  magnified  be- 
sides.    They  also  show  the  way  wood-cells  are  commonly  put  to- 
gether, namely,  with  their  tapering  ends  overlapping  each  other,  — 
spliced  together,  as  it  were,  —  thus  giving  more  strength  and  tough- 
ness to  the  stem,  &c. 

FIG.  342.    Two  wood-cells  from  the  inner  or  fibrous  bark  of  the  Linden  or  Basswood. 

343.  Some  tissue  of  the  wood  of  the  same,  viz.  wood-cells,  and  below  (rf)  a  portion  of  a 
epirally  marked  duct.    344.  A  separate  wood-cell.     All  equally  magnified. 

FIG.  345.  Some  wood-cells  of  Buttonwood,  highly  magnified :  a,  thin  spots  in  the 
walls,  looking  like  holes ;  on  the  right-hand  side,  where  the  walls  are  cut  through,  the* 
&)  are  seeu  in  profile. 


LESSON  24.] 


WOOD. 


147 


409.  In  hard  woods,  such  as  Hickory,  Oak,  and  Button  wood  (Fig. 
345),  the  walls  of  these  tubes  are  very  thick,  as  well  as  dense  ;  while 
in  soft  woods,  such  as  White-Pine  and  Bass  wood,  they  are  pretty  thin. 

410.  Wood-cells,  like  other  cells  (at  least  when  young  and  living), 
have  no  openings  ;  each  has  its  own  cavity,  closed  and  independent 
They  do  not  form  anything  like  a  set  of  pipes  opening  one  into  an- 
other, so  as  to  convey  an  unbroken  stream  of  sap  through  the  plant,, 
in  the  way  people  generally  suppose.    The  contents  can  pass  from  01  s 
cell  to  another  only  by  getting  through  the  partitions  in  some  way  or 
other.     And  so  short  are  the  individual  wood- 
cells  generally,  that,  to  rise  a  foot  in  such  a  tree 

as  the  Bass  wood,  the  sap  has  to  pass  through 
about  two  thousand  partitions  ! 

411.  But  although  there  are  no  holes  (ex- 
cept by  breaking  away  when  old),  there  are 
plenty  of  thin  places,  which  look  like  perfora- 
tions; and  through  these  the  sap  is  readily  trans- 
ferred from  one  cell  to  another,  in  a  manner  to 
be  explained  further  on  (487). 


A 


V 


Some  of  them 

are  exhibited  in  Fig.  345,  both  as  looked  directly  down  upon,  when 
they  appear  as  dots  or  holes,  and  in  profile  where  the  cells  are  cut 
through.  The  latter  view  shows  what  they  really  are,  namely,  very 
thin  places  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall ;  and  also  that  a  thin  place  in 
one  cell  exactly  corresponds  to  one  in  the  contiguous  wall  of  the  next 
cell.  In  the  wood  of  the  Pine  family,  these  thin  spots  are  much 
larger,  and  are  very  conspicuous  in  a  thin  slice  of  wood  under  the 
microscope  (Fig.  346,  347)  ;  —  forming  stamps  impressed  as  it  were 
upon  each  fibre  of  every  tree  of  this  great  family,  by  which  it  may 
be  known  even  in  the  smallest  fragment  of  its  wood. 

412.  Wood-cells  in  the  bark  are  generally  longer,  finer,  and 
tougher  than  those  of  the  proper  wood,  and  appear  more  like  fibre?. 
For  example,  Fig.  344  represents  a  cell  of  the  wood  of  Basswood, 
of  average  length,  and  Fig.  342  one  (and  part  of  another)  of  the 
fibrous  bark,  both  drawn  to  the  same  scale.  As  these  long  cells 
form  the  principal  part  of  fibrous  bark,  or  bast,  they  are  named  Bast- 
cells  or  Bast-fibres.  These  give  the  great  toughness  to  the  inner 
bark  of  Basswood  (i.  e.  Bast-wood)  and  of  Leatherwood  ;  and  they 

FIG.  346.  A  bit  of  Pine-shaving,  highly  magnified,  showing  the  large  circular  thin  spote 
of  the  wall  of  the  wood-cells.  34T.  A  separate  wood-cell,  more  magnified,  the  varying  thick- 
ttess  of  the  wall  at  these  spots  showing  as  rings. 


148 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[LESSON  24. 


furnish  the  invaluable  fibres  of  flax  and  hemp ;  the  wood  of  the 
stem  being  tender,  brittle,  and  destroyed  by  the  processes  which 
separate  for  use  the  tough  and  slender  bast-cells. 

413.  Ducts  (Fig.  348-350)  are  larger  than  wood-cells,  some  of 
them  having  a  calibre  large  enough  to  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye, 

when  cut  across  (407),  although 
they  are  usually  much  too  small 
for  this.  They  are  either  long 
single  cells,  or  are  formed  of  a  row 
of  cells  placed  end  to  end.  Fig. 
349,  a  piece  of  a  large  dotted  duct, 
and  two  of  the  ducts  in  Fig.  350, 
show  this  by  their  joints,  which 
mark  the  boundaries  o^  the  several 
cells  they  are  composed  of. 

414.  The  walls  of  ducts   under   the  microscope  display  various 
kinds  of  markings.     In  what  are  called 

Dotted  Ducts  (Fig.  348,  349),  which  are  the  commonest  and  the 
largest  of  all,  —  their  cut  ends  making  the  visible  porosity  of  Oak- 
wood, —  the  whole  wall  is  apparently  riddled  with  holes;  but  until 
they  become  old,  these  are  only  thin  places. 

Spiral  Ducts,  or  Spiral  Vessels,  also  the  varieties  of  these  called 
Annular  or  Banded  Ducts  (Fig.  350),  are  marked  by  a  delicate  fibre 
spirally  coiled,  or  by  rings  or  bands,  thickening  the  wall.  In  the 
genuine  spiral  duct,  the  thread  may  be  uncoiled,  tearing  the  trans- 
parent wall  in  pieces  ;  —  as  may  be  seen  by  breaking  most  young 
shoots,  or  the  leaves  of  Strawberry  or  Amaryllis,  and  pulling  the 
broken  ends  gently  asunder,  uncoiling  these  gossamer  threads  in 
abundance.  In  Fig.  355,  some  of  these  various  sorts  of  ducts  or 
vessels  are  shown  in  their  place  in  the  wood. 

415.  Milk-  Vessels,   Turpentine-  Vessels,   Oil-Receptacles,   and   the 
fke,  ire  generally  canals  or  cavities  formed  between  or  among  the 

cells,  and  filled  with  the  particular  products  of  the  plant. 

FIG.  348.  Part  of  a  dotted  duct  from  a  Grape-vine.  349.  A  similar  one,  evidently  com- 
posed of  a  row  of  cells.  350.  Part  of  a  bundle  of  spiral  and  annular  ducts  from  the  stem 
of  Polygonum  orieutale,  or  Princes'  Feather.  All  highly  magnified. 


WESSON  25.]  ANATOMY  OF  THE  ROOT.  149 

LESSON   XXV. 

ANATOMY  OF  THE  ROOT,  STEM,  AND  LEAVES. 

416.  HAVING  in  the  last  preceding  Lessons  learned  what  the 
materials  of  the  vegetable  fabric  are,  we  may  now  briefly  consider 
how  they  are  put  together,  and  how  they  act  in  carrying  on  the 
plant's  operations. 

417.  The  root  ai;d  the  stem  are  so  much  alike  in  their  internal 
structure,  that  a  description  of  the  anatomy  of  the  latter  will  answer 
for  the  former  also. 

418.  The  Structure  of  the  Rootlets,  however,  or  the  tip  of  the  root, 
demands  a  moment's  attention.     The  tip  of  the  root  is  the  newest 
part,  and  is  constantly  renewing  itself  so  long  as  the  plant  is  active 
(67).    It  is  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  56,  and  is  the  same  in  all  rootlets 
as  in  the  first  root  of  the  seedling.     The  new  roots,  or  their  new 
parts,  are  mainly  concerned  in  imbibing  moisture  from  the  ground  ; 
and  the  newer  they  are,  the  more,  actively  do  they  absorb.     The  ab- 
sorbing ends  of  roots  are  entirely  composed  of  soft,  new,  and  very 
thin-walled  cellular  tissue ;  it  is  only  farther  back  that  some  wood- 
cells  and  ducts  are  found.     The  moisture  (and  probably  also  air) 
presented  to  them  is  absorbed  through  the  delicate  walls,  which,  like 
those  of  the  cells  in  the  interior,  are  destitute  of  openings  or  pores 
visible  even  under  the  highest  possible  magnifying  power. 

419.  But  as  the  rootlet  grows  older,  the  cells  of  its  external  layer 
harden  their  walls,  and  form  a  sort  of  skin,  or  epidermis  (like  that 
which  everywhere  covers  the  stem  and  foliage  above  ground),  which 
greatly  checks  absorption.     Roots  accordingly  cease  very  actively  to 
imbibe  moisture  almost  as  soon  as  they  stop  growing  (67). 

420.  Many  of  the  cells  of  the  surface  of  young  rootlets  send  out  a 
prolongation  in  the  form  of  a  slender  hair-like  tube,  closed  of  course 
at  the  apex,  but  at  the  base  opening  into  the  cavity  of  the  cell. 
These  tubes  or  root-hairs  (shown  in  Fig.  55  and  56,  and  a  few  of 
them,  more  magnified,  in  Fig.  337  and  338),  sent  out  in  all  direc- 
tions into  the  soil,  vastly  increase  the  amount  of  absorbing  surface 
which  the  root  presents  to  it. 

421.  Structure  of  the  Stem  (also  of  the  body  of  the  root).     At  the 
beginning,  when  the  root  and  stem  spring  from  the  seed,  thej  consist 

13* 


150 


ANATOMY    OF    ENDOGENOUS 


[LESSON  25. 


almost  entirely  of  soft  and  tender  cellular  tissue.     But  as  they  grow, 
wood  begins  at  once  to  be  formed  in  them. 

422.  This  woody  material  is  arranged  in  the  stem  in  two  very 
different  ways  in  different  plants,  making  two  sorts  of  wood.     One 
sort  we  see  in  a  Palm-stem,  a  rattan,  and  a  Corn-stalk  (Fig.  351)  ; 
the  other  we  are  familiar  with  in  Oak,  Maple,  and  all  our  common 
kinds  of  wood.     In  the  first,  the  wood  is  made  up  of  separate  threads, 
scattered  here  and  there  throughout  the  whole  diameter  of  the  stem. 
In  the  second  the  wood  is  all  collected  to  form  a  layer  (in  a  slice 
across  appearing  as  a  ring)  of  wood,  between  a  central  cellular  part 
which  has  none  in  it,  the  Pith,  and  an  outer  cellular  part,  the  Bark. 
This  last  is  the  plan  of  all  our  Northern  trees  and  shrubs,  and  of  the 
greater  part  of  our  herbs.     The  first  kind  is 

423.  The  Endogenous  Stem  ;  so  named  from  two  Greek  words  mean- 
ing "  inside-growing,"  because,  when  it  lasts  from  year  to  year,  the 

new  wood  which  is  added  is  interspersed  among 
the  older  threads  of  wood,  and  in  old  stems  the 
hardest  and  oldest  wood  is  near  the  surface,  and 
the  youngest  and  softest  towards  the  centre.  All 
the  plants  represented  in  Fig.  47,  on  p.  19,  (ex- 
cept the  anomalous  Cycas,)  are  examples  of  En. 
dogenous  stems.  And  all  such  belong  to  plants 
with  only  one  cotyledon  or  seed-leaf  to  the  em- 
bryo (32).  Botanists  therefore  call  them  Endoge- 
nous or  Monocotyledonous  Plants,  using  sometimes 
one  name,  and  sometimes  the  other.  Endogenous 
stems  have  no  separate  pith  in  the  centre,  no  distinct  bark,  and  no 
layer  or  ring  of  wood  between  these  two ;  but  the  threads  of  wood 
are  scattered  throughout  the  whole,  without  any  particular  order. 
This  is  very  different  from 

424.  The  Exogenous  Stem,  the  one  we  have  most  to  do  with,  sinoe 
all  our  Northern  trees  and  shrubs  are  constructed  on  this  plan.     It 
belongs  to  all  plants  which  have  two  cotyledons  to  the  embryo  (or 
more  than  two,  such  as  Pines,  33)  ;  so  that  we  call  these  either 
Exogenous  or  Dicotyledonous  Plants  (16),  accordingly  as  we  take 
the  name  from  the  stem  or  from  the  embryo. 

425.  In  the  Exogenous  stem,  as  already  stated,  the  wood  is  all 
collected  into  one  zone,  surrounding-  a  pith  of  pure  cellular  tissue  in 
the  centre,  and  surrounded  by  a  distinct  and  separable   bark,  the 

FIG.  351.    Section  of  a  Corn-stalk  (an  endogenous  stem),  both  crosswise  and  Jeneth'vise 


LESSON  25.] 


AND    EXOGENOUS    STEMS. 


151 


outer  part  of  which  is  also  cellular.  This  structure  is  very  familiar 
in  common  wood.  It  is  really  just  the  same  in  the  stem  of  an  herb, 
only  the  wood  is  much  less  in  quantity.  Compare,  for 
instance,  a  cross-section  of  the  stem  of  Flax  (Fig.  352) 
with  that  of  a  shoot  of  Maple  or  Horsechestnut  of 
the  same  age.  In  an  herb,  the  wood  at  the  beginning 
consists  of  separate  threads  or  little  wedges  of  wood; 
but  these,  however  few  and  scattered  they  may  be,  ait 
all  so  placed  in  the 
stem  as  to  mark  out 
a  zone  (or  in  the 
cross-section  a  ring) 
of  wood,  dividing  the 
pith  within  from  the 
bark  without. 

426.  The  accompa- 
nying figures  (which 
are  diagrams  rather 
than  exact  delinea- 
tions) may  serve  to 
illustrate  the  anat- 
omy of  a  woody 
exogenous  stem,  of 
one  year  old.  The 
parts  are  explained 
in  the  references  be- 
low. In  the  centre  is 
tlaePith.  Surround- 
ing this  is  the  layer 
of  Wood,  consisting  both  of  wood-cells  and  of  ducts  or  vessels.  From 
the  pith  to  the  bark  on  all  sides  run  a  set  of  narrow  plates  of  cellular 
tissue,  called  Medullary  Rays :  these  make  the  silver-grain  of  wood. 
On  the  cross-section  they  appear  merely  as  narrow  lines;  but  in 
wood  cut  lengthwise  parallel  to  them,  their  faces  show  as  glimmer- 

FtG.  352.    Cross-section  of  the  stem  of  Flax,  showing  its  bark,  wood,  and  pith. 

PIG.  353.     Piece  of  a  stem  of  Soft  Maple,  of  a  year  old,  cut  crosswise  and  lengthwise. 

FIG.  354.    A  portion  of  the  same,  magnified. 

FIG.  355.  A  small  piece  of  the  same,  taken  from  one  side,  reaching  from  the  bark  to  the 
pith,  and  highly  magnified  :  a,  a  small  bit  of  the  pith  ;  6,  spiral  ducts  of  what  is  called  th» 
medullary  sheath ;  c,  the  wood  ;  rf,  d,  dotted  ducts  in  the  wood  ;  e,  <?,  annular  ducts  ;  /,  the  liber 
or  inner  bark  ;  g,  the  green  bark  ;  h,  the  corky  layer  ;  i,  the  skin,  or  epidermis  j  /,  one  of  the 
medullary  'ays,  or  plates  of  silver-grain,  seen  on  the  cross-section. 


152  ANATOMY    OF    THE  [LESSON  25. 

ing  plates,  giving  a  peculiar  appearance  to  Oak,  Maple,  and  other 
wood  with  large  medullary  rays. 

427.  The  Bark  covers  and  protects  the  wood.     At  first  it  is  all 
cellular,  like  the  pith ;    but  soon  some  slender  woody  fibres,  called 
bast-cells  (Fig.  342),  generally  appear  in  it,  next  the  wood,  forming 

The  Liber,  or  Fibrous  Bark,  the  inner  bark  ;  to  which  belongs  the 
fine  fibrous  bast  or  bass  of  Basswood,  and  the  tough  and  slender  fibres 
of  flax  and  hemp,  which  are  spun  and  woven,  or  made  into  cordage, 
In  the  Birch  and  Beech  the  inner  bark  has  few  if  any  bast-cells  in 
its  composition. 

The  Cellular  or  Outer  Bark  consists  of  cellular  tissue  only.  It  is 
distinguished  into  two  parts,  an  inner  and  an  outer,  viz. :  — 

The  Green  Bark,  or  Green  Layer,  which  consists  of  tender  cells, 
containing  the  same  green  matter  as  the  leaves,  and  serving  the 
same  purpose.  In  the  course  of  the  first  season,  in  woody  stems,  this 
becomes  covered  with 

The  Corky  Layer,  so  named  because  it  is  the  same  substance  as 
cork  ;  common  cork  being  the  thick  corky  layer  of  the  bark  of  the 
Cork-Oak,  of  Spain.  It  is  this  which  gives  to  the  stems  or  twigs  of 
shrubs  and  trees  the  aspect  and  the  color  peculiar  to  each ;  namely, 
light  gray  in  the  Ash,  purple  in  the  Red  Maple,  red  in  several  Dog- 
woods, &c.  Lastly, 

The  Epidermis,  or  skin  of  the  plant,  consisting  of  a  layer  of  thick- 
sided  empty  cells,  covers  the  whole. 

428.  Growth  of  the  Stem  year  after  year,    So  much  for  an  exogenous 

stem  only  one  year  old.  The  stems  of  herbs  perish  at  the  end  of  the 
season.  But  those  of  shrubs  and  trees  make  a  new  growth  every 
year.  It  is  from  their  mode  of  growth  in  diameter  that  they  take  the 
name  of  exogenous,  i.  e.  outside-growing.  The  second  year,  such  a 
stem  forms  a  second  layer  of  wood  outside  of  the  first ;  the  third  year, 
Bother  outside  of  that ;  and  so  on,  as  long  as  the  tree  lives.  So  that 
the  trunk  of  an  exogenous  tree,  when  cut  off  at  the  base,  exhibits  as 
many  concentric  rings  of  wood  as  it  is  years  old.  Over  twelve  hun- 
dred layers  have  actually  been  counted  on  the  stump  of  an  aged  tree, 
such  as  the  Giant  Cedar  or  Redwood  of  California;  and  there  are 
doubtless  some  trees  now  standing  in  various  parts  of  the  world  which 
were  already  in  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era. 

429.  As  to  the  bark,  the  green  layer  seldom  grows  much  after  the 
first  season.      Sometimes   the  corky  layer  grows  and  forms   new 
layers,  inside  of  the  old,  for  a  good  many  years,  as  in  the  Cork -Oak, 


LESSON  25.]  EXOGENOUS    STEM.  153 

the  Sweet  Gum-tree,  and  the  White  and  the  Paper  Birch.  But  it 
all  dies  after  a  while ;  and  the  continual  enlargement  of  the  wood 
within  finally  stretches  it  more  than  it  can  bear,  and  sooner  or  later 
cracks  and  rends  it,  while  the  weather  acts  powerfully  upon  its 
surface ;  so  the  older  bark  perishes  and  falls  away  piecemeal  year 
by  year. 

430.  But  the  inner  bark,  or  liber,  does  make  a  new  growth  and 
nually,  as  long  as  the  tree  lives,  inside  of  that  formed  the  year  before, 
and  next  the  surface  of  the  wood.     More  commonly  the  liber  occurs 
in  the  form  of  thin  layers,  which  may  be  distinctly  counted,  as  in 
Basswood :  but  this  is  not  always  the  case.     After  the  outer  bark 
is  destroyed,  the  older  and  dead  layers  of  the  inner  bark  are  also 
exposed  to  the  weather,  are  riven  or  split  into  fragments,  and  fall 
away  in  succession.     In  many  trees  the  bark  acquires  a  considerable 
thickness  on  old  trunks,  although  all  except  the  innermost  portion  is 
dead  ;   in  others  it  falls  off  more  rapidly ;  in  the  stems  of  Honey- 
suckles and  Grape-vines,  the  bark  all  separates  and  hangs  in  loose 
shreds  when  only  a  year  or  two  old. 

431.  Sap-WOOd,     In  the  wood,  on  the  contrary,  —  owing   to  its 
growing  on  the  outside  alone,  —  the  older  layers  are  quietly  buried 
under  the  newer  ones,  and  protected  by  them  from  all  disturbance. 
All  the  wood  of  the  young  sapling  may  be  alive,  and  all  its  cells 
or  woody  tubes  active  in  carrying  up  the  sap  from  the  roots  to  the 
leaves.     It  is  all  Sap-wood  or  Alburnum,  as  young  and  fresh  wood 
is  called.     But  the  older  layers,  removed  a  step  farther  every  year 
from  the  region  of  growth,  —  or  radi- r  the  zone  of  growth  every 
year  removed  a  step  farther  from  them,  —  soon  cease  to  bear  muchr 
if  any,  part  in  the  circulation  of  the  tree,  and  probably  have  long 
before  ceased  to  be  alive.     Sooner  or  later,  according  to  the  kind  of 
tree,  they  are  turned  into 

432.  Heart-WOOd,  which  we  know  is  drier,  harder,  more  solid,  and 
much  more  durable  as  timber,  than  sap-wood.     It  is  generally  of  a 
different  color,  and  it  exhibits  in  different  species  the  hue  peculiar 
to  each,  such  as  reddish  in  Red-Cedar,  brown    in   Black- Walnut, 
black  in  Ebony,  &c.     The  change  of  sap-wood  into  heart-wood  re- 
sults from  the  thickening  of  the  walls  of  the  wood-cells  by  the  depo- 
sition of  hard  matter,  lining  the  tubes  and  diminishing  their  calibre ; 
and  by  the  deposition  of  a  vegetable  coloring-matter  peculiar  to  each 
Bpecies. 

433.  The  heart-wood,  being  no  longer  a  living  part,  may  decay 

S&F— 8 


154  ANATOMY    OF   THE    STEM  [^LESSON  25. 

and  often  does  so,  without  the  least  injury  to  the  tree,  except  by  im- 
pairing the  strength  of  the  trunk,  and  so  rendering  it  more  liable  to 
be  overthrown. 

434.  The  Living  Paris  of  a  Tree,  of  the  exogenous  kind,  are  only 
these :   first,  the  rootlets  at  one  extremity ;   second,  the  buds  and 
leaves  of  the  season  at  the  other ;  and  third,  a  zone  consisting  of 
the  newest  wood  and  the  newest  bark,  connecting  the  rootlets  with 
the  buds  or  leaves,  however  widely  separated  these  may  be,  —  in 
the  largest  trees  from  two  to  four  hundred  feet  apart.     And  these 
parts  of  the  tree  are  all  renewed  every  year.     No  wonder,  there- 
fore, that  trees  may  live  so  long,  since   they  annually  reproduce 
everything  that  is  essential  to  their  life  and  growth,  and  since  only 
a  very  small  part  of  their  bulk  is  alive  at  once.     The  tree  sur- 
vives, but  nothing  now  living  has  existed  long.     In  it,  as  elsewhere, 
life  is  a  transitory  thing,  ever  abandoning  the  old,  and  displaying 
itself  afresh  in  the  new. 

435.  Cambium-Layer.     The  new  growth  in  the  stem,  by  which  it 
increases  in  diameter  year  after  year,  is  confined  to  a  narrow  line 
between  the  wood  and  the  inner  bark.     Cambium  is  the  old  name 
for  the  mucilage  which  is  so  abundant  between  the  bark  and  the 
wood  in  spring.     It  was  supposed  to  be  poured  out  there,  and  that 
the  bark  really  separated  from  the  wood  at  this  time.     This  is  not 
the  case.     The  newest  bark  and  wood  are  still  united  by  a  delicate 
tissue  of  young  and  forming  cells,  —  called  the  Cambium-layer ;  — 
loaded  with  a  rich  mucilaginous  sap,  and  so  tender  that  in  spring 
the  bark   may  be  raised   from   the   wood   by   the   slightest   force. 
Here,  nourished  by  this  rich  mucilage,  new  cells  are  rapidly  form- 
ing by  division  (387-390) ;  the  inner  ones  are  added  to  the  wood, 
and  the  outer  to  the  bark,  so  producing  the  annual  layers  of  the 
t'vo,  which  are  ever  renewing  the  life  of  the  trunk. 

436.  At  the  same  time  new  rootlets,  growing  in  a  similar  way,  are 
extending  the  roots  beneath  ;  and  new  shoots,  charged  with  new  buds, 
annually  develop  fresh  crops  of  leaves  in   the  air  above.      Only, 
while  the  additions  to  the  wood  and  bark  remain  as  a  permanent 
portion  of  the  tree,  or  until  destroyed  by  decay,  the  foliage  is  tem- 
porary, the  crop  of  leaves  being  annually  thrown  off  after  they  have 
served  their  purpose. 

437.  Structure  of  the  leaf,     Leaves  also  consist  both  of  a  woody 
and  a  cellular  part  (135).     The  woody  part  is  the  framework  of  ribs 
and  veins,  which  have  already  been  described  in  full  (136-147). 


LESSON  25.]  AND    LEAVES.  155 

They  serve  not  only  to  strengthen  the  leaf,  but  also  to  bring  in  the 
ascending  sap,  and  to  distribute  it  by  the  veinlets  throughout  every 
part.  The  cellular  portion  is  the  green  pulp,  and  is  nearly  the  same 
as  the  green  layer  of  the  bark.  So  that  the  leaf  may  properly 
enough  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  expansion  of  the  fibrous  and  green 
layers  of  the  bark.  It  has  of  course  no  corky  layer  ;  but  the  whola 
is  .covered  by  a  transparent  skin  or  epidermis,  resembling  that  o 
the  stem. 

438.  The  green  pulp  consists  of  cells  of  various  forms,  usually 
loosely  arranged,  so  as  to  leave  many  irregular  spaces,  or  air-pas- 
sages, communicating  with  each  other  throughout  the  whole  interior 
of  the  leaf  (Fig.  356).     The  green  color  is  owing  to  a  peculiar 
green  matter  lying  loose  in  the  cells,  in  form  of  minute  grains, 
named   Chlorophyll  (i.  e.   the  green  of 

leaves).  It  is  this  substance,  seen 
through  the  transparent  walls  of  the 
cells  where  it  is  accumulated,  which 
gives  the  common  green  hue  to  vege- 
tation, and  especially  to  foliage. 

439.  The  green  pulp  in  most  leaves 
forms  two   principal  layers ;    an   upper 
one,  facing  the  sky,  and  an  under  one, 
facing  the  ground.     The  upper  one  is 

always  deeper  green  in  color  than  the  lower.  This  is  partly  owing, 
perhaps,  to  a  greater  amount  of  chlorophyll  in  the  upper  cells,  but 
mainly  to  the  more  compact  arrangement  of  these  cells.  As  is  seen 
in  Fig.  356  and  357,  the  cells  of  the  upper  side  are  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical, and  stand  endwise  to  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  usually  close  to- 
gether, leaving  hardly  any  vacant  spaces.  Those  of  the  lower  part 
of  the  leaf  are  apt  to  be  irregular  in  shape,  most  of  them  with  their 
longer  diameter  parallel  to  the  face  of  the  leaf,  and  are  very  looselj 
arranged,  leaving  many  and  wide  air-chambers.  The  green  color 
underneath  is  therefore  diluted  and  paler. 

440.  In  many  plants   which    grow  where   they  are    subject   to 
drought,  and  which  hold  their  leaves  during  the  dry  season  (the 
Oleander  for  example),  the  greater  part  of  the  thickness  of  the  leaf 
consists  of  layers  of  long  cells,  placed  endwise  and  very  much  com- 

FIG.  356.  Section  through  the  thickness  of  a  leaf  of  the  Star  Anise  (Illicium),  of  Florida, 
magnified.  The  upper  and  the  lower  layers  of  thick-walled  and  empty  cells  represent  the 
epidermis  or  skin.  All  those  between  are  cells  of  the  green  pulp,  containing  grains  of 
chlorophyll. 


156  ANATOMY    OF    THE    LEAVES.  [LESSON  25. 

pacted,  so  as  to  expose  as  little  surface  as  possible  to  the  direct  action 
of  the  hot  sun.  On  the  other  hand,  the  leaves  of  marsh  plants,  and 
jf  others  not  intended  to  survive  a  drought,  have  their  cells  more 
loosely  arranged  throughout.  In  such  leaves  the  epidermis,  or  skin, 
is  made  of  only  one  layer  of  cells  ;  while  in  the  Oleander,  and  the 
like,  it  consists  of  three  or  four  layers  of  hard  and  thick-walled  cells. 
In  all  this,  therefore,  we  plainly  see  an  arrangement  for  temperii  g 
the  action  of  direct  sunshine,  and  for  restraining  a  too  copious  evap- 
oration, which  would  dry  up  and  destroy  the  tender  cells,  at  least 
when  moisture  is  not  abundantly  supplied  through  the  roots. 

441.  That  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  alone  is  so  constructed  as  to 
bear  the  sunshine,  is  shown  by  what  happens  when  their  position  is 
reversed :  then  the  leaf  soon  twists  on  its  stalk,  so  as  to  turn  again 
its  under  surface  away  from  the  light ;  and  when  prevented  from 
doing  so,  it  perishes. 

442.  A  large  part  of  the  moisture  which  the  roots  of  a  growing 
plant  are  constantly  absorbii  g,  after  being  carried  up  through  the 
stem,  is  evaporated  from   the  leaves.     A  Sunflower-plant,  a  little 
over  three  feet  high,  and  with  between  five  and  six  thousand  square 
inches  of  surface  in  foliage,  &c.,  has  been  found  to  exhale  twenty  or 
thirty  ounces  (between  one  and  two  pints)  of  water  in  a  day.     Some 
part  of  this,  no  doubt,  flies  off  through  the  walls  of  the  epidermis  or 
skin,  at  least  in  sunshine  and  dry  weather;  but  no  considerable  por- 
tion of  it.     The  very  object  of  this  skin  is  to  restrain  evaporation. 
The  greater  part  of  the  moisture  exhaled  escapes  from  the  leaf 
through  the 

443.  Stomates  OF  Breathing-pores,    These  are  small  openings  through 
the  epidermis  into  the   air-chambers,  establishing  a  direct  commu- 
nication between  the  whole  interior  of  the  leaf  and  the  external  air. 
Through  these  the  vapor  of  water  and   air  can  freely  escape,  or 
enter,  as  the  case  may  be.     The  aperture  is  guarded  by  a  pair  of 
thin-walled  cells,  —  resembling  those  of  the  green  pulp  within, — 
which  open  when  moist  so  as  to  allow  exhalation   to  go  on,  but 
promptly  close  when  dry,  so  as  to  arrest  it  before  the  interior  of  the 
leaf  is  injured  by  the  dryness. 

444.  Like  the  air-chambers,  the  breathing-pores  belong  mainly  to 
the  under  side  of  the  leaf.     In  the  White  Lily,  —  where  they  are 
unusually  large,  and  easily  seen  by  a  simple  microscope  of  mod- 
erate power,  —  there  are  about  60,000  to  the  square  inch  on  the 
epidermis  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaf,  and  only  about  3,000  in 


LESSON 


THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION. 


157 


the  same  space  of  the  upper  surface.  More  commonly  there  are  few 
or  none  on  the  upper  side  ;  direct  sunshine  evidently  being  unfavor- 
able to  their  operation.  Their  immense  numbers  make  up  for  their 
minuteness.  They  are  said  to  vary  from  less  than  1,000  to  170,000 
to  the  square  inch  of  surface.  In  the  Apple-tree,  where  they  are 
under  the  average  as  to  number,  there  are  about  24,000  to  the 
square  inch  of  the  lower  surface  ;  so  that  each  leaf  has  not  far  from 
100,000  of  these  openings  or  mouths. 


LESSON   XXVI. 


THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION,    DOING     THE    WORK    OF    VEGETATION. 


445.  BEING  now  acquainted  with  the  machinery  of  the  plant,  we 
naturally  proceed  to  inquire  what  the  use  of  it  is,  and  how  it  works. 

446.  It  has  already  been  stated,  in  the  first  of  these  Lessons  (7), 
that  the  great  work  of  plants  is  to  change  inorganic  into  organic 
matter  ;  that  is,  to  take  portions  of  earth  and  air,  —  of  mineral  mat- 
ter,—  upon  which  animals  cannot  live  at  all,  and  to  convert  them 

FIG.  357.    Portion  of  a  White-Lily  leaf,  cut  through  and  magnified,  showing  a  section  ol 
the  thickness,  and  also  a  part  of  the  skin  of  the  lower  side,  with  some  breathing-porea- 

14 


158  THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION.  [LESSON  26. 

into  something  upon  which  they  can  live,  namely,  into  food.  All 
the  food  of  all  animals  is  produced  by  plants.  Animals  live  upon 
vegetables ;  and  vegetables  live  upon  earth  and  air,  principally 
upon  the  air. 

447.  Plants  feed  upon  Earth  and  Air,     This  is  evident  enough  from 
the  way  in  which  they  live.     Many  plants  will  nourish  in  pure  sand 
or  powdered  chalk,  or  on  the  bare  face  of  a  rock  or  wall,  watered 
merely  with  rain-water.     And  almost  any  plant  may  be  made  to 
grow  from  the  seed  in  pure  sand,  and  increase  its  weight  many  times, 
even  if  it  will  not  come  to  perfection.    Many  naturally  live  suspended 
from  the  branches  of  trees  high  in  the  air,  and  nourished  by  it  alone, 
never  having  any  connection  with  the  soil  (81);  and  some  which 
naturally  grow  on  the  ground,  like  the  Live-for-ever  of  the  gardens, 
when  pulled  up  by  the  roots  and  hung  in  the  air  will  often  flourish 
the  whole  summer  long. 

448.  It  is  true  that  fast-growing  plants,  or  those  which  produce 
considerable  vegetable  matter  in  one  season, — especially  in  such  a 
concentrated  form  as  to  be  useful  as  food  for  man  or  the  higher 
animals, — will  come  to  maturity  only  in  an  enriched  soil.      But 
what  is  a  rich  soil  1     One  which  contains   decomposing  vegetable 
matter,  or  some  decomposing  animal  matter ;  that  is,  in  cither  case, 
some   decomposing   organic  matter  formerly   produced  by   plants ; 
aided  by  this,  grain-bearing  and   other  important  vegetables  will 
grow  more  rapidly  and  vigorously,  and  make  a  greater  amount  of 
nourishing  matter,  than  they  could  if  left  to  do  the  whole  work  at 
once  from  the  beginning.     So  that  in  these  cases  also  all  the  organic 
matter  was  made  by  plants,  and  made  out  of  earth  and  air. 

449.  Their  Chemical  Composition  shows  what  Plants  are  made  of,    The 

soil  and  the  air  in  which  plants  live,  and  by  which  they  are  every- 
where surrounded,  supply  a  variety  of  materials,  some  likely  to  be 
useful  to  the  plant,  others  not.  To  know  what  elements  the  plant 
makes  use  of,  we  must  first  know  of  what  its  fabric  and  its  products 
are  composed. 

450.  We  may  distinguish  two  sorts  of  materials  in  plants,  one  of 
which  is  absolutely  essential,  and  is  the  same  in  all  of  them ;  the 
other,  also  to  some  extent  essential,  but  very  variable  in  different 
plants,  or  in  the  same  plant  under  different  circumstances.     The 
former  is  the  organic,  the  latter  the  inorganic  or  earthy  materials. 

451.  The  Earthy  or  Inorganic  Constituents,    If  we  burn  thoroughly  a 
leaf,  a  piece  of  wood,  or  any  other  part  of  a  vegetable,  almost  all  of 


LESSON  26.J  ITS    CHEMICAL    COMPOSITION.  159 

it  is  dissipated  into  air.     But  a  little  ashes  remain  :  these  represent 
the  earthy  constituents  of  the  plant. 

452.  They  consist  of  some  potash  (or  soda  if  a  marine  plant  wag 
used),  some  silex  (the  same  as  flint),  and  probably  a  little  lime,  al- 
umine,  or  magnesia,  iron  or  manganese,  sulphur  or  phosphorus,  &c. 
Some  or  all  of  these  elements  may  be  detected  in  many  or  most 
plants.     But  they  make  no  part  of  their  real  fabric  ;  and  they  fortQ 
only  from  one  or  two  to  nine  or  ten  parts  out  of  a  hundred  of  any 
vegetable   substance.      The   ashes   vary   according    to    the   nature 
of  the  soil.     In  fact,  they  consist,  principally,  of  such  materials  as 
happened  to  be  dissolved,  in  small  quantity,  in  the  water  which  was 
taken  up  by  the  roots  ;  and  when  that  is  consumed  by  the  plant,  or 
flies  off  pure  (as  it  largely  does,  447)  by  exhalation,  the  earthy  mat- 
ter is  left  behind  in  the  cells,  — just  as  it  is  left  incrusting  the  sides 
of  a  teakettle  in  which  much  hard  water  has  been  boiled.     As  is 
very  natural,  therefore,  we  find   more   earthy  matter  (i.  e.  more 
ashes)  in  the  leaves  than  in  any  other  part  (sometimes  as  much  as 
seven  per  cent,  when  the  wood  contains  only  two  per  cent)  ;  because 
it  is  through  the  leaves  that  most  of  the  water  escapes  from  the  plant. 
These  earthy  constituents  are  often  useful  to  the  plant  (the  silex,  for 
instance,  increases  the  strength  of  the  Wheat-stalk),  or  are  useful  in 
the  plant's  products  as  furnishing  needful  elements  in  the  food  of  man 
and  other  animals ;  and  some  must  be  held  to  be  necessary  to  vege- 
tation, since  this  is  never  known  to  go  on  without  them. 

453.  The  Organic  Constituents.     As  has  just  been  remarked,  when 
we  burn  in  the  open  air  a  piece  of  any  plant,  nearly  its  whole  bulk, 
and  from  88  to  more  than  99  parts  out  of  a  hundred  by  weight  of  its 
substance,  disappear,  being  turned  into  air  and  vapor.     These  are 
the  organic  constituents  which   have  thus    been   consumed,  —  the 
actual  materials  of  the  cells  and  the  whole  real  fabric  of  the  plant. 
And  we  may  state  that,  in  burning,  it  has  been  decomposed  into  ex 
actly  the  same  kinds  of  air,  and  the  vapor  of  water,  that  the  plant 
used  in  its  making.     The  burning  has  merely  undone  the  work  of 
Vegetation,  and  given  back  the  materials  to  the  air  just  in  the  state 
in  which  the  plant  took  them. 

454.  It  will  not  be  difficult  to  understand  what  the  organic  con- 
stituents, that  is,  what  the  real  materials,  of  the  plant  are,  and  how 
the  plant  obtains  them.     The  substance  of  which  vegetable  tissue, 
viz.  the  wall  of  the  cells,  is  made,  is  by  chemists  named  Cellulose.    It 
is  just  the  same  thing  in  composition  in  wood  and  in  soft  cellular  tis- 


160  THE  PLANT  IN  ACTION.  [LESSON  2& 

*ue, — in  the  tender  pot-herb  and  in  the  oldest  tree.  It  is  composed 
of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  6  parts  of  the  first  to  10  of  the 
second  and  5  of  the  third.  These,  accordingly,  are  necessary  mate* 
rials  of  vegetable  growth,  and  must  be  received  by  the  growing  plant 

455.  The  Plant's  Food  must  contain  these  three  elements  in  some 
shape  or  other.     Let  us  look  for  them  in  the  materials  which  the 
plant  is  constantly  taking  from  the  soil  and  the  air. 

456.  Water  is  the  substance  of  which  it  takes  in  vastly  more  than 
«f  anything  else  :  we  well  know  how  necessary  it  is  to  vegetable  life. 
The  plant  imbibes  water  by  the  roots,  which  are  specially  construct- 
ed for  taking  it  in,  as  a  liquid  when  the  soil  is  wet,  and  probably 
also  in  the  form  of  vapor  when  the  soil  is  only  damp.     That  water 
in  the  form  of  vapor  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves  likewise,  when  the 
plant  needs  it,  is  evident  from  the  way  partly  wilted  leaves  revive 
and  freshen  when  sprinkled  or  placed  in  a  moist  atmosphere.     Now 
water  is  composed  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  two  of  the  three  elements 
of  cellulose  or  plant-fabric.    Moreover,  the  hydrogen  and  the  oxygen 
exist  in  water  in  exactly  the  same  proportions  that  they  do  in  cellu- 
lose :  so  it  is  clear  that  water  furnishes  these  two  elements. 

457.  We  inquire,  therefore,  after  the  third  element,  carbon.     This 
is  the  same  as  pure  charcoal.     Charcoal  is  the  carbon  of  a  vegetable 
left  behind  after  charring,  that  is,  heating  it  out  of  contact  of  the  air 
until  the  hydrogen  and  oxygen  are  driven  off.    The  charcoal  of  wood 
is  so  abundant  in  bulk  as  to  preserve  perfectly  the  shape  of  the  cells 
after  charring,  and  in  weight  it  amounts  to  about  half  that  of  the 
original  material.     Carbon  itself  is  a  solid,  and  not  at  all  dissolved 
by  water :  as  such,  therefore,  it  cannot  be  absorbed  into  the  plant, 
however  minute  the  particles  ;  only  liquid  and  air  can  pass  through 
the  walls  of  the  cells  (402,  410).     It  must  therefore  come  to  the 
plant  in  some  combination,  and  in  a  fluid  form.     The  only  substance 
within  the  plant's  reach  containing  carbon  in  the  proper  state  is 

458.  Carbonic  Acid.     This  is  a  gas,  and  one  of  the  components 
of  the  atmosphere,  everywhere  making  about  ^^u  Part  °f  its  bulk, 
r— enough  for  the  food  of  plants,  but  not  enough  to  be  injurious  to 
animals.     For  when  mixed  in  any  considerable  proportion  with  the 
air  we  breathe,  carbonic  acid  is  very  poisonous.     The  air  produced 
by  burning  charcoal  is  carbonic  acid,  and  we  know  how  soon  burning 
charcoal  in  a  close  room  will  destroy  life. 

459.  The  air  around  us  consists,  besides  this  miiiute  proportion 
of  carbonic  acid,  of  two  other  gases,  mixed   together,  viz.  oxygen 


LESSON  26.]  ITS    FOOD.  161 

and  nitrogen.  The  nitrogen  gas  does  not  support  animal  life  *.  it  only 
dilutes  the  oxygen,  which  does.  It  is  the  oxygen  gas  alone  which 
renders  the  air  fit  for  breathing. 

4GO.  Carbonic  acid  consists  of  carbon  combined  with  oxygen.  In 
breathing,  animals  are  constantly  forming  carbonic  acid  gas  by  unit- 
ing carbon  from  their  bodies  with  oxygen  of  the  air ;  they  inspire 
oxygen  into  their  lungs  ;  they  breath  it  out  as  carbonic  acid.  So 
with  every  breath  animals  are  diminishing  the  oxygen  of  the  air,  — 
so  necessary  to  animal  life,  —  and  are  increasing  its  carbonic  acid,  — 
so  hurtful  to  animal  life  ;  or  rather,  which  would  be  so  hurtful  if  it 
were  allowed  to  accumulate  in  the  air.  The  reason  why  it  does  not 
increase  in  the  air  beyond  this  minute  proportion  is  that  plants  feed 
upon  it.  They  draw  their  whole  stock  of  carbon  from  the  carbonic 
acid  of  the  air. 

461.  Plants  take  it  in  by  their  leaves.     Every  current,  or  breeze 
that  stirs  the  foliage,  brings  to  every  leaf  a  succession  of  fresh  atoms 
of  carbonic  acid,  which  it  absorbs  through  its  thousands  of  breathing- 
pores.     We  may  prove  this  very  easily,  by  putting  a  small  plant  or 
a  fresh  leafy  bough  into  a  glass  globe,  exposed  to  sunshine,  and  hav- 
ing two  openings,  causing  air  mixed  with  a  known   proportion  of 
carbonic  acid  gas  to  enter  by  one  opening,  slowly  traverse  the  foliage, 
and  pass  out  by  the  other  into  a  vessel  proper  to  receive  it :  now, 
examining  the  air  chemically,  it  will  be  found  to  have  less  carbonic 
acid  than  before.     A  portion  has  been  taken  up  by  the  foliage. 

462.  Plants  also  take  it  in  by  their  roots,  some  probably  as  a  gas, 
in  the  same  way  that  leaves  absorb  it,  and  much,  certainly,  dissolved 
in  the  water  which   the  rootlets  imbibe.     The  air  in  the  soil,  es- 
pecially in  a  rich  soil,  contains  many  times  as  much  carbonic  acid 
as  an  equal  bulk  of  the  atmosphere  above.     Decomposing  vegetable 
matter  or  manures,  in  the  soil,  are  constantly  evolving  carbonic  acid, 
and  a  large  part  of  it  remains  there,  in  the  pores  and  crevices,  among 
which  the  absorbing  rootlets  spread  and  ramify.     Besides,  as  this  gas 
is  dissolved  by  water  in  a  moderate  degree,  every  rain-drop  that  falls 
from  the  clouds  to  the  ground  brings  with  it  a  little  carbonic  acid, 
dissolving  or  washing  it  out  of  the  air  as  it  passes,  and  bringing  it 
down  to  the  roots  of  plants.     And  what  flows  off  into  the  streams 
and  ponds  serves  for  the  food  of  water-plants. 

463.  So  water  and  carbonic  acid,  taken  in  by  the  leaves,  or  taken 
in  by  the  roots  and  carried  up  to  the  leaves  as  crude  sap,  are  the 
general  food  of  plants,  —  are  the  raw  materials  out  of  which  at  least 

14* 


162  THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION,  [LESSON  26. 

the  fabric  and  a  part  of  the  general  products  of  the  plant  are  made. 
Water  and  carbonic  acid  are  mineral  matters :  in  the  plant,  mainly 
in  the  foliage,  they  are  changed  into  organic  matters.  This  is 

464.  The  Plant's  proper  Work,  Assimilation,  viz.  the  conversion  by  the 
vegetable  of  foreign,  dead,  mineral  matter  into  its  own  living  sub- 
stance, or  into  organic  matter  capable  of  becoming  living  substance, 
To  do  this  is,  as  we  have  said,  the  peculiar  office  of  the  plant.     How 
and  where  is  it  done  ? 

465.  It  is  done  in  the  green  parts  of  plants  alone,  and  only  when 
these  are  acted  upon  by  the  light  of  the  sun.     The  sun  in  some  way 
supplies  a  power  which  enables  the  living  plant  to  originate  these 
peculiar  chemical  combinations,  —  to  organize    matter   into  forms 
which  are  alone  capable  of  being  endowed  with  life.     The  proof  of 
this  proposition  is  simple  ;  and  it  shows  at  the  same  time,  in  the 
simplest  way,  what  the  plant  does  with  the  water  and  carbonic  acid 
it  consumes.     Namely,  1st,  it  is  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight 
that  the  green  parts  of  plants  give  out  oxygen  gas,  —  then  they  do ; 
and  2d,  the  giving  out  of  this  oxygen  gas  is  just  what  is  required  to 
render  the  chemical  composition  of  water  and  carbonic  acid  the  same 
as  that  of  cellulose  (454),  that  is,  of  the  plant's  fabric.     This  shows 
why  plants  spread  out  so  large  a  surface  of  foliage. 

466.  In  plants  growing  or  placed  under  water  we  may  see  bubbles 
of  air  rising  from  the  foliage  ;  we  may  collect  enough  of  this  air  to 
test  it  by  a  candle's  burning  brighter  in  it ;  which  shows  it  to  be 
oxygen  gas.    Now  if  the  plant  is  making  cellulose  or  plant-substance, 
—  that  is,  is  making  the  very  materials  of  its  fabric  and  growth,  as 
must  generally  be  the  case,  —  all  this  oxygen  gas  given  off  by  the 
leaves  comes  from  the  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  taken  in  by 
the  plant. 

467.  This  must  be  so,  because  cellulose  is  composed  of  5  parts  o£ 
oxysjen  and  10  of  hydrogen  to  6  of  carbon  (454)  :  here  the  first  twd| 
are  just  in  the  same  proportions  as  in  water,  which  consists  of  1  part 
of  oxygen  and  2  of  hydrogen, — so  that  5  parts  of  water  and  6  of  car- 
bon represent  1  of  cellulose  or  plant-fabric  ;  and  to  make  it  out  of 
water  and  carbonic  acid,  the  latter  (which  is  composed  of  carbon  and 
oxygen)  has  only  to  give  up  all   its  oxygen.     In  other  words,  the 
plant,  in  its  foliage  under  sunshine,  decomposes  carbonic  acid  gas, 
and  turns  the  carbon  together  with  water  into  cellulose,  at  the  same 
time  giving  off  the  oxygen  of  the  carbonic  acid  into  the  air. 

468.  And  we  can  readily  prove  that  it  is  so, — namely,  that  plants 


LESSON  26.]  PRODDCIXG    ORGANIC    MATTER.  163 

do  decompose  carbonic  acid  in  their  leaves  and  give  out  its  oxygen, 
—  by  the  experiment  mentioned  in  paragraph  461.  There  the 
leaves,  as  we  have  stated,  are  taking  in  carbonic  acid  gas.  \Ve 
now  add,  that  they  are  giving  out  oxygen  gas  at  the  same  rate. 
The  air  as  it  comes  from  the  glass  globe  is  found  to  have  just  as 
much  more  oxygen  as  it  has  less  carbonic  acid  than  before  — just 
as  much  more  oxygen  as  would  be  required  to  turn  the  carbon  re 
tained  in  the  plant  back  into  carbonic  acid  again. 

469.  It  is  all  the  same  when  plants  —  instead  of  making  fabric  at 
once,  that  is,  growing  —  make  the  prepared  material,  and  store  it 
up  i'or  future  use.     The  principal  product  of  plants  for  this  purpose 
i  i  Starch,  which  consists  of  minute  grains  of  organic  matter,  lying 
loose  in  the  cells.     Plants  often  accumulate  this,  perhaps  in  the  root, 
as  in  the  Turnip,  Carrot,  and  Dahlia  (Fig.  57  -  60)  ;  or  in  subter- 
ranean stems  or  branches,  as  in  the  Potato  (Fig.  68),  and  many 
rootstocks  ;  or  in  the  bases  of  leaves,  as  in  the  Onion,  Lily  (Fig. 
73-75),  and  other  bulbs  ;  or  in  fleshy  leaves  above  ground,  as  those 
of  the  Ice-Plant,  House-leek,  and  Century-Plant  (Fig.  82)  ;  or  in 
the  whole  thickened  body,  as  in  many  Cactuses  (Fig.  76) ;  or  in 
the  seed  around  the  embryo,  as  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  38,  39)  and 
other  grain ;  or  even  in  the  embryo  itself,  as  in  the  Horsechestnut 
(Fig.  23,  24),  Bean  (Fig.  16),  Pea  (Fig.  19),  &c.     In  all  these 
forms  this  is  a  provision  for  future  growth,  either  of  the   plant 
itself  or  of  some  offset  from  it,  or  of  its  offspring,  as  it  springs 
from  the  seed.     Now  starch  is  to  cellulose  or  vegetable  fabric  just 
what  the  prepared  clay  is  to  the  potter's  vessel,  —  the  same  thing, 
only  requiring  to  be  shaped  and  consolidated.     It  has  exactly  the 
same  chemical  composition,  and  is  equally  made  of  carbon  and  the 
elements  of  water,  by  decomposing  the  same  amount  of  carbonic 
acid  and  giving  back  its  oxygen  to  the  air.     In  using  it  for  growth5 
the  plant  dissolves  it,  conveys  it  to  the  growing  parts,  and  consoli' 
dates  it  into  fabric. 

470.  Sugar,  another  principal  vegetable  product,  also  has  essen- 
tially the  same  chemical  composition,  and  may  be  formed  out  of  the 
same  common  food  of  plants,  with  the  same  result.     The  different 
kinds  of  sugar  (that  of  the  cane,  &c.  and  of  grapes)  consist  of  the 
same  three  materials  as  starch  and  cellulose,  only  with  a  little  more 
water.     The  plant  generally  forms  the  sugar  out  of  starch,  changing 
one  into  the  other  with  great  ease ;  starch  being  the  form  in  which 
prepared  material  is  stored  up,  and  sugar  that  in  which  it  is  ex- 


164  THE    PLANT    PURIFYING   THE   AIR,  [LESSON  26. 

pended  or  transferred  from  one  part  of  the  plant  to  another.  In  the 
Sugar-cane  and  Indian  Corn,  starch  is  deposited  in  the  seed  ;  in  ger- 
mination this  is  turned  into  sugar  for  the  plantlet  to  begin  its  growth 
with  ;  the  growing  plant  produces  more,  and  deposits  some  as  starch 
in  the  stalk  ;  just  before  blossoming,  this  is  changed  into  sugar  again, 
and  dissolved  in  the  sap,  to  form  and  feed  the  flowers  (which  cannot, 
like  the  leaves,  create  nourishment  for  themselves)  ;  and  what  is  left 
it-  deposited  in  the  seed  as  starch  again,  with  which  to  begin  the 
same  operation  in  the  next  generation. 

471.  We  might  enumerate  other  vegetable  products  of  this  class 
(such  as  oil,  acids,  jelly,  the  pulp  of  fruits,  &c.),  and  show  how  they 
are  formed  out  of  the  carbonic  acid  and  water  which  the  plant  takes 
in.     But  those  already  mentioned  are  sufficient.     In  producing  any 
of  them,  carbonic  acid  taken  from  the  air  is  decomposed,  its  carbon 
retained,  and  its  oxygen  given  back  to  the  air.     That  is  to  say, 

472.  Plants  purify  the  Air  for  Animals,  by  taking  away  the  carbonic 
acid  injurious  to  them,  continually  poured  into  it  by  their  breathing, 
as  well  as  by  the  burning  of  fuel  and  by  decay,  and  restoring  in  its 
place  an  equal  bulk  of  life-sustaining  oxygen  (4GO).     And  by  the 
same  operation,  combining  this  carbon  with  the  elements  of  water, 
&c.,  and  elaborating   them   into  organic  matter,  —  especially  into 
starch,  sugar,  oil,  and  the  like,  — 

473.  Plants  produce  all  the  Food  and  Fabric  of  Animals,    The  herbiv- 
orous animals  feed  directly  upon  vegetables  ;  and  the  carnivorous 
ieed  upon  the  herbivorous.     Neither  the  one  nor  the  other  originate 
any  organic  matter.     They  take  it  all  ready-made  from   plants,  — 
altering  the  form  and  qualities  more  or  less,  and  at  length  destroy- 
ing or  decomposing  it. 

474.  Starch,  sugar,  and  oil,  for  example,  form  a  large  part  of  the 
food  of  herbivorous  animals  and  of  man.     When  digested,  they  enter 
into  the  blood ;  any  surplus  may  be  stored  up  for  a  time  in  the  form 
of  fat,  being  changed  a  little  in  its  nature  ;  while  the  rest  (and  finally 
the  whole)  is  decomposed  into  carbonic  acid  and  water,  and  exhaled 
from  the  lungs  in  respiration  ;  —  in  other  words,  is  given  back  to  the 
air  by  the  animal  as  the  very  same  materials  which  the  plant  takes 
from  the  air  as  its  food  (463) ;  —  is  given  back  to  the  air  in  the  same 
form  that  it  w7ould  have  been  if  the  vegetable  matter  had  been  left 
to  decay  where  it  grew,  or  if  it  had  been  set  on  fire  and  burned  ;  — 
and  with  the  same  result  too  as  to  the  heat,  the  heat  in  this  case 
producing  and  maintaining  the  proper  temperature  of  the  animal. 


LESSON  26.]      AND    PRODUCING    THE   FOOD    OF   ANIMALS.  165 

475.  But  starch,  sugar,  and  the  like,  do  not  make  any  part  of  the 
flesh  or  fabric  of  animals.     And  that  for  the  obvious  reason,  that  they 
consist  of  only  the  three   elements  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen; 
whereas  the  flesh  of  animals  has  nitrogen  as  well  as  these  three  ele- 
ments in  its  composition.     The  materials  of  the  animal  body,  called 
Fibrine  in  the  flesh  or  muscles,  Gelatine  in  the  sinews  and  bones, 
Caserne  in  the  curd  of  milk,  &c.,  are  all  forms  of  one  and  the  same 
substance,  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen.     As 
nitrogen  is  a  large  constituent  of  the  atmosphere,  and  animals  are 
taking  it  into  their  lungs  with  every  breath  they  draw,  we  might 
suppose  that  they  take  this  element  of  their  frame  directly  from  the 
air.     But  they  do  not.     Even  this  is  furnished  by  vegetables,  and 
animals  receive  it  ready-made  in  their  food.     And  this  brings  us  to 
consider  still  another  and  most  important  vegetable  product,  of  a 
different  class  from  the  rest  (omitted  till  now,  for  the  sake  of  greater 
simplicity)  ;  namely,  what  is  called 

476.  Proteine.     This  name  has  been  given  to  it  by  chemists,  be- 
cause it  occurs  under  such  a  protean  variety  of  forms.     The  Gluten 
of  wheat  and  the  Legumine  of  beans  and  other  leguminous  plants 
may  be  taken  to  represent  it.     It  occurs  in  all  plants,  at  least  in 
young  and  growing  parts.     It  does  not  make  any  portion  of  their 
tissue,  but  is  contained  in  all  living  cells,  as  a  thin  jelly,  mingled 
with  the  sap  or  juice,  or  as  a  delicate  mucilaginous  lining.     In  fact, 
it  is  formed  earlier  than  the  cell-wall  itself,  and  the  latter  is  moulded 
on  it,  as  it  were  ;  so  it  is  also  called  Protoplasm.     It  disappears  from 
common  cells  as  they  grow  old,  being  transferred  onward  to  new  or 
forming  parts,  where  it  plays  a  very  active  part  in  growth.     Mixed 
with  starch,  &c.,  it  is  accumulated  in  considerable  quantity  in  wheat, 
beans,  and  other  grains  and  seeds,  especially  those  which  are  most 
nutritious  as  food.    It  is  the  proteine  which  makes  them  so  nutritious. 
Taken  by  animals  as  food,  it  forms  their  flesh  and  sinews,  and  the 
animal  part  of  their  bones,  without  much  change ;  for  it  has  the  same 
composition,  —  is  just  the  same  thing,  indeed,  in  some  slightly  different 
forms.     To  produce  it,  the  plant  employs,  in  addition  to  the  carbonic 
acid  and  water  already  mentioned  as  its  general  food,  some  ammo- 
nia ;  which  is  a  compound  of  hydrogen  and  nitrogen.      Ammonia 
(which    is  the    same    thing    as    hartshorn)    is    constantly    escaping 
into  the  air   in  small    quantities   from   all    decomposing   vegetable 
and  animal  substances.     Besides,  it  is  produced  in  every  thunder- 
storm.    Every  flash  of  lightning  causes  some  to  be  made  (in  the 


166  PLANT-LIFE.  [LESSON  27. 

form  of  nitrate  of  ammonia)  out  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  air  and  the 
vapor  of  water.  The  reason  why  it  never  accumulates  in  the  air 
so  as  to  be  perceptible  is,  that  it  is  extremely  soluble  in  water,  as 
are  all  its  compounds.  So  it  is  washed  out  of  the  atmosphere  by  the 
rain  as  fast  as  it  is  made  or  rises  into  it,  and  is  brought  down  to  the 
roots  of  plants,  which  take  it  in  freely.  When  assimilated  in  the 
leaves  along  with  carbon  and  water,  proteine  is  formed,  the  very 
substance  of  the  flesh  of  animals.  So  all  flesh  is  vegetable  matter 
in  its  origin. 

477.  Even  the  earthy  matter  of  the  bones,  and  the  iron  and  other 
mineral  matters  in  the  blood  of  animals,  are  derived  from  the  plants 
they  feed  upon,  with  hardly  an  exception.     These  are  furnished  by 
the  earthy  or  mineral  constituents  of  plants  (452),  and  are  merely 
accumulated  in  the  animal  frame. 

478.  Animals,  therefore,  depend  absolutely  upon  vegetables  for 
their  being.     The  great  object  for  which  the  All-wise  Creator  estab- 
lished the  vegetable  kingdom  evidently  is,  that  plants  might  stand  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth  between  the  mineral  and  the  animal  crea- 
tions, and  organize  portions  of  the  former  for  the  sustenance  of 
the  latter. 


LESSON   XXVIL 

PLANT-LIFE. 

479.  LIFE  is  known  to  us  only  by  its  effects.     We  cannot  tell 
what  it  is  ;  but  we  notice  some  things  which  it  does.     One  peculi- 
arity of  living  things,  which  has  been  illustrated  in  the  last  Lesson, 
is  their  power  of  transforming  matter  into  new  forms,  and  thereby 
making  products  never  produced  in  any  other  way.     Life  is  also 
manifested  by 

480.  Motion,  that  is,  by  self-caused   movements.     Living  things 
move  ;    those  not  living  are  moved.     Animals,  living  as  they  do 
upon   organized    food,  —  which   is  not    found    everywhere,  —  must 
needs  have  the  power  of  going  after  it,  of  collecting  it,  or  at  least  of 
taking  it  in  ;  which  requires  them  to  make  spontaneous  movements. 
But  plants,  with  their  wide-spread  surface  (34,  131}  always  in  con- 


LESSON  27.]  CIRCULATION    IN    CELLS.  167 

tact  with  the  earth  and  air  on  which  they  feed,  —  the  latter  and  the 
most  important  of  these  everywhere  just  the  same,  —  have  no  need 
of  locomotion,  and  so  are  generally  fixed  fast  to  the  spot  where 
they  grow. 

481.  Yet  many  plants  move  their  parts  freely,  sometimes  when 
there  is  no  occasion  for  it  that  we  can  understand,  and  sometimes 
accomplishing  by  it  some  useful  end.     The  sudden  closing  of  tl  e 
leaflets  of  the  Sensitive   Plant,  and   the  dropping  of  its  leafstalk, 
when  jarred,  also  the  sudden  starting  forwards  of  the  stamens  of  the 
Barberry  at  the  touch,  are  familiar  examples.     Such  cases  seem  at 
first  view  so  strange,  and  so  different  from  what  we  expect  of  a  plant, 
that  these  plants  are  generally  imagined  to  be  endowed  with  a  pe- 
culiar faculty,  denied  to  common  vegetables.     But  a  closer  exam- 
ination will  show  that  plants  generally  share  in  this  faculty;  that 
similar  movements  may  be  detected  in  them  all,  only  —  like  those 
of  the  hands  of  a  clock,  or  of  the  shadow  of  a  sun-dial  —  they  are 
too  slow  for  the  motion  to  be  directly  seen. 

482.  It  is  perfectly  evident,  also,  that  growth  requires  motion; 
that  there  is  always  an  internal  activity  in  living  plants  as  well  as 
in  animals,  —  a  power  exerted  which  causes  their  fluids  to  move  or 
circulate,  and  carries  materials  from  one  part  to  another.     Some 
movements  are  mechanical ;  but  even  these  are  generally  directed 
or  controlled  by  the  plant,     Others  must  be  as  truly  self-caused  as 
those  of  animals  are.     Let  us  glance  at  some  of  the  principal  sorts, 
and  see  what  light  they  throw  upon  vegetable  life. 

483.  Circulation  ill  Cells,     From  what  we  know  of  the  anatomy  of 
plants,  it  is  clear  that  they  have  no  general  circulation  (like  that  of 
all  animals  except  the  lowest),  through  a  system  of  vessels  opening 
into  each  other  (402,  410).     But  in  plants  each  living  cell  carries 
on  a  circulation  of  its  own,  at  least  when  young  and  active.     This 
may  be  beautifully  seen  in  the  transparent  stems  of  Chara  and  many 
other  water-plants,  and  in  the  leaves  of  the  Fresh-water  Tape-Grass 
(Vallisneria),  under  a  good  microscope.     Here  the  sap  circulates, 
often  quite  briskly  in  appearance,  (but  the  motion  is  magnified  as 
well  as  the  objects,)  in  a  steady   stream,  just    beneath   the  wall, 
around  each  cell,  passing  up  one  side,  across  the   end,  down  the 
other,  and  so  round  to  complete  the  circuit,  carrying  with  it  small 
particles,  or  the  larger  green  grains,  which  make  the  current  more 
visible.     This  circulation  may  also  be  observed  in  hairs,  particularly 
those  on  flowers,  such  as  the  jointed  hairs  of  Spiderwort,  looking 


168  PLANT-LIFE.  [LESSON  27. 

under  the  glass  like  strings  of  blue  beads,  each  bead  being  a  cell. 
But  here  a  microscope  magnifying  six  or  eight  hundred  times  in 
diameter  is  needed  to  see  the  current  distinctly. 

484.  The  movement  belongs  to  the  protoplasm  (476),  or  jelly-like 
matter  under  the  cell-wall.     As  this  substance  has  just  the  same 
composition  as  the  flesh  of  animals,  it  is  not  so  strange  that  it  should 
exhibit  such  animal-like  characters.     In  the  simplest  water-plants, 
of  the  Sea-weed  family,  the  body  which  answers  to  the  seed  is  at 
iirst  only  a  rounded  little  mass  of  protoplasm.     When  these  bodies 
escape  from  the  mother  plant,  they  often  swim  about  freely  in  the 
water  in  various  directions,  by  a  truly  spontaneous  motion,  when  they 
closely  resemble  animalcules,  and  are  often  mistaken  for  them.    After 
enjoying  this  active  life  for  several  hours,  they  come  to  rest,  form 
a  covering  of  cellulose,  and  therefore  become  true  vegetable  cells, 
fix   themselves   to    some    support,  germinate,  and    grow   into    the 
perfect  plant. 

485.  Absorption,  Conveyance  of  the  Sap,  &c,    Although  contained  in 

cells  with  closed  walls,  nevertheless  the  fluids  taken  in  by  the  roots 
are  carried  up  through  the  stem  to  the  leaves  even  of  the  topmost 
bough  of  the  tallest  tree.  And  the  sap,  after  its  assimilation  by  the 
leaves,  is  carried  down  in  the  bark  or  the  cambium-layer,  and  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  plant,  or  else  is  conveyed  to  the  points  where 
growth  is  taking  place,  or  is  accumulated  in  roots,  stems,  or  wherever 
a  deposit  is  being  stored  up  for  future  use  (71,  104,  128,  469). 

486.  That  the  rise  of  the  sap  is  pretty  rapid  in  a  leafy  and  growing 
plant,  on  a  dry  summer's  day,  is  evident  from  the  amount  of  water  it 
is  continually  losing  by  exhalation  from  the  foliage  (447)  ;  —  a  loss 
which  must  all  the  while  be  supplied  from  the  roots,  or  else  the 
leaves  would  dry  up  and  die  ;   as  they  do  so  promptly  when  sepa- 
rated from  the  stem,  or  when  the  stem  is  cut  off  from  the  roots. 
Of  course  they  do  not  then  lose   moisture  any  faster  than   they 
did    before   the   separation  ;    only  the   supply   is   no   longer   kept 
up  from  below. 

487.  The  rise  of  the  sap  into  the  leaves  apparently  is  to  a  great 
degree  the  result  of  a  mode  of  diffusion  which  has  been  called  En- 
dosmose.     It  acts  in  this  way.     Whenever  two  fluids  of  different 
density  are  separated  by  a  membrane,  whether  of  dead  or  of  living 
substance,  or  are  separated  by  any  porous   partition,  a  flow  takes 
place  through  the  partition,  mainly  towards  the  heavier  fluid,  until 
that  is  brought  to  the  same  density  as  the  other.     A  familiar  illus- 


LESSON  27.J  CONVEYANCE    OF   THE    SAP.  169 

tration  is  seen  when  we  place  powdered  sugar  upon  strawberries, 
and  slightly  moisten  them :  the  dissolving  sugar  makes  a  solution 
stronger  than  the  juice  in  the  cells  of  the  fruit ;  so  this  is  gradually 
drawn  out.  Also  when  pulpy  fruits  are  boiled  in  a  strong  sirup ;  as 
soon  as  the  sirup  becomes  denser  than  the  juice  in  the  fruit,  the 
latter  begins  to  flow  out  and  the  fruit  begins  to  shrivel.  But  when 
sliri veiled  fruits  are  placed  in  weak  sirup,  or  in  water,  they  become 
plump,  because  the  flow  then  sets  inwards,  the  juice  in  the  cells  being 
denser  than  the  water  outside.  Now  the  cells  of  the  living  plant 
contain  organic  matter,  in  the  form  of  mucilage,  protoplasm,  some- 
times sugar,  &c. ;  and  this  particularly  abounds  in  young  and 
growing  parts,  such  as  the  tips  of  roots  (Fig.  56),  which,  as  is  well 
known,  are  the  principal  agents  in  absorbing  moisture  from  the 
ground.  The  contents  of  their  cells  being  therefore  always  much 
denser  than  the  moisture  outside  (which  is  water  containing  a  little 
carbonic  acid,  &c.,  and  a  very  minute  quantity  of  earthy  matter), 
this  moisture  is  constantly  drawn  into  the  root.  What  makes  it 
ascend  to  the  leaves  ? 

488.  To  answer  this  question,  we  must  look  to  the  leaves,  and 
consider  what  is  going  on  there.     For  (however  it  may  be  in  the 
spring  before  the  leaves  are  out),  in  a  leafy  plant  or  tree  the  sap  is 
not  forced  up  from  below,  but  is  drawn  up  from  above.    Water  large- 
ly evaporates  from  the  leaves  (447)  ;  it  flies  off  into  the  air  as  vapor, 
leaving  behind  all  the  earthy  and  the  organic  matters,  —  these  not 
being  volatile ;  —  the  sap  in  the  cells  of  the  leaf  therefore  becomes 
denser,  and  so  draws  upon  the  more  watery  contents  of  the  cells  of 
the  stalk,  these  upon  those  of  the  stem  below,  and  so  on,  from  cell  to 
cell  down  to  the  root,  causing  a  flow  from  the  roots  to  the  leaves, 
which  begins  in  the  latter,  —  just  as  a  wind  begins  in  the  direction 
towards  which   it   blows.      Somewhat  similarly,  elaborated  sap  is 
'drawn  into  buds  or  any  growing  parts,  where  it  is  consolidated 
into   fabric,  or  is  conveyed  into  tubers,  roots,  seeds,  and   the  like, 
in  which  it  is  condensed  into  starch  and  stored  up  for  future  use 
(74,  103,  &c.). 

489.  So  in  absorbing  moisture  by  the  roots,  and  in  conveying 
the  sap  or  the  juices  from  cell  to  cell  and  from  one  part  to  another, 
the  plant  appears  to  make  use  of  a  physical  or  inorganic  force ;  but 
it  manages  and  directs  this  as  the  purposes  of  the  vegetable  econ- 
omy demand.     Now,  when  the  proper  materials  are  brought  to  the 
growing  parts,  growth  takes  place  >  and  in  growth  the  plant  moves 

15 


170  PLANT-LIFE.  [LESSON  27. 

the  particles  of  matter,  arranges  them,  and  shapes  the  fabric  in  a 
manner  which  we  cannot  at  all  explain  by  any  mechanical  laws. 
The  organs  are  not  shaped  by  any  external  forces  ;  they  shape 
themselves,  and  take  such  forms  and  positions  as  the  nature  of 
each  part,  or  the  kind  of  plant,  requires. 

490.  Special  Movements,  Besides  growing,  and  quite  independent 
of  it,  plants  not  only  assume  particular  positions,  but  move  or  beid 
one  part  upon  another  to  do  so.  Almost  every  species  does  this,  ;.» 
well  as  what  are  called  sensitive  plants.  In  springing  from  the  seed, 
the  radicle  or  stem  of  the  embryo,  if  not  in  the  proper  positioi? 
already,  bends  itself  round  so  as  to  direct  its  root-end  downwards, 
and  the  stern-end  or  plumule  upwards.  It  does  the  same  when 
covered  so  deeply  by  the  soil  that  no  light  can  affect  it,  or  when 
growing  in  a  perfectly  dark  cellar.  But  after  reaching  the  light, 
the  stem  bends  towards  that,  as  every  one  knows ;  and  bends 
towards  the  stronger  light,  when  the  two  sides  are  unequally  ex- 
posed to  the  sun.  It  is  now  known  that  the  shoot  is  bent  by  the 
shortening  of  the  cells  on  the  more  illuminated  side  ;  for  if  we  split 
the  bending  shoot  in  two,  that  side  curves  over  still  more,  while  the 
opposite  side  inclines  to  fly  back.  But  how  the  light  causes  the 
cells  to  shorten  on  that  side,  we  can  no  more  explain,  than  we  can 
tell  how  the  will,  acting  through  the  nerves,  cuuses  the  contraction 
of  the  fibres  of  the  muscles  by  which  a  man  bends  his  arm.  We 
are  sure  that  the  bending  of  the  shoot  has  nothing  to  do  with 
growth,  because  it  takes  place  after  a  shoot  is  grown  ;  and  the  del- 
icate stem  of  a  young  seedling  will  bend  a  thousand  times  faster 
than  it  grows.  Also  because  it  is  yellow  light  that  most  favors 
growth  and  the  formation  of  vegetable  fabric,  while  the  blue  and 
violet  rays  produce  the  bending.  Leaves  also  move,  even  more 
freely  than  steins.  They  constantly  present  their  upper  face  to  tl  a 
light ;  and  when  turned  upside  down,  they  twist  on  their  stalks,  or 
curve  round  to  recover  their  original  position.  The  free  ends  of 
twining  stems,  as  of  Hop,  or  Morning  Glory,  or  Bean,  which  appar- 
ently hang  over  to  one  side  from  their  weight,  are  in  fact  bent  over, 
and,  the  direction  of  the  bend  constantly  chan<rin<r,  the  shoot  is 
steadily  sweeping  round  the  circle,  making  a  revolution  every  few- 
hours,  or  even  more  rapidly  in  certain  ca>es,  until  it  reaches  a 
neighboring  support,  when,  by  a  continuation  of  the  same  move- 
m^nt,  it  twines  around  it.  Most  tendrils  revolve  in  the  same  way, 
sometimes  even  more  rapidly;  while  others  only  turn  from  the 


LESSON    27.]  MOVEMENTS.  171 

light ;  this  is  especially  the  case  with  those  that  cling  to  walls  01 
trunks  by  sucker-like  disks,  as  Virginia  Creeper,  p.  38,  fig.  62. 
When  an  active  tendril  comes  into  contact  with  a  stem  or  any  such 
extraneous  body,  it  incurves  at  the  point  of  contact,  and  so  lays  hold 
of  the  support :  the  same  contraction  or  tendency  to  curve  affecting 
the  whole  length  of  the  tendril,  it  soon  shortens  into  a  coil,  part  coil- 
ing one  way,  part  the  other,  thus  drawing  the  shoot  up  to  the  sup- 
porting body ;  or,  if  the  tendril  be  free,  it  winds  up  in  a  simple  coil. 
This  movement  of  tendrils  is  so  prompt  in  the  Star-Cucumber  (Sic- 
yos)  in  Echinocystis,  and  in  two  sorts  of  Passion-flower,  that  the 
end,  after  a  gentle  rubbing,  coils  up  by  a  movement  rapid  enough  to 
be  readily  seen.  In  plants  that  climb  by  their  leaf-stalks,  such  as 
Maurandia  and  Tropaeulum,  the  movements  are  similar,  but  much 
too  slow  to  be  seen. 

491.  The  so-called  sleep  of  plants  is  a  change  of  position  as  night 
draws  on,  and  in   different   ways,  according  to  the  species,  —  the 
Locust  and  Wood-Sorrel  turning  down  their   leaflets,  the  Honey 
Locust  raising  them  upright,  the  Sensitive  Plant  turning  them  for- 
wards one  over  another ;  and  the  next  morning  they  resume  their 
diurnal  position.     One  fact,  among  others,  showing  that  the  changes 
are  not  caused  by  the  light,  but  by  some  power  in  the  plant  itself,  is 
this.     The  leaves  of  the  Sensitive  Plant  close  long  before  sunset; 
but  they  export  again  before  sunrise,  under  much  less  light  than 
they  had  wh^n  they  closed.     In  several  plants  the  leaves  take  the 
nocturnal  position  when  brushed  or  jarred,  —  in  the  common  Sensi- 
tive Plant  very  suddenly,  in  other  sorts  less  quickly,  in  the  Honey 
Locust  a  little  too  slowly  for  us  to  see  the  motion.     The  way  in 
which  blossoms  open  and  close,  some  when  the  light  increases,  some 
when  it  diminishes,  illustrates  the  same  thing.     The  stamens  of  the 
Barberry,  when  touched  at  the  base  on  the  inner  side,  —  as  by  an 
insect  seeking  for  honey,  or  by  the  point  of  a  pin,  —  make  a  sudden 
jerk   forward,  and   in   the   process    commonly  throw  some    pollen 
upon  the  stigma,  which  stands  a  little  above  their  reach. 

492.  In  many  of  these  cases  we  plainly  perceive  that  a  useful  end 
is  subserved.     But  what  shall  we  say  of  the  Venus's  Fly-trap  of 
North  Carolina,  growing  where  it  might  be  sure  of  all  the  food  a 
plant  can  need,  yet  provided  with  an  apparatus  for  catching  insects, 
and  actually  capturing  them  expertly  by  a  sudden  motion,  in  the 
manner  already  described  (126,  Fig.  81)  ?     Or  of  the  leaflet*  of  the 


172  CRYPTO GAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.    [LESSON    27. 

Desmodium  gyrans  of  the  East  Indies,  spontaneously  falling  and 
rising  by  turns  in  jerking  motions  nearly  the  whole  day  long  ?  We 
can  only  say,  that  plants  are  alive,  no  less  than  animals,  and  tkat  it 
is  a  characteristic  of  living  things  to  move. 


*#*  CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

493.  IN  all  the  foregoing  Lessons,  we  have  had  what  may  be 
called  plants  of  the  higher  classes  alone  in  vi^w.     There  are  others, 
composing  the  lower  grades  of  vegetation,  to  which  some  allusion 
ought  to  be  made. 

494.  Of  this    sort  are    Ferns   or    Brakes,    Mosses,  Liverworts, 
Lichens,    Sea- weeds,    and    Fungi   or   Mushrooms.      They   are  all 
classed  together  under  the  name  of  Flowerless  Plants,  or    Crypto- 
gamous  Plants;  the  former  epithet  referring  to  the  fact  that  they  do 
not  bear  real  blossoms  (with  stamens  and  pistils;  nor  seeds  (with  an 
embryo  ready-formed  within).     Instead  of  seeds  they  have  spores, 
which  are  usually  simple  cells    (392).     The  name    Cryptogamous 
means,  of  hidden  fructification,  and  intimates  that  they  may  have 
something  answering  to  stamens  and  pistils,  although  not  the  same ; 
and  this  is  now  known  to  be  the  ca  e  with  most  of  them. 

495.  Flowerless  plants  are  so  very  various,  and  so  peculiar  in 
each  family,  that  a  volume  would  be  required  to  illustrate  them. 
Curious  and  attractive  as  they  are,  they  are  too  difficult  to  be  studied 
botanically  by  the  beginner,  except  the  Ferns,   Club-Mosses,  and 
Horse-tails.     For  the  study  of  these  we  refer  the  student  at  once  to 
the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  and  to  the 
Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany.     The  structure  arid  physiology 
of  these  plants,  as  well  as  of  the  Mosses,  Liverworts,  Lichens,  Sea- 
weeds, and  Fungi,  are  explained  in  the  Structural  Botany,  or  Botanical 

Text-Book,  and  in  other  similar  works.  When  the  student  has 
become  prepared  for  the  study,  nothing  can  be  more  interesting  than 
these  plants  of  the  lowest  orders. 


LESSON  28.]  SPECIES    AND    KINDS.  173 


LESSON  XXVIII. 

SPECIES    AND    KINDS. 

496.  UNTIL  now,  we  have  been  considering  plants  as  to  their 
structure  and  their  mod*1,  of  life.     We  have,  as  it  were,  been  read- 
ing the  biography  of  an  individual  plant,  following  it  from  the  tiny 
seedling  up  to  the  mature  and  fruit-bearing  herb  or  tree,  and  learning 
how  it  grows  and  what  it  does.     The  botanist  also  considers  plants 
as  to  their  relationships. 

497.  Plants  and  animals,  as  is  well  known,  have  two  great  pecu- 
liarities :  1st,  they  form  themselves  ;  and  2d,  they  multiply  them- 
selves.    They  reproduce  themselves  in  a  continued  succession  of 

498.  Individuals  (3).     Mineral  things  occur  as  masses,  which  are 
divisible  into  smaller  and   still  smaller  ones  without  alteration  of 
their  properties  (391).     But  organic  things  (vegetables  and  ani- 
mals)  exist  as  individual  beings.     Each  ow'es  its  existence  to  a 
parent,  and  produces  similar  individuals  in  its  turn.     So  each  indi- 
vidual is  a  link  of  a  chain ;  and  to  this  chain  the  natural-historian 
applies  the  name  of 

499.  Species,     All  the  descendants  from  the  same  stock  therefore 
compose  one  species.     And  it  was  from  our  observing  that  the  sev- 
eral sorts  of  plants  or  animals  steadily  reproduce  themselves, —  or,  in 
other  words,  keep  up  a  succession  of  similar  individuals,  —  that  the 
idea  of  species  originated.     So  we  are  led  to  conclude  that  the  Cre- 
ator established  a  definite  number  of  species  at  the  beginning,  which 
have  continued  by  propagation,  each  after  its  kind. 

500.  There  are  few  species,  however,  in  which  man  has  actually 
observed  the  succession  for  many  generations.     It  could  seldom  be 
proved  that  all  the  White  Pine  trees  or  White  Oaks  of  any  forest 
came  from  the  same  stock.     But  observation  having  familiarized 
us  with  the  general  fact,  that  individuals  proceeding  from  the  same 
stock  are  essentially  alike,  we  infer  from   their  close  resemblance 
that  these  similar  individuals  belong  to  the  same  species.     That  is, 
we  infer  it  when  the  individuals  are  as  much  like  each  other  as  those 
are  which  we  know  to  have  sprung  from  the  same  stock. 

501.  We  do  not  infer  it  from  every  resemblance  ;  for  there  is  the 
resemblance  of  kind,  —  as  between  the  White  Oak  and  the  Red  Oak, 

15* 


174  SPECIES    AND    KINDS.  [[LESSON  28. 

and  between  the  latter  and  the  Scarlet  Oak :  these,  we  take  for 
granted,  have  not  originated  from  one  and  the  same. stock,  but  from 
three  separate  stocks.  Nor  do  we  deny  it  on  account  of  every 
difference  ;  for  even  the  sheep  of  the  same  flock,  and  the  plants 
raised  from  peas  of  the  same  pod,  may  show  differences,  and  such 
differences  occasionally  get  to  be  very  striking.  When  they  are 
pretty  well  marked,  we  call  them 

Varieties.  The  White  Oak,  for  example,  presents  two  or  three 
varieties  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  although  they  may  be  all  alike 
upon  each  particular  tree.  The  question  often  arises,  practically, 
and  it  is  often  hard  to  answer,  whether  the  difference  in  a  particular 
case  is  that  of  a  variety,  or  is  specific.  If  the  former,  we  may 
commonly  prove  it  to  be  so  by  finding  such  intermediate  degrees 
of  difference  in  various  individuals  as  to  show  that  no  clear  line  of 
distinction  can  be  drawn  between  them ;  or  else  by  observing  the 
variety  to  vary  back  again,  if  not  in  the  same  individual,  yet  in  its 
offspring.  Our  sorts  of  Apples,  Pears,  Potatoes,  and  the  like,  show 
us  that  differences  which  are  permanent  in  the  individual,  and  con- 
tinue unchanged  through  a  long  series  of  generations  when  propa- 
gated by  division  (as  by  offsets,  cuttings,  grafts,  bulbs,  tubers,  &c.), 
are  not  likely  to  be  reproduced  by  seed.  Still  they  sometimes  are 
so  :  and  such  varieties  are  called 

Races.  These  are  strongly  marked  varieties,  capable  of  being 
propagated  by  seed.  Our  different  sorts  of  Wheat,  Indian  Corn, 
Peas,  Radishes,  &c.,  are  familiar  examples :  and  the  races  of  men 
offer  an  analogous  instance. 

502.  It  should  be  noted,  that  all  varieties  have  a  tendency  to  be 
reproduced  by  seed,  just  as  all  the  peculiarities  of  the  parent  tend  to 
be  reproduced  in  the  offspring.  And  by  selecting  those  plants  which 
have  developed  or  inherited  any  desirable  peculiarity,  keeping  them 
from  mingling  with  their  less  promising  brethren,  and  selecting  again 
the  most  promising  plants  raised  from  their  seeds,  we  may  in  a  few 
generations  render  almost  any  variety  transmissible  by  seed,  so  long 
as  we  take  good  care  of  it.  In  fact,  this  is  the  way  the  cultivated  or 
domesticated  races,  so  useful  to  man,  have  been  fixed  and  preserved. 
Races,  in  fact,  can  hardly,  if  at  all,  be  said  to  exist  independently  of 
man.  But  man  does  not  really  produce  them.  Such  peculiarities 
—  often  surprising  enough  —  now  and  then  originate,  we  know  not 
how  (the  plant  sports,  as  the  gardeners  say)  ;  they  are  only  pre- 
«erved,  propagated,  and  generally  further  developed,  by  the  culti- 


LESSON    28.]  CLASSIFICATION.  175 

valor's  skilful  eare.     If  left  alone,  they  are  likely  to  dwindle  and 
perish,  or  else  revert  to  the  original  form  of  the  species. 

503.  Botanists  variously  estimate  the  number  of  known  species 
of  plants  at  from  seventy  to  one  hundred  thousand.     About  3,850 
species  of  the  higher  classes  grow  wild  in  the  United  States  east  of 
the  Mississippi.     So  that  the  vegetable  kingdom  exhibits  a  very 
.great  diversity.     Between  our  largest  and  highest-organized  trees, 
such  as  a  Magnolia  or  an  Oak,  and  the  simplest  of  plants,  reduced 
to  a  single  cell  or  sphere,  much  too  minute  to  be  visible  to  the 
naked  eye,  how  wide  the  difference  !     Yet  the  extremes  are  con- 
nected by  intermediate  grades  of  every  sort,  so  as  to  leave  no  wide 
gap  at  any  place ;  and  not  only  so,  but  every  grade,  from  the  most 
complex  to  the  most  simple,  is  exhibited  under  a  wide  and  most 
beautiful  diversity  of  forms,  all  based  upon  the  one  plan  of  vegeta- 
tion which  we  have  been  studying,  and  so  connected  and  so  an- 
swering to  each  other  throughout  as  to  convince  the  thoughtful 
botanist  that  all  are  parts  of  one  system,  works  of  one  hand,  realiza- 
tions in  nature  of  the  conception  of  One  Mind.     We  perceive  this, 
also,  by  the  way  in  which  the  species  are  grouped  into 

504.  Kinds,     If  the  species,  when  arranged  according  to  their  re- 
semblances, were  found  to  differ  from  one  another  about  equally,  — 
that  is,  if  No.  1  differed  from  No.  2  just  as  much  as  No.  2  did  from 
No.  3,  and  No.  4  from  No.  5,  and  so  on  throughout,  —  then,  with  all 
the  diversity  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  there  is  now,  there  would  yet 
be  no  foundation  in  nature  for  grouping  species  into  kinds.     Species 
and  kinds  would  mean  just  the  same  thing.    We  should  classify  them, 
no  doubt,  for  convenience,  but  our  classification  would  be  arbitrary. 
The  fact  is,  however,  that  species  resemble  each  other  in  very  un- 
equal degrees.    Some  species  are  almost  exactly  alike  in  their  whole 

Slracture,  and  differ  only  in  the  shape  or  proportion  of  their  parts* 
these,  we  say,  belong  to  one  Genus.  Some,  again,  show  a  more  gen* 
eral  resemblance,  and  are  found  to  have  their  flowers  and  seeds  con- 
structed on  the  same  particular  plan,  but  with  important  difference* 
in  the  details ;  these  belong  to  the  same  Order  or  Family.  Then, 
taking  a  wider  survey,  we  perceive  that  they  all  group  themselves 
under  a  few  general  types  (or  patterns),  distinguishable  at  once  by 
their  flowers,  by  their  seeds  or  embryos,  by  the  character  of  the 
seedling  plant,  by  the  structure  of  their  sterna  and  leaves,  and  by 
their  general  appearance  :  these  great  groups  we  call  Classes. 
Finally,  we  distinguish  the  whole  into  two  great  types  or  grades  j 


176  SPECIES    AND    KINDS.  f_Li;SSON    28. 

the  higher  grade  of  Flowering  plants,  exhibiting  the  full  plan  of 
vegetation,  and  the  lower  grade  of  Flowerless  plants,  in  which 
vegetation  is  so  simplified  that  at  length  the  only  likeness  between 
them  and  our  common  trees  or  Flowering  plants  is  that  they  are 
both  vegetables.  From  species,  then,  we  rise  first  to 

505.  Genera  (plural  of  Genus).     The  Rose  kind  or  genus,  the  Oak 
genus,  the   Chestnut  genus,   &c.,  are  familiar  illustrations.     Ea^l 
genus  is  a  group  of  nearly  related  species,  exhibiting  a  particular 
plan.     All  the  Oaks  belong  to  one  genus,  the  Chestnuts  to  another, 
the  Beech  to  a  third.     The  Apple,  Pear,  and  Crab  are  species  of  one 
genus,  the  Quince  represents  another,  the  various  species  of  Haw- 
thorn a  third.     In  the  animal  kingdom  the  common  cat,  the  wild  cat, 
the  panther,  the  tiger,  the  leopard,  and  the  lion  are  species  of  the  cat 
kind  or  genus ;  while  the  dog,  the  jackal,  the  different  species  of  wolf, 
and  the  foxes,  compose  another  genus.     Some  genera  are  represented 
by  a  vast  number  of  species,  others  by  few,  very  many  by  only  one 
known  species.     For  the  genus  may  be  as  perfectly  represented  in 
one  species  as  in  several,  although,  if  this  were  the  case  throughout, 
genera  and  species  would  of  course  be  identical  (504).     The  B^ech 
genus  and  the  Chestnut  genus  would  be  just  as  distinct  from  the  Oak 
genus  even  if  but  one  Beech  and  one  Chestnut  were  known ;  as  in- 
deed was  the  case  formerly. 

506.  Orders  or  Families  (the  two  names  are  used  for  the  same  thing 
in  botany)  are  groups  of  genera  that  resemble  each  other ;  that  is, 
they  are  to  genera  what  genera  are  to  species.     As  familiar  illustra- 
tions, the  Oak,  Chestnut,  and  Beech  genera,  along  with  the  HazeJ 
genus  and  the  Hornbeams,  all  belong  to  one  order,  viz.  the  Oak  Fam- 
ily ;  the  Birches  and  the  Alders  make  another  family ;  the  Poplars 
and  Willows,  another;  the  Walnuts  (with  the  Butternut)  and  the 
Hickories,  another.     The  Apple  genus,  the  Quince  and  the  Haw- 
horns,  along  with  the  Plums   and   Cherries  and  the  Peach,  the 

Raspberry,  with  the  Blackberry,  the  Strawberry,  the  Rose,  and  many 
other  genera,  belong  to  a  large  order,  the  Rose  Family. 

507.  Tribes  and  Suborders,     This  leads  us  to  remark,  that  even  the 
genera  of  the  same  order  may  show  very  unequal  degrees  of  resem- 
blance.   Some  may  be  very  closely  related  to  one  another,  and  at  the 
same  time  differ  strikingly  from  the  rest  in  certain  important  partic- 
ulars.    In  the  Rose  Family,  for  example,  there  is  the  Rose  genus 
itself,  with  the  Raspberry  genus,  the   Strawberry,  tha   Cinquefoil, 
&c.  near  it,  but  by  no  means  so  much  like  it  as  they  are  like  each 


LESSON    28.]  ORDERS,    CLASSES,    ETC.  177 

other  :  this  group,  therefore,  answers  to  what  is  called  a  Tribe ;  and 
the  Rose  itself  stands  for  another  tribe.  But  we  further  observe 
that  the  Apple  genus,  the  Hawthorns,  the  Quince,  and  the  June- 
berry,  though  of  the  same  order,  and  nearly  related  among  them- 
selves, differ  yet  more  widely  from  the  Rose  and  its  nearest  relations  ; 
and  so,  on  the  other  hand,  do  the  Plum  and  Cherry,  the  Peach  and 
the  Almond.  So  this  great  Rose  Family,  or  Order,  is  composed  of 
three  groups,  of  a  more  marked  character  than  tribes, — groups 
which  might  naturally  be  taken  for  orders  ;  and  we  call  them  Sub- 
orders. But  students  will  understand  these  matters  best  after  a  few 
lessons  in  studying  plants  in  a  work  describing  the  kinds. 

508.  Classes.     These  are  great  assemblages  of  orders,  as  already 
explained  (515).      The  orders  of  Flowering  Plants  are  numerous, 
no  less  than  134  being  represented  in  the  Botany  of  the  Northern 
United   States  ;    but  they  all  group   themselves   under  two  great 
classes.       One   class  comprises  all   that   have  seeds  with   a  inono- 
cotyledonous  embryo  (32),  endogenous  stems  (423),    and  generally 
parallel-veined  leaves  (139)  ;   the  other,   those  with  dicotyledonous 
embryo,  exogenous  stems,  and  netted-veined  leaves  ;  and  the  whole 
aspect  of  the  two  is  so  different  that  they  are  known  at  a  glance. 

509.  Finally,  these  two  classes  together  compose  the  upper  Series 
or  grade  of  Flowering  or   Pho&nogamous   Plants,   which   have   their 
counterpart  in  the  lower  Series  of  Flowerless  or  Gryptogamous  Plants, 
— composed  of  three  classes,  and  about  a  dozen  orders. 

510.  The  universal  members  of   classification  are  CLASS,  ORDER, 
GENUS,  SPECIES,   always  standing  in  this  order.     When  there  are 
more,   they  take  their  places  as  in  the  following  schedule,  which 
comprises   all  that  are  generally  used   in   a  natural   classification, 
proceeding  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest,  viz. : — 

Series, 
CLASS, 

Subclass, 

ORDER,  or  FAMILY, 
Suborder, 
Tribe, 

Subtribe, 
GENUS, 

Subgenus  or  Section, 
SPECIES, 

Variety. 
S&F— 9 


178  BOTANICAL   NAME8.  [LESSON  29. 

LESSON   XXIX. 

BOTANICAL  NAMES  AND  CHARACTERS. 

511.  PLANTS  are  classified,  —  i.  e.  are  marshalled  under  their  re- 
spective classes,  orders,  tribes,  genera,  and  species,  —  and  they  are 
characterized,  —  that  is,  their  principal  characteristics  or  distinguish- 
ing marks  are  described  or  enumerated,  in  order  that, 

First,  their  resemblances  or  differences,  of  various  degrees,  may 
be  clearly  exhibited,  and  all  the  species  and  kinds  ranked  next  to 
those  they  are  most  related  to  ;  —  and 

Secondly,  that  students  maj'  readily  ascertain  the  botanical  names 
of  the  plants  they  meet  with,  and  learn  their  peculiarities,  properties, 
and  place  in  the  system. 

512.  It  is  in  the  latter  that  the  young  student  is  chiefly  interested. 
And  by  his  studies  in  this  regard  he  is  gradually  led  up  to  a  higher 
point  of  view,  from  which  he  may  take  an  intelligent  survey  of  the 
whole  general  system  of  plants.     But  the  best  way  for  the  student 
to  learn  the  classification  of  plants  (or  Botany  as  a  system),  is  to  use 
it,  in  finding  out  by  it  the  name  and  the  peculiarities  of  all  the  wild 
plants  he  meets  with. 

513.  Names,     The  botanical  name  of  a  plant,  that  by  which  a 
botanist  designates  it,  is  the  name  of  its  genus  followed  by  that  of 
the  species.     The  name  of  the  genus  or  kind  is  like  the  family  name 
or  surname  of  a  person,  as  Smith,  or  Jones.     That  of  the  species 
answers  to  the  baptismal  name,  as  John,  or  James.     Accordingly, 
the  White  Oak  is  called  botanically  Quercus  alba  ;  the  first  word,  or 
Quercus,  being  the  name  of  the  Oak  genus ;  the  second,  alba,  that 
of  this  particular  species.     And   the  Red  Oak  is  named  Quercus 
rubra ;  the  Black- Jack  Oak,  Quercus  nigra  ;  and  so  on.     The  bo- 
tanical names  are  all  in  Latin  (or  are  Latinized),  this  being  the 
common   language  of  science  everywhere ;   and  according  to  the 
usage  of  that  language,  and  of  most  others,  the  name  of  the  species 
comes  after  that  of  the  genus,  while  in  English  it  comes  before  it. 

514.  Generic  Names,     A  plant,  then,  is  named  by  two  words.     The 
generic  name,  or  that  of  the  genus,  is  one  word,  and  a  substantive. 
Commonly  it  is  the  old  classical  name,  when  the  genus  was  known 
to  the  Greeks  and  Romans  ;  as  Quercus  for  the  Oak,  Fagus  for  the 


LESSON  29.]  BOTANICAL    NAMES.  179 

Beech,  Corylus,  the  Hazel,  and  the  like.  But  as  more  genera  be- 
came known,  botanists  had  new  names  to  make  or  borrow.  Many 
are  named  from  some  appearance  or  property  of  the  flowers,  leaves, 
or  other  parts  of  the  plant.  To  take  a  few  examples  from  the 
pages  of  the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  — 
in  which  the  derivation  of  the  generic  names  is  not  explained. 
Myosurus,  p.  5,  means  mouse-tail.  Delphinium,  p.  1 0,  is  from  del- 
phin,  a  dolphin,  and  alludes  to  the  shape  of  the  flower,  which  was 
thought  to  resemble  the  classical  figures  of  the  dolphin.  Vesicaria, 
p.  25,  is  named  from  its  bladdery  pods.  Trifolium,  p.  54,  refers  to 
the  tri-foliolate  leaf.  Myriophylhim,  p.  99,  means  a  plant  with 
very  many  leaves,  or  many-parted  leaves. 

515.  Other  genera  are  dedicated  to  distinguished  botanists   or 
promoters  of  natural  science,  and  bear  their  names :  such  are  Par- 
rya,  p.   19,  which  commemorates  one  of  our   best  known  Rocky 
Mountain  botanists,  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,  and  Ivesia,  p.  86,  named  after 
Lieutenant  Ives,  in  command  of  an  exploring  expedition  over  the 
Rocky  Mountains.     Others  bear  the  name  of  the  discoverer  of  the 
plant  in  question ;  as,  Purshia,  p.  80,  dedicated  to  Pursh,  an  early 
collector,  who  was  one  of  the  first  to  send  this  peculiar  rosaceous 
plant  to  the  botanists  of  Europe ;  and  Claytonia,  p.  38,  first  made 
known  by  the  early  Virginian  botanist  Clayton. 

516.  Specific  Names,     The  name  of  the  species  is  also  a  single 
word,  appended  to  that  of  the  genus.     It  is  commonly  an  adjective, 
and  therefore  agrees  with  the  generic  name  in  case,  gender,  &c. 
Sometimes  it  relates  to  the  country  the  species  inhabits ;  as,  Clayto- 
nia  Caroliniana,  first  made  known  from  the  Carolinas ;  Viola  Can- 
adensis,  from  Canada,  &c.    More  commonly  it  denotes  some  obvious 
or  characteristic  trait  of  the  species  ;  as,  for  example,  in  Petaloste- 
mon,  p.  58,  one  species  is  named  violaceus,  from  its  violet-purple 
flowers,  while  another  is  named  candidus,  because  its  petals  are 
white ;  a  species  of  Mitella,  p.  93,  is  called  trifida,  meaning  three- 
parted,  referring  to  its  three-parted  petals.    Some  species  are  named 
after  the  discoverer,  or  in  compliment  to  a  botanist  who  has  made 
them  known  ;  as  Berberis  Fendleri,  named  after  the  botanist  Fend- 
ler,  one  of  the  first  to  find  this  species ;  Silene  Douglasii,  p.  32, 
named  for    the   early  botanist   Douglas;    and  Viola  Nuttallii,  in 
compliment  to  Mr.  Nuttall.     Such  names  of  persons  are  of  course 
written  with  a  capital  initial  letter.     Occasionally  some  old  sub- 
stantive name  is  used  for  the  species;   as  Agrimonia  Eupatoria, 


180  BOTANICAL    NAMES    AND    CHARACTERS.       [LESSON  29. 

p.  87,  and  Ranunculus  Flammula,  p.  6.  These  are  also  written 
with  a  capital  initial,  and  need  not  accord  with  the  generic  name  in 
gender,  &c. 

517.  The  name  of  a  variety,  when  it  is  distinct  enough  to  require 
any,  is  made  on  the  same  plan  as  that  of  the  species,  and  is  written 
after  it ;  as,  Ranunculus  Flammula,  variety  reptans,  p.  6  (i.  e.  the 
creeping  variety),  and  R.  affinis,  variety  cardiophyllus,  p.  8,  or  the 
variety  with  cordate  radical  leaves. 

518.  Names  of  Groups.     The  names  of  tribes,  orders,  and  the  like, 
are  in  the  plural  number,  and  are  commonly  formed  by  prolonging 
the  name  of  a  genus  of  the  group  taken  as  a  representative  of  it. 
For  example,  the  order  of  which  the  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot  genus, 
Ranunculus,  is  the  representative,  takes  from  it  the  name  of  Ranun- 
culacea  (Rocky  Mt.  Manual,  p.  2) ;  meaning  Plantce  Ranuncidacece 
when  written  out  in  full,  that  is,  Ranunculaceous   Plants.     This 
order  comprises  several  tribes ;  one  of  which,  to  which  Ranunculus 
itself  belongs,  takes  the  name  of  Ranunculece;  another,  to  which 
the  genus  Clematis,  or  the  Virgin's-Bower,  belongs,  takes  accord- 
ingly the  name  of  Clematidece;  and  so  on.     So  the  term  Rosacece 
(meaning  Rosaceous  plants)  is  the  name  of  the  order  of  which  the 
Rose  (Rosa)  is  the  well-known  representative ;  and  Rosece  is  the 
name  of  the  particular  tribe  of  it  which  comprises  the  Rose. 

519.  A  few  orders  are  named  on  a  somewhat  different  plan.    The 
great  order  Leguminosce,  for  instance  (Rocky  Mt.  Manual,  p.  50), 
is  not  named  after  any  genus  in  it ;  but  the  fruit,  which  is  a  legume 
(356),  gives  the  name  of  Leguminous  Plants.     So,  likewise,  the 
order  Umbettiferce  (Rocky  Mt.  Manual,  p.  112)  means  Umbellif- 
erous  or   Umbel-bearing   Plants ;    and   the  vast  order   Composite 
(Rocky  Mt.  Manual,  p.  129)  is  so  named  because  it  consists  of 
plants  whose  blossoms  are  crowded  into  heads  of  the  sort  which 
were  called  "compound  flowers"  by  the  old  botanists  (277). 

520.  Characters,     The  brief  description,  or  enumeration  in  scien- 
tific terms,  of  the  principal  distinctive  marks  of  a  species,  genus, 
order,  or  other  group,  as  given  in  botanical  works,  is  called  its 
Character.     Thus,  in  the  Manual   already  referred  to,  at  the  be- 
ginning, the  character  of  the  first  great  series  is  given;  then  that 
of  the  first  class,  of  the  first  subclass,  and  of  the  first  division  under 
it.     Then,  after  the  name  of  the  order,  follows  its  character  (the 
ordinal  character) :  under  the  name  of  each  genus  (as,  1.  Clematis, 
p.  2)  is  added  the  generic  character,  or  description  of  what  essen- 


LESSON  30.]  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  181 

tially  distinguishes  it ;  and  finally,  following  the  name  of  each  spe- 
cies, is  the  specific  character,  a  succinct  enumeration  of  the  points 
in  which  it  mainly  differs  from  other  species  of  the  same  genus. 
See,  for  illustration,  Clematis  Fremontii,  p.  2,  where  the  sentence 
immediately  following  the  name  is  intended  to  characterize  that 
species  from  all  others  like  it. 

521.  Generally,  where  we  have  several  species  of  a  genus,  the 
species  are  arranged  under  sections,  and  these  often  under  subsec- 
tions, for  the  student's  convenience  in  analysis,  —  the  character  or 
description  of  a  section  applying  to  all  the  species  under  it,  and 
therefore  not  having  to  be  repeated  under  each  species.  But  these 
details  are  best  understood  by  practice  in  the  actual  studying  of 
plants  to  ascertain  their  name  and  place.  And  to  this  the  student 
is  now  ready  to  proceed. 


LESSON    XXX. 

HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS. 

,522.  HAVING  explained,  in  the  two  preceding  Lessons,  the  gen- 
eral principles  of  Classification,  and  of  Botanical  Names,  we  may 
now  show,  by  a  few  examples,  how  the  student  is  to  proceed  in 
applying  them,  and  how  the  name  and  the  place  in  the  system  of 
an  unknown  plant  are  to  be  ascertained. 

523.  We  suppose  the  student  to  be  provided  with  a  hand  magni- 
fying-alass,  and,  if  possible,  with  a  simple  microscope,  i.  e.  with  a 
magnifying-glass,  of  two  or  more  different  powers,  mounted  on  a 
support,  over  a  stage,  holding  a  glass  plate,  on  which  small  flowers 
or  their  parts  may  be  laid,  while  they  are  dissected  under  the  mi- 
croscope with  the  points  of  needles  (mounted  in  handles),  or  divided 
by  a  sharp  knife.     Such  a  microscope  is  not  necessary,  except  for 
very  small  flowers ;  but  it  is  a  great  convenience  at  all  times,  and 
is  indispensable  in  studying  the  more  difficult  orders  of  plants. 

524.  We  suppose  the  student  now  to  have  a  work  in  which  the 
plants  of  the  country  or  district  are  scientifically  arranged  and  de- 
scribed :  if  in  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  Dr.  Chapman's  Flora 
of  the  Southern  States  ;  if  north  of  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  Gray's 
Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  United  States,  fifth  edition;  if  on  the 
plains  west  of  the  Mississippi,  or  in  the  Eocky  Mountains,  Coulter's 


182  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [LESSON  30. 

Manual  of  Rocky  Mountain  Plants ;  or,  as  covering  the  whole 
ground  as  to  common  plants,  and  including  also  all  the  common 
cultivated  plants,  Gray's  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany,  which  is 
particularly  arranged  as  the  companion  of  the  present  work;  that 
containing  brief  botanical  descriptions  of  the  plants,  and  this  the 
explanation  of  their  general  structure,  and  of  the  technical  terms 
employed  in  describing  them.  To  express  clearly  the  distinctions 
which  botanists  observe,  and  which  furnish  the  best  marks  to  know 
a  plant  by,  requires  a  good  many  technical  terms,  or  words  used 
with  a  precise  meaning.  These,  as  they  are  met  with,  the  student 
should  look  out  in  the  Glossary  at  the  end  of  this  volume.  The 
terms  in  common  use  are  not  so  numerous  as  they  would  at  first 
appear  to  be.  With  practice  they  will  soon  become  so  familiar  as 
to  give  very  little  trouble.  And  the  application  of  botanical  de- 
scriptive language  to  the  plants  themselves,  indicating  all  their 
varieties  of  form  and  structure,  is  an  excellent  discipline  for  the 
mind,  equal,  if  not  in  some  respects  superior,  to  that  of  learning  a 
classical  language. 

525.  The  following  illustrations  and  explanations  of  the  way  to 
use  the  descriptive  work  are  for  the  Manual  of  Rocky  Mountain 
Plants.     This  and  the  Lessons,  bound  together  in  a  single  compact 
volume,  will  serve  the  whole  purpose  of  all  but  advanced  students, 
teachers,  and  working  botanists.     Thus  equipped,  we  proceed  to 

526.  The  Analysis  of  a  Plant,     A  Buttercup  will  serve  as  well  as 
any.     Some  species  or  other  may  be  found  in  blossom  throughout 
nearly  the  whole  spring  and  summer;  and,  except  at  the  very  be- 
ginning of  the  season,  the  fruit,  more  or  less  developed,  may  be 
gathered  with  the  blossom.     To  a  full  knowledge  of  a  plant  the 
fruit  is  essential,  although  the  name  may  almost  always  be  ascer- 
tained without  it.     This  common  yellow  flower  being  under  exam- 
ination, we  are  to  refer  the  plant  to  its  proper  class  and  order  or 
family.    The  families  are  so  numerous,  and  so  generally  distinguish- 
able only  by  a  combination  of  a  considerable  number  of  marks,  that 
the  student  must  find  his  way  to  them  by  means  of  a  contrivance 
called  an  Analytical  Key.     This  Key  begins  on  page  ix. 

527.  It  takes  note  of  the  most  comprehensive  possible  division 
of  the  plants  considered  in  this  Manual,  namely,  "  those  with  flow- 
ers and  seeds,"  and  "  those  without  true  flowers  or  seeds."     To  the 
first  of  these,  the  great  series  of  PH^ENOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERING 
PLANTS,  the  plant  under  examination  obviously  belongs. 


LESSON  30.] 


HOW   TO   STUDY    PLANTS. 


183 


528.  We  should  now  look  at  the  flower  more  particularly,  so 
as  to  make  out  its  general  plan  of  structure,  which  we  shall  need 
to  know  all  about  as  we  go 

on.  We  observe  that  it  has 
a  calyx  of  five  sepals,  though 
these  are  apt  to  fall  soon 
after  the  blossom  opens ;  that 
the  five  petals  are  borne  on 
the  receptacle  (or  common 
axis  of  the  flower)  just  above 
the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them ;  that  there  are  next  borne,  a 
little  higher  up  on  the  receptacle,  an  indefinite  number  of  stamens ; 
and,  lastly,  covering  the  summit  or  centre  of  the  receptacle,  an  in- 
definite number  of  pistils. 
A  good  view  of  the  whole 
is  to  he  had  by  cutting  the 
flower  directly  through  the 
middle,  from  top  to  bottom 
(Fig.  358).  If  this  be  done 
with  a  sharp  knife,  some  of  the  pistils  will  lie  neatly  divided,  or  may 
be  so  by  a  second  slicing.  Each  pistil,  we  see,  is  a  closed  ovary, 
containing  a  single  ovule  (Fig-  359)  ascending  from  near  the  base 
of  the  ceil,  and  is  tipped  with  a  very  short  broad  style,  which  has 
the  stigma  running  down  the  whole  length  of  its  inner  edge.  The 
ovary  is  little  changed  as  it  ripens  into  the  sort  of  fruit  termed  an 
akene  (Fig.  360) ;  the  ovule  becoming  the  seed  and  fitting  the  cell 
(Fig.  361).  Reverting  to  the  key,  on  p.  ix,  we  find  that  the  series 
to  which  our  plant  belongs  has  two  classes,  one  with  "  pistil  a  closed 
ovary  containing  the  ovules";  the  other  (p.  xvi.)  with  "ovules 
naked  upon  a  scale  or  bract,"  etc.  The  latter  is  nearly  restricted 
to  the  Pine  Family.  The  examination  already  had  makes  it  quite 
clear  that  our  plant  belongs  to  the  first  class,  ANGIOSPEIIMJE. 

529.  This  class  is  divided  into  two  subclasses,  those  with  "leaves 
netted-veined ;   flowers  usually  4  or  5-merous,"  —  to  which  might 
be  added  the  dicotyledonous  embryo,  but  that  in  the  present  case  is 
beyond  the  young  student's  powers,  even  if  the  fruit  were  at  hand ; 

FIG.  358.  A  flower  of  a  Buttercup  (Ranunculus  bulbosus)  cut  through  from  top  to  bottom, 
and  enlarged. 

FIG  359.  A  pistil  taken  from  a  Buttercup  (Ranunculus  bulbosus),  and  more  magnified ; 
its  ovary  cut  through  lengthwise,  showing  the  ovule.  360.  One  of  its  pistils  when  ripened 
into  a  fruit  (acttenium  or  akene).  361.  The  same,  cut  through,  to  show  the  seed  in  it. 


184  HOW   TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  [LESSON  30. 

—  and  (p.  xv.)  those  with  "  leaves  mostly  parallel- veined  ;  flowers 
usually  3-merous,  never  in  fives."  The  netted  veined  leaves,  and 
the  number  5  iu  both  calyx  and  corolla,  certify  at  once  that  the 
plant  belongs  to  the  first  subclass,  DICOTYLEDONS. 

530.  We  have  here  no  less  than  75  orders  under  this  subclass. 
To  aid  the  unpractised  student  in  finding  his  way  among  them,  they 
are  ranked  under  three  artificial  divisions ;    the  Polypetalous,  the 
GamopetalouS)  and  the  Apetalous.     The  plant  in  hand  being  fur- 
nished, in  the  words  of  the  key,  "  with  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the 
latter  of  wholly  separate  petals,"  is  to  be  sought  under  I.  POLY- 

PETALOUS    DIVISION. 

Fully  half  the  families  of  the  class  rank  under  this  division. 
The  first  step  in  the  key  is  to  the  sections  A  and  B ;  to  the  first  of 
which,  having  "stamens  more  than  10,  and  more  than  twice  the 
number  of  the  petals,"  our  plant  must  pertain. 

Under  A  there  are  two  groups  indicated  by  the  numerals  1  and 
2,  to  the  first  of  which,  "  Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  free  from  the 
ovary  and  calyx,"  our  plant  evidently  belongs. 

Under  this  we  proceed  by  successive  steps,  their  gradations 
marked  by  their  position  on  the  page,  leading  down  to  the  name  of 
the  order  or  family,  to  which  is  appended  the  number  of  the  order 
as  it  appears  in  the  lineal  arrangement  of  the  Manual.  The  propo- 
sitions of  the  same  grade,  two  or  more,  from  which  determination 
is  to  be  made,  not  only  stand  one  directly  under  the  other,  but 
begin  with  the  same  word  or  phrase,  or  with  some  counterpart. 

The  propositions  under  1,  to  which  we  are  now  directed,  are 
two,  beginning  with  the  word  "Pistils"  and  "Pistil."  The  one 
which  applies  to  the  flower  in  hand  is,  clearly,  the  first :  "  Pistils 
few  to  many  distinct  carpels,"  and  this  line  leads  out  at  once  to  the 
order  Ranunculacece,  the  first  order  in  the  book. 

531.  Turning  to  that  order,  page  2,  a  perusal  of  the  brief  account 
of  the  marks  of  the  RANUNCULACE^E  or  CROWFOOT  FAMILY  as- 
sures us  that  the  key  has  led  us  safely  and  readily  to  a  correct 
result.     Knowing  the  order,  we  have  next  to  ascertain  the  genus. 
Here  are  eleven  genera  to  choose  from ;   but  their  characters  are 
analyzed  under  tribes  and  subsections  (*  ,   H-,  -H-,  etc.)  so  as  to 
facilitate  the  way  to  the  desired  result.     Of  the   three  tribes  we 
reject  the  first  and  third  en  account  of  their  characters  of  petals 
and   fruit.     With   Tribe  II.,  "  Sepals  imbricate,  often   petal-like : 
the  fruit  a  head  or  spike  of  akenes,"  our  plant  agrees  as  far  as  the 


LESSON  30.]  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  185 

description  goes.  It  also  agrees  with  the  subsection  "  #  •  *  *  Petals 
generally  broad  and  conspicuous:  akenes  numerous  in  a  head,"  and 
restricts  our  choice  in  this  case  to  the  fifth  genus,  RANUNCULUS. 

The  arrangement  of  the  species  of  Ranunculus  is  to  be  found, 
under  the  proper  number,  5,  on  page  6  and  the  following.  The 
first  section  contains  aquatic  species ;  ours  is  terrestrial,  and  in  all 
other  particulars  answers  to  §  2. 

Three  subsections,  indicated  by  asterisks,  depend  upon  leaf  char- 
acters, and  as  our  plant  evidently  has  not  all  the  leaves  undivided, 
nor  even  undivided  radical  leaves,  the  third  subsection  is  selected, 
"  *  *  *  Some  or  all  'the  leaves  cleft  or  divided." 

The  three  choices  which  follow,  indicated  by  daggers,  lead  us  to 
the  third  (p.  8),  "•«-•»-  •»-  Leaves  all  temately  divided."  Under 
this  we  find  five  species,  by  the  reading  of  whose  characters  we 
decide  that  the  plant  is,  for  example,  No.  18,  R.  repens,  L. 

It  might  have  been  some  other  species  of  the  genus,  but  having 
ascertained  the  genus  from  any  one  species,  the  student  would 
not  fail  to  recognize  it  again  in  any  other,  at  a  glance. 

532.  The  L.  at  the  end  of  the  name  is  the  recognized  abbrevia- 
tion of  the  name  of  Linnaeus,  the  botanist  who  gave  it.     Then 
comes  the  specific  character,  and  after  this,  the  region  where  the 
plant  grows.     There  may  also  be  included  after  the  specific  char- 
acter a  reference  to  the  place  of  its  first  publication,  and  perhaps 
another  name  it  has  formerly  borne,  called  its  synonym. 

533.  One  of  the  largest  and  most  showy  orders  of  Polypetalse  is 
that  to  which  the  Clovers,  Lupines,  Vetches,  etc.  belong,  and  as  a 
second  illustration  in  this  group  of  plants,  and  also  to  show  the 
relation  which  native  and  introduced  species  hold  to  each  other  in 
this  Manual,  we  will  take  the  ordinary  Red  Clover,  which  follows 
man  wherever  he  goes,  along  with  its  humbler  relative,  the  White 
Clover. 

534.  Taking  a  plant  of  the  Red   Clover,  with   well-developed 
heads  of  flowers,  we  proceed  to  the  examination.     Turning  to  our 
Analytical  Key   (p.  ix.),  we  readily  determine   that  our  plant  is 
a  Phasnogam,  an  Angiosperm,  and  a  Dicotyledon.     But  now  the 
question  is  asked  whether  it  is   Polypetalous,   Gamopetalous,  or 
Apetalous.     Plainly  it  is  not  the  last,  as  sepals  and  petals  are  both 
present.     A  careful  examination  of   the  flower  shows  some  such 
structure  as  is  shown  in  Figs.  217  and  218,  page  105,  in  which 
the   two  upper  petals  are  blended  together  to  form  the  standard 


186  HOW    TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  [LESSON  30. 

or  banner; 'the  two  side  petals  on  stems  (claws)  of  their  own, 
and  peculiarly  shaped,  called  wings;  the  two  lower  petals  also 
clawed  and  cohering  by  their  edges  to  form  a  little  boat-shaped 
body,  the  keel.  Pressing  open  this  keel  it  is  found  to  contain  the 
stamens  and  pistil.  It  will  be  further  observed  that  ail  five  petals 
blend  below  to  form  a  tube,  and  thus  refer  our  Clover  to  Division 
II.,  GAMOPETAL^E  (p.  xii.).  This  will  serve  to  emphasize  the 
fact  that  the  division  of  Dicotyledons  into  Polypetalae,  Gamo- 
petalge,  and  Apetalse  is  purely  an  artificial  classification  (572),  for 
most  of  the  relatives  of  our  plant  belong  to  the  POLYPETALAE,  and 
there  our  order  is  placed  in  the  Manual. 

535.  Under  GamopetaltE  we  select  the   second  group,  B,  that 
with  superior  ovaries ;  and  under  13  we  choose  1 ,  in  which  the 
stamens  are  more   numerous   than    the    lobes   of  the  corolla,   for 
we  find  ten  stamens  and  but  five  petals.     Between  the  two  orders 
left  to  choose  from,  the  first  is  evidently  the  one  which  accords 
with   our    plant,  —  that    with   "  pistil   single   and    simple :   leaves 
compound." 

536.  Accordingly  we  turn  to  the  order  LEGUMINOS^E,  page  50, 
and  find  it  subdivided  into   three  suborders.     A  reading  of  their 
characters  decides  in  favor  of  Suborder  I.  PAPILIONACE^E.     Two 
choices  (marked  by  asterisks)  are  now  presented,  dependent  upon 
stamen  characters.    Examining  our  stamens  we  find  that  nine  of  the 
ten  are  united  by  their  filaments  below  into  a  tube,  while  the  tenth 
is  about  free.     The  stamens,  being  thus  thrown  into  two  groups,  are 
said  to  be  diadelphous  (Fig.  227,  p.  112).     This  discovery  decides 
in  favor  of  the  group  under    *    #  .     Under  this  the  reniform  an- 
thers, the  three  leaflets  wh;ch  are  toothed,  and  the   flowers  in  a 
head  (capitate),  lead  us  to  the  fourth  genus,  TKIFOLIUM. 

537.  Turning  to  page  54,  we  find  12  Clovers  grouped  into  three 
divisions,  among  which  our  three  leaflets  and  heads  without  invo- 
lucres decide  in  favor  of  the  second,  marked    *    *  .     The  habit 
of  our  plant  being  plainly  caulescent  (85),  we  are  left  to  decide 
between  species  2,  3,  and  4.     Reading  the  descriptions  of  these, 
we  find   that   our  plant  does  not  correspond  with  any  of  them, 
but  the  reference  to  foot-note  2  at  our  group  heading  leads  us  to 
find  in   this  same  group  two  additional  species,   T.  pratense  and 
T.  repens,  and  our  plant  plainly  suits  the  description  of  the  first. 
We  thus  learn  that  the  plant  is  called  Trifolium  pratense,  and  that 
it  does  not  belong  to  our  native  flora. 


LESSON  31.]  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  187 

LESSON  XXXI. 

HOW   TO    STUDY    PLANTS:     FURTHER    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

538.  BEGINNERS  should  not  be  discouraged  by  the  slow  progress 
they  must  needs  make  in  the  first  trials.  By  perseverance  the 
various  difficulties  will  soon  be  overcome,  and  each  successful  anal- 
ysis will  facilitate  the  next.  Not  only  will  a  second  species  of 
the  same  genus  be  known  at  a  glance,  but  commonly  a  second 
genus  of  the  same  order  will  be  recognized  as  a  relative  at  sight, 
by  the  family  likeness.  Or  if  the  family  likeness  is  not  detected  at 
the  first  view,  it  will  be  seen  as  the  characters  of  the  plant  are 
studied  out. 

531).  For  the  sake  of  an  example  in  the  Gamopetalae,  we  take  a 
common  Monkey-flower,  whose  yellow  blossoms  are  to  be  found 
almost  everywhere  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

540.  A  glance  shows  that  the  plant  belongs  to  Series  I.,  PII^NO- 
GAMIA  or  FLOWERING  PLANTS,  while  its  closed  ovary  containing 
ovules  refers  it  to  ANGIOSPERMJE.  Its  netted- veined  leaves  and 
five-rnerous  flowers  make  it  plainly  a  DICOTYLEDON. 

The  corolla  being  tubular  below,  theoretically  regarded  as 
formed  of  five  united  petals,  refers  it  to  (p.  xii.)  Division  II.,  GA- 

MOPETAL^E. 

The  student  is  sometimes  puzzled  at  first  to  tell  how  many  petals 
enter  into  the  composition  of  a  gamopetalous  flower.  Frequently 
the  distinct  and  regular  lobes  above  make  this  very  apparent,  but 
in  the  case  before  us  the  first  impulse  would  be  to  say  that  the 
corolla  is  made  up  of  two  blended  petals,  for  it  is  a  two-lipped 
affair.  An  examination  of  each  lip  shows  that  the  upper  is  two- 
lobed,  and  the  lower  three-lobed,  making  five  blended  petals, 
already  suggested  by  the  five  teeth  of  the  calyx. 

The  two  subdivisions  of  GAMOPETALAE,  marked  A  and  B,  de- 
pend upon  the  relative  position  of  the  ovary  and  other  flower  parts, 
and,  as  our  flower  has  a  decidedly  superior  ovary,  a  choice  is  made 
of  B. 

There  are  three  choices  under  B  (1,  2,  and  3),  which  depend 
upon  the  number  and  position  of  the  stamens  with  reference  to  the 
petals.  In  our  flower  there  are  but  four  stamens,  which  charac- 
ter would  place  it  in  the  section  marked  3.  It  would  be  well, 


188  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [LESSON  31. 

however,  to  split  down  the  corolla  tube  and  note  that  the  insertions 
of  these  four  stamens  are  alternate  with  the  blended  petals. 

Under  3,  of  course,  we  select  "  *  *  With  ordinary  green  herb- 
age " ;  and  under  this  the  second  choice,  "•!--»-  Corolla  irregular : 
stamens  four." 

541.  Four  choices  are  now  presented  to  us,  dependent  upon  the 
character   of  the   ovary.     A  surface    examination    of  the    ovary, 
accompanied  by  a  careful  cross-section,  will  show  an  entire  ovary, 
which  is  two-celled,  and  contains  very  many  small  ovules.     Such  a 
combination  of  characters  can  only  be  found  under  the  first  divis- 
ion, and  accordingly  we  select  the  order  SCUOPHULAKIACEJE,  the 
fifty-sixth  of  the  Manual,  p.  271. 

542.  We  find  here  16  genera,  grouped  into  two  sections,  I.  and 
II.     An  examination  of  a  fully  developed  bud  will  at  once  show 
that  the  "  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  is  external  in  the  bud."  and  that 
our  plant  belongs  to  one  of  the  first  8  genera. 

The  form  of  the  corolla  (not  saccate  or  produced  at  base),  no 
rudiment  of  a  fifth  stamen,  the  solitary  pedicels  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  or  bracts,  and  the  splitting  capsules,  all  point  to  the  third 
group,  marked  with  three  asterisks. 

Under  this  there  are  three  sets  of  characters,  marked  by  daggers, 
under  the  first  of  which  our  plant  must  belong,  for  it  has  a  barely 
5-toothed  calyx,  a  decidedly  bilabiate  corolla,  and  four  stamens. 
Hence  it  is  to  be  referred  to  the  genus  MIMULUS,  the  sixth  of  the 
order,  and  a  perusal  of  the  generic  characters  confirms  our  choice. 

543.  Turning  to  page  279,  we  find  the  seven  species  of  Mimulus 
arranged  in  two  groups,  and  as  our  plant  is  '•  *  *  Neither  viscid 
nor  glandular,"  we  select  the  second. 

The  yellow  corolla,  and  oblique  calyx  with  unequal  teeth,  at 
once  refer  us  to  the  group  marked  •>—  -i— ,  under  which  we  find  a 
choice  to  be  made  between  two  species. 

It  is  very  probable  that  a  reading  of  the  specific  characters  will 
lead  to  a  selection  of  M.  luteus,  for  it  is  exceedingly  common,  but 
allowance  must  be  made  for  its  extreme  variability. 

544.  All  the  characters  displayed  by  a  variable  species  cannot 
be  compressed  into  a  single  description,  and  hence,  if  the  Mimulus 
in  hand  satisfies  M.  luteus  more  nearly  than  any  other  species,  it  is 
safe  to  call  it  by  that  name. 

545.  After  several  analyses  of  this  kind,  the  student  will  be  able 
to  pass  rapidly  over  most  of  the  preliminary  steps,  and  should  be 


LESSON  31.]  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  189 

able  to  recognize  the  class  and  division  at  a  glance.  Presently  the 
characters  of  the  great  families  will  begin  to  fix  themselves,  and 
many  plants  should  soon  be  referred  directly  to  their  pioper  orders 
without  need  of  the  Analytical  Key. 

546.  Probably   the   most  difficult   plants   the  beginner   will   be 
tempted  to  analyze  are  the  Compositae,  the  order  to  which  belong 
the    Dandelion,  Sunflowers,  Asters,   Golden-rods,   Thistles,  Sage- 
brush, Groundsels,  etc.,  —  all  those  plants  with  so-called  "  compound 
flowers  "  (277).     With  many  of  these  forms  the  difficulty  is  more 
imaginary  than  real,  and  while  in  some  of  the  larger  genera  cer- 
tain groups  of  species  are  very  perplexing,  most  of  the  species  and 
all  the  genera  can  be  determined  by  an  ordinarily  sharp-sighted 
observer.     To  avoid  hard  places  is  an  exceedingly  bad  habit  to 
form  in  analysis,  and  no  group  of  plants  furnishes  a  better  field  for 
careful  and  satisfactory  work  than  the  great  family  of  Compositae, 
which  forms  so  large  and  so  brilliant  a  part  of  our  flora.     It  is  ad- 
visable then  for  the  beginner  early  to  form  the  habit  of  regarding 
the  Compositae  as  proper  objects  for  his  study  as  any  of  the  other 
orders. 

547.  To  aid  in  familiarizing  the  path  through  the  somewhat  for- 
midable looking  Key  to  the  83  genera  of  this  great  order,  we  will 
select  a  very  common  and  early  blooming  species,  the   Common 
Groundsel,  or  Golden  Ragwort,  or  Squaw-weed,  as  it  is  variously 
called.     It  grows  almost  everywhere,  in  dry,  or  swampy,  or  rocky 
places,  and  its  naked  corymbs  of  bright  yellow  flowers,  and  vari- 
ously  shaped   and    cut   leaves,   those  at  the  root  often  differing 
widely  from  those  on  the  stem  in  size  and  character,  make  it  easily 
recognized. 

548.  With   this   Golden   Ragwort  in   hand,  the  student  should 
first  bisect  vertically  the  so-called  "flower,"  when  he  will  discover 
some  such  arrangement  as  is  figured  on  page  106,  in  which  the 
real  flowers  are  shown   to  be  collected  in  a  head,  and  this   sur- 
rounded by  a  circle  of  involucral  (205)  bracts.     It  will  be  noticed 
that  the  flowers  are  of  two  kinds,  the  outermost  resembling  petals 
(ligulate),  the  inner  ones  tubular  (277).     The  ovary  (ripened  into 
an  akene)  is  observed  to  be  inferior  and  surmounted  by  the  copious 
hairs  of  the  pappus  (349),  but  no  chaff  (Fig.  220  b)  will  be  found, 
and  hence  the  receptacle  is  said  to  be  naked. 

549.  Turning  now  to  the  Analytical  Key  (p.  ix.),  we  at  once 
decide  that  our  plant  belongs  to  Series  I.,  PH^ENOGAMIA,  under  it 


190  HOW   TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [LESSON  31. 

to  Class  I.,  ANGIOSPERIMLE,  and  then  to  Subclass  I.,  DICOTYLE- 
DONS. The  tubular  corollas  in  our  head  of  flowers  at  once  lead  us 
to  Division  II.,  GAMOPLTAL^E  (p.  xii.). 

550.  Under  Gamopetalas  two  choices  are  presented,  marked  A 
and  B.     In  our  plant  the  ovaries  are  most  decidedly  inferior,  and 
under  A  we  meet  four  choices,  based  on  the  number  of  stamens. 
Examining  the  tubular  flowers,  we  find  at  the  summit  of  the  tube 
five  small  spreading  teeth,  which  indicate  that  we  are  dealing  with 
a  five-lobed  corolla.     Carefully  slitting  the  tube  we  find  five  sta- 
mens which  cling  together  by  means  of  their  anthers,  an  arrange- 
ment  called   syngenesious    (286).     All    this    easily    determines  a 
choice  of  the  second  section,  "  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla,  5,  syngenesious."     Under  this  are  two  choices,  and,  as 
our  flowers  are  "in  an  involucrate  head,"  we  are  directed  to  tho 
order  COMPOSITE,  page  129. 

551.  It  will  usually  be  entirely  unnecessary  to  use  this  Analyti- 
cal Key  for  Composite,  as  the  flowers  of  this  order  are  so  charac- 
teristic that  it  can  be  at  once  recognized,  and  the  student  can  turn 
directly   to  the  family  as  presented  in  the  Manual,  beginning  at 
page    129. 

552.  In  the  "  Key  to  the  Tribes  "  it  will  be  noticed  that  our  ten 
tribes  are   grouped   in    two    series,   TUBULIFLOR^E    and    LIGULI- 
FLOR^E.     As  our  plant  has  tubular  flowers,  and  the  second  series 
demands  that  all  the  flowers  shall  be  ligulate,  the  choice  falls  on 
TUBULIFLOR.E,  containing  nine   of  the   ten    tribes.     These    nine 
tribes  are  grouped    under  two  headings,  both    beginning  '•  Heads 
homogamous,"  etc.     In  the  first,  the  heads  are  "discoid"  (without 
rays),  and  "never  yellow,"  which  at  once  brings  us  to  the  second 
group  (p.  130).     Under  this  seven  tribes  are  arranged,  character- 
ized   by    various    combinations    of    characters.     Our    anthers    are 
surely  not  caudate,  which  character  enables  us  to  discard  Tribes 
IV.  and   IX.,   in  both  of   which  also  the  heads  are  discoid.     In 
Tribe  V.  the  receptacle  is  chaffy ;  in  Tribe  VI.  the  receptacle  is 
naked,  but  the  pappus  is  not  abundant  and  soft-hairy  as  in  our 
plant ;  while  in  Tribe  VII.  the  pappus  is  far  from  agreeing  with 
ours.     This    leaves    Tribes    III.    and   VI II.,    between    which    the 
copious  capillary   pappus,  simple  involucre,  and   naked  receptacle 
decide  in  favor  of  the  latter,  making  our  plant  a  species  of  the 
SENKCIONIDE^E. 

553.  Turning  to  page  139,  we  find  that  the  supplementary  tribe 


LKSSOX  31.]  H^W    TO    STUDY    1'LANTS.  191 

characters  as  given  there  confirm  our  choice.  Tlie  five  genera  of 
Senecionidese  are  arranged  in  four  groups,  indicated  by  asterisks, 
all  based  chiefly  upon  the  character  of  the  involucre.  No  charac- 
ters agree  with  our  plant  until  we  reach  "  *  *  *  #  Involucre  of 
numerous  or  several  coimivent-erect  herbaceous  equal  bracts,  many- 
flowered:  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves."  The  choice 
now  lies  between  the  two  genera  Arnica  and  Senecio,  and  the 
copious  soft  pappus  and  alternate  leaves  indicate  the  latter.  The 
character  of  the  involucre  of  Arnica  also  refers  our  plant  to 
Senecio  in  a  negative  way.  Accordingly  we  turn  to  the  70th 
genus,  SENECIO,  page  20G,  and  find  under  it  21  species. 

554.  The  first  grouping  of  species,  marked  by  asterisks,  depends 
upon   the   size  of  the  heads,  and  as  ours  do  not  by  any  means 
measure   half   an    inch   in    height,  the    second   group   is    selected 
(p.    207).     Then  follow   two  choices,  indicated    by   daggers,   the 
second  of  which,  "  H—  •*-  Heads  erect,  mostly  radiate,"  agrees  with 
the  plant  in  hand.     The   four   groups    that  follow,  under  double 
daggers,  •<-->•  on  page  207,  ++  ++  and  •*-+  -H-  -n-  on    page    208,   and 
.n*  ++  -H-  .H.  011   p;,ge  211,  being  carefully  read,  lead  us  to  select 
the  third,  *•  +*  ++  ++  Stems  either  few-leaved  or  with  the  upper 
leaves  reduced  in  size ;    the  inflorescence  therefore  naked :  none 
with  narrow  linear  leaves."     Under  this  two  choices  are  marked 
by  parallels,  but  the  first  is   at   once  rejected  on  account  of  the 
character  of  its  leaves.     Under  =  =  (p.  209)  three  groups  are  in- 
dicated by  the  letters  a,  b,  and  c.     Our  plant  is  too  slender  and 
low,  and  its  leaves  too  deeply  cut,  for  the  first ;  while  it  is  too  tall 
for  the  second,  besides  being  entirely  unlik&  it  in  habit.     We  ac- 
cordingly select  the  third  division,  c,  and  under  it  find  two  choices 
based  upon  leaf  characters.     As  none  of  our  leaves  are  *'  pinnately 
divided,"  we  decide  upon  the  group  marked  1,  and  must  now  make 
a  choice  of  three  species,  17.  18,  or  19.     The  great  probability  is 
that  the  choice  will  fall  upon  number  18,  or  one  of  its  varieties, 
and  so,  by  this  long  but  comparatively  easy  route,  we  find  that  our 
plant  is  Senecio  aureus,  L.,  the  commonest  of  all  the  Golden   Rag 
worts.     Many  other  species  of  this  genus  are  found  on  the  plains, 
and  in  the  highest    mountains  up  to  their  very  summits,  but   the 
genus  should  now  always  be  easily  recognized  by  such  characters 
as  are  furnished  by  its  involucre,  pappus,  alternate  leaves,  etc. 

555.  As  an  example  of  the  other  series  of  Composite,  no  more 
common  or  simple  plant  could   be  selected   than  the  Dandelion. 


192  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [LESSON  31. 

Sectioning  the  head  of  flowers  vertically,  as  before,  and  turning  to 
page  130,  we  find  that  Series  II.,  LIGULIFLOK^E,  requires  all  the 
corollas  to  be  ligulate,  as  iu  Figs.  221  and  222,  which  exactly 
agrees  with  our  Dandelion. 

556.  The  single  tribe  of  this  series,  CicnoRiACE^:,  is  presented 
on  page  140,  containing  12  genera.     The  first  grouping  depends 
upon  the  nature  of  the  pappus,  and  as  every  one  knows  that  the 
pappus  of  a  Dandelion  is  of  hair-like  (capillary)  bristles,  the  second 
group  is   selected,   "*  *     Pappus  of  capillary   bristles,    scabrous, 
never  plumose  nor  chaffy."     In  the  three  choices  that  follow,  our 
plant  accords  with  the  second,  for  in   Dandelion  the  pappus  is  by 
no  means    deciduous,   nor    are    the    akenes    flattened,   but   it   has 
"  Akenes    not   flattened :    pappus    persistent."      Then    follow    two 
choices  based  upon  the  akene  having  a  beak  or  not.     Turning  to 
Figure  296,  page  130,  we  find  a  representation  of  our  Dandelion 
pappus,  showing  it  raised  away  from  the  akene  on  a  long  beak. 
This  determines  us  to  select  "  -M-  ++  Beak  to  the  akenes  distinct 
arid  slender,"  etc. 

557.  Three  genera  are  thus  presented  for  our  selection.     In  the 
first  (Troxiinon)  there  is  an  imbricated  involucre  and  a  ten-ribbed 
akene,  but  in   Dandelion   the  involucre  is  composed   of  a  single 
series  of  nearly   equal   narrow  bracts,   with  some   small  ones  at 
the    base,    and    the    akenes    are    only    four   or   five-ribbed.      In 
Pyrrhopappus  the  pappus  is  not  white,  hence  our  choice  must  be 
Taraxacum. 

558.  Turning  to  page  222,  we  find  but  one  species,  and  upon 
reading  it  we  are  satisfied  that  it  accords  exactly  with  our  plant, 
which  must  be  Taraxacum  officinale,  Weber. 

559.  The  old  specific  name  Dens-leonis,  which  is  meant  to  be 
translated  by  our  common  name  Dandelion,  has  disappeared,  and 
it  will  be  noticed  that  it  follows  the  specific  description  we  have 
just  read  as  a  synonym,  that  is,  a  former  name  of  the  plant  which 
has  been  discarded.     The  name  officinale  was  substituted  for  Dens- 
leonis  because  it  was  found  to  be  an  older  name  for  the  same  plant ; 
and  when  two  or  more  botanists  each  give  a  name  to  the  same 
species,  the  law  of  nomenclature  agreed  upon  requires  us  to  retain 
the  oldest  name  and  make  synonyms  of  the  rest. 


LESSON  32.]  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  193 

LESSON   XXXII. 

HOW   TO    STUDY    PLANTS  :     FURTHER   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

.560.  THE  foregoing  illustrations  have  both  been  taken  from  the 
subclass  Dicotyledons.  We  will  take  one  from  Monocotyledons, 
selecting  a  very  common  and  beautiful  Lily-like  plant  of  the  plains 
and  foot-hills,  the  "  Beautiful  Grass,"  or  "  Sego"  of  the  natives. 

561.  With  specimens  in  hand,  and  the  Manual  open  at  the  Ana- 
lytical Key  (p.  ix.),  seeing  at  once  that  the  plant  is  a  PH^ENOGAM, 
and  also  an   ANGIOSPERM,  we  proceed  to  determine  the  subclass. 
Nothing  in  Subclass  I.  accords   with  our  plant,  while  its  parallel- 
veined  leaves  and  flowers  in  threes  agree  exactly  with  Subclass  II., 
MONOCOTYLEDONS  (p.  xv.).     Dissection  of  a  matured  seed  would 
onfirm  this  decision  by  revealing  an  embryo  with  but  one  coty- 
ledon. 

562.  The  superior  ovary  at  once  fixes  our  choice  upon  the  group 
B,  "  Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so,"  etc. 

Five  propositions  are  now  presented,  unusually  dissimilar  in 
their  wording,  but  well  characterizing  the  groups  to  which  they 
lead.  Beginning  with  the  last,  the  stems  of  our  plant  are  not 
hollow,  and  there  are  neither  sheaths  nor  glumes.  The  fourth 
group  does  not  answer,  on  account  of  its  calling  for  "  no  evident 
perianth."  In  the  third,  the  perianth  is  glumaceous  ;  in  the  second, 
the  carpels  are  distinct  and  the  plants  mostly  aquatic,  which  plainly 
is  not  the  case  with  ours.  Choice  must  thus  be  mttde  of  the  first 
group,  with  "  Carpels  united  into  a  compound  ovary :  perianth 
corolla-like  :  terrestrial  plants." 

Under  this,  the  choice  between  "  woody  climbers  "  and  "  herbs  " 
is  easily  made.  Under  the  latter,  the  fact  that  our  plant  has  a 
perianth  with  divisions  colored  somewhat  alike  and  neither  of  them 
deliquescent,  and  that  the  stems  come  from  a  bulb,  determines  the 
selection  of  the  order  LILIACE^,  No.  79,  p.  345. 

563.  Under  this   order  we  find  21   genera,  arranged   in   three 
great  groups,  I.,  II.,  and   III.    The  deciduous  perianth,  hypogy- 
nous  stamens  with  extrorse  anthers,  and  absence  of  styles,  would 
lead  us  to  choose  group  II.,  under  which   the  bulb  or  corm   and 
capsular  fruit  would    decide  in  favor  of  the  group  marked  with 
a  single  asterisk. 


194  HOW  TO  STUDY  PLANTS.         [LESSON  32. 

Two  sets  of  characters  are  now  presented,  indicated  by  daggers. 
In  our  flower  the  outer  perianth-segments  are  decidedly  smaller,  and 
the  stigmas  are  sessile,  so  that  no  hesitation  is  felt  in  determining 
upon  the  only  genus  in  that  group,  CALOCHORTUS. 

564.  Turning  to  page  352,  we  find  but  two  species  within  the 
range  of  our  Manual,  the  choice  between  which  can  be  readily  made. 
It  will  be  seen  that  0.  Nuttallii  was  first  described  by  Torrey  and 
Gray  in  one  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  arid  that  (7.  Gunnisoni 
was  first  characterized  by  Mr.  Watson  in  his  Botany  of  the  Fortieth 
Parallel,  known  as  King's  Expedition. 

565  Whenever  the  student  has  fairly  studied  out  one  species  of 
a  genus,  he  will  be  likely  to  know  the  others  when  he  sees  them. 
And  when  plants  of  another  genus  of  the  same  order  are  met  wiih, 
the  order  may  generally  be  recognized  at  a  glance,  from  the  family 
resemblance.  For  instance,  having  first  become  acquainted  with 
the  Crowfoot  Family  in  the  genus  Ranunculus,  we  recognize  it 
at  once  in  the  Anemones,  in  Caltha  and  Trollius,  and  even  in  the 
Larkspurs  and  Columbines,  although  these  belong  to  as  many 
different  genera.  Having  examined  Mitnulus,  we  immediately 
recognize  the  Figwort  Family  in  the  Foxgloves  and  Gerardias  ; 
while  our  knowledge  of  Calochortus  will  be  suggestive  of  all  the 
Lily  Family. 

566.  So  the  study  of  one  plant  leads  naturally  and  easily  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  whole  order  or  family  of  plants  it  belongs  to;  — 
which   is  a  great   advantage,   and  a  vast   saving   of  labor.     For 
although  we  have  about  ninety  orders  of  Flowering  Plants,  repre- 
sented in  our  Botany  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  by  over  2,000  species, 
yet  half  of  these  species  belong  to  nine  or  ten  of  these  orders  ;  and 
more  than  four  fifths  of  the  species  belong  to  forty  of  the  orders. 
One  or  two  hundred  species,  therefore,  well  examined,  might  give 
a  good  general  idea  of  our  whole  botany.     And  students  who  will 
patiently  and  thoroughly  study   out  twenty  or  thirty  well-chosen 
examples  will  afterwards  experience  little  difficulty  in  determining 
any  of  our  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns,  and  will  find  the  pleasure 
of  the  pursuit  largely  to  increase  with  their  increasing  knowledge. 

567.  And  the  interest  will  be  greatly  enhanced  as  the  student, 
rising  to  higher  and  wider  views,  begins  to  discern  the  System  of 
Botany,  or,  in  other  words,  comprehends  more  and  more  of  the  Plan 
of  the  Creator  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom. 


LESSON  33.]  NATURAL    SYSTEM.  195 


LESSON   XXXIII. 

BOTANICAL    SYSTEMS. 

568.  Natural  System,  The  System  of  Botany  consists  of  the  orders 
or  families,  duly  arranged  under  their  classes,  and  having  the  tribes, 
the  genera,  and  the  species  arranged  in  them  according  to  their  re- 
lationships. This,  when  properly  carried  out,  is  the  Natural  System  ; 
because  it  is  intended  to  express,  as  well  as  we  are  able,  the  various 
degrees  of  relationship  among  plants,  as  presented  in  nature;  —  to 
rank  those  species,  those  genera,  &c.  next  to  each  other  in  the  classi- 
fication which  are  really  most  alike  in  all  respects,  or,  in  other  words, 
which  are  constructed  most  nearly  on  the  same  particular  plan. 

5G9.  Now  this  word  plan  of  course  supposes  a  planner,  —  an  in- 
telligent mind  working  according  to  a  system  :  it  is  this  system, 
therefore,  which  the  botanist  is  endeavoring  as  far  as  he  can  to 
exhibit  in  a  classification.  In  it  we  humbly  attempt  to  learn  some- 
thing of  the  plan  of  the  Creator  in  this  department  of  Nature. 

570.  So  there  can  be  only  one  natural  system  of  Botany,  if  by  the 
term  we  mean  the  plan  according  to  which  the  vegetable  creation 
was  called  into  being,  with  all  its  grades  and  diversities  among  the 
species,  as  well  of  past  as  of  the  present  time.  But  there  may  be 
many  natural  systems,  if  we  mean  the  attempts  of  men  to  interpret 
and  express  the  plan  of  the  vegetable  creation,  —  systems  which  will 
vary  with  our  advancing  knowledge,  and  with  the  judgment  and 
skill  of  different  botanists,  —  and  which  must  all  be  very  imperfect. 
They  will  all  bear  the  impress  of  individual  minds,  and  be  shaped 
by  the  current  philosophy  of  the  age.  But  the  endeavor  always  id 
to  make  the  classification  a  reflection  of  Nature,  as  far  as  any  system 
can  be  which  has  to  be  expressed  in  a  series  of  definite  propositions, 
and  have  its  divisions  and  subdivisions  following  each  other  in  some 
single  fixed  order.* 


*  The  best  classification  must  fail  to  give  more  than  an  imperfect  and  con- 
siderably distorted  reflection,  not  merely  of  the  plan  of  creation,  but  even  of  our 
knowledge  of  it.  It  is  often  obliged  to  make  arbitrary  divisions  where  Nature 
shows  only  transitions,  and  to  consider  genera,  &c.  as  equal  units,  or  groups  of 
equally  related  species,  while  in  fact  they  may  be  very  unequal,  —  to  assume,  on 


106  BOTANICAL    SYSTEMS.  [LESSON  33. 

571.  The  Natural  System,  as  we  receive  it,  and  as  to  that  portion 
of  it  which  is  represented  in  the  botany  of  our  country,  is  laid  before 
the  student  in  the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States. 
The  orders,  however,  still  require  to  be  grouped,  according  to  their 
natural  relationships,  into  a  considerable  number  of  great  groups 
(or  alliances)  ;  but  this  cannot  yet  be  done  throughout  in  any  easy 
way.     So  we  have  merely  arranged  them  somewhat  after  a  custom^ 
ary  order,  arid  have  given,  in  the  Artificial  Key,  a  contrivance  for 
enabling  the  student  easily  to  find  the  natural  order  of  any  plant. 
This  is  a  sort  of 

572.  Artificial  Classification,     The  object  of  an  artificial  classifica- 
tion is  merely  to  furnish  a  convenient  method  of  finding  out  the  name 
and  place  of  a  plant.     It  makes  no  attempt  at  arranging  plants  ac- 
cording to  their  relationships,  but  serves  as  a  kind  of  dictionary.     It 
distributes  plants  according  to  some  one  peculiarity  or  set  of  pecu- 
liarities (just  as  a  dictionary  distributes  words  according  to  their 
first  letters),  disregarding  all  other  considerations. 

573.  At  present  we  need  an  artificial  classification   in   Botany 
only  as  a  Key  to  the  Natural  Orders,  —  as  an  aid  in  referring  an 
unknown  plant  to  its  proper  family  ;  and  for  this  it  is  very  needful  to 
the  student.    Formerly,  when  the  orders  themselves  were  not  clearly 
made  out,  an  artificial  classification  was  required  to  lead  the  student 
down  to  the  genus.     Two  such  classifications  were  long  in  vogue. 
First,  that  of  Tournefort,  founded  mainly  on  the  leaves  of  the  flower, 
the  calyx  and  corolla :  this  was  the  prevalent  system  throughout  the 
first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  ;  but  it  has  long  since  gone  by. 
It  was  succeeded  by  the  well-known  artificial  system  of  Linnaeus, 
which  has  been  used  until  lately ;  and  which  it  is  still  worth  while 
to  give  some  account  of. 

574.  The  Artificial  System  Of  LinnffiUS  was  founded  on  the  stameng 
Had  pistils.     It  consists  of  twenty-four  classes,  and  of  a  variable 
number  of  orders,  which  were  to  take  the  place  temporarily  of  the 
natural  classes  and  orders  ;  the  genera  being  the  same  under  all 
classifications. 


paper  at  least,  a  strictly  definite  limitation  of  genera,  of  tribes,  and  of  orders, 
although  observation  shows  so  much  blending  here  and  there  of  natural  groups, 
sufficiently  distinct  on  the  whole,  as  to  warrant  us  in  assuming  the  likelihood 
that  the  Creator's  plan  is  one  of  gradation,  not  of  definite  limitation,  even  perhaps 
*o  the  species  themselves. 


LESSON  33.]          ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM    OF    LINNAEUS. 


197 


575.  The  twenty-four  classes  of  Linnaeus  were  founded  upon 
something  about  the  stamens.  The  following  is  an  analysis  of 
them.  The  first  great  division  is  into  two  great  series,  the  Phce* 
nogamous  and  the  Cryptogamous,  the  same  as  in  the  Natural  System. 
The  first  of  these  is  divided  into  those  flowers  which  have  the  sta- 
mens in  the  same  flower  with  the  pistils,  and  those  which  have  not ; 
and  these  again  are  subdivided,  as  is  shown  in  the  following  tabular 
view. 

Series  I.  PH^ENOGAMIA ;  plants  with  stamens  and  pistils,  i.  e.  with  reaj 

flowers. 

I  Stamens  in  the  same  flower  as  the  pistils  : 
*  Not  united  with  them, 
H-  Nor  with  one  another. 

•w.  Of  equal  length  if  either  6  or  4  in  number. 


One  to  each  flower, 

Class  1. 

MONANDRIA. 

Two       " 

2. 

DlANDRIA. 

Three     " 

3. 

TRIANDRIA. 

Four      " 

4. 

TETRANDRIA. 

Five      " 

5. 

PENTANDRIA. 

Six 

6. 

HEXANDRIA. 

Seven    "          " 

7. 

HEPTANDRIA. 

Eight     " 

8. 

OCTANDRIA. 

Nine      " 

9. 

ENNEANDRIA. 

Ten       " 

10. 

DECANDRIA. 

Eleven  to  nineteen  to  each  flower, 

11. 

DODECANDRIA. 

Twenty  or  more  inserted  on  the  calyx, 

12. 

ICOSANDRIA. 

"            "            "        on  the  recepti 

wle,  13. 

POLYANDRIA. 

•w.  -w  Of  unequal  length  and  either  4  or  6. 

Four,  2  long  and  2  shorter,  14.    DIDYNAMIA. 

Six,  4  long  and  2  shorter,  15.     TETRADYNAMI^ 

H-  •«-  United  with  each  other, 
By  their  filaments, 

Into  one  set  or  tube,  16.    MONADELPHIA 

Into  two  sets,  17.    DIADELPHIA. 

Into  three  or  more  sets,  18.    POLYADELPHI. 

By  their  anthers  into  a  ring,  19.     SYNGENESIA. 

#  #  United  with  the  pistil,  20.     GYNANDRIA. 

li.  Stamens  and  pistils  in  separate  flowers, 

Of  the  same  individuals,  21.     MON<ECIA. 

Of  different  individuals,  22.     DICECIA. 

Some  flowers  perfect,  others  staminate  or 
pistillate  either  in  the  same  or  in  different 
individuals,  23.  POLYGAMIA. 

Series  II.     CRYPTOGAMIA.      No   stamens  and 
pistils,  therefore  no  proper  flowers,  24.     CRYPTOGAMI*. 

17* 


198  ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM    OF    LINNAEUS.          [LESSON  33. 

576.  The  names  of  these  classes  are  all  compounded  of  Greek 
words.     The  first  eleven  consist  of  the  Greek  numerals,  in  succes- 
sion, from  1  to  11,  combined  with  andria,  which  here  denotes  sta- 
mens ;  —  e.  g.  Monandria,  with  one  stamen;  and  so  on.     The  llth 
has  the  numeral  for  twelve  stamens,  although  it  includes  all  which 
have  from  eleven  to  nineteen  stamens,  numbers  which  rarely  occur. 
The  12th  means  "  with  twenty  stamens,"  but  takes  in  any  higher 
number,  although  only  when  the  stamens  are  borne  on  the  calyx, 
The  13th  means  "  with  many  stamens,"   but  it  takes  only  those 
with  the  stamens  borne  on  the  receptacle.     The  14th  means  "two 
stamens  powerful,"  the  shorter  pair  being  supposed  to  be  weaker ; 
the  15th,  "four  powerful,"  for  the  same  reason.     The  names  of  the 
next  three  classes  are  compounded  of  adelphia,  brotherhood,  and 
the  Greek  words  for  one,  two,  and  many  (Monadelphia,  Diadelphia, 
and  Poly  adelphia).     The  19th  means  "united  in  one  household." 
The  20th  is  compounded  of  the  words  for  stamens  and  pistils  united. 
The  21st  and  22d  are  composed  of  the  word  meaning  house  and  the 
numerals  one,  or  single,  and  two :  Moncecia,  in  one  house,  Dicecia* 
in  two  houses.     The  23d  is  fancifully  formed  of  the  words  meaning 
plurality  and  marriage,  from  which  the  English  word  polygamy  is 
derived.     The  24th  is  from  two  words  meaning  concealed  nuptials, 
and  is  opposed  to  all  the  rest,  which  are  called  Phccnogamous,  be- 
cause their  stamens  and  pistils,  or  parts  of  fructification,  are  evident. 

577.  Having  established  the  classes  of  his  system  on  the  stamens, 
Linna3us  proceeded  to  divide  them  into  orders  by  marks  taken  from 
the  pistils,  for  those  of  the  first  thirteen  classes.     These  orders  de- 
pend on  the  number  of  the  pistils,  or  rather  on  the  number  of  styles, 
or  of  stigmas  when  there  are  no  styles,  and  they  are  named,  like  the 
classes,  by  Greek  numerals,  prefixed  to  gynia,  which  means  pistil. 
Thus,  flowers  of  these  thirteen  classes  with 

One  style  or  sessile  stigma  belong  to  Order  1.  MONOGYNIA. 

Two  styles  or  sessile  stigmas,  to  2.  Di GYNIA. 

Three            "                   "  3.  TRI  GYNIA. 

Four             "                   "  4.  TETRAGYNIA. 

Five              "                   "  5.  PENTAGYNIA. 

Six                "                    "  6.  HEXAGYNIA. 

Seven           "                   "  7.  HEPTAGYNIA. 

Eight            "                    "  8.  OCTOGYNIA. 

Nine             "                   "  9.  ENNEAGYNIA. 

Ten              "                   "  10.  DECAGYNIA. 

Eleven  or  twelve               "  11.  DODECAGYNIA. 

More  than  twelve              "  13  POLYGYNIA. 


LESSON  34.]         HOW  TO  COLLECT  SPECIMENS.  199 

578.  The  orders  of  the  remaining  classes  are  founded  on  various 
considerations,  some  on  the  nature  of  the  fruit,  others  on  the  number 
and  position  of  the  stamens.  But  there  is  no  need  to  enumerate 
them  here,  nor  farther  to  illustrate  the  Linnaean  Artificial  Classifi- 
cation. For  as  a  system  it  has  gone  entirely  out  of  use  ;  and  as  a 
Key  to  the  Natural  Orders  it  is  not  so  convenient,  nor  by  any  means 
so  certain,  as  a  proper  Artificial  Key,  prepared  for  the  purpose,  suci 
as  we  have  been  using  in  the  preceding  Lessons. 


LESSON  XXXIV. 

HOW    TO    COLLECT    SPECIMENS    AND    MAKE    AN    HERBARIUM. 

579.  For  Collecting  Specimens  the  needful  things  are  a  large  knife, 
strong  enough  to  be  used  for  digging  up  bulbs,  small  rootstocks, 
and  the  like,  as  well  as  for  cutting  woody  branches ;  and  a  botanical 
box,  or  a  portfolio,  for  holding  specimens  which  are  to  be  carried  to 
any  distance. 

580.  It  is  well  to  have  both.     The  botanical  box  is  most  useful 
for  holding  specimens  which  are  to  be  examined  fresh.     It  is  made 
of  tin,  in  shape  like  a  candle-box,  only  flatter,  or  the  smaller  sizes 
like  an    English   sandwich-case ;   the  lid   opening   for   nearly  the 
whole  length  of  one  side  of  the  box.     Any  portable  tin  box  of  con- 
venient size,  and  capable  of  holding  specimens  a  foot  or  fifteen  inches 
long,  will  answer  the  purpose.     The  box  should  shut  close,  so  that 
the  specimens  may  not  wilt :  then  it  will  keep  leafy  branches  and 
oiost  flowers  perfectly  fresh  for  a  day  or  two,  especially  if  slightly 
moistened. 

581.  The  portfolio  should  be  a  pretty  strong  one,  from  a  foot  to 
twenty  inches  long,  and  from  nine  to  eleven  inches  wide,  and  fasten- 
ing with  tape,  or  (which  is  better)  by  a  leathern  strap  and  buckle  at 
the  side.     It  should  contain  a  quantity  of  sheets  of  thin  and  smooth, 
unsized  paper ;  the  poorest  printing-paper  and  grocers'  tea-paper 
are  very  good  for  the  purpose.     The  specimens  as  soon  as  gathered 
are  to  be  separately  laid  in  a  folded  sheet,  and  kept  under  moderate 
pressure  in  the  closed  portfolio. 


200  HOW   TO    PRESERVE    SPECIMENS,  [LESSON  34 

582.  Botanical  specimens  should  be  either  in  flower  or  in  fruit. 
In  the  case  of  herbs,  the  same  specimen  will  often  exhibit  the  two; 
and  both  should  by  all  means  be  secured  whenever  it  is  possible. 
Of  small  herbs,  especially  annuals,  the  whole   plant,  root  and  all, 
should  be  taken  for  a  specimen.     Of  larger  ones  branches  will  suf- 
fice, with  some  of  the  leaves  from  near  the  root.     Enough  of  the 
root  or  subterranean  part  of  the  plant  should  be  collected  to  show 
whether  the  plant  is  an  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial.     Thick  roots, 
bulbs,  tubers,  or  branches  of  specimens  intended  to  be  preserved, 
should  be  thinned  with  a  knife,  or  cut  into  slices  lengthwise. 

583.  For  drying  Specimens  a  good  supply  of  soft  and  unsized  paper 
—  the  more  bibulous  the  better  —  is  wanted ;  and  some  convenient 
means  of  applying  pressure.    All  that  is  requisite  to  make  good  dried 
botanical  specimens  is,  to  dry  them  as  rapidly  as  possible  between 
many  thicknesses  of  paper  to  absorb  their  moisture,  under  as  much 
pressure  as  can  be  given  without  crushing  the  more  delicate  parts. 
This  pressure  may  be  given  by  a  botanical  press,  of  which  various 
forms  have  been  contrived  ;  or  by  weights  placed  upon  a  board,  — 
from  forty  to  eighty  or  a  hundred  pounds,  according  to  the  quantity 
of  specimens  drying  at  the  time.     For  use  while  travelling,  a  good 
portable  press  may  be  made  of  thick  binders'  boards  for  the  sides, 
holding  the  drying  paper,  and  the  pressure  may  be  applied  by  a 
cord,  or,  much  better,  by  strong  straps  with  buckles. 

584.  For  drying  paper,  the  softer  and  smoother  sorts  of  cheap 
wrapping-paper  answer  very  well.     This  paper  may  be  made  up 
into  driers,  each  of  a  dozen  sheets  or  less,  according  to  the  thickness, 
lightly  stitched  together.     Specimens  to  be  dried  should  be  put  ink 
the  press  as  soon  as  possible  after  gathering.     If  collected  in  a  port 
folio,  the  more  delicate  plants  should  not  be  disturbed,  but  the  sheeU. 
that  hold  them  should  one  by  one  be  transferred  from  the  portfolio 
to  the  press.     Specimens  brought  home  in  the  botanical  box  must 
be  laid  in  a  folded  sheet  of  the  same  thin,  smooth,  and  soft  paper 
used  in  the  portfolio ;  and  these  sheets  are  to  hold  the  plants  until 
they  are  dry.     They  are  to  be  at  once  laid  in  between  the  driers, 
and  the  whole  put  under  pressure.     Every  day  (or  at  first  even 
twice  a  day  would  be  well)  the  specimens,  left  undisturbed  in  their 
sheets,  are  to  be  shifted  into  well-dried  fresh  driers,  and  the  pressure 
renewed,  while  the  moist  sheets  are  spread  out  to  dry,  that  they  may 
take  their  turn  again  at  the  next  shifting.     This  course  must  be 
continued  until  the  specimens  are  no  longer  moist  to  the  touch, — 


LESSON  34.]  AND    FORM   AN    HERBARIUM.  201 

which  for  most  plants  requires  about  a  week ;  then  they  may  be 
transferred  to  the  sheets  of  paper  in  which  they  are  to  be  preserved. 
If  a  great  abundance  of  drying-paper  is  used,  it  is  not  necessary 
to  change  the  sheets  every  day,  after  the  first  day  or  two. 

585.  Herbarium,     The  botanist's  collection  of  dried   specimens, 
ticketed  with  their  names,  place,  and  time  of  collection,  and  sys- 
tematically arranged  under  their  genera,  orders,  &c.,  forms  a  Hor- 
tus  Siccus  or  Herbarium.     It  comprises   not  only  the    specimens 
which  the  proprietor  has  himself  collected,  but  those  which  he  ac- 
quires through  friendly  exchanges  with  distant  botanists,  or  in 
ways.     The  specimens  of  an  herbarium  may  be  kept  in  folded  sheets 
of  neat,  and  rather  thick,  white  paper ;  or  they  may  be  fastened  on 
half-sheets  of  such  paper,  either  by  slips  of  gummed  paper,  or  by 
glue  applied  to  the  specimens  themselves.     Each  sheet  should  be 
appropriated  to  one  species  ;   two  or  more  different  plants  should 
never  be  attached  to  the  same  sheet.     The  generic  and  specific 
name  of  the  plant  should  be  added  to  the  lower  right-hand  corner, 
either  written  on  the  sheet,  or  on  a  ticket  pasted  down  at  that  corner; 
and  the  time  of  collection,  the  locality,  the  color  of  the  flowers,  and 
any  other  information  which  the  specimens  themselves  do  not  afford, 
should  be  duly  recorded  upon  the  sheet  or  the  ticket.     The  sheets 
of  the  herbarium  should  all  be  of  exactly  the  same  dimensions.     The 
herbarium  of  Linnaeus  is  on  paper  of  the  common  foolscap  size,  about 
eleven  inches  long  and  seven  wide.     But  this  is  too  small  for  an 
herbarium  of  any  magnitude.      Sixteen  and  a  half  inches  by  ten 
and  a  half,  or  eleven  and  a  half  inches,  is  an  approved  size. 

586.  The  sheets  containing  the  species  of  each  genus  are  to  be 
placed  in  genus-covers,  made  of  a  full  sheet  of  thick,  colored  paper 
(such  as  the  strongest  Manilla-hemp  paper),  which  fold  to  the  same 
dimensions  as  the  species-sheet ;  and  the  name  of  the  genus  is  to  be 
written  on  one  of  the  lower  corners.     These  are  to  be  arranged 
under  the  orders  to  which  they  belong,  and  the  whole  kept  in  closed 
cases  or  cabinets,  either  laid  flat  in  compartments,  like  large  "pigeon- 
holes," or  else  placed  in  thick  portfolios,  arranged  like  folio  volumes, 
and  having  the  names  of  the  orders  lettered  on  the  back. 


S&F— 10 


GLOSSARY 


DICTIONARY   OF   TERMS  USED   IN  DESCRIB- 
ING  PLANTS, 

COMBINED   WITH   AN   INDEX. 


A,  at  the  beginning  of  words  of  Greek  derivation,  commonly  signifies  a  negatir% 
or  the  absence  of  something ;  as  apetalous,  without  petals ;  aphyllous,  leaf- 
less, &c.  If  the  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  the  prefix  is  an ;  as  ananther- 
ous,  destitute  of  anther. 

Abnormal :  contrary  to  the  usual  or  the  natural  structure. 

Aboriginal :  original  in  the  strictest  sense ;  same  as  indigenous. 

Abortive:  imperfectly  formed,  or  rudimentary,  as  one  of  the  stamens  in  fig.  195 
and  three  of  them  in  fig.  196,  p.  95. 

Abortion :  the  imperfect  formation,  or  non-formation,  of  some  part. 

Abrupt:  suddenly  terminating;  as,  for  instance, 

Abruptly  pinnate:  pinnate  without  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end ;  fig.  128,  p.  65. 

Acaulescent  (acaulis) :  apparently  stemless  ;  the  proper  stem,  bearing  the  leaves 
and  flowers,  being  very  short  or  subterranean,  as  in  Bloodroot,  and  most 
Violets;  p.  36. 

Accessory :  something  additional ;  as  Accessory  buds,  p.  26. 

Accrescent :  growing  larger  after  flowering,  as  the  calyx  of  Physalis. 

Accumbent:  lying  against  a  thing.  The  cotyledons  are  accumbent  when  thev 
lie  with  their  edges  against  the  radicle. 

Acerose:  needle-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of  Pines;  fig.  140,  p.  72. 

Acetdbuliform :  saucer-shaped. 

Achenium  (plural  achenia)  :  a  one-seeded,  seed-like  fruit;  fig.  286,  p.  129. 

Achlamydeous  (flower)  :  without  floral  envelopes ;  as  Lizard's-tail,  p.  90,  fig.  180. 

Acicular:  needle-shaped  ;  more  slender  than  acerose. 

Acindciform:  scymitar-shaped,  like  some  bean-pods. 

Acines :  the  separate  grains  of  a  fruit,  such  as  the  raspberry ;  fig.  289. 

Acorn:  the  nut  of  the  Oak  ;  fig.  299,  p.  130. 

Acotytedonons .-  destitute  of  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves. 

Acrdgenous:  growing  from^the  apex,  as  the  stems  of  Ferns  and  Mosses. 

Acrogens,  or  Acrogenoiis  Plants:  the  higher  Cryptogamous  plants,  such  as 
Ferns,  &c.,  p.  172. 


204  GLOSSARY. 

Aculeate:  armed  with  prickles,  i.  e.  aculei;  as  the  Rose  and  Brier. 

Aculedate :  armed  with  small  prickles,  or  slightly  prickly. 

Acuminate:  taper-pointed,  as  the  leaf  in  fig.  97  and  fig.  103. 

Acute:  merely  sharp-pointed,  or  ending  in  a  point  less  than  a  right  angle. 

Adelphaus  (stamens) :  joined  in  a  fraternity  (addphia) :  see  monadelphous  and 
diadeJphous. 

Adherent:  sticking  to,  or,  more  commonly,  growing  fast  to  another  body ;  p.  104. 

Adnate:  growing  fast  to ;  it  means  born  adherent.  The  anther  is  adnate  when 
fixed  by  its  whole  length  to  the  filament  or  its  prolongation,  as  in  Tulip- 
tree,  fig.  233. 

Adpressed,  or  oppressed:  brought  into  contact,  but  not  united. 

Adscendent,  ascendent,  or  ascending :  rising  gradually  upwards.. 

Adsurgent,  or  assurgent :  same  as  ascending. 

Adventitious:  out  of  the  proper  or  usual  place;  e.  g.  Adventitious  buds,  p.  26,  27. 

Adventive :  applied  to  foreign  plants  accidentally  or  sparingly  spontaneous  in  a 
country,  but  hardly  to  be  called  naturalized. 

^Equilateral :  equal-sided  ;  opposed  to  oblique. 

^Estivation:  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  a  flower-bud,  p.  108. 

Air-cells  or  Air-passages :  spaces  in  the  tissue  of  leaves  and  some  stems,  p.  143. 

Air-Plants,  p.  34. 

Akenium,  or  akene.     See  achenium. 

Ala  (plural  alee.) :  a  wing;  the  sid«vpetals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla,  p.  105, 
fig.  218,  w. 

Alabdstrum :  a  flower-bud. 

Alar:  situated  in  the  forks  of  a  stem. 

Alale :  winged,  as  the  seeds  of  Trumpet-Creeper  (fig.  316)  the  fruit  of  the  Maple, 
Elm  (fig.  301),  &c. 

Albescent :  whitish,  or  turning  white. 

Absorption,  p.  168. 

Albumen  of  the  seed :  nourishing  matter  stored  up  with  the  embryo,  but  not 
within  it;  p.  15,  136. 

Albumen,  a  vegetable  product;  a  form  of  proteine,  p.  165. 

Albuminous  (seeds) :  furnished  with  albumen,  as  the  seeds  of  Indian  com  (fig.  38, 
39),  of  Buckwheat  (fig  326),  &c. 

Alburnum:  young  wood,  sap-wood,  p   153. 

Alpine :  belonging  to  high  mountains  above  the  limit  of  forests. 

Alternate  (leaves):  one  after  another,  p.  24,  71.  Petals  are  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  or  stamens  with  the  petals,  when  they  stand  over  the  intervals  be- 
tween them,  p.  93. 

Alveolate :  honeycomb-like,  as  the  receptacle  of  the  Cotton-Thistle. 

Ament :  a  catkin,  p.  81 .     Amentaceous :  catkin-like,  or  catkin-bearing. 

Amorphous  :  shapeless ;  without  any  definite  form. 

Amphifjdstrium  (plural  amphigastria)  :  a  peculiar  stipule-like  leaf  of  certair 
Liverworts 

Ampnitropous  or  Amphttropal  ovules  or  seeds,  p.  123,  fig.  272. 

AmpUctant:  embracing.    Ampfexicaul  (leaves) :  clasping  the  stem  by  the  base. 

Ampulldceous :  swelling  ont  like  a  bottle  or  bladder. 

Amyldceous :  composed  of  starch,  or  starch-like. 


GLOSSARY.  205 

Andntherous :  without  anthers.    Andnthous :  destitute  of  flowers  ;  flowerless. 

Anastomosing:  forming  a  net- work  (anastomosis),  as  the  veins  of  leaves. 

Andtropous  or  Andtropal  ovules  or  seeds  ;  p.  123,  fig.  273. 

Ancipital  (anceps)  :  two-edged,  as  the  stem  of  Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Andrcecium  :  a  name  for  the  stamens  taken  together. 

Androgynous :  having  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  cluster 

or  inflorescence,  as  many  species  of  Carex. 
Androphore :  a  column  of  united  stamens,  as  in  a  Mallow ;  or  the  support  oa 

which  stamens  are  raised. 

Anfrdctuose  :  bent  hither  and  thither,  as  the  anthers  of  the  Squash,  &c. 
Angiospe'rmce,  Angiaspe'rinous  Plants :  with  their  seeds  formed  in  an  ovary  or  peri- 
carp, p.  183. 

Angular  divergence  of  leaves,  p.  72. 
Annual  (plant)  :  flowering  and  fruiting  the  year  it  is  raised  from  the  seed,  and 

then  dying,  p  21. 

Annular:  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  or  forming  a  circle, 
Annulate :  marked  by  rings  ;  or  furnished  with  an 
Annulus,  or  ring,  like  that  of  the  spore-case  of  most  Ferns   (Manual  Bot.  N. 

States,  plate  9,  fig.  2)  •  in  Mosses  it  is  a  ring  of  cells  placed  between  the 

mouth  of  the  spore-case  and  the  lid,  in  many  species. 
Anterior,  in  the  blossom,  is  the  part  next  the  bract,  i.  e.  external : — while  the 

posterior  side  is  that  next  the  axis  of  inflorescence.     Thus,  in  the  Pea,  &c. 

the  keel  is  anterior,  and  the  standard  posterior. 

Anther:  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen,  which  contains  the  pollen ;  p.  86,  113. 
Autkeridium  (plural  antkeridia) :    the  organ  in  Mosses,  &c.  which  answers  to 

the  anther  of  Flowering  plants. 
Antheriferous :  anther-bearing, 

Anthe'sis :  the  period  or  the  act  of  the  expansion  of  a  flower 
Anthocdrpous  (fruits)  :  same  as  multiple  fruits ;  p.  133. 
Anticous:  same  as  anterior. 
Antrdrse:  directed  upwards  or  forwards. 
Ape'ttdous:  destitute  of  petals;  p.  90,  fig.  179. 
Aphyllous  :  destitute  of  leaves,  at  least  of  foliage. 
Apical :  belonging  to  the  apex  or  point. 
Apicidate :  pointletted  ;  tipped  with  a  short  and  abrupt  point. 
Apocarpous  (pistils) :  when  the  several  pistils  of  the  same  flower  are  separate, 

as  in  a  Buttercup,  Sedum  (fig.  168),  &c. 

Aptfpkysu :  any  irregular  swelling ;  the  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the  spore- 
case  of  the  Umbrella- Moss. 
Appendage  •  any  superadded  part 
Appendicitlate :  provided  with  appendages. 
Appreased:  where   branches   are   close  pressed  to  the  stem,  or  leaves   to   the 

branch,  &c. 
Apterous:  wingless. 
Aquatic :  living  or  growing  in  water ;  applied  to  plants  whether  growing  under 

water,  or  with  all  but  the  base  raised  out  of  it. 

Arachnoid:  cobwebby  ;  clothed  with,  or  consisting  of,  soft  downy  fibres. 
Arboreous,  Arborescent :  tree-like,  in  size  or  form  ;  p.  36. 
18 


206  GLOSSARY. 

Archegdnhtm  (plural  arc'negonia)  :  the  organ  in  Mosses,  &c.,  which  is  analogoui 
to  the  pistil  of  Flowering  Plants. 

Arcuate:  bent  or  curved  like  a  bow. 

Are'olate :  marked  out  into  little  spaces  or  areolce. 

Arillate  (seeds)  •  furnished  with  an 

Aril  or  Arillus :  a  fleshy  growth  forming  a  false  coat  or  appendage  to  a  seed; 
p.  135,  fig.  318. 

Artstate:  awned.  i.  e  furnished  with  an  arista,  like  the  beard  of  Barley,  &c. 

4  nstulate  :  diminutive  of  the  last ;  short-awned. 

Arrow-shaped  or  Arrow-headed:  same  as  sagittate;  p.  59,  fig.  95. 

Articulated:  jointed  ;  furnished  with  joints  or  articulations,  where  it  separates  QJ 
inclines  to  do  so.  Articulated  leaves,  p.  64. 

Artificial  Classification,  p.  196. 

Ascending  (stems,  &c.),  p.  37  ,  (seeds  or  ovules),  p.  122. 

Aspergdliform :  shaped  like  the  brush  used  to  sprinkle  holy  water;  as  the  stigmas 
of  many  Grasses. 

Assimilation,  p.  162. 

Assurgent:  same  as  ascending,  p.  37. 

Atropous  or  Atropal  (ovules) :  same  as  orthotropous. 

Auricdate:  furnished  with  auricles  or  ear-like  appendages,  p.  59. 

Awl-shaped,  sharp-pointed  from  a  broader  base,  p.  68. 

Awn :  the  bristle  or  beard  of  Barley,  Oats,  &c. ;  or  any  similar  bristle-like  ap- 
pendage. 

Awned:  furnished  with  an  awn  or  long  bristle-shaped  tip. 

Axil:  the  angle  on  the  upper  side  between  a  leaf  and  the  stem,  p.  20. 

Axile :  belonging  to  the  axis,  or  occupying  the  axis ;  p.  1 1 9,  &c. 

Axillary  (buds,  &c.)  :  occurring  in  an  axil,  p  21,  77,  &c 

Axis  '.  the  central  line  of  any  body ;  the  organ  round  which  others  are  attached; 
the  root  and  stem.  Ascending  Axis,  p.  9.  Descending  Axis,  p.  9. 

Baccate:  berry-like,  of  a  pulpy  nature  like  a  berry  (in  Latin  bacca) ;  p.  127. 

Barbate :  bearded  ;  bearing  tufts,  spots,  or  lines  of  hairs. 

Barbed :  furnished  with  a  barb  or  double  hook ;  as  the  apex  of  the  bristle  on  tho 

fruit  of  Echinospermum  (Sticksccd),  &c. 

Bdrbellate:  said  of  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  of  some  Composite  (species  of 
-/  Liatris,  &c  ),  Avhen  beset  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  longer  than  when  denticulate5 

but  shorter  than  when  plumose. 
Barbeilulate, :  diminutive  of  barbellate. 

Bark:  the  covering  of  a  stem  outside  of  the  wood,  p.  150,  152. 
Basal :  belonging  or  attached  to  the 

Base :  that  extremity  of  any  organ  by  which  it  is  attached  to  its  support. 
Bast,  Bast-fibres,  p.  147. 
Beaked:  ending  in  a  prolonged  narrow  tip. 
Bearded :  see  barbate.     Beard  is  sometimes  used  popularly  for  awn,  more  con* 

monly  for  long  or  stiff  hairs  of  any  sort. 

Bell-shaped:  of  the  shape  of  a  bell,  as  the  corolla  of  Harebell,  fig.  207,  p.  102. 
Berry :  a  fruit  pulpy  or  juicy  throughout,  as  a  grape ;  p.  127. 
Bi-  (or  Bis),  in  compound  words  :  twice;  as 


GLOSSARY.  207 

Biarticulate :  twice  jointed,  or  two-jointed  ;  separating  into  two  pieces. 

Biauriculate :  having  two  ears,  as  the  leaf  in  fig.  96. 

Bicallose :  having  two  callosities  or  harder  spots. 

Bicdrinate:  two-keeled,  as  the  upper  palea  of  Grasses. 

Bicipital  (Biceps]  :  two-headed  ;  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the  top  or  bottom. 

Biconjuyate :  twice  paired,  as  when  a  petiole  forks  twice. 

Bidentate:  having  two  teeth  (not  twice  or  doubly  dentate). 

Biennial :  of  two  years'   continuance ;  springing  from  the  seed   one  season. 

flowering  and  dying  the  next ;  p.  21. 
Bifdrious :  two-ranked  ;  arranged  in  two  rows. 

Bifid:  two-cleft  to  about  the  middle,  as  the  petals  of  Mouse-ear  Chickweedo 
Bifdliolate :  a  compound  leaf  of  two  leaflets ;  p.  66. 
Bifurcate:  twice  forked  ;  or,  more  commonly,  forked  into  two  branches. 
Bij agate:  bearing  two  pairs  (of  leaflets,  &c.). 
Bilabiate:  two-lipped,  as  the  corolla  of  sage.  &c  ,  p.  105,  fig.  209. 
Bildmellate :  of  two  plates  (lamellce),  as  the  stigma  of  Mimulus. 
Bildbed:  the  same  as  two-lobed. 
Bilticular :  two-celled ;  as  most  anthers,  the  pod  of  Foxglove,  most  Saxifrages 

(fig.  254),  &c. 

Binate :  in  couples,  two  together. 
Bipartite :  the  Latin  form  of  two-parted  ;  p.  62. 
Bipinnate  (leaf)  :  twice  pinnate  ;  p.  66,  fig.  130. 
Bipinndtifid :  twice  pinnatifid,  p.  64;  that  is,  pinnatifid  with  the  lobes  again 

pinnatifid. 

Biplicate :  twice  folded  together. 

Bise'rial,  or  Bise'riate :  occupying  two  rows,  one  within  the  other. 
Biserrate :  doubly  serrate,  as  when  the  teeth  of  a  leaf,  &c.  are  themselves  serrate. 
Biternate :  twice  ternate  ;  i.  e.  principal  divisions  3,  each  bearing  3  leaflets,  &c. 
Bladdery:  thin  and  inflated,  like  the  calyx  of  Silene  inflata. 
Blade  of  a  leaf :  its  expanded  portion  ;  p  54. 

Boat-shaped:  concave  within  and  keeled  without,  in  shape  like  a  small  boat. 
Brdckiate :   with  opposite  branches  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  as  in  the 

Maple  and  Lilac. 
Bract  (Latin,  brac(ea).    Bracts,  in  general,  are  the  leaves  of  an  inflorescence, 

more  or  less  different  from  ordinary  leaves.     Specially,  the  bract  is  the 

small  leaf  or  scale  from  the  .axil  of  which  a  flower  or  its  pedicel  proceeds  ; 

p.  78 ;  and  a 

Bractlet  (bracteola)  is  a  bract  seated  on  the  pedicel  or  flower-stalk;  p   78,  fig  15& 
Branch,  p.  20,  36. 

Bristles :  stiff,  sharp  hairs,  or  any  very  slender  bodies  of  similar  appearance. 
Bristly :  beset  with  bristles. 
Brush-shaped :  see  aspergilliform. 

Bryology:  that  part  of  Botany  which  relates  to  Mosses. 
Bud:  a  branch  in  its  earliest  or  undeveloped  state  ;  p  20. 
Bud-scales,  p.  22,  50. 

Bulb :  a  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales,  usually  subterranean ;  p.  45,  fig.  73. 
Bulbiferous:  bearing  or  producing  bulbs. 
Bidbose  or  bulbouf  :  bulb-like  in  shape,  &c. 


208  GLOSSARY. 

Bulblets:  small  bulbs,  borne  above  ground,  as  on  the  stems  of  the  bulb-bearing 
Lily  and  on  the  fronds  of  Cistopteris  bulbifera  and  some  other  Ferns;  p.  46. 
Bulb-scales,  p.  50. 
Bullate:  appearing  as  if  blistered  or  bladdery  (from  bulla,  a  bubble). 

Caducous :  dropping  off  very  early,  compared  with  other  parts ;  as  the  calyx  in 

the  Poppy  Family,  falling  when  the  flower  opens. 

Ccespitose,  or  Cespitose :  growing  in  turf-like  patches  or  tufts,  like  most  sedges,  &c, 
Cdlcarate:  furnished  with  a  spur  (calcar),  as  the  flower  of  Larkspur,  fig.  183; 

and  Violet,  tig.  181. 

Cakeolate  or  Cdlceiform :  slipper-shaped,  like  one  petal  of  the  Lady's  Slipper. 
Cdllose :  hardened  ;  or  furnished  with  callosities  or  thickened  spots. 
Cdlycine :  belonging  to  the  calyx. 
Calyculate :  furnished  with  an  outer  accessory  calyx  (calyculus)  or  set  of  bracts 

looking  like  a  calyx,  as  in  true  Pinks. 
Calyptra :  the  hood  or  veil  of  the  capsule  of  a  Moss. 
Culyptriform :  shaped  like  a  calyptra  or  candle-extinguisher. 
Calyx :  the  outer  set  of  the  floral  envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower ;  p.  85. 
Cambium  and  Cambium  layer,  p.  154. 
Campdnulate:  bell-shaped;  p.  102,  fig.  207. 
Campy  lo'tropous,  or  Campy  !dtropal ;  curved  ovules  and  seeds  of  a  particular  sort ; 

p.  123,  fig.  271. 
Campi/losperinous :  applied  to  fruits  of  Umbelliferae  when  the  seed  is  curved  in 

at  the  edges,  forming  a  groove  down  the  inner  face  ;  as  in  Sweet  Cicely. 
Canaliculate :  channelled,  or  with  a  deep  longitudinal  groove. 
Cdncellate:  latticed,  resembling  lattice-work. 
Canescent:  grayish-white;  hoary,  usually  because  the  surface  is  covered  with 

fine  white  hairs.     Incanous  is  whiter  still. 

Capilldceons,  Capillary :  hair-like  in  shape  ;  as  fine  as  hair  or  slender  bristles. 
Capitate :  having  a  globular  apex,  like  the  bead  on  a  pin ;  as  the  stigma  of 

Cherry,  fig.  213;  or  forming  a  head,  like  the  flower-cluster  of  Button-bush, 

fig.  161. 

Capite'llate:  diminutive  of  capitate  ;  as  the  stigmas  of  fig.  255. 
Capitulum  (a  little  head)  :   a  close  rounded  dense  cluster  or  head  of  sessile 

flowers;  p.  80,  fig.  161.  x 

Capreolate:  bearing  tendrils  (from  capreolus,  a  tendril). 
Capsule:  a  pod;  any  dry  dehiscent  seed-vessel;  p.  131,  fig.  305,  306. 
Cdpsular :  relating  to,  or  like  a  capsule. 
Carina :  a  keel ;  the  two  anterior  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  flower,  which  are 

combined  to  form  a  body  shaped  somewhat  like  the  keel  (or  rather  the 

prow)  of  a  vessel;  p.  105,  fig.  218,  k. 

Cdrinate:  keeled  ;  furnished  with  a  sharp  ridge  or  projection  on  the  lower  side. 
Cario'psis,  or  Caryo'psis :  the  one-seeded  fruit  or  grain  of  Grasses,  &c.,  p.  130. 
Cdrneous:  flesh-colored  ;  pale  red. 
Cdrnose:  fleshy  in  texture. 
Carpel,  or  Carpidium :  a  simple  pistil,  or  one  of  the  parts  or  leaves  of  which  a 

compound  pistil  is  composed  ;  p.  117. 
Cdrpellary :  pertaining  to  a  carpel. 


GLOSSARY.  209 

Carpology :  that  department  of  Botany  which  relates  to  fruits. 

Cdrpophore:  the  stalk  or  support  of  a  fruit  or  pistil  within  the  flower;  as  in 

fig.  276-278. 

Cartilaginous,  or  Cartilagineous :  firm  and  tough,  like  cartilage,  in  texture. 
Caruncle:  an  excrescence  at  the  scar  of  some  seeds;  as  those  of  Polygala. 
Carunculate :  furnished  with  a  caruncle. 

Caryophylfdceous :  pink -like :  applied  to  a  corolla  of  5  long-clawed  petals ;  fig.  200. 
Catkin:  a  scaly  deciduous  spike  of  flowers,  an  ament;  p.  81. 
Caudate :  tailed,  or  tail-pointed. 

Caudex :  a  sort  of  trunk,  such  as  that  of  Palms  ;  an  upright  rootstock ;  p.  37. 
Caulescent:  having  an  obvious  stem  ;  p.  36. 
Caulicle :  a  little  stem,  or  rudimentary  stem ;  p  6. 
Cau.'ine:  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem  (caulis,  in  Latin),  p.  36. 
Cell  (diminutive  Cellule} :  the  cavity  of  an  anther,  ovary,  &c.,  p.  113, 119 ;  one  of 

the  elements  or  vesicles  of  which  plants  are  composed  ;  p.  140,  142. 
Cellular  tissue  of  plants;  p.  142.     Cellular  Bark,  p.  152. 
Cellulose,  p.  159. 
Centrifugal  (inflorescence) :  produced  or  expanding  in  succession  from  the  centre 

outwards ;  p.  82.     The  radicle  is  centrifugal,  when  it  points  away  from  the 

centre  of  the  fruit. 

Centripetal :  the  opposite  of  centrifugal ;  p.  79,  83. 
Cereal :  belonging  to  corn,  or  corn-plants. 
Ce'rnnous :  nodding;  the  summit  more  or  less  inclining. 
Chaff:  small  membranous  scales  or  bracts  on  the  receptacle  of  Compositae;  the 

glumes,  &c.  of  Grasses. 

Chaffy :  furnished  with  chaff,  or  of  the  texture  of  chaff. 
Chaldza  :  that  part  of  the  ovule  where  all  the  parts  grow  together;  p.  122. 
Channelled:  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter;  same  as  canaliculate. 
Character :  a  phrase  expressing  the  essential  marks  of  a  species,  genus,  &c. 

which  distinguish  it  from  all  others  ;   p.  180. 
Chartdceous :  of  the  texture  of  paper  or  parchment. 
Chlorophyll :  the  green  grains  in  the  cells  of  the  leaf,  and  of  other  parts  exposed 

to  the  light,  which  give  to  herbage  its  green  color ;  p.  1 55. 

Chrdmule:  coloring  matter  in  plants,  especially  when  not  green,  or  when  liquid. 
Cicatrix :  the  scar  left  by  the  fall  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 
Ciliate :  beset  on  the  margin  with  a  fringe  of  cilia,  i.  e.  of  hairs  or  bristles,  ]ike 

the  eyelashes  fringing  the  eyelids,  whence  the  name. 
'Cinereous,  or  Cinerdceous :  ash-grayish ;  of  the  color  of  ashes. 
Circinate :  rolled  inwards  from  the  top,  like  a  crosier,  as  the  shoots  of  Ferns  j 

p.  76,  fig.  154 ;  the  flower-clusters  of  Heliotrope,  &c. 
Circumscissile,  or  Circumcissile :  divided  by  a  circular  line  round  the  sides,  as 

the  pods  of  Purslane,  Plantain,  &c. ;  p.  133,  fig.  298,  311. 
Circumscription  :  the  general  outline  of  a  thing. 
Ctrrhiferous,  or  Cirrhose:  furnished  with  a  tendril  (Latin,  cirrhus)  ;  as  the  Grape. 

vine.     Cirrhose  also  means  resembling  or  coiling  like  tendrils,  as  the  leafc 

stalks  of  Virgin 's-bower ;  p  37. 
C7as-s,  p  175,  177. 
Classification,  p.  173. 

18* 


210  GLOSSARY. 

Cldthrate :  latticed  ;  same  as  cancellate. 

Cldvate :  club-shaped  ;  slender  below  and  thickened  upwards. 

Claw:  the  narrower  stalk-like  base  of  some  petals,  as  of  Pinks;  p.  102,  fig  200, 

Climbing :  rising  by  clinging  to  other  objects ;  p.  37. 

Club-shaped :  see  clavate. 

Clustered :  leaves,  flowers,  &c.  aggregated  or  collected  into  a  bunch 

Clypeate :  buckler-shaped. 

Coddunate :  same  as  connate ;  i.  e.  united. 

Coale'scent :  growing  together. 

Codrctate  :  contracted  or  brought  close  together. 

Coated  Bulbs,  p  46. 

Cobwebby :  same  as  arachnoid ;  bearing  hairs  like  cobwebs  or  gossamer. 

Coccus  (plural  cocci) :  anciently  a  berry;  now  mostly  used  to  denote  the  carpels 

of  a  dry  fruit  which  are  separable  from  each  other,  as  of  Euphorbia. 
Cochlednform  :   spoon-shaped. 
Cdchleate :  coiled  or  shaped  like  a  snail-shell. 

Codospermous :  applied  to  those  fruits  of  Umbellifene  which  have  the  seed  hol- 
lowed on  the  inner  face,  by  the  curving  inwards  of  the  top  and  bottom  ;  as  in 

Coriander. 

Coherent,  in  Botany,  is  usually  the  same  as  connate;  p.  104. 
Collective  fruits,  p.  133. 

Collum  or  Collar  :  the  neck  or  line  of  junction  between  the  stem  and  the  root. 
Columella  :  the  axis  to  which  the  carpels  of  a  compound  pistil  are  often  attached, 

as  in  Geranium  (fig.  278),  or  which  is  left  when  a  pod  opens,  as  in  Azalea 

and  Rhododendron. 
Column :  the  united  stamens,  as  in  Mallow,  or  the  stamens  and  pistils  united  into 

one  body,  as  in  the  Orchis  family,  fig.  226. 
Columnar :  shaped  like  a  column  or  pillar. 

Coma :  a  tuft  of  any  sort  (literally,  a  head  of  hair) ;  p.  135,  fig.  317. 
Cdmose:  tufted  ;  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  the  seeds  of  Milkweed  ;  fig.  317. 
Commissure :  the  line  of  junction  of  two  carpels,  as  in  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferae, 

such  as  Parsnip,  Caraway,  &c. 
Common :  used  as  "  general,"  in  contradistinction  to  **'  partial " ;  e.  g.  "  common 

involucre,"  p.  81. 
Cdmplanate :  flattened. 

Compound  leaf,  p.  64.     Compound  pistil,  p.  118.     Compound  umbel,  &c.,  p.  81 . 
Complete  (flower),  p.  89. 
Complicate :  folded  upon  itself. 
Compressed:  flattened  on  two  opposite  sides. 
Conduplicate  :  folded  upon  itself  lengthwise,  as  are  the  leaves  of  Magnolia  in  the 

bud,  p.  76. 

Cone:  the  fruit  of  the  Pine  famil/  ;  p.  133,  fig.  314. 
Confluent :  blended  together ;  or  the  same  as  coherent. 
Conformed:  similar  to  another  thing  it  is  associated  with  or  compared  to;  or 

closely  fitted  to  it,  as  the  skin  to  the  kernel  of  a  seed. 
Congested,  Conaldmerate  :  crowded  together. 
Conjugate  ;  coupled ;  in  single  pairs. 
Connate :  united  or  grown  together  from  the  first. 


GLOSSARY.  211 

Connective,  Connecttvum  :  the  part  of  the  anther  connecting  its  two  cells  ;  p.  113. 

Connwent :  converging,  or  brought  close  together. 

Consolidated  forms  of  vegetation,  p.  47. 

Continuous :  the  reverse  of  interrupted  or  articulated. 

Contorted:  twisted  together.     Contorted  (estivation  :  same  as  convolute;  p.  109. 

Contortupxicate :  twisted  back  upon  itself. 

Contracted:  either  narrowed  or  shortened. 

Contrary :  turned  in  an  opposite  direction  to  another  organ  or  part  with  whie 

it  is  compared. 
Convolute :  rolled  up  lengthwise,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Plum  in  vernation ;  p.  76, 

fig.  151.     In  aestivation,  same  as  contorted;  p.  109. 
Cordate :  heart-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  90,  99. 
Coriaceous :  resembling  leather  in  texture. 
Corky :  of  the  texture  of  cork.     Corky  layer  of  bark,  p.  152. 
Corm,  Cortnus:  a  solid  bulb,  like  that  of  Crocus;  p.  44,  fig.  71,  72. 
Corneous :  of  the  consistence  or  appearance  of  horn,  as  the  albumen  of  the 

seed  of  the  Date,  Coffee,  &c. 
Corniculate :  furnished  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 
Cornute :  horned  ;  bearing  a  horn-like  projection  or  appendage. 
Corolla :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  within  the  calyx  ;  p.  86. 
Coro/ldceous,  Corollme :  like  or  belonging  to  a  corolla. 
Corona  :  a  coronet  or  crown  ;  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw  of  some 

petals,  as   Silene  and   Soapwort,  fig.  200,  or  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  of 

Hound's-Tongue,  &c. 

Cordnate  :  crowned ;  furnished  with  a  crown. 
Cortical:  belonging  to  the  bark  (cortex). 

Cdrymb:  a  sort  of  flat  or  convex  flower-cluster  ;  p.  79,  fig.  158. 
Corymbose:  approaching  the  form  of  a   corymb,   or  branched   in    that   way; 

arranged  in  corymbs. 

Costa  :  a  rib ;  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  &c.     Costate :  ribbed. 
Cotyle'dons  :  the  first  leaves  of  the  embryo  ;  p.  6,  137. 
Crate'riforin  :  goblet-shaped  ;  broadly  cup-shaped. 

Creeping  (stems)  :  growing  flat  on  or  beneath  the  ground  and  rooting;  p.  37. 
Cremocarp :  a  half-fruit,  or  one  of  the  two  carpels  of  Umbelliferae. 
Crenate,  or  Crenelled :  the  edge  scalloped  into  rounded  teeth ;  p.  62,  fig.  114 
Crested,  or  Cristate :  bearing  any  elevated  appendage  like  a  crest. 
Cribrose  :  pierced  like  a  sieve  with  small  apertures. 
Crinite  :  bearded  with  long  hairs,  &c. 
Crown :  see  corona. 

Crowning :  borne  on  the  apex  of  anything. 
Cruciate,  or  Cruciform :  cross-shaped,  as  the  four  spreading  petals  of  the  Mih». 

tard  (fig.  187),  and  all  the  flowers  of  that  family. 
Crustaceous :  hard,  and  brittle  in  texture  ;  crust-like. 
Cryptdyamous,  or  Cryptogamic :  relating  to  Cryptogamia;  p.  172,  197. 
Cucullate :  hooded,  or  hood-shaped,  rolled  up  like  a  cornet  of  paper,  or  a  hood 

(cucullus),  as  the  spathe  of  Indian  Turnip,  fig.  162. 
Culm  :  a  straw ;  the  stem  of  Grasses  and  Sedges. 
Cuneate,  Cuneiform :  wedge-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  94. 


212  GLOSSARY. 

Cup-shaped :  same  as  cyathiform,  or  near  it. 

Cupule :  a  little  cup  ;  the  cup  to  the  acorn  of  the  Oak,  p.  130,  fig.  299. 

Cupulate :  provided  with  a  cupule. 

Cuspidate :  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  stiff  point. 

Cut :  same  as  incised,  or  applied  generally  to  any  sharp  and  deep  division. 

Cuticle :  the  skin  of  plants,  or  more  strictly  its  external  pellicle. 

Cydthiform  :  in  the  shape  of  a  cup,  or  particularly  of  a  wine-glass. 

Cycle:  one  complete  turn  of  a  spire,  or  a  circle ;  p.  73. 

Cyclical,  rolled  up  circularly,  or  coiled  into  a  complete  circle. 

Cycldsis :  the  circulation  in  closed  cells,  p.  167. 

Cylindraceous :  approaching  to  the 

Cylindrical  form ;  as  that  of  stems,  &c.,  which  are  round,  and  gradually  if  at  all 

tapering. 

Cymbazform,  or  Cymbiform :  same  as  boat-shaped. 
Cyme:  a  cluster  of  centrifugal  inflorescence,  p  82,  fig.  165,  167. 
Cymose :  furnished  with  cymes,  or  like  a  cyme. 

Deca-  (in  composition  of  words  of  Greek  derivation)  :  ten;  as 
Decdgynous  :  with  10  pistils  or  styles.     Decandrous  :  with  10  stamens. 
Deciduous :  falling  off,  or  subject  to  fall ,  said  of  leaves  which  fall  in  autumn, 

and  of  a  calyx  and  corolla  which  fall  before  the  fruit  forms. 
Declined:  turned  to  one  side,  or  downwards,  as  the  stamens  of  Azalea  nudiflora. 
Decompound:  several  times  compounded  or  divided  ;  p  67,  fig.  138. 
Decumbent:  reclined  on  the  ground,  the  summit  tending  to  rise,  p.  37. 
Decurrent  (leaves)1,  prolonged  on  the  stem  beneath  the  insertion,  as  in  Thistles. 
Decussate:  arranged  in  pairs  which  successively  cross  each  other;  fig.  147. 
Definite:  when  of  a  uniform  number,  and  not  above  twelve  or  so. 
Dejlexed:  bent  downwards. 

Deflorate, :  past  the  flowering  state,  as  an  anther  after  it  has  discharged  its  pollen. 
Dehiscence :  the  mode  in  which  an  anther  or  a  pod  regularly  bursts  or  splits 

open ;  p.  132. 

Dehiscent :  opening  by  regular  dehiscence. 

Deliquescent:  branching  off  so  that  the  stem  is  lost  in  the  branches,  p.  25. 
Deltoid:  of  a  triangular  shape,  like  the  Greek  capital  A. 
Demersed:  growing  below  the  surface  of  water. 
Dendroid,  Dendritic :  tree-like  in  form  or  appearance. 
Dentate:  toothed  (from  the  Latin  dens,  a  tooth),  p.  61,  fig.  113. 
Denticulate :  furnished  with  denticulations,  or  very  small  teeth :  diminutive  of 

the  last. 

Depauperate  (impoverished  or  starved) :  below  the  natural  size. 
Depressed:  flattened,  or  as  if  pressed  down  from  above  ;  flattened  vertically. 
Descending  :  tending  gradually  downwards. 
Determinate  Inflorescence,  p.  81,  83. 
Dextrorse :  turned  to  the  right  hand. 
Di-  (in  Greek  compounds) :  two,  as 

Diddelphous  (stamens) :  united  by  their  filaments  in  two  sets ;  p.  Ill,  fig-  227. 
Didndrous:  having  two  stamens,  p.  112. 
Diagnosis .  a  short  distinguishing  character,  or  descriptive  phrase. 


GLOSSARY.  213 

Diaphanous  :  transparent  or  translucent. 

Dichlamydeous  (flower) :  having  both  calyx  and  corolla. 

Dichotoinons :  two-forked. 

Diclinous :  having  the  stamens  in  one  flower,  the  pistils   in  another ;   p.   89, 

fig.  176,  177. 

Dicdccous  (fruit) :  splitting  into  two  cocci,  or  closed  carpels. 
Dicotyledonous  (embryo) :  having  a  pair  of  cotyledons  ;  p.  16,  137. 
Dicotyledonous  Plants,  p.  150,  182. 
Didt/inous:  twin. 
Didynamous  (stamens) ;  having  four  stamens  in  two  pairs,  one  pair  shorter  thaii 

the  other,  as  in  fig.  194,  195. 
Diffuse :  spreading  widely  and  irregularly. 
Diyitate  (fingered) :  where  the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  are  all  borne  on  the 

apex  of  the  petiole;  p.  65,  fig.  129. 
Digynous  (flower) :  having  two  pistils  or  styles,  p.  116. 
Dimerous  :  made  up  of  two  parts,  or  its  organs  in  twos. 
Dimidiate :  halved ;  as  where  a  leaf  or  leaflet  has  only  one  side  developed,  or  a 

stamen  has  only  one  lobe  or  cell ;  fig.  239. 
Dimorphous :  of  two  forms. 
Dioecious,  or  Dioicous :  where  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate  flowers  on 

different  plants  ;  p.  89. 

Dipe'talous :  of  two  petals.     Diphyllous :  two-leaved.     Dipterous:  two- winged. 
Disciform  or  Disk-shaped :  flat  and  circular,  like  a  disk  or  quoit. 
Disk :  the  face  of  any  flat  body  ;  the  central  part  of  a  head  of  flowers,  like  the 

Sunflower,   or   Coreopsis  (fig.  224),  as  opposed  to  the  ray  or  margin;  a 

fleshy  expansion  of  the  receptacle  of  a  flower  ;  p.  125. 
Dissected :  cut  deeply  into  many  lobes  or  divisions. 
Dissepiments :  the  partitions  of  an  ovary  or  a  fruit;  p.  119. 
Distichous  :  two-ranked  ;  p.  73. 
Distinct:  uncombined  with  each  other  ;  p.  102. 
Divaricate  :  straddling ;  very  widely  divergent. 
Divided  (leaves,  &c.)  :  cut  into  divisions  extending  about  to  the  base  or  the  mid 

rib;  p.  62,  fig.  125. 

Dodeca-  (in  Greek  compounds) :  twelve;  as 
Dodecdcjynous :  with  twelve  pistils  or  styles. 
Dodecandrous :  with  twelve  stamens. 
Dolabriform :  axe-shaped. 

//orsal:  pertaining  to  the  back  (dorsum)  of  an  organ. 
Dorsal  Suture,  p.  117. 
Dotted  Ducts,  p.  148. 

Double  Flowers,  so  called  :  where  the  petals  are  multiplied  unduly ;  p.  85,  98. 
Downy  :  clothed  with  a  coat  of  soft  and  short  hairs. 
Drupe:  a  stone-fruit;  p.  128,  fig.  285. 
Drupaceous :  like  or  pertaining  to  a  drupe. 
Ducts:  the  so-called  vessels  of  plants;  p.  146,  148. 
Dumose :  bushy,  or  relating  to  bushes. 
Duramen:  the  heart-wood,  p.  153. 
Dwarf;  remarkably  low  in  stature 


214  GLOSSARY. 

E-,  or  Ex-,  at  the  beginning  of  compound  words,  means  destitute  of ;  as  ecostate, 
without  a  rib  or  midrib;  exalbuminous,  without  albumen,  &c. 

Eared:  see  auriculate;  p.  59,  fig.  96. 

Ebrdcteate ;  destitute  of  bracts. 

Echmate ;  armed  with  prickles  (like  a  hedgehog).    Echinulate :  a  diminutive  of  it- 

Edentate:  toothless. 

Effete :  past  bearing,  &c. ;  said  of  anthers  which  have  discharged  their  pollen. 

Eg/andulose :  destitute  of  glands. 

Eldters :  threads  mixed  with  the  spores  of  Liverworts. 

Ellipsoidal :  approaching  an  elliptical  figure. 

Elliptical :  oval  or  oblong,  with  the  ends  regularly  rounded ;  p.  58,  fig.  88. 

Emdryinate  :  notched  at  the  summit ;  p.  60,  fig.  108. 

Embryo:  the  rudimentary  undeveloped  plantlet  in  a  seed;  p.  6,  fig.  9,  12,  26, 
31  -37,  &c.,  and  p.  136.  Embryo-sac,  p.  139. 

Emersed :  raised  out  of  water. 

Endecdgynous :  with  eleven  pistils  or  styles.    Endecdndrous  :  with  eleven  stamens. 

Endocarp :  the  inner  layer  of  a  pericarp  or  fruit ;  p.  128. 

Endochrome  :  the  coloring  matter  of  Algae  and  the  like. 

Endogenous  Stems,  p.  150.     Endogenous  Plants,  p.  150. 

Endosmose  :  p.  1 68. 

Endosperm  :  another  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed. 

Endostome :  the  orifice  in  the  inner  coat  of  an  ovule. 

Ennea- :  nine.     Ennedgynous  :  with  nine  petals  or  styles. 

Ennedndrous :  with  nine  stamens. 

Ensiform :  sword -shaped  ;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris,  fig  134. 

Entire:  the  margins  not  at  all  toothed,  notched,  or  divided,  but  even  ;  p.  61. 

Ephemeral :  lasting  for  a  day  or  less,  as  the  corolla  of  Purslane,  &c> 

Epi-,  in  composition :  upon  ;  as 

kpicarp  :  the  outermost  layer  of  a  fruit ;  p.  128. 

Epidermal:  relating  to  the  Epidermis,  or  the  skin  of  a  plant ;  p.  152,  155. 

Epiyceous :  growing  on  the  earth,  or  close  to  the  ground. 

Epigynous:  upon  the  ovary  ;  p.  105,  111. 

Epipetalous:  borne  on  the  petals  or  the  corolla. 

Epiphyllous :  borne  on  a  leaf 

Epiphyte :  a  plant  growing  on  another  plant,  but  not  nourished  by  it ;  p.  34. 

Epiphytic  or  Epiphytal :  relating  to  Epiphytes ;  p.  34. 

Epispenn :  the  skin  or  coat  of  a  seed,  especially  the  outer  coat. 

E</ual:  same  as  regular ;  or  of  the  same  number  or  length,  as  the  case  may  bo, 
of  the  body  it  is  compared  with. 

Equally  pinnate  :  same  as  abruptly  pinnate ;  p.  65. 

Equitant  (riding  straddle)  ;  p.  68,  fig.  133,  134. 

Erose:  eroded,  as  if  gnawed. 

Ero'strate :  not  beaked . 

Essential  Organs  of  the  flower,  p   85. 

Estivation:  see  (estivation. 

Etiolated:  blanched  by  excluding  the  light,  as  the  stalks  of  Celery. 

Evergreen :  holding  the  leaves  over  winter  and  until  new  ones  appear,  or  longoF. 

Exalbuminous  (seed)  :  destitute  of  albumen  ;  p.  136. 


GLOSSARY.  215 

Exciirrent :  running  out,  as  when  a  midrib  projects  beyond  the  apex  of  a  leaf, 

or  a  trunk  is  continued  to  the  very  top  of  a  tree. 
Exhalation,  p.  156,  169. 
Exogenous  Stems,  p.  150. 

Exostome :  the  orifice  in  the  outer  coat  of  the  ovule ;  p.  122. 
Explanate :  spread  or  flattened  out. 

Exserted:  protruding  out  of,  as  the  stamens  out  of  the  corolla  of  fig.  201. 
Exstipulate :  destitute  of  stipules. 
Extra-axillary :  said  of  a  branch  or  bud  a  little  out  of  the  axil ;  as  the  uppef 

accessory  buds  of  the  Butternut,  p  27,  tig.  52. 
Extrtirse:  turned  outwards  ;  the  anther  is  extiorse  when  fastened  to  the  filament 

on  the  side  next  the  pistil,  and  opening  on  the  outer  side,  as  in  Iris ;  p.  113. 

Falcate :  scythe-shaped  ;  a  flat  body  curved,  its  edges  parallel. 

Family:  p.  176 

Farinaceous :  mealy  in  texture.     Farinose :  covered  with  a  mealy  powder. 

Fdsciate:  banded  ;  also  applied  to  monstrous  stems  which  grow  flat. 

Fascicle :  a  close  cluster  ;  p.  83. 

Fascicled,   Fasciculated:  growing  in   a   bundle   or  tuft,  as   the  leaves  of  Pine 
and  Larch  (fig  139,  140),  the  roots  of  Preony  and  Dahlia,  fig.  60. 

Fastiuiate :  close,  parallel,  and  upright,  as  the  branches  of  Lombardy  Poplar. 

Faux  (plural,  fauces)  :  the  throat  of  a  calyx,  corolla,  &c. 

Faveolate,  Fdvose :  honeycombed ;  same  as  alveolate 

Feather-veined :  where  the  veins  of  a  leaf  spring  from  along  the  sides  of  a  mid. 
rib  ;  p.  57,  fig.  86  -  94. 

Female  (flowers)  :  with  pistils  and  no  stamens. 

Fene'strate :  pierced  with  one  or  more  large  holes,  like  windows. 

Ferrugineous,  or  Ferruginous :  resembling  iron-rust ;  red-grayish. 

Fertile:  fruit-bearing,  or  capable  of  producing  fruit;  also  said  of  anthers  when 
they  produce  good  pollen. 

Fertilization :  the  process  by  which  pollen  causes  the  embryo  to  be  formed. 

Fiffye,  p.  145.     Fibrous :  containing  much  fibre,  or  composed  of  fibres. 

Fibrillose :  formed  of  small  fibres. 

Fibrine,  p.  165. 

Fiddle-shaped :  obovate  with  a  deep  recess  on  each  side. 

Filament:  the  stalk  of  a  stamen;  p.  86,  fig.  170,  a;  also  any  slender  thread- 
shaped  appendage. 

Bilamc'ntose,  or  Filamentous:  bearing  or  formed  of  slender  threads. 

.Filiform  :  thread-shaped  ;  long,  slender,  and  cylindrical. 

Fimbriate:  fringed;  furnished  with  fringes  (fimbrice). 

Fistular  or  Fistulose:  hollow  and  cylindrical,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Onion. 

Flabelliform  or  Flabe'llate :  fan-shaped ;  broad,  rounded  at  the  summit,  and  nar- 
rowed at  the  base. 

Flagellate,  or  Flayelliform  :  long,  narrow,  and  flexible,  like  the  thong  of  a  whip 
or  like  the  runners  (flayelkc)  of  the  Strawberry, 

Flavescent :  yellowish,  or  turning  yellow. 

Fleshy :  composed  of  firm  pulp  or  flesh. 

Fleshy  Plants,  p.  47. 


216  GLOSSARY. 

Fl&uose,  or  Fle'xuous:  bending  gently  in  opposite  directions,  in  a  zigzag  way. 

Floating:  swimming  on  the  surface  of  water. 

Fldccose :  composed,  or  bearing  tufts,  of  woolly  or  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Flora   (the   goddess   of  flowers):  the  plants  of  a   country   or  district,  taken 

together,  or  a  work  systematically  describing  them ;  p.  3. 
Floral:  relating  to  the  blossom 

Floral  Erwelopes :  the  leaves  of  the  flower ;  p.  85,  99. 
Floret :  a  diminutive  flower ;  one  of  the  flowers  of  a  head  (or  of  the  so-called 

compound  flower)  of  Composite,  p.  106. 

Flower :  the  whole  organs  of  reproduction  of  Phaenogamous  plants ;  p.  84. 
Flower-bud:  an  unopened  flower. 

Flowering  Plants,  p.  177.     Floiverless  Plants,  p.  172,  177. 
Folidceous :  belonging  to,  or  of  the  texture  or  nature  of,  a  leaf  (folium). 
Fdfiose :  leafy ;  abounding  in  leaves. 
Foliolate:  relating  to  or  bearing  leaflets  (foliold). 

Follicle:  a  simple  pod,  opening  down  the  inner  suture  ;  p.  131,  Ijg.  302. 
Follicular ;  resembling  or  belonging  to  a  follicle. 
Food  of  Plants,  p.  160. 

Foramen:  a  hole  or  orifice,  as  that  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  122. 
Fornix :  little  arched  scales  in  the  throat  of  some  corollas,  as  of  Comfrey. 
Fornicate:  over-arched,  or  arching  over. 
Fo'veate:  deeply  pitted.     Foveolate:  diminutive  of foveate. 
Free:  not  united  with  any  other  parts  of  a  different  sort ;  p.  103. 
Fringed :  the  margin  beset  with  slender  appendages,  bristles,  &c. 
Frond :  what  answers  to  leaves  in  Ferns ;  the  stem  and  leaves  fused  into  one 

body,  as  in  Duckweed  and  many  Liverworts,  &c. 
Frondescence :  the  bursting  into  leaf. 

Frdndose :  frond-bearing  ;  like  a  frond  :  or  sometimes  used  for  leafy. 
Fructification:  the  state  of  fruiting.     Organs  of,  p.  76. 
Fruit:  the  matured  ovary  and  all  it  contains  or  is  connected  with;  p.  126. 
Frute'scent:  somewhat  shrubby;  becoming  a  shrub  (frutex). 
Fruticulose:  like  a  small  shrub.     Fruticose:  shrubby;  p.  36. 
Fugacious :  soon  falling  off  or  perishing. 
Fulvous :  tawny ;  dull  yellow  with  gray. 
Funiculus:  the  stalk  of  a  seed  or  ovule;  p.  122. 
Funnel-form,  or   Funnel-shaped:   expanding  gradually  upwards,  like  a  funne 

or  tunnel ;  p.  102. 
Furcate:  forked. 

Furfurdceons :  covered  with  bran-like  fine  scurf. 
Furrowed:  marked  by  longitudinal  channels  or  grooves. 
Fuscous:  deep  gray-brown. 
Fusiform :  spindle-shaped ;  p.  32. 

Gdleale:  shaped  like  a  helmet  (galea) ;  as  the  upper  sepal  of  the  Monkshood, 

fig.  185,  and  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  of  Dead-Nettie,  fig.  209. 
Gamope'talous :  of  united  petals  ;  same  as  monopetatons,  and  a  better  word ;  p.  102. 
Gamophyllous :  formed  of  united  leaves.     Gamosepalous :  formed  of  united  sepals. 
Gelatine,  p.  165. 


GLOSSARY.  217 

Geminate :  twin  ;  in  pairs ;  as  the  flowers  of  Linnaea. 

Gemma :  a  bud. 

Gemmation :  the  state  of  budding,  or  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  the  bud. 

Gemmule :  a  small  bud  ;  the  buds  of  Mosses  ;  the  plumule,  p.  6. 

Geniculate:  bent  abruptly,  like  a  knee  (genu),  as  many  stems. 

Genus :  a  kind  ;  a  rank  above  species ;  p.  175,  176. 

Generic  Names,  p.  178. 

Geographical  Botany :  the  study  of  plants  in  their  geographical  relations,  p.  3. 

Germ:  a  growing  point;  a  young  bud;  sometimes  the  same  as  embryo;  p.  136, 

Germen :  the  old  name  for  ovary. 

Germination:  the  development  of  a  plantlet  from  the  seed;  p.  5,  137. 

Gibbous:  more  tumid  at  one  place  or  on  one  side  than  the  other. 

Glabrate :  becoming  glabrous  with  age,  or  almost  glabrous. 

Glabrous :  smooth,  i.  e.  having  no  hairs,  bristles,  or  other  pubescent*. 

Gladiate:  sword-shaped;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris,  fig.  134. 

Glands :  small  cellular  organs  which  secrete  oily  or  aromatic  or  other  products : 
they  are  sometimes  sunk  in  the  leaves  or  rind,  as  in  the  Orange,  Prickly 
Ash,  &c  ;  sometimes  on  the  surface  as  small  projections ;  sometimes  raised 
on  hairs  or  bristles  (glandular  hairs,  frc. ),  as  in  the  Sweetbrier  and  Sun- 
dew. The  name  is  also  given  to  any  small  swellings,  &c.,  whether  they 
secrete  anything  or  not. 

Glandular,  Glandalose:  furnished  with  glands,  or  gland-like. 

Glans  ( Gland) :  the  acorn  or  mast  of  Oak  arid  similar  fruits. 

Glaucescent :  slightly  glaucous,  or  bluish-gray. 

Glaucous :  covered  with  a  bloom,  viz.  with  a  fine  white  powder  that  rubs  off,  like 
that  on  a  fresh  plum,  or  a  cabbage-leaf. 

Globose:  spherical  in  form,  or  nearly  so.     Gldbidar :  nearly  globose. 

Glochidiate  (hairs  or  bristles):  barbed;  tipped  with  barbs,  or  with  a  double 
hooked  point. 

Gldmerate :  closely  aggregated  into  a  dense  cluster. 

Glo'merule :  a  dense  head-like  cluster ;  p.  83. 

Glossology :  the  department  of  Botany  in  which  technical  terms  are  explained. 

Glumaceous :  glume-like,  or  glume-bearing. 

Glume:  Glumes  are  the  husks  or  floral  coverings  of  Grasses,  or,  particularly, 
the  outer  husks  or  bracts  of  each  spikelet. 

Glumelles :  the  inner  husks,  or  paleae,  of  Grasses. 

Gluten:  a  vegetable  product  containing  nitrogen;  p.  165. 

Granular :  composed  of  grains.     Granule :  a  small  grain. 

Growth,  p   138. 

Grumous  or  Grumose :  formed  of  coarse  clustered  grains. 

Gattate :  spotted,  as  if  by  drops  of  something  colored. 

Gyrnnocdrpous :  naked-fruited. 

Gynmospe'rmous :  naked-seeded;  p.  121. 

Gi/nmospermce,  or  Gymnospermous  Plants,  p.  184. 

Gi/ndndrous :  with  stamens  borne  on,  i.  e.  united  with,  the  pistil;  p.  Ill,  fig.  226. 

Gyna'cium  :  a  name  for  the  pistils  of  a  flower  taken  altogether. 

Gynobase :  a  particular  receptacle  or  support  of  the  pistils,  or  of  the  carpels  of 
a  compound  ovam  as  in  Geranium,  fig.  277,  278. 
19 


218  GLOSSARY. 

Gynophore :  a  stalk  raising  a  pistil  above  the  stamens,  as  in  the  Cleome  Family, 

p.  276. 

Gyrate :  coiled  in  a  circle  :  same  as  circinate. 
Gyrose:  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 

Habtt :  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant,  or  its  mode  of  growth. 

Habitat :  the  situation  in  which  a  plant  grows  in  a  wild  state. 

Hairs :  hair-like  projections  or  appendages  of  the  surface  of  plants. 

Hairy :  beset  with  hairs,  especially  longish  ones. 

Halberd-shaped,  or  Halberd-headed:  see  hastate. 

Halved:  when  appearing  as  if  one  half  of  the  body  were  cut  away. 

Hamate  or  Hamose :  hooked  ;  the  end  of  a  slender  body  bent  round. 

Hdmulose :  bearing  a  small  hook  ;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 

Hastate  or  Hastile :  shaped  like  a  halberd ;  furnished  with  a  spreading  lobe  on 

each  side  at  the  base  ;  p.  59,  fig.  97. 

Heart-shaped :  of  the  shape  of  a  heart  as  commonly  painted  ;  p.  58,  fig.  90. 
Heart-wood:  the  older  or  matured  wood  of  exogenous  trees;  p.  153. 
Helicoid :  coiled  like  a  helix  or  snail-shell. 

Helmet:  the  upper  sepal  of  Monkshood  in  this  shape,  fig.  185,  &c. 
Hemi-  (in  compounds  from  the  Greek) :  half;  e.  g.  Hemispherical,  &c. 
Hemicarp:  half-fruit,  or  one  carpel  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Hemitropoits  or  Hrmitropal  (ovule  or  seed) :  nearly  same  as  ainphitropous,  p.  123. 
Hepta-  (in  words  of  Greek  origin) :  seven;  as, 
Heptdgynous :  with  seven  pistils  or  styles. 

Heptdmerous :  its  parts  in  sevens.     Heptdndrous:  having  seven  stamens. 
Herb,  p.  20. 

Herbaceous :  of  the  texture  of  common  herbage ;  not  woody ;  p.  36. 
Herbarium:  the  botanist's  arranged  collection  of  dried  plants;  p.  201. 
Hermaphrodite  (flower) :  having  both  stamens  and  pistils  in  the  same  blossom  •, 

same  as  perfect;  p.  89. 

Heterocdrpous :  bearing  fruit  of  two  sorts  or  shapes,  as  in  Amphicarpaja. 
Heterdgamous :  bearing  two  or  more  sorts  of  flowers  as  to  their  stamens  and 

pistils ;  as  in  Aster,  Daisy,  and  Coreopsis. 
Heteromdrphous :  of  two  or  more  shapes. 

Heterdtropous,  or  Heterdtropal  (ovule) :  the  same  as  amphitropous ;  p.  123. 
Hexa-  (in  Greek  compounds) :  six  ;  as 

Hexagonal:  six-angled.     Hexdgynous :  with  six  pistils  or  styles. 
Hexdmerous:  its  parts  in  sixes.     Hexdndrous:  with  six  stamens. 
Hexdpterous :  six-winged. 
Hilar:  belonging  to  the  hilum. 

Hilum:  the  scar  of  the  seed;  its  place  of  attachment ;  p.  122,  135. 
Hippocrepiform :  horseshoe-shaped. 
Hirsute :  hairy  with  stiffish  or  beard-like  hairs. 

Hispid:  bristly;  beset  with  stiff  hairs.     Hisptduloiis  is  a  diminutive  of  it. 
Hoary :  grayish-white  ;  see  canescent,  &c. 

Homdgamous :  a  head  or  cluster  with  flowers  all  of  one  kind,  as  in  Eupatorium. 
Homogeneous:  uniform  in  nature  ;  all  of  one  kind. 
Homomdllous  (leaves,  &c.) :  originating  all  round  a  stem,  but  all  bent  or  curved 

round  to  one  side. 


GLOSSARY.  219 

ffomomdrpftous :  all  of  one  shape. 

Homdtropous  or  Homtitropal  (embryo) :  curved  with  the  seed;  curved  one  way. 

Hood:  same  as  helmet  or galea.     Hooded:  hood-shaped;  see  cucullate. 

Hooked:  same  as  hamate. 

Horn :  a  spur  or  some  similar  appendage.     Horny :  of  the  texture  of  horn, 

Ilortus  Siccus:  an  herbarium,  or  collection  of  dried  plants;  p.  201. 

Humifiise :  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

Hyaline :  transparent,  or  partly  so. 

Hybrid:  a  cross-breed  between  two  allied  species. 

Hypocrat e'rifirm :  salver-shaped;  p.  101,  fig.  202,  208. 

llypogcean:  produced  under  ground. 

Hypogynous:  inserted  under  the  pistil;  p.  103,  fig.  212. 

Icosdndrous:  having  12  or  more  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Imbricate,  Imbricated,  Imbricative:  overlapping  one  another,  like  tiles  or  shingles 
on  a  roof,  as  the  scales  of  the  involucre  of  Zinnia,  &c.,  or  the  bud-scales  of 
Ilorscchesnut  (fig.  48)  and  Hickory  (fig.  49).  In  aestivation,  where  some 
leaves  of  the  calyx  or  corolla  are  overlapped  on  both  sides  by  others ;  p.  109. 

Jmmarginate :  destitute  of  a  rim  or  border. 

Immersed:  growing  wholly  under  water. 

Impari-pinnate :  pinnate  with  a  single  leaflet  at  the  apex  ;  p.  65,  fig.  126. 

Imperfect  Jloivers :  wanting  either  stamens  or  pistils ;  p.  89. 

Inequilateral:  unequal-sided,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Begonia. 

Incanous :  hoary  with  white  pubescence. 

Incised:  cut  rather  deeply  and  irregularly  ;  p.  62. 

Included:  enclosed ;  when  the  part  in  question  does  not  project  beyond  another. 

Incomplete  Flower :  wanting  calyx  or  corolla ;  p.  90. 

Incrassated:  thickened. 

Incumbent :  leaning  or  resting  upon :  the  cotyledons  are  incumbent  when  tho 
back  of  one  of  them  lies  against  the  radicle ;  the  anthers  are  incumbent 
when  turned  or  looking  inwards,  p.  113. 

Incurved:  gradually  curving  inwards. 

Indefinite:  not  uniform  in  .number,  or  too  numerous  to  mention  (over  12). 

Indefinite  or  Indeterminate  Inflorescence:  p.  77. 

Indehiscent:  not  splitting  open  ;  i.  e.  not  dehiscent;  p.  127. 

Indigenous:  native  to  the  country. 

Individuals:  p.  173. 

Indiiplicate:  with  the  edges  turned  inwards;  p.  109. 

Indusium :  the  shield  or  covering  of  a  fruit-dot  of  a  Fern. 

Inferior:  growing  below  some  other  organ;  p.  104,  121. 

Inflated:  turgid  and  bladdery. 

Iiiflexed:  bent  inwards. 

Injlorescence :  the  arrangement  of  flowers  on  the  stem ;  p.  76. 

Infra-axillary:  situated  beneath  the  axil. 

Infandibulifonn  or  Infundibular:  funnel-shaped;  p.  102,  fig.  199. 

Innate  (anther) :  attached  by  its  base  to  the  very  apex  of  the  filament;  p.  11& 

Innovation :  an  incomplete  young  shoot,  especially  in  Mosses. 

Inorganic  Constituents,  p.  160. 


220  GLOSSARY. 

Insertion :  the  place  or  the  mode  of  attachment  of  an  organ  to  its  support ;  p.  72. 

Intercellular  Passages  or  Spaces,  p.  143,  fig.  341. 

Internode :  the  part  of  a  stem  between  two  nodes ;  p.  42. 

Interruptedly  pinnate:  pinnate  with  small  leaflets  intermixed  with  larger  ones, 

as  in  Water  Avens. 

Intrafoliaceous  (stipules,  &c.) :  placed  between  the  leaf  or  petiole  and  the  stem. 
Introrse:  turned  or  facing  inwards,  i.  e.  towards  the  axis  of  the  flower;  p.  113. 
Inverse  or  Inverted:  where  the  apex  is  in  the  direction  opposite  to  that  of  the 

organ  it  is  compared  with. 
involucd:  a  partial  or  small  involucre;  p.  81. 
Involucellate :  furnished  with  an  involucel. 
Invoiucrate:  furnished  with  an  involucre. 

Involucre :  a  whorl  or  set  of  bracts  around  a  flower,  umbel,  or  head ;  p.  79- 
Involute,  in  vernation,  p.  76 :  rolled  inwards  from  the  edges. 
Irregular  Flowers,  p.  91. 

Jointed:  separate  or  separable  at  one  or  more  places  into  pieces ;  p.  64,  &c- 

Keel:  a  projecting  ridge  on  a  surface,  like  the  keel  of  a  boat;  the  two  anterior 

petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla;  p.  105,  fig.  217,  218,  k. 
Keeled:  furnished  with  a  keel  or  sharp  longitudinal  ridge. 
Kernel  of  the  ovule  and  seed,  p.  122,  136. 
Kidney -shaped:  resembling  the  outline  of  a  kidney ;  p.  59,  fig.  100. 

LaMlum:  the  odd  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Labiate:  same  as  bilabiate  or  two-lipped ;  p.  105. 

Lacimate:  slashed;  cut  into  deep  narrow  lobes  (called  latinim). 

Lactescent :  producing  milky  juice,  as  does  the  Milkweed,  &c. 

Ldcunose :  full  of  holes  or  gaps. 

Levigate :  smooth  as  if  polished. 

Lamellar  or  Lamellate  :  consisting  of  flat  plates  (lamellce). 

Lamina :  a  plate  or  blade  :  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  £c.,  p  54. 

Lanate :  woolly ;  clothed  with  long  and  soft  entangled  hairs. 

Lanceolate:  lance-shaped;  p.  58,  fig.  86. 

Lanuginous :  cottony  or  woolly. 

Latent  buds :  concealed  or  undeveloped  buds  ;  p.  26,  27. 

Lateral:  belonging  to  the  side. 

Latex :  the  milky  juice,  &c.  of  plants. 

Lax :  loose  in  texture,  or  sparse ;  the  opposite  of  crowded. 

Leaf,  p.  49.     Leaf-l>uds,  p.  20,  27. 

Leaflet:  one  of  the  divisions  or  blades  of  a  compound  leaf;  p.  64. 

Leaf-like:  same  as  foliaceous. 

Leathery :  of  about  the  consistence  of  leather ;  coriaceous. 

Legume:  a  simple  pod,  dehiscent  into  two  pieces,  like  that  of  the  Pea,  p.  131, 

fig.  303 ;  the  fruit  of  the  Pea  Family  (Leguminosie),  of  whatever  shape. 
Legumine,  p.  165. 

Leguminous :  belonging  to  legumes,  or  to  the  Leguminous  Family. 
Lenticular:  lens-shaped;  i.  e.  flattish  and  convex  on  both  sides. 


GLOSSARY.  221 

Le'pidote :  leprona ;  covered  with  scurfy  scales. 

Liber:  the  inner,  fibrous  bark  of  Exogenous  plants;  p.  152. 

Ligneous,  or  Lignose :  woody  in  texture. 

Ligulate:  furnished  with  a  ligule;  p.  106. 

Ligule:  the  strap-shaped  corolla  in   many  Composite,  p.   106,  fig.  220;  the 

little  membranous  appendage  at  the  summit  of  the  leaf-sheaths  of  most 

Grasses. 

Limb:  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  petal,  &c. ;  p.  54,  102. 
Linear :  narrow  and  flat,  the  margins  parallel ;  p.  58,  fig.  85. 
>Lineate :  marked  with  parallel  lines.    Lineolate :  marked  with  minute  lines. 
Lmgulate,  Linguiform :  tongue-shaped. 
Lip:  the  principal  lobes  of  a  bilabiate  corolla  or  calyx,  p.  105  ;  the  odd  and 

peculiar  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Lobe:  any  projection  or  division  (especially  a  rounded  one)  of  a  leaf,  &c. 
Locellus  (plural  locelli) :  a  small  cell,  or  compartment  of  a  cell,  of  an  ovary  or 

anther. 

Ldcular :  relating  to  the  cell  or  compartment  (loculus)  of  an  ovary,  &c. 
Loculicidal  (dehiscence) :  splitting  down  through  the  middle  of  the  back  of  each 

cell ;  p.  132,  fig  305. 

Locusta :  a  name  for  the  spikelet  of  Grasses. 

Lament:  a  pod  which  separates  transversely  into  joints;  p.  131,  fig.  304. 
Lomentdceous :  pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  loment. 
Ltirate :  thong-shaped. 

Lunate :  crescent-shaped.     Lunulate :  diminutive  of  lunate. 
Lyrate :  lyre-shaped ;  a  pinnatifid  leaf  of  an  obovate  or  spatulate  outline,  the 

end-lobe  large  and  roundish,  and  the  lower  lobes  small,  as  in  Winter- 
Cress  and  Radish,  fig.  59. 

Mace:  the  aril  of  the  Nutmeg;  p.  135. 

Maculate :  spotted  or  blotched. 

Male  (flowers) :  having  stamens  but  no  pistil. 

Mdmmose :  breast-shaped. 

Marcescent :  withering  without  falling  off". 

Marginal:  belonging  to  the  edge  or  margin. 

Marginate :  margined,  with  an  edge  different  from  the  rest. 

Masked:  see  personate. 

Median :  belonging  to  the  middle. 

Medullary:  belonging  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  pith  (medulla) ;  pithy. 

Medullary  Rays:  the  silver-grain  of  wood;  p.  151. 

Medullary  Sheath :  a  set  of  ducts  just  around  the  pith  ;  p.  151. 

Membranaceous  or  Membranous :  of  the  texture  of  membrane ;  thin  and.  more  or 

less  translucent. 
Mentecoid:  crescent-shaped. 

Mericarp :  one  carpel  of  the  fruit  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Merismatic:  separating  into  parts  by  the  formation  of  partitions  within. 
Me'socarp :  the  middle  part  of  a  pericarp,  when  that  is  distinguishable  into  three 

layers;  p.  128. 

Mesophloeum :  the  middle  or  green  bark. 
19* 


222  GLOSSARY. 

Micropyle:  the  closed  orifice  of  the  seed  ;  p.  135. 

Midrib:  the  middle  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf;  p.  55. 

Milk-Vessels:  p.  148. 

Miniate :  vermilion-colored. 

Mitriform :  mitre-shaped ;  in  the  form  of  a  peaked  cap. 

Monadeiphous :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set;  p.  111. 

Mondndrous  (flower) :  having  only  one  stamen;  p.  112. 

Moniliform :  necklace-shaped ;  a  cylindrical  body  contracted  at  intervals. 

Monochlamydeous :  having  only  one  floral  envelope,  i.  e.  calyx  but  no  corolla,  is 

Anemone,  fig.  179,  and  Castor-oil  Plant,  fig.  178. 
Monocotyledonous  (embryo) :  with  only  one  cotyledon;  p.  16,  137. 
Monocotyledoncus  Plants,  p.  150,  192. 

Monoecious,  or  Monoicous  (flower) :  having  stamens  or  pistils  only ;  p.  90. 
Mondgynous  (flower) :  having  only  one  pistil,  or  one  style;  p.  116. 
Monope'talous  (flower) :  with  the  corolla  of  one  piece;  p.  101. 
Monophyllous :  one-leaved,  or  of  one  piece  ;  p.  102. 
Monose'palous :  a  calyx  of  one  piece;  i.  e.  with  the  sepals  united  into  one  body; 

p.  101. 

Monospe'rmous :  one-seeded. 

Monstrosity :  an  unnatural  deviation  from  the  usual  structure  or  form. 
Morphology :  the  department  of  botany  which  treats  of  the  forms  which  an  organ 

(say  a  leaf)  may  assume ;  p.  28. 

Mucronate:  tipped  with  an  abrupt  short  point  (mucro) ;  p.  60,  fig.  111. 
Mucrdnulate :  tipped  with  a  minute  abrupt  point ;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 
Multi-,  in  composition :  many ;  as 

Multangular:  many-angled.     Multictpital :  many-headed,  &c« 
Multifarious:  in  many  rows  or  ranks.     Multijid:  many-cleft;  p.  62. 
Muliildcular :  many-celled.     Multise'rial :  in  many  rows. 
Multiple  Fruits,  p.  133. 
Muricate :  beset  with  short  and  hard  points. 
Muriform :  wall-like ;  resembling  courses  of  bricks  in  a  wall. 
Muscology:  the  part  of  descriptive  botany  which  treats  of  Mosses  (i.  e.  Musci). 
Muticous :  pointless  ;  beardless  ;  unarmed. 
Mycelium  :  the  spawn  of  Fungi ;  i.  e.  the  filaments  from  which  Mushrooms,  &c. 

originate. 

Ndpiform:  turnip-shaped;  p.  31,  fig.  57. 

Natural  System:  p.  195. 

Naturalized:  introduced  from  a  foreign  country,  but  growing  perfectly  wild  ana 

propagating  freely  by  seed. 

Navtcular:  boat-shaped,  like  the  glumes  of  most  Grasses. 
Necklace-shaped:  looking  like  a  string  of  beads ;  see  moniliform. 
Nectar :  the  honey,  &c.  secreted  by  glands,  or  by  any  part  of  the  corolla. 
Nectariferous :  honey-bearing ;  or  having  a  nectary. 
Nectary :  the  old  name  for  petals  and  other  parts  of  the  flower  when  of  unusual 

shape,  especially  when  honey-bearing.     So  the  hollow  spur-shaped  petals  of 

Columbine  were  called  nectaries;  also  the  curious  long-clawed  petals  of 

Monkshood,  fig.  186,  &c. 


GLOSSARY.  223 

Needle-shaped:  long,  slender,  and  rigid,  like  the  leaves  of  Pines ;  p.  68,  fig.  140. 
Nerve:  a  name  for  the  ribs  or  veins  of  leaves,  when  simple  and  parallel ;  p.  56. 
Nerved:  furnished  with  nerves,  or  simple  and  parallel  ribs  or  veins  ;  p.  56,  fig.  84. 
Netted-veined :  furnished  with  branching  veins  forming  network;  p.  56,  fig.  83. 
Nodding  (in  Latin  form,  Nutant) :  bending  so  that  the  summit  hangs  downward. 
Node:  a  knot ;  the  "joints  "  of  a  stem,  or  the  part  whence  a  leaf  or  a  pair  of 

leaves  springs  ;  p.  40. 

Nddose:  knotty  or  knobby.    Ntidulose:  furnished  with  little  knobs  or  knots. 
Normal :  according  to  rule  ;  the  pattern  or  natural  way  according  to  some  law 
Notate :  marked  with  spots  or  lines  of  a  different  color. 
Nucajnentaceous :  relating  to  or  resembling  a  small  nut. 
Nuciform :  nut-shaped  or  nut-like.     Nucule  :  a  small  nut. 
Nucleus:  the  kernel  of  an  ovule  (p.  122)  or  seed  (p.  136)  of  a  cell ;  p.  140. 
Nut :   a  hard,  mostly  one-seeded  indehiscent  fruit ;  as  a  chestnut,  butternut, 

acorn;  p.  130,  fig.  299. 
Nutlet :  a  little  nut ;  or  the  stone  of  a  drupe. 

Ob-  (meaning  over  against)  :  when  prefixed  to  words,  signifies  inversion;  as, 

Obcom pressed :  flattened  the  opposite  of  the  usual  way. 

Obcdrdafe:  heart-shaped  with  the  broad  and  notched  end  at  the  apex  instead  of 

the  base;  p.  60,  fig.  109. 

Obldnceolate :  lance-shaped  with  the  tapering  point  downwards ;  p.  58,  fig.  91. 
Oblique :  applied  to  leaves,  &c.  means  unequal-sided. 
Oblong:  from  two  to  four  times  as 'long  as  broad,  and  more  or  less  elliptical 

in  outline ;  p.  58,  fig.  87. 

Olrfvate:  inversely  ovate,  the  broad  end  upward  ;  p.  58,  fig.  93. 
Obtuse:  blunt,  or  round  at  the  end  ;  p.  60,  fig.  105. 
Obverse:  same  as  inverse. 
Obwlute  (in  the  bud) :  when  the  margins  of  one  leaf  alternately  overlap  those  of 

the  opposite  one. 
Ochreate:  furnished  with  ochrece  (boots),  or  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths;  as 

in  Polygonum,  p.  69,  fig.  137. 
Ochroleucous :  y  el  lo  wish -white ;  dull  cre"am-color. 
Octo-,  eight,  enters  into  the  composition  of 
Octdgi/nous :  with  eight  pistils  or  styles. 

Octdmerous:  its  parts  in  eights.     Octdndrous:  with  eight  stamens,  &e. 
Offset:  short  branches  next  the  ground  which  take  root ;  p.  38. 
One-ribbed,  One-nerved,  &c.  :  furnished  with  only  a  single  rib,  &c.,  &c. 
Opaque,  applied  to  a  surface,  means  dull,  not  shining. 

Ope'rculate:  furnished  with  a  lid  or  cover  (operculum),  as  the  capsules  of  Mosses. 
Opposite :  said  of  leaves  and  branches  when  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem  from 

each  other  (i.  e.  in  pairs) ;  p.  23,  71.     Stamens  are  opposite  the  petals,  &c, 

when  they  stand  before  them. 

Orbicular,  Orbicnlate:  circular  in  outline  or  nearly  so;  p.  58. 
Organ :  any  member  of  the  plant,  as  a  leaf,  a  stamen,  &c. ;  p.  1. 
Organs  of  Vegetation,  p.  7  ;  of  Reproduction,  p.  77. 
Organized,  Organic:  p.  1,  158,  159,  162. 
Organic  Constituents,  p.  160.     Organic  Structure,  p.  142. 


224  GLOSSARY. 

OrtMropom  or  Orthotropal  (ovule  or  seed)  :  p.  122,  135,  fig.  270,  274. 
Osseous:  of  a  bony  texture. 
Oval:  broadly  elliptical;  p.  88. 

Ovary :  that  part  of  the  pistil  containing  the  ovules  or  future  seeds  ;  p.  86,  116. 
Ovate :  shaped  like  an  egg  with  the  broader  end  downwards,  or,  in  plane  sur- 
faces, such  as  leaves,  like  the  section  of  an  egg  lengthwise  ;  p.  58,  fig.  89. 
Ovoid:  ovate  or  oval  in  a  solid  form. 
Ovule:  the  body  which  is  destined  to  become  a  seed ;  p.  86,  116,  122. 

Palea  (plural  palece]  :  chaff;  the  inner  husks  of  Grasses  ;  the  chaff  or  bracts  on 
the  receptacle  of  many  Compositae,  as  Coreopsis,  fig.  220,  and  Sunflower. 

Paleaceous :  furnished  with  chaff,  or  chaffy  in  texture. 

Palmate :  when  leaflets  or  the  divisions  of  a  leaf  all  spread  from  the  apex  of  the 
petiole,  like  the  hand  with  the  outspread  fingers  ;  p.  167,  fig.  129,  &c. 

Palmately  (veined,  lobed,  &c.)  :  in  a  palmate  manner;  p.  57,  63,  65. 

Panduriform :  fiddle-shaped  (which  see). 

Pdnicle :  an  open  cluster ;  like  a  raceme,  but  more  or  less  compound ;  p.  81, 
fig.  163. 

Panided,  Paniculate :  arranged  in  panicles,  or  like  a  panicle. 

jPa/?qg£,:«of  about  the  consistence  of  letter-paper. 

Papilionaceous :  butterfly-shaped ;  applied  to  such  a  corolla  as  that  of  the  Pea 
and  the  Locust-tree;  p.  105,  fig.  217. 

Papilla  (plural  papillce) :  little  nipple-shaped  protuberances. 

Papillate,  Papillose :  covered  with  papillae. 

Pappus :  thistle-down.  The  down  crowning  the  achenium  of  the  Thistle,  and 
other  Composite,  represents  the  calyx ;  so  the  scales,  teeth,  chaff,  as  well 
as  bristles,  or  whatever  takes  the  place  of  the  calyx  in  this  family,  are  called 
the  pappus;  fig.  292-296,  p.  130. 

Parallel-veined,  or  nerved  (leaves) :  p.  55,  56. 

Pardphyses :  jointed  filaments  mixed  with  the  antheridia  of  Mosses. 

Parenchyma :  soft  cellular  tissue  of  plants,  like  the  green  pulp  of  leaves. 

Parietal  (placentae,  &c.) :  attached  to  the  walls  (parietes)  of  the  ovary  or  pen- 
carp ;  p.  119,  120. 

Parted:  separated  or  cleft  into  parts  almost  to  the  base;  p.  62. 

^irtial  involucre,  same  as  an  involved :  partial  petiole,  a  division  of  a  main  leaf 
stalk  or  the  stalk  of  a  leaflet :  partial  peduncle,  a  branch  of  a  peduncle  par- 
tial umbel,  an  umbellet,  p.  81. 

Patent :  spreading ;  open.     Patulous :  moderately  spreading. 

Pauci-,  in  composition :  few ;  as  pauciftorous,  few-flowered,  &c. 

Pear-shaped:  solid  obovate,  the  shape  of  a  pear. 

Pectinate :  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  narrow  and  close  divisions,  liko 
the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

Pedate :  like  a  bird's  foot ;  palmate  or  palmately  cleft,  with  the  side  divisions 
again  cleft,  as  in  Viola  pedata,  &c. 

Pedately  cleft,  lobed,  &c.  :  cut  in  a  pedate  way. 

Pe'dicel:  the  stalk  of  each  particular  flower  of  a  cluster;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 

Pe'dicellate,  Pedicdled:  furnished  with  a  pedicel. 


GLOSSARY.  225 

Peduncle :  a  flower-stalk,  whether  of  a  single  flower  or  of  a  flower-cluster ;  p.  78. 

Pe'dancled,  Pedunculate :  furnished  with  a  peduncle. 

Peltate :  shield-shaped :  said  of  a  leaf,  whatever  its  shape,  when  the  petiole  is 

attached  to  the  lower  side,  somewhere  within  the  margin  ;  p.  59,  fig.  102, 178. 
Pendent :  hanging.     Pendulous :  somewhat  hanging  or  drooping. 
Penicillate :  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  fine  hairs,  like  a  painter's  pencil ;  as  the  stig* 

mas  of  some  Grasses. 

Penta-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition) :  five  ;  as 
Pentdgynous  :  with  five  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  116. 
Pentdinerous :  with  its  parts  in  fives,  or  on  the  plan  of  five. 
Pentdndrous  :  having  five  stamens  ;  p.  112.     Pentdstichous :  in  five  ranks. 
Pepo:  a  fruit  like  the  Melon  and  Cucumber;  p.  128. 
Perennial:  lasting  from  year  to  year;  p.  21. 
Perfect  (flower) :  having  both  stamens  and  pistils  ;  p.  89. 
Perftiliate:  passing  through  the  leaf,  in  appearance ;  p.  67,  fig.  131,  132. 
Perforate :  pierced  with  holes,  or  with  transparent  dots  resembling  holes,  as  an 

Orange-leaf. 
Perianth  :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  generally,  especially  when  we  cannot  readily 

distinguish  them  into  calyx  and  corolla  ;  p.  85. 
Pericarp :  the  ripened  ovary  ;  the  walls  of  the  fruit ,  p.  127. 
Pericdrpic :  belonging  to  the  pericarp. 

Pe'richwth :  the  cluster  of  peculiar  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  fruit-stalk  of  Mosses. 
Perichce.tial :  belonging  to  the  perichaeth. 
Perigonium,  Pvrigone ;  same  as  perianth. 
Periyynium  :  bodies  around  the  pistil ;  applied  to  the  closed  cup  or  bottle-shaped 

body  which  encloses  the  ovary  of  Sedges,  and  to  the  bristles,  little  scales, 

&c.  of  the  flowers  of  some  other  Cyperacese. 

Perigynous :  the  petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the  calyxj  p.  104,  111. 
Peripherie :  around  the  outside,  or  periphery,  of  any  organ. 
Pe'risperm :  a  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed  (p.  136). 

Peristome :  the  fringe  of  teeth,  &c.  around  the  orifice  of  the  capsule  of  Mosses. 
Persistent :  remaining  beyond  the  period  when  such  parts  commonly  fall,  as  the 

leaves  of  evergreens,  and  the  calyx,  &c.  of  such  flowers  as  remain  during 

the  growth  of  the  fruit. 
Personate :  masked  ;  a  bilabiate  corolla  with  a  projection,  or  palate-,  in  the  throat, 

as  of  the  Snapdragon  ;  p.  106,  fig.  210,  211. 
Petal:  a  leaf  of  the  corolla;  p.  85. 
Petaloid :  petal-like  ;  resembling  or  colored  like  petals. 
Pe'tiole :  a  footstalk  of  a  leaf;  a  leaf-stalk,  p.  54. 
Petioled,  Petiolate :  furnished  with  a  petiole. 

Petidlulate :  said  of  a  leaflet  when  raised  on  its  own  partial  leafstalk. 
Phcendgamous,  or  Phanerogamous:  plants  bearing  flowers  and  producing  seeds; 

same  as  Flowering  Plants  ;  p.  177,  182. 
Phyllddium  (plural  phyllodia]  :  a  leaf  where  the  blade  is  a  dilated  petiole,  as  in 

New  Holland  Acacias  ;  p.  69. 

Phyttotdxis,  or  Phyllotaxy  :  the  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem  ;  p.  71. 
Physiological  Botany,  Physiology,  p.  3. 
8&F— 11 


226  GLOSSARY. 

Phyton  :  a  name  used  to  designate  the  pieces  which  by  their  repetition  make  up 
a  plant,  theoretically,  viz.  a  joint  of  stem  with  its  leaf  or  pair  of  leaves. 

Piliferous:  bearing  a  slender  bristle  or  hair  (pilum),  or  beset  with  hairs. 

Pilose :  hairy ;  clothed  with  soft  slender  hairs. 

Pinna  :  a  primary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf,  as  fig. 
130,  p.  66. 

Pinnule :  a  secondary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf;  p.  66. 

Pinnate  (leaf)  :  when  the  leaflets  are  arranged  along  the  sides  of  a  common  pe- 
tiole ;  p.  65,  fig.  126  -  128. 

Pinnately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  divided,  &c.,  p.  63. 

Pinndtijid :  same  as  pinnately  cleft ;  p.  63,  fig.  1 1 9. 

Pistil:  the  seed-bearing  organ  of  the  flower  ;  p.  86,  116. 

Pistillidium  :  the  body  which  in  Mosses,  Liverworts,  &c.  answers  to  the  pistil. 

Pitchers,  p.  51,  fig.  79,  80. 

Pith  :  the  cellular  centre  of  an  exogenous  stem  ;  p.  150,  151. 

Pitted :  having  small  depressions  or  pits  on  the  surface,  as  many  seeds. 

Place'nta :  the  surface  or  part  of  the  ovary  to  which  the  ovules  are  attached  ; 
p.  118. 

Plaited  (in  the  bud) ;  p.  76,  fig.  150  ;  p.  110,  fig  225. 

Plane:  flat,  outspread. 

Plicate :  same  as  plaited. 

Plumose:  feathery;  when  any  slender  body  (such  as  a  bristle  of  a  pappus)  is 
beset  with  hairs  along  its  sides,  like  the  plumes  or  the  beard  on  a  feather. 

Plumule :  the  little  bud  or  first  shoot  of  a  germinating  plantlet  above  the  cotyle-. 
dons  ;  p.  6,  fig.  5  ;  p.  137. 

Pluri-,  in  composition  :  many  or  several ;  as 

Plurifoliolate :  with  several  leaflets  ;  p.  66. 

Pod:  specially  a  legume,  p.  131 ;  also  applied  to  any  sort  of  capsule. 

Pddosperm :  the  stalk  of  a  seed. 

Pointless:  destitute  of  any  pointed  tip,  such  as  a  mucro,  awn,  acumination,  &c. 

Pollen :  the  fertilizing  powder  of  the  anther  ;  p.  86,  114. 

Pollen-mass :  applied  to  the  pollen  when  the  grains  all  cohere  into  a  mass,  as  in 
Milkweed  and  Orchis. 

Poly-  (in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin)  :  same  as  multi-  in  those  of  Latin 
origin,  viz  many ;  as 

Polyadelphous :  having  the  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  several  bun. 
dies;  p.  112. 

Polydndrous :  with  numerous  (more  than  20)  stamens  (inserted  on  th&  recep- 
tacle) ;  p.  112. 

Polycotyle'donous :  having  many  (more  than  two)  cotyledons,  as  Pines;   p.  17, 
137,  fig.  45,  46. 

Polygamous :  having  some  perfect  and  some  separated  flowers,  on  the  same  or  on 
different  individuals,  as  the  Red  Maple. 

Polygonal :  many-angled. 

Polygynous :  with  many  pistils  or  styles ;  p.  116. 

Pofymerous :  formed  of  many  parts  of  each  set. 

Polymorphous  :  of  several  or  varying  forms. 

Polypetdous  ;  when  the  petals  are  distinct  or  separate  (whether  few  or  many); 
p.  103. 


GLOSSARY.  227 

: :  many-leaved ;  formed  of  several  distinct  pieces,  as  the  calyx  of 

Sedum,  fig.  168,  Flax,  fig.  174,  &c. 

Polysfyalous :  same  as  the  last  when  applied  to  the  calyx  ;  p.  103. 
Polyspermous :  many-seeded. 

Pome:  the  apple,  pear,  and  similar  fleshy  fruits  ;  p.  128. 
Porous :  full  of  holes  or  pores. 

Pouch :  the  silicic  or  short  pod,  as  of  Shepherd's  Purse  ;  p.  133. 
Prcefloration :  same  as  (estivation;  p.  108. 
Prcefoliation :  same  as  vernation;  p.  75. 
Prcemdrse :  ending  abruptly,  as  if  bitten  off. 

Prickles  :  sharp  elevations  of  the  bark,  coming  off  with  it,  as  of  the  Rose ;  p.  39. 
Prickly :  bearing  prickles,  or  sharp  projections  like  them. 
Primine:  the  outer  coat  of  the  covering  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  124. 
Primordial :  earliest  formed  ;  primordial  leaves  are  the  first  after  the  cotyledons. 
Prismatic :  prism-shaped ;  having  three  or  more  angles  bounding  flat  or  hollowed 

sides. 

Process :  any  projection  from  the  surface  or  edge  of  a  body. 
Procumbent :  trailing  on  the  ground ;  p.  37. 
Produced :  extended  or  projecting,  as  the  upper  sepal  of  a  Larkspur  is  produced 

above  into  a  spur;  p.  91,  fig.  183. 
Proliferous  (literally,  bearing  offspring)  :   where  a  new  branch   rises  from  an 

older  one,  or  one  head  or  cluster  of  flowers  out  of  another,  as  in  Filago 

Germanica,  &c. 

Prostrate :  lying  flat  on  the  ground. 

Prdteine:  a  vegetable  product  containing  nitrogen  ;  p.  165. 
Protoplasm  :  the  soft  nitrogenous  lining  or  contents  of  cells  ;  p.  165. 
Priiinose,  Pruinate :  frosted  ;  covered  with  a  powder  like  hoar-frost. 
Puberulent :  covered  with  fine  and  short,  almost  imperceptible  down. 
Pubescent :  hairy  or  downy,  especially  with  fine  and  soft  hairs  or  pubescence. 
Pulverulent,  or  Pulveraceous :  dusted ;  covered  with  fine  powder,  or  what  looks 

like  such. 

Pulvinate  :  cushioned,  or  shaped  like  a  cushion. 
Punctate :  dotted,  either  with  minute  holes  or  what  look  as  such  (as  the  leaves  of 

St.  John's-wort  and  the  Orange),  or  with  minute  projecting  dots. 
Pungent :  very  hard,  and  sharp-pointed  ;  prickly-pointed. 
Putdmen:  the  stone  of  a  drupe,  or  the  shell  of  a  nut ;  p.  128. 
Pyramidal :  shaped  like  a  pyramid. 

Pyre'ne,  Pyre'na :  a  seed-like  nutlet  or  stone  of  a  small  drape. 
Pyxis,  Pyxidium :  a  pod  opening  round  horizontally  by  a  lid ;  p.  133,  fig.  298,  311. 

Quadri-,  in  words  of  Latin  origin  :  four ;  as 

Quadrangular:  four-angled.     Quadrifoliate :  four-leaved. 

Quddrifid:  four-cleft;  p   62. 

Quate'rnate  :  in  fours.     Qmnate :  in  fives. 

Quincuncial :  in  a  quincunx  ;  when  the  parts  in  estivation  are  five,  two  of  them 

outside,  two  inside,  and  one  half  out  and  half  in,  as  shown  in  the  calyx, 

fig.  224. 
Quintuple:  five-fold. 


228  GLOSSARY. 

Race:  a  marked  variety  which  may  be  perpetuated  from  seed  ;  p.  174. 

Raceme :  a  flower-cluster,  with  one-flowered  pedicels  arranged  along  the  sides  of 

a  general  peduncle  ;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 
Racemose :  bearing  racemes,  or  raceme-like. 
Rachis :  see  rhachis. 
Radial:  belonging  to  the  ray. 

Radiate,  or  Radiant:  furnished  with  ray-flowers  ;  p.  107 
Radical:  belonging  to  the  root,  or  apparently  coming  from  the  root. 
Rddicant :  rooting,  taking  root  on  or  above  the  ground,  like  the  stems  of  Trum- 
pet-Creeper and  Poison-Ivy. 
Rddicels :  little  roots  or  rootlets. 
Radicle :  the  stem-part  of  the  embryo,  the  lower  end  of  which  forms  the  root ;  p. 

6,  fig.  4,  &c. ;  p.  137. 

Rameal :  belonging  to  a  branch.     Ramose:  full  of  branches  (rami). 
Rdmulose:  full  of  branchlets  (ramuli). 
Raphe :  see  rhaphe. 
Ray :  the  marginal  flowers  of  a  head  (as  of  Coreopsis,  p.  107,  fig.  219)  or  cluster 

(as  of  Hydrangea,  fig.  167),  when  different  from  the  rest,  especially  when 

ligulate,  and  diverging  (like  rays  or  sunbeams) ;  the  branches  of  an  umbel, 

which  diverge  from  a  centre ;  p.  79. 
Receptacle:  the  axis  or  support  of  a  flower;  p.  86,  124;  the  common  axis  or 

support  of  a  head  of  flowers  ;  fig.  230. 
Reclined :  turned  or  curved  downwards ;  nearly  recumbent. 
Recurved:  curved  outwards  or  backwards. 

Reduplicate  (in  aestivation) :  valvate  with  the  margins  turned  outwards,  p.  109. 
Reftexed :  bent  outwards  or  backwards. 
Refracted:  bent  suddenly,  so  as  to  appear  broken  at  the  bend. 
Regular :  all  the  parts  similar ;  p.  89. 
Re'niform:  kidney-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  100. 
Repdnd."  wavy-margined  ;  p.  62,  fig.  115, 
Repent:  creeping,  i.  e.  prostrate  and  rooting  underneath. 
Re'plum :  the  persistent  frame  of  some  pods  (as  of  Prickly  Poppy  and  Cress), 

after  the  valves  fall  away. 

Reproduction,  organs  of:  all  that  pertains  to  the  flower  and  fruit;  p.  76. 
Resupinate :  inverted,  or  appearing  as  if  upside  down,  or  reversed. 
Reticulated:   the  veins  forming  network,  as  in  fig.  50,  83. 
Retrqftexed :  bent  backwards  ;  same  as  rejlexed. 
Refuse :  blunted ;  the  apex  not  only  obtuse,  but  somewhat  indented ;   p.  60, 

fig.  107. 

Revolute  :  rolled  backwards,  as  the  margins  of  many  leaves  ;  p.  76. 
Rhachis  (the  backbone)  :  the  axis  of  a  spike,  or  other  body;  p.  78. 
Rhaphe :  the  continuation  of  the  seed-stalk  along  the  side  of  an  anatropous  ovule 

(p.  123)  or  seed  ;  fig.  273,  r,  319  and  320,  b. 

Rhdphides :  crystals,  especially  needle-shaped  ones,  in  the  tissues  of  plants. 
Rhizdma :  a  rootstock  ;  p.  40,  fig.  64  -  67. 

Rhombic :  in  the  shape  of  a  rhomb.     Rhomboidal :  approaching  that  shape. 
Rib :  the  principal  piece,  or  one  of  the  principal  pieces,  of  the  framework  of  a 

leaf,  p-  55  ;  or  any  similar  elevated  line  along  a  body. 


GLOSSARY.  229 

Ring :  an  elastic  band  on  the  spore-cases  of  Ferns. 

Rinyent :  grinning;  gaping  open;  p.  102,  fig.  209. 

Root,  p.  28. 

Root-hairs,  p.  31,  149. 

Rootlets  :  small  roots,  or  root-branches  ;  p.  29. 

Rootstock :  root-like  trunks  or  portions  of  stems  on  or  under  ground  ;  p.  40. 

Rosaceous :  arranged  like  the  petals  of  a  rose. 

Rostellate:  bearing  a  small  beak  (rostellum). 

Rtistrate :  bearing  a  beak  (rostrum)  or  a  prolonged  appendage. 

Rtisulate :  in  a  regular  cluster  of  spreading  leaves,  resembling  a  full  or  double 

rose,  as  the  leaves  of  Houseleek,  &c. 
Rdtate:  wheel-shaped  :  p.  101,  fig.  204,  205. 
Rotund :  rounded  or  roundish  in  outline. 

Rudimentary  :  imperfectly  developed,  or  in  an  early  state  of  development. 
Rugose  :  wrinkled,  roughened  with  wrinkles. 
Ruminated  (albumen)  :  penetrated  with  irregular  channels  or  portions  filled  with 

softer  matter,  as  a  nutmeg. 
Runcinate :  coarsely  saw-toothed  or  cut,  the  pointed  teeth  turned  towards  the 

base  of  the  leaf,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Dandelion. 
Runner :  a  slender  and  prostrate  branch,  rooting  at  the  end,  or  at  the  joints,  as 

of  a  Strawberry,  p.  38. 

Sac :  any  closed  membrane,  or  a  deep  purse-shaped  cavity. 

Sagittate:  arrowhead-shaped;  p.  59,  fig.  95. 

Salver-shaped,  or  Salver-form  :  with  a  border  spreading  at  right  angles  to  a  slen- 
der tube,  as  the  corolla  of  Phlox,  p.  101,  fig.  208,  202. 

Samara :  a  wing-fruit,  or  key,  as  of  Maple,  p.  5,  fig.  1,  Ash,  p.  131,  fig.  300,  and 
Elm,  fig.  301. 

Sdmaroid:  like  a  samara  or  key-fruit. 

Sap:  the  juices  of  plants  generally.  Ascending  or  crude  sap;  p.  161,  168. 
Elaborated  sap,  that  which  has  been  digested  or  assimilated  by  the  plant ; 
p.  162,  169. 

Sdrcocarp :  the  fleshy  part  of  a  stone-fruit,  p.  128. 

Sarmentdceous :  bearing  long  and  flexible  twigs  (sarments),  either  spreading  or 
procumbent. 

Saw-toothed :  see  serrate. 

Scabrous :  rough  or  harsh  to  the  touch. 

Scaldriform :  with  cross-bands,  resembling  the  steps  of  a  ladder. 

/Scales  :  of  buds,  p.  22,  50  ;  of  bulbs,  &c.,  p.  40,  46,  50. 

Scaly  :  furnished  with  scales,  or  scale-like  in  texture ;  p.  46,  &c. 

Scandent:  climbing;  p.  37. 

Scape :  a  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground,  or  near  it,  as  of  the  stemless  Violets, 
the  Bloodroot,  &c. 

Scdpiform :  scape-like. 

Scar  of  the  seed,  p.  135.     Leaf-scars,  p.  21. 

Scdrious  or  Scariose :  thin,  dry,  and  membranous. 

Sctfbifonn:    resembling  sawdust. 
20 


230  GLOSSARY. 

Scdrpioid  or  Scorpioidal :  curved  or  circinate  at  the  end,  like  the  tail  of  a  scor- 
pion, as  the  inflorescence  of  Heliotrope. 

Scrobiculate :  pitted  ;  excavated  into  shallow  pits. 

Scurf,  Scurfiness :  minute  scales  on  the  surface  of  many  leaves,  as  of  Goosefoot, 
Buffalo-berry,  &c. 

Scutate :  buckler-shaped. 

Scutettate,  or  Scutelliform  :  saucer-shaped  or  platter-shaped. 

Se'cund :  one-sided ;  i.  e.  where  flowers,  leaves,  &c.  are  all  turned  to  one  side. 

Secundine :  the  inner  coat  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  124. 

Seed,  p.  134.     Seed-coats,  p.  134.     Seed-vessel,  p.  127. 

Segment :  a  subdivision  or  lobe  of  any  cleft  body. 

Segregate :  separated  from  each  other. 

Semi-  (in  compound  words  of  Latin  origin)  :  half;  as 

Semi-adherent,  as  the  calyx  or  ovary  of  Purslane,  fig.  214.  Semicordate:  half- 
heart-shaped.  Sendlunar:  like  a  half-moon.  Semiovate:  half-ovate,  &c. 

Seminal :  relating  to  the  seed.     Seminiferous ;  seed-bearing. 

Sempervirent :  evergreen. 

Sepal :  a  leaf  or  division  of  the  calyx  ;  p.  85. 

Sepaloid :  sepal-like.     Sepaline :  relating  to  the  sepals. 

Separated  Flowers :  those  having  stamens  or  pistils  only ;  p.  89. 

Septate:  divided  by  partitions  (septa). 

Septenate :  with  parts  in  sevens. 

Septicidal :  where  a  pod  in  dehiscence  splits  through  the  partitions,  dividing 
each  into  two  layers  ;  p.  132,  fig.  306. 

Septiferous :  bearing  the  partition. 

Septifragal :  where  the  valves  of  a  pod  in  dehiscence  break  away  from  the  par- 
titions ;  p.  132. 

Septum  (plural  septa)  :  a  partition,  as  of  a  pod,  &c. 

Serial,  or  Seriate :  in  rows ;  as  biserial,  in  two  rows,  &c. 

Sericeous :  silky  ;  clothed  with  satiny  pubescence. 

Serdtinous :  happening  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate,  or  Serrated:  the  margin  cut  into  teeth  (serratures)  pointing  forwards/ 
p.  61,  fig.  112. 

Serrulate:  same  as  the  last,  but  with  fine  teeth. 

Sessile :  sitting ;  without  any  stalk,  as  a  leaf  destitute  of  petiole,  or  an  anther 
destitute  of  filament. 

Seta :  a  bristle,  or  a  slender  body  or  appendage  resembling  a  bristle. 

Setaceous:  bristle-like.     Setiform  :  bristle-shaped. 

Setigerous :  bearing  bristles.     Setose:  beset  with  bristles  or  bristly  hairs. 

Sex:  six;  in  composition.     Sexangnlar:  six-angled,  &c. 

Sheath :  the  base  of  such  leaves  as  those  of  Grasses,  which  are 

Sheathing:  wrapped  round  the  stem. 

Shield-shaped:  same  as  scutate,  or  as  peltate,  p.  59. 

Shrub,  p.  21. 

Sigmoidi  curved  in  two  directions,  like  the  letter  S,  or  the  Greek  sigma. 

Silicidose:  bearing  a  silicic,  or  a  fruit  resembling  it. 

Sificle:  a  pouch,  or  short  pod  of  the  Cress  Family;  p.  133. 

Silfqtu:  a  longer  pod  of  the  Cress  Family  ;  p.  133,  fig.  310. 


GLOSSARY.  231 


Siliquose :  bearing  siliqucs  or  pods  which  resemble  siliques. 

Silky :  glossy  with  a  coat  of  fine  and  soft,  close-pressed,  straight  hairs. 

Silver-grain  of  wood ,  p.  151. 

Silvery :  shining  white  or  bluish-gray,  usually  from  a  silky  pubescence. 

Simple :  of  one  piece ;  opposed  to  compound. 

Sinistrorse:  turned  to  the  left. 

Sinuate :  strongly  wavy  ;  with  the  margin  alternately  bowed  inwards  and  out- 
wards; p.  62,  fig.  116. 

Sinus :  a  recess  or  bay ;  the  re-entering  angle  or  space  between  two  lobes  or  pro 
jections. 

Sleep  of  Plants  (so  called),  p.  170. 

Soboliferous :  bearing  shoots  from  near  the  ground. 

Solitary :  single ;  not  associated  with  others. 

Sorus  (plural  sori) :  the  proper  name  of  a  fruit-dot  of  Ferns. 

Spadix:  a  fleshy  spike  of  flowers ;  p.  80,  fig.  162. 

S}xithaceous :  resembling  or  furnished  with  a 

Spathe:  a  bract  which  inwraps  an  inflorescence;  p.  80,  fig.  162. 

Spdtulate,  or  Spathulate :  shaped  like  a  spatula ;  p.  58,  fig.  92. 

Special  Movements,  p.  170. 

Species,  p.  173. 

Specific  Character,  p.  181.     Specific  Names,  p.  179. 

Spicate :  belonging  to  or  disposed  in  a  spike. 

Spiciform :  in  shape  resembling  a  spike. 

Spike :  an  inflorescence  like  a  raceme,  only  the  flowers  are  sessile ;  p.  80,  fig.  160. 

Spikelet :  a  small  or  a  secondary  spike ;  the  inflorescence  of  Grasses. 

Spine:  a  thorn;  p.  39. 

Spindle-shaped-  tapering  to  each  end,  like  a  radish  ;  p.  31,  fig.  59. 

Spinescent :  tipped  by  or  degenerating  into  a  thorn. 

Spinose,  or  Spiniferous:  thorny. 

Spiral  arrangement  of  leaves,  p.  72.     Spiral  vessels  or  ducts,  p.  148. 

Sjwrdngia,  or  Spdrocarps :  spore-cases  of  Ferns,  Mosses,  &c. 

Spore:  a  body  resulting  from  the  fructification  of  Cryptogamous  plants,  in  them 
taking  the  place  of  a  seed. 

Sp6mle:  same  as  a  spore,  or  a  small  spore. 

Spur:  any  projecting  appendage  of  the  flower,  looking  like  a  spur,  as  that  of 
Larkspur,  fig.  183. 

Squamate,  Squamose,  or  Sqnamaceous:  furnished  with  scales  (squamai). 

Sqiuamellate  or  Squdmulose :  furnished  with  little  scales  (squamellce  or  squamulce). 

Squdmiform :  shaped  like  a  scale. 

Squarrose :  where  scales,  leaves,  or  any  appendages,  are  spreading  widely  from 
the  axis  on  which  they  are  thickly  set. 

Squdrrulose :  diminutive  of  squarrose ;  slightly  squarrose. 

Stalk :  the  stem,  petiole,  peduncle,  &c.,  as  the  case  may  be- 

Stamen,  p.  86,  111. 

Staminate :  furnished  with  stamens;  p.  89.     Stamineal:  relating  to  the  stamens 

Staminddium.    an  abortive  stamen,  or  other  body  resembling  a  sterile  stamen. 

Standard:  the  upper  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla;  p.  105,  fig.  217,  218,  s- 

Starch :  a  well-known  vegetable  product ;  p.  163. 


232  GLOSSARY. 

Station :  the  particular  place,  or  kind  of  situation,  in  which  a  plant  naturally 

occurs. 
Stellate,  Stellular:  starry  or  star-like;  where  several  similar  parts  spread  out 

from  a  common  centre,  like  a  star. 
Stem,  p.  36,  &c. 

Stemless :  destitute  or  apparently  destitute  of  stem. 
Sterile :  ban-en  or  imperfect ;  p.  89. 

Stigma  :  the  part  of  the  pistil  which  receives  the  pollen ;  p.  87. 
Stiymdtic,  or  Stigmatose :  belonging  to  the  stigma. 
Stipe  (Latin  stipes)  •  the  stalk  of  a  pistil,  &c.,  when  it  has  any ;  the  stem  of  a 

Mushroom. 

Stipel :  a  stipule  of  a  leaflet,  as  of  the  Bean,  &c. 
Stipulate:  furnished  with  stipcls,  as  the  Bean  and  some  other  Leguminous 

plants. 

Stipitate:  furnished  with  a  stipe,  as  the  pistil  of  Cleome,  fig.  276. 
Stipulate:  furnished  with  stipules. 

Stipules:  the  appendages  one  each  side  of  the  base  of  certain  leaves ;  p.  69. 
Stolons :  trailing  or  reclined  and  rooting  shoots  ;  p.  37. 
Stolomferous :  producing  stolons. 

Stomate  (Latin  stoma,  plural  stomata) :  the  breathing-pores  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  156. 
Strap-shaped:  long,  flat,  and  narrow;  p   106. 
Striate,  or  Striated:   marked   with   slender  longitudinal  grooves   or  channels 

(Latin  striae}. 

Strict :  close  and  narrow  ;  straight  and  narrow. 

Strigillose,  Strigose :  beset  with  stout  and  appressed,  scale.-like  or  rigid  bristles. 
Strobildceous :  relating  to,  or  resembling  a 
Strdbile :  a  multiple  fruit  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or  head,  as  that  of  the  Hop  and 

of  the  Pine;  fig.  314,  p.  133. 

Strdphiole :  same  as  caruncle.     Strophiolate :  furnished  with  a  strophiole. 
Struma :  a  wen  ;  a  swelling  or  protuberance  of  any  organ. 
Style:  a  part  of  the  pistil  which  bears  the  stigma  ;  p.  86. 
Stylopddium :  an  epigynous  disk,  or  an  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the  style, 

found  in  Umbelliferous  and  some  other  plants. 
Sub-,  as  a  prefix :  about,  nearly,  somewhat ;  as  subcordate,  slightly  cordate :  fub~ 

serrate,  slightly  serrate  :  subaxillary,  just  beneath  the  axil,  &c.,  &c. 
Suberose:  corky  or  cork-like  in  texture. 
Subclass,  p.  177,  183.    Suborder,  p.  176.     Subtribe,  p.  177. 
Subulate :  awl-shaped ;  tapering  from  a  broadish  or  thickish  base  to  a  sharp 

point ;  p.  68. 
Succulent :  juicy  or  pulpy. 

Suckers:  shoots  from  subterranean  branches;  p.  37. 
Siiffrut&cent :  slightly  shrubby  or  woody  at  the  base  only ;  p.  36. 
Sugar,  p.  163. 

Sulcate:  grooved  longitudinally  furrows. 

Supernumerary  Buds:  p.  26. 

Supe'rvolute :  plaited  and  convolute  in  bud;  p.  110,  fig.  225. 
Supra-axillary :  borne  above  the  axil,  as  some  buds  ;  p.  26,  fig.  52. 
Supra-decompound:  many  times  compounded  or  divided. 


GLOSSARY.  233 

Surculose :  producing  suckers,  or  shoots  resembling  them. 

Suspended:  hanging  down.     Suspended  ovules  or  seeds  hang  from,  the  very 

summit  of  the  cell  which  contains  them ;  p.  122,  fig.  269. 
Sutural:  belonging  or  relating  to  a  suture. 

Suture:  the  line  of  junction  of  contiguous  parts  grown  together;  p.  117. 
Sword-shaped:  vertical  leaves  with  acute  parallel  edges,  tapering  above  to  a 

point;  as  those  of  Iris,  fig.  133. 

Symmetrical  Flower:  similar  in  the  number  of  parts  of  each  set;  p.  89. 
Syndntherous,  or  Syngenesious:  where  stamens  are  united  by  their  anthers ;  p.  1 1 2, 

fig.  229. 

Syncdrpous  (fruit  or  pistil) :  composed  of  several  carpels  consolidated  into  one. 
System,  p.  195. 
Systematic  Botany:  the  study  of  plants  after  their  kinds;  p.  3. 

Taper-pointed:  same  as  acuminate ;  p.  60,  fig.  103. 

Tap-root :  a  root  with  a  stout  tapering  body ;  p.  32. 

Tawny :  dull  yellowish,  with  a  tinge  of  brown. 

Taxdnomi/ :  the  part  of  Botany  which  treats  of  classification. 

Tegmen :  a  name  for  the  inner  seed-coat. 

Tendril:  a  thread-shaped  body  used  for  climbing,  p.  38:  it  is  either  a  branch, 

as  in  Virginia  Creeper,  fig.  62 ;  or  a  part  of  a  leaf,  as  in  Pea  and  Vetch, 

fig.  127. 

Terete :  long  and  round  ;  same  as  cylindrical,  only  it  may  taper. 
Terminal :  borne  at,  or  belonging  to,  the  extremity  or  summit. 
Terminology :  the  part  of  the  science  which  treats  of  technical  terms ;  same  as 

glossology. 

Te'rnate:  in  threes;  p.  66.     Ternately:  in  a  ternate  way. 
Testa :  the  outer  (and  usually  the  harder)  coat  or  shell  of  the  seed ;  p.  134. 
Tetra-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition) :  four;  as, 
Tetractfccous :  of  four  cocci  or  carpels. 
Tetradynamous :  where  a  flower  has  six  stamens,  two  of  them  shorter  than  th« 

other  four,  as  in  Mustard,  p.  92,  112,  fig.  188. 

Tetrdf/onal:  four-angled.     Tetrdgynous:  with  four  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  116. 
Tetrdinerons :  with  its  parts  or  sets  in  fours. 
Tetrdndrous:  with  four  stamens  ;  p.  112. 
T/ieca :  a  case ;  the  cells  or  lobes  of  the  anther. 
Thorn:  see  spine;  p.  39. 
Thread-shaped:  slender  and  round,  or  roundish  like  a  thread  ;  as  the  filament  of 

stamens  generally. 
Throat :  the  opening  or  gorge  of  a  monopetalous  corolla,  &c.,  where  the  border 

and  the  tube  join,  and  a  little  below. 

Thyrse  or  Thyrsus:  a  compact  and  pyramidal  panicle;  p.  81. 
To'mentose  :  clothed  with  matted  woolly  hairs  (tomentum). 
Tongue-shaped:  long,  flat,  but  thickish,  and  blunt. 
Toothed:  furnished  with  teeth  or  short  projections  of  any  sort  on  tne  margin  - 

used  especially  when  these  are  sharp,  like  saw-teeth,  and  do  not  point  for, 

wards  ;  p.  61,  fig.  113. 

Top-shaped:  shaped  like  a  top,  or  a  cone  with  its  apex  downwards. 
20* 


234  GLOSSARY. 

Tdrose,  Tdrulose:  knobby;  where  a  cylindrical  body  is  swollen  at  interrals. 

Torus:  the  receptacle  of  the  flower;  p.  86,  124. 

Tree,  p.  21. 

Tri-,  in  composition  :  three ;  as 

Triadelphous :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  three  bundles;  p.  112. 

Tridndrous :  where  the  flower  has  three  stamens  ;  p.  112. 

Tribe,  p.  176. 

Trichdtomous  :  three-forked.     Tric6ccous :  of  three  cocci  or  roundish  carpels. 

Tricolor ;  having  three  colors.     Tricdstate :  having  three  ribs. 

Tricuspidate :  three-pointed.     Tridentate:  three-toothed. 

Triennial :  lasting  for  three  years. 

Trifdrious :  in  three  vertical  rows  ;  looking  three  ways. 

Trfftd:  three-cleft;  p.  62. 

Trifoliate :  three-leaved.     Trifdliolate :  of  three  leaflets  ;  p.  66. 

Trifurcate :  three-forked.     Trigonous :  three-angled,  or  triangular. 

Trigynous:  with  three  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  116.    Trijugate:  in  three  pairs  (jugi)- 

Trildbed,  or  Trilobate :  three-lobcd ;  p.  62. 

Trildcular:  three-celled,  as  the  pistils  or  pods  in  fig.  225-227. 

Trimerous:  with  its  parts  in  threes,  as  Trillium,  fig.  189. 

Trine'rvate :  three-nerved,  or  with  three  slender  ribs. 

Tricecious :  where  there  are  three  sorts  of  flowers  on  the  same  or  different  indi- 
viduals ;  as  in  Red  Maple. 

Tripartite :  separable  into  three  pieces.     Tripartite :  three-parted  ;  p.  62. 

Tripetalous :  having  three  petals  ;  as  in  fig.  189. 

Triphyllous :  three-leaved  ;  composed  of  three  pieces. 

Tripmnate:  thrice  pinnate  ;  p.  66.     Tripinndtifid :  thrice  pinnately  cleft ;  p.  64. 

Triple-ribbed,  Triple-nerved,  &c. :  where  a  midrib  branches  into  three  near  the 
base  of  the  leaf,  as  in  Sunflower. 

frique'trous :  sharply  three-angled  ;  and  especially  with  the  sides  concave,  like  a 
bayonet. 

Triserial,  or  Triseriate:  in  three  rows,  under  each  other. 

Tristichous :  in  three  longitudinal  or  perpendicular  ranks. 

Tristigmdtic,  or  Tristigmatose :  having  three  stigmas. 

Trisulcate ;  three-grooved. 

Trite'rnate:  three  times  ternate  ;  p.  67. 

Trivial  Name :  the  specific  name. 

Trochlear :  pulley-shaped. 

Trumpet-shaped:  tubular,  enlarged  at  or  towards  the  summit,  as  the  corolla  or 
Trumpet-Creeper. 

Truncate :  as  if  cut  off  at  the  top  ;  p.  60,  fig.  106. 

Tube,  p.  102. 

Trunk :  the  main  stem  or  general  body  of  a  stem  or  tree. 

Tuber:  a  thickened  portion  of  a  subterranean  stem  or  branch,  provided  with  eye« 
(buds)  on  the  sides  ;  as  a  potato,  p  43,  fig.  68. 

•fubercle :  a  small  excrescence. 

Tuberded,  or  Tubercufate :  bearing  excrescences  or  pimples. 

Tuberous:  resembling  a  tuber.     Tuberiferous :  bearing  tubers. 

Tubular:  hollow  and  of  an  elongated  form;  hollowed  like  a  pipe. 


GLOSSARY.  235 

Tumid :  swollen ;  somewhat  inflated. 

Tunicate :  coated  ;  invested  with  layers,  as  an  onion  ;  p.  46. 

Turbinate:  top-shaped.     Turgid:  thick' as  if      ollen. 

Turio  (plural  turimes) :  young  shoots  or  suckers  springing  out  of  the  ground ;  as 

Asparagus-shoots. 

Turnip-shaped :  broader  than  high,  abruptly  narrowed  below  ;  p.  32,  fig.  57. 
Twin :  in  pairs  (see  geminate},  as  the  flowers  of  Liimsea. 
Twining :  ascending  by  coiling  round  a  support,  like  the  Hop  ;  p.  37. 
Typical :  well  expressing  the  characteristics  of  a  species,  genus,  &c. 

Umbel:  the  umbrella-like  form  of  inflorescence  ;  p.  79,  fig.  159. 

Umbellate :  in  umbels.     Umbelliferous :  bearing  umbels. 

Umbellet :  a  secondary  or  partial  umbel ;  p.  81. 

Umbilicate :  depressed  in  the  centre,  like  the  ends  of  an  apple. 

Umbonate :  bossed  ;  furnished  with  a  low,  rounded  projection  like  a  boss  (urnbo)- 

Umbrdculiform ;  umbrella-shaped,  like  a  Mushroom,  or  the  top  of  the  style  of 

Sarracenia. 

Unarmed :  destitute  of  spines,  prickles,  and  the  like. 
Uncinate :  hook-shaped  ;  hooked  over  at  the  end. 
Under-shrub  :  partially  shrubby,  or  a  very  low  shrub. 
Undulate :  wavy,  or  wavy-margined  ;  p.  62. 

Unequally  pinnate :  pinnate  with  an  odd  number  of  leaflets;  p.  65. 
Unguiculate:  furnished  with  a  claw  (unguis) ;  p.  102,  i.  e.  a  narrow  base,  as  the 

petals  of  a  Rose,  where  the  claw  is  very  short,  and  those  of  Pinks  (fig.  200), 

where  the  claw  is  very  long. 
Uni-,  in  compound  words  :  one  ;  as 
Uniflorous :  one-flowered.     Unifdliate :  one-leaved. 
Unifdliolate :  of  one  leaflet ;  p.  66.     Unijugate :  of  one  pair. 
Unildbiate:  one-lipped.     Unilateral:  one-sided. 

Unil6cular:  one-celled,  as  the  pistil  in  fig.  261,  and  the  anther  in  fig.  238,  239. 
Unidvulate:  having  only  one  ovule,  as  in  fig.  213,  and  fig.  267-269. 
Unise'rial :  in  one  horizontal  row. 

Unisexual:  having  stamens  or  pistils  only,  as  in  Moonseed,  fig.  176,  177,  &c. 
Univalved:  a  pod  of  only  one  piece  after  dehiscence,  as  fig.  253. 
Urceolate :  urn-shaped. 

Utricle :  a  small,  thin-walled,  one-seeded  fruit,  as  of  Goosefoot ;  p.  130,  fig.  3500 
Utricular :  like  a  small  bladder. 

Vdginate:   sheathed,  surrounded  by  a  sheath  (vagina). 

Valve:  one  of  the  pieces  (or  doors)  into  which  a  dehiscent  pod,  or  any  simfta* 

body,  splits;  p.  131,  114. 

Valvate,  Valvular :  opening  by  valves.     Valvate  in  aestivation,  p.  109. 
Variety,  p.  174,  177. 

Vascular:  containing  vessels,  or  consisting  of  vessels,  such  as  ducts ;  p.  146,  148. 
Vaulted:  arched;  same  as,  fornicate. 
Vegetable  Physiology,  p.  3. 
Veil :  the  calyptra  of  Mosses. 
Veins :  the  small  ribs  or  branches  of  the  framework  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  55. 


236  GLOSSARY. 

Veined,  Veiny:  furnished  with  evident  veins.     Veinless:  destitute  of  veins. 

Veinlets :  the  smaller  ramifications  of  veins. 

Velate :  furnished  with  a  veil. 

Velutinous :  velvety  to  the  touch. 

Venation  :  the  veining  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  55. 

Venose :  veiny  ;  furnished  with  conspicuous  veins. 

Ventral:  belonging  to  that  side  of  a  simple  pistil,  or  other  organ,  which  looks 

towards  the  axis  or  centre  of  the  flower ;  the  opposite  of  dorsal ;  as  the 
Ventral  Suture,  p.  117. 

Ve'ntricose :  inflated  or  swelled  out  on  one  side. 
Venulose :  furnished  with  veinlets. 
Vermicular :  shaped  like  worms. 

Vernation :  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the  bud ;  p.  75. 
Ve'rnicose :  the  surface  appearing  as  if  varnished. 
Ve'micose :  warty  ;  beset  with  little  projections  like  warts. 
Versatile:  attached  by  one  point,  so  that  it  may  swing  to  and  fro,  as  the  anthers 

of  the  Lily  and  Evening  Primrose ;  p.  113,  fig.  234. 
Vertex :  same  as  the  apex. 

Vertical, :  upright ;  perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  lengthwise. 
Verticil:  a  whorl ;  p.  71.     Verticillate :  whorled;  p.  71,  75,  fig.  148. 
Vesicle:  a  little  bladder.     Embryonal  Vesicle,  p.  139.     Vesicular:  bladdery. 
Vessels:  ducts,  &c. ;  p.  146,  148. 
Ve'xillary,  Vexillar:  relating  to  the 

Vexillum:  the  standard  of  a  papilionaceous  flower;  p.  105,  fig.  218,  «. 
Villose:  shaggy  with  long  and  soft  hairs  (villosity.) 

Vimineous :  producing  slender  twigs,  such  as  those  used  for  wicker-work. 
Vine :  any  trailing  or  climbing  stem ;  as  a  Grape-vine. 
Vire'scent,   Viridescent :  greenish;  turning  green. 
Virgate :  wand-shaped,  as  a  long,  straight,  and  slender  twig. 
Viscous,  Viscid:  having  a  glutinous  surface. 
Vitta  (plural  vittce) :  the  oil-tubes  of  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferae. 
Vduble:  twining,  as  the  stem  of  Hops  and  Beans ;  p.  37. 

Wavy :  the  surface  or  margin  alternately  convex  and  concave  ;  p.  62. 

Waxy :  resembling  beeswax  in  texture  or  appearance. 

Wedge-shaped:  broad  above,  and  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  a  narrow  basR 

p.  58,  fig.  94. 

Wheel-shaped:  see  rotate;  p.  102,  fig.  204,  205. 
Whorl,   Whorled:  when  leaves,  &c.  are  arranged  in  a  circle  round  the  stew 

p.  71,  75,  fig.  148. 

Wing:  any  membranous  expansion.     Wings  of  papilionaceous  flowers,  p.  105 
Winged:  furnished  with  a  wing;  as  the  fruit  of  Ash  and  Elm,  fig.  300,  301. 
Wood,  p.  145.     Woody:  of  the  texture  or  consisting  of  wood. 
Woody  Fibre,  or  Wood-Cells,  p.  146. 
Woolly :  clothed  with  long  and.  entangled  soft  hairs ;  as  the  leaves  cf  Mullein. 

THE    END. 


MANUAL   OF   THE   BOTANY 


OF   THE 


ROCKY   MOUNTAIN   REGION. 


MANUAL  OF  THE  BOTANY 


(PMNOGAMIA  AND   PTERIDOPHYTA) 


OF    THE 


ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  REGION, 


FROM    NEW   MEXICO   TO   THE    BRITISH 
BOUNDARY. 


BY 


JOHN    M.  COULTER,  PH.D., 

PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY  IN  WABASH  COLLEGE,  AND  EDITOR 
OF  THK  BOTANICAL  GAZETTE, 


IVISON,   BLAKEMAN,    TAYLOR,   AND  COMPANY: 
NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO. 

1885. 


Copyright,  1885, 
BY  JOHN  M.  COULTER. 


PREFACE. 


THIS  manual  is  intended  to  do  for  its  own  range  what  has 
been  for  a  long  time  so  admirably  done  for  the  Northeastern 
States  by  Dr.  Gray's  Manual.  About  ten  years  ago  it  was  the 
writer's  privilege  to  assist  Professor  Porter  in  the  preparation 
of  the  Synopsis  of  the  Flora  of  Colorado,  a  first  attempt  to  bring 
together  in  convenient  shape,  for  a  restricted  region,  the  scat- 
tered material  of  our  Western  collectors.  The  demand  even 
then  for  a  book  by  no  means  complete  or  conveniently  arranged 
was  unexpected,  and  in  the  wonderful  development  of  the 
decade  since  then  lies  the  confidence  that  a  more  convenient 
book  covering  a  greater  range  will  be  welcome  to  many.  The 
difficulties  attending  the  naming  of  Western  plants,  owing  to 
the  fact  that  descriptions  are  scattered  through  numerous  and 
often  inaccessible  publications,  can  only  be  appreciated  by 
those  who  have  attempted  it.  From  this  fact,  a  great  stimulus 
to  the  study  of  systematic  botany  has  been  lacking,  collectors 
have  been  almost  entirely  professional,  and  a  thousand  possible 
streams  of  information  have  been  reduced  to  a  score. 

West  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  prairie  region,  which  is  but 
the  continuation  of  more  eastern  conditions,  there  are  three 
well-defined  floras.  One  is  that  of  the  Pacific  slope ;  another 
is  Mexican  in  character,  extending  from  the  Great  Basin  to 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Western  Texas,  and  southward  into 
Mexico ;  the  third  is  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  extending 
eastward  across  the  plains  to  the  prairies. 

The  first  region  is  well  provided  for  in  the  two  volumes  of 
the  Botany  of  California.  The  second,  in  the  Great  Basin,  has 


VI  PREFACE. 

Sereno  Watson's  Botany  of  the  ±0th  Parallel,  and  in  its  Ari- 
zona and  New  Mexican  section,  Dr.  Eothrock's  Botany  of  the 
Wheeler  Survey.  The  third  region  is  that  which  this  manual 
attempts  to  provide  for,  its  only  predecessor  being  the  Synop- 
sis of  the  Flora  of  Colorado,  already  referred  to.  Essentially, 
therefore,  the  range  includes  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Montana, 
Western  Dakota,  Western  Nebraska,  and  Western  Kansas, 
the  hundredth  meridian  representing  very  nearly  the  eastern 
boundary.  While  this  is  true,  the  larger  part  of  contiguous 
floras  also  will  be  found  described,  so  that  the  western  part 
of  the  Indian  Territory,  Northwestern  Texas,  Northern  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  Eastern  Utah  and  Idaho,  may  be 
included  for  all  except  their  own  peculiar  plants.  In  Utah, 
our  range  is  naturally  carried  westward  by  the  Uinta  and  Wah- 
satch  Mountains,  whose  plants  are  intended  to  be  included. 

This  edition  only  claims  to  be  a  compilation,  an  orderly 
arrangement  and  sifting  of  scattered  material.  The  chief 
reason  is,  that  first  editions  are  necessarily  incomplete,  and 
that  materials  for  the  satisfactory  presentation  of  a  flora  most 
quickly  come  from  the  provocation  of  an  incomplete  edition. 
The  author  will  therefore  esteem  it  the  surest  evidence  of 
the  usefulness  of  this  book,  if  in  the  abundance  of  correc- 
tions called  forth  a  more  complete  edition  may  be  attempted 
at  an  early  day. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  give  all  the  sources  of  descriptions  and 
information,  as  it  would  simply  be  a  catalogue  of  the  very 
numerous  contributions  to  western  botany.  The  professional 
botanist  will  notice  that  descriptions  have  been  chiefly  obtained 
from  the  Botany  of  California,  Botany  of  King's  Expedition, 
and  Eaton's  Ferns  of  North  America,  all  constantly  influenced 
by  Gray's  Manual ;  and  that  the  presentation  of  Gamopetalse 
is  little  more  than  a  culling  from  Dr.  Gray's  recent  volumes  of 
the  Synoptical  Flora  of  North  America.  As  in  most  cases  de- 
scriptions and  synoptical  arrangement  could  be  obtained  from 
the  writings  of  Dr.  Gray,  Mr.  Watson,  and  Professor  Eaton, 
little  more  is  attempted  in  this  edition  than  to  adapt  these 
descriptions  to  the  spirit  of  the  work  with  as  little  change  as 


PREFACE.  Vll 

possible.  To  Dr.  Gray  is  due,  not  only  the  thought  which 
grew  into  this  book,  but  also  a  constant  encouragement  and 
patient  criticism  which  have  developed  anything  of  merit  it 
possesses.  Mr.  Watson  has  also  responded  generously  to  ev- 
ery demand  made  upon  him ;  while  to  Messrs.  M.  S.  Bebb  and 
L.  H.  Bailey,  Jr.  is  due  the  relief  of  some  original  work,  the 
former  being  our  well-known  authority  in  the  difficult  genus 
Sal-ix,  and  the  latter  an  ardent  and  most  successful  student  of 
the  perplexing  genus  Car  ex.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  Dr. 
George  Engelmann  had  in  preparation  the  groups  with  which 
his  name  is  so  closely  connected,  and  their  presentation  shows 
the  lack  of  his  master  hand. 

In  general,  the  ordinal  sequence  adopted  by  Bentham  and 
Hooker's  Genera  Plantarum  has  been  followed,  but  Gymno- 
sperms  have  been  transferred  to  the  end  of  Phsenogams, 
and  Monocotyledons  and  Dicotyledons  subordinated  to  Angio- 
sperms.  This  change  has  been  made  simply  because  it  better 
expresses  relationships  which  have  long  been  recognized.  The 
term  "Cryptogam"  has  been  discarded  as  the  correlative  of 
Phsenogam,  and  Pteridophyta  (Vascular  Cryptogams)  is  used 
as  the  name  of  the  second  great  series  of  plants.  The  orders 
and  ordinal  sequence  of  the  Pteridophyta  are  thought  best  to 
express  their  relationships. 

Introduced  plants  are  placed  in  foot-notes,  that  they  may  be 
separated  as  far  as  possible  from  our  native  plants,  and  their 
relation  to  the  flora  thus  emphasized. 

To  save  space,  there  is  no  attempt  to  give  any  but  the  most 
important  references  and  synonymy,  while  geographical  range 
is  reduced  to  its  lowest  terms,  and  collectors'  names  almost 
entirely  omitted.  For  the  most  part  no  characters  have  been 
repeated,  and  the  student  is  warned  that  generic  characters 
especially  must  be  sought  for  through  analytical  keys.  The 
professional  botanist  will  note  a  glaring  inconsistency  in  this 
respect,  the  genera  of  some  families  being  grouped  by  means 
of  a  few  very  salient  characters,  while  those  of  others  are 
presented  with  almost  full  descriptions,  only  certain  supple- 
mentary statements  being  left  to  head  the  descriptions  of 


Vlll  PEEFACE. 

species.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  that  the  two  methods  hold  the 
relation  to  each  other  of  former  and  latter  in  the  preparation 
of  this  book. 

In  groups  of  species  certain  contrasting  characters  have  been 
italicized,  according  to  the  method  of  Gray's  Manual.  This 
is  done  to  facilitate  the  work  of  the  student,  but  with  the 
mental  reservation  that  its  abuse  may  more  than  offset  its 
advantage.  Ten  years'  experience  as  a  teacher  has  shown 
that  the  ordinary  student  will  fix  his  attention  upon  the  itali- 
cized characters  to  the  neglect  of  the  description  as  a  whole. 
The  student  is  here  warned  that  the  specific  descriptions  in 
this  book  have  been  so  much  reduced  that  no  unimportant 
characters  are  intended  to  be  given. 


JOHN  M.   COULTER. 


WABASH  COLLEGE,  CRAWFORDSVILLE,  INDIANA, 

January  1,  1885. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 


SERIES  I.    PH^ENOOAMIA  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS.    Those 
with,  flowers  and  seeds. 

CLASS  I.     ANGIOSPERM^E.     Pistil  a  closed  ovary  containing  the 

ovules. 

SUBCLASS    I.      DICOTYLEDONS.      Embryo  with  two  cotyledons. 
Leaves  netted- veined.     Flowers  usually  4  or  5-merous. 

DIVISION  I.     POLYPETAL^E.     Calyx  and  corolla  both  present:  the 
latter  of  separate  petals. 

A.    Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10,  and  more  than  twice  the  petals. 
1.    Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  free  from  tJie  ovary  and  calyx. 

Pistils  few  to  many  distinct  carpels RANUNCULACE^E,  1 

Pistil  compound  :  cells,  placentae,  or  stigmas  more  than  one. 
Petals  more  numerous  than  sepals, 

Very  numerous,  small  and  persistent :  aquatic.     .        .     NTMPH^JACE^,  3 
Twice  as  many  (4  or  6),  and  both  usually  caducous.         PAPAVERACE^E,  4 
Five  to  sixteen :  sepals  persistent.  .        .        .     PORTULACACE^E,  12 

Petals  same  number  as  sepals, 

Four,  and  both  deciduous.  .        .        .        .        .  CAPPARIDACE^E,  7 

Five,  and  the  calyx  persistent. 

Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud  :  stamens  monadelphous.        MALVACEAE,  15 
Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud :  leaves  entire  and 

pellucid-punctate.  HYPERICACE^E,  14 

2.    Stamens  on  the  (free  or  adnate)  calyx. 

Leafless  mostly  prickly  fleshy  plants  :  ovary  1-celled.  .       .  CACTACE^E,  34 

Leafy  fleshy  plants  :  ovary  3  or  more-celled.          .         .  .       FICOIDEJS,  35 

Leafy  fleshy  herbs :  ovary  1-celled PORTULACACE^E,  12 

Not  fleshy. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple  :  sepals  and  petals  4  or  5.  .    .  SAXIFRAGACE^J,  27 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules ROSACEJE,  26 

Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules,  rough.           .         .  .      LOASACE.E,  32 


X  ANALYTICAL   KEY. 

JB.    Stamens  1 0  or  less,  or  at  most  not  more  than  twice  the  petals. 
1.    Ovary  or  ovaries  superior  or  mainly  so. 

*  Pistils  more  than  one,  and  distinct. 

Pistils  same  number  as  petals  and  as  sepals :  leaves  fleshy.    CRASSULACE^E,  98 
Pistils  not  same  number  as  petals  or  sepals. 

Stamens  on  the  receptacle RANUNCULACE^;,  1 

Stamens  on  the  calyx. 

Stipules  persistent :  leaves  alternate ROSACEJE,  26 

Stipules  none  or  indistinct.         ....  SAXIFRAGACE^E,  27 

*  *  Pistil  only  one. 

•<-  Pistil  simple,  as  shown  by  the  single  style,  stigma,  and  cell. 
Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves  or  transversely.         .     BERBERIDACE^E,  2 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise  or  at  the  top. 

Flowers  irregular,  or  leaves  twice  pinnate  :  fruit  a  legume.   LEGUMINOSJE,  25 

Flowers  irregular :  leaves  simple POLYGALACE^E,  9 

Flowers  regular :  leaves  mostly  stipulate :  fruit  a  drupe 

or  akene ROSACE^E,  26 

•*-  -i-  Pistil  compound,  as  shown  by  the  number  of  cells  or  placenta;,  styles  or 

stigmas. 

Ovary  1-celled,  with  (2  to  4,  rarely  more)  parietal  placentae. 
Petals  (long-clawed)  and  teeth  of  long-tubular  calyx  4 

or  5 FRANKENIACE.E,  10 

Petals  and  sepals  or  lobes  of  the  cleft  calyx  5. 

Corolla  irregular :  lower  petal  spurred.  .        .        .       VIOLACE^E,  8 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so :  styles  or  stigmas  entire.    SAXIFRAGACE^;,  27 

Petals  4  :  bract-like  sepals  2  :  flower  irregular.       .        .       FUMARIACE.E,  5 

Petals  and  sepals  each  4  :  stamens  6.          ...        CAPPARIDACE^E,  7 

Ovary  and  pod  2-celled  :  2  parietal  placentae :  stamens  tetra- 

dynamous CRUCIFERYE,  6 

Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled,  several  to  many-seeded  on  a  central  placenta, 
Truly  so ;  the  partitions  wanting  or  very  incomplete. 

Sepals  2 :  leaves  often  alternate.  >        .     PORTULACACE.E,  12 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  5  or  4  :  leaves  all  opposite.     CARYOPHYLLACE^S,  1 1 
Apparently  so ;  the  partitions  at  length  vanishing. 

Stipules  between  the  opposite  leaves.       .         .        .         ELATINACE^E,  13 

No  stipules LYTIIRACE.E,  30 

Ovary  and  fruit  1-celled,  with  a  single  seed  on  a  stalk  from  the  base. 

Shrubs :  styles  or  stigmas  3  :  fruit  drupe-like.  ANACARDIACE^E,  24 

Herbs :  style  at  most  2-cleft :  fruit  a  utricle.  ILLECEBRACE^),  63 

Ovary  more  than  1-celled  :  seeds  attached  to  the  axis,  or  base,  or  summit. 
Flowers  very  irregular:  ovary  2-celled:  cells  1-seeded.      POLYGALACE.E,  9 
Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

No  green  foliage Monotropeae,  etc.,  in  ERICACEAE,  45 

Foliage  pellucid-punctate:  strong-scented  shrubs.        .        RCTACE.E,  19 
Foliage  not  pellucid-punctate. 

Anthers  opening  by  terminal  chinks  or  pores.       .        .   ERICACEAE,  45 


ANALYTICAL  KEY.  xi 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  them. 
Calyx-lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.      .        .        .         RHAMNACE^E,  21 
Calyx-lobes  small  or  obsolete  :  petals  valvate.       .       VITACE^:,  22 
Stamens  when  just  as  many  as  petals  alternate  with  them. 
Strong-scented  shrub  :  leaves  opposite,  2-folio- 

late. ZYGOPHYLLACE.3E,  17 

Strong-scented  herbs :  leaves  lobed  or  compound.    GERANIACE^E,  18 
Herbs,  not  strong-scented. 
Ovules  1  to  4  in  each  cell. 

Leaves  all  simple  and  entire.         .        .        .        LINAGES,  16 
Leaves  all  opposite,  compound,  and  leaflets 

entire. ZYGOPHYLLACE^E,  17 

Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  the  latter  with 

divisions  or  leaflets  not  entire.          .        GERANIACE^E,  18 
Ovules  numerous. 

Stamens  on  the  calyx  :  styles  2  or  3.  SAXIFRAGACE.S,  27 

Stamens  on  the  receptacle  :  leaves  opposite,  simple. 
Cells  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  sepals, 

2  or  5 ELATINACE^E,  13 

Cells  fewer  than  the  sepals,  3.         Mollugo,  in  FICOIDE^E,  35 
Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  simple  leaves. 
Leaves  pinnately  veined,  not  lobed.    .       .       CELASTKACEJE,  20 
Leaves  palmately  veined,  lobed.      .        .        .     SAPINDACE^E,  23 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  compound  leaves. 

Stamens  4  to  8.  .        .        .        .        .         SAPINDACE.E,  23 

Stamens  2  or  rarely  3.    .        .       ,-,       ^       .          OLEACE.E,  47 


2.    Ovary  and  fruit  inferior  or  mainly  so. 

Tendril-bearing  herbs :  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.        CDCURBITACE.E,  33 
Aquatic  herbs :  flowers  dioecious  or  monandrous.  HALORAGE.E,  29 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  not  tendril-bearing  nor  dioecious,  nor  umbelliferous. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  small  or  unguiculate  petals  and 

opposite  them. RHAMNACE^J,  21 

Stamens  if  of  the  number  of  the  petals  alternate  with  them. 
Styles  2  to  5,  distinct  or  united  below. 

Fruit  a  few-seeded  pome ROSACES,  26 

Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule SAXIFRAGACE.E,  27 

Fruit  a  1-celled  many-seeded  berry.      .     Ribes,  in  SAXIFRAGACE^E,  27 
Style  1,  undivided  :  stigmas  1  to  4. 

Flowers  in  cymes  or  a  glomerate  cluster.  .     CORNACE^J,  38 

Flowers  racemose,  spicate,  or  axillary. 

Ovary  1-celled :  herbage  scabrous.        .         ,        .          LOASACE.E,  32 
Ovary  2  to  5-,  mostly  4-celled.  .         .        .  ONAGRACE^;,  31 

Herbs :  flowers  in  umbels :  styles  2  :  fruit  dry.  .         .  UAIBELLIFER^E,  36 

Herbs  or  shrubs :  flowers  in  umbels :  styles  4  or  5  :  fruit 

berry-like ARALIACE^,  37 


XI 1  ANALYTICAL  KEY. 

DIVISION  II.    GAMOPETAL.E.    Petals  more  or  less  united  into  ene 

piece. 

A.      Ovary  inferior,  or  mostly  so. 

Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  8  or  10,  dis- 
tinct  ERICACEAE,  45 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  5  (or  4),  syngenesious. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head. COMPOSITE,  42 

Flowers  separate,  racemose  or  spicate LOBELIACE^D,  43 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes  (at  least  4),  distinct, 
Nearly  or  quite  free  from  the  corolla :  leaves  alternate  : 

no  stipules. CAMPANDLACE.E,  44 

Inserted  on  the  corolla  :  leaves  opposite  or  whorled, 

With  stipules,  or  else  in  whorls,  quite  entire.       .         .        RUBIACE/E,  40 

Without  stipules,  opposite CAPRIFOLIACE.E,  39 

Stamens  only  3,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Leaves  opposite :  stamens  distinct.          .        .        .        VALERIANACE^E,  41 
Leaves  alternate  :  stamens  often  united.     .        .        .     CUCURBITACEJE,  33 

B.    Ovary  superior  (free),  or  mostly  so. 
1.  Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Pistil  single  and  simple  :  leaves  compound.        .        .        .    LEGUMINOS^E,  25 
Pistil  compound,  with  one  undivided  style ERICACEAE,  45 

2.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them. 
Style  1  :  ovary  and  capsule  several  to  many-seeded.    .         .    PRIMULACE.E,  46 

3.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  them,  or  fewer. 

*  No  green  herbage. 
Corolla  regular :   stamens  free :   seeds  very  many  and 

minute. Monotropeae,  in  ERICACEAE,  45 

Corolla  regular :  stamens  on  the  tube  :  fruit  2-celled. 

Cuscuta,  in  CONVOLVULACE^E,  54 
Corolla  irregular :  stamens  didynamous :  capsule  1-celled, 

many-seeded. OROBANCHACE.E,  57 

*  *  With  ordinary  green  herbage. 

•i-  Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so :  stamens  not  didynamous. 

Corolla  scarious  and  veinless :  stemless  herbs.     .        .      PLANT AGINACE.E,  61 
Corolla  more  or  less  veiny. 

Stamens  2  or  3 :  parts  of  the  corolla  4  or  5.        .        .        .      OLEACE.E,  47 
Stamens  5  (or  4),  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 
Pollen  in  solid  waxy  masses  :  fruit  a  pair  of  folli- 
cles  ASCLEPIADACE^E,  49 

Pollen  powdery. 

Ovaries  2 :  fruit  a  pair  of  follicles.  .        .        .    APOCYNACE.E,  48 


ANALYTICAL   KEY.  xiil 

Ovary  4-lobed,  forming  4  separate  or  separable  seed- 
like  nutlets.  ......    BORRAGINACE^E,  53 

Ovary  single  and  entire. 

Style  3-cleft  at  apex  :  capsule  3-celled :  corolla 

convolute POLEMONIACEJE,  51 

Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  1 . 
Ovules  and  seeds  at  most  4,  large,  with  large  embryo  and 

little  or  no  albumen  :  peduncles  axillary.    CONVOLVULACE.E,  54 
Ovules  few  or  numerous :  embryo  small,  in  albumen. 
Leaves  all  opposite  or  whorled  and  entire :  capsule 

1-celled :  corolla  convolute.      .        .          GENTIANACE^;,  50 
Leaves  various,  mainly  alternate. 

Styles  2  (or  1  and  2-cleft) :  capsule  1  to  2- 

celled HYDROPHYLLACE^E,  52 

Style  1 :  stigma  usually  1  :  capsule  or  berry 

2-celled,  rarely  more SOLANACE^E,  55 

See  also  Limosella,  in      ...      SCROPHULARIACE-S:,  56 

-i-  H-  Corolla  irregular :  stamens  (with  anthers)  4  and  didynamous,  or  2:  style  1. 
Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled  :  seeds  small,  mostly  indefi- 
nite  SCROPHULARIACE2E,  56 

Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled,  with  many-seeded  placenta? 

in  the  axis LENTIBULARIACE^E,  58 

Ovary  4-parted,  in  fruit  as  many  seed-like  nutlets.  .  .  LABIATE,  60 
Ovary  undivided  :  fruit  splitting  into  2  or  4  one-seeded 

nutlets.  .        . VERBENACEJG,  59 


DIVISION  III.    APETAL^E.    Corolla,  (and  sometimes  calyx)  wanting. 
A.     Flowers  not  in  aments. 

1.    Ovary  and  fruit  superior,  1-celled  and  l-ovuled,  or  carpels  distinct  if  more 

than  one. 

Stipules  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes.     .        .        .        POLYGONACE^,  66 
Stipules  not  sheathing  the  stem  or  none. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 
Leaves  alternate :  flowers  perfect :  fruit  a  tailed  akene. 

Cercocarpus,  in  ROSACES,  26 

Leaves  alternate :  flowers  unisexual :  fruit  a  utricle.    CHENOPODIACE^:,  65 
Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  an  akene :  leaves  small  and  narrow.     Coleogyne,  in  ROSACES,  26 
Fruit  a  simple  samara :  leaves  pinnate.          Fraxinus,  in  OLEACE^E,  47 
Herbaceous,  or  sometimes  woody  at  base. 
Fruit  a  utricle  :  seed  lenticular :  embryo  annular  or  spiral. 
Flowers  with  scarious  persistent  sepals  and  bracts :  no 

stipules AMARANTACE^:,  64 


XIV  ANALYTICAL  KEY. 

Bracts  herbaceous  or  none :  no  stipules.         .        CHENOPODIACE^E,  65 

Stipules  scarious ILLECEBRACE^E,  63 

Fruit  a  more  or  less  triangular  akene  :  embryo  curved. 

Flowers  perfect,  on  jointed  pedicels,  involucrate.       POLYGONACE^E,  66 
Akene  not  triangular :  embryo  straight. 

Flowers  unisexual :  filaments  incurved  in  bud  :  leaves 

simple URTICACE.E,  73 

Submerged :    flowers    axillary,   naked :  leaves  sessile, 

filiformly  dissected CERATOPHYLLACE.E,  72 

Carpels  several  and  distinct,  1  to  several-ovuled  :  calyx 

usually  corolla-like.  ....         RANUNCULACE,E,  1 

2.    As  in  (1),  but  ovary  and  fruit  enclosed  by  the  calyx  and  apparently  inferior. 

Shrubs,  with  scurfy  opposite  entire  leaves  :  flowers  dioecious  : 

fruit  baccate.  ELJEAGNACE^E,  67 

Herbs :  calyx  corolla-like  :  fruit  an  akene. 

Leaves  simple,  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules:  flowers 

involucrate NYCTAGINACE.E,  62 

Leaves  compound,  alternate,  stipulate ROSACES,  26 

3.    Ovary  and  fruit  superior,  of  2  or  more  carpels. 

Fruit  2  to  4-celled,  usually  lobed  :  cells  1  to  2-ovuled. 

Capsule  3-celled,  3-lobed  :  juice  milky  :  mostly  herbaceous. 

EUPHORBIACE.E,  70 
Fruit  4-celled,  4-lobed,  compressed,  indehiscent :  styles  2 : 

small  aquatic,  with  opposite  entire  leaves.  CALLITRICHACE^:,  71 

Fruit  fleshy,  3-celled,  3-lobed  :  shrubs  with  alternate  simple 

leaves RHAMNACE^E,  21 

Fruit  a  double  samara  :  trees  with  opposite  pinnate  leaves.     SAPINDACE^E,  23 
Cruciferous  herb :  pod  small,  obcompressed.       Lepidium,  in  CRUCIFER^E,  6 
Fruit  capsular,  1 -celled  or  more,  several-ovuled:  low  herbs 

with  opposite  leaves. 
Capsule  3  to  5-celled :  succulent.        .        .        .        .        .      FICOIDE.E,  35 

Capsule  1 -celled  :  placentae  central. 

Style  and  stigma  1 :  stamens  alternate  with  the  sepals. 

Glaux,  in  PRIMULACE.E,  46 

Styles  or  stigmas  3  or  more:   stamens  opposite  the 
sepals .        .    CARYOPHYLLACE^:,  11 

4.    Ovary  and  fruit  inferior. 

Fruit  many-seeded:   capsule  (^  inferior)  1 -celled:   leaves 

cordate SAXIFRAGACE^;,  27 

Fruit  mostly  1 -seeded. 

Flowers  perfect :  fruit  nut-like :  herbs  with  alternate  entire 

leaves SANTALACEJE,  69 

Dioecious  parasites  on  trees,  with  opposite  leaves  and  jointed 

stems  :  berry  with  glutinous  pulp.        .        .        .      LORANTHACEJE,  68 
Aquatic  herbs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves.  .      HALORAGE^E,  29 


ANALYTICAL   KEY.  XV 

13.    Flowers  unisexual,  at  least  the  staminate  in  aments.     Trees  or  shrubs  with 

alternate  leaves. 
Monoecious :  male  flowers  in  aments ;  female  solitary  or  few  : 

ovary  inferior :  leaves  simple,  with  caducous  stipules. 

Anthers  2-celled :  nut  in  a  cup-like  or  spiny  involucre.         CUPULIFERJE,  74 
Anther  cells  separate :  nut  in  a  foliaceous  or  tubular  invo- 
lucre  Corylus  in  CUPULIFER.E,  74 

Monoecious  or  dioecious,  flowers  all  in  aments  :  ovary  superior. 
Fruit  a  1 -seeded  nutlet:  bracts  thickened  and  rigid  in  fruit: 

nut  winged  or  angled.  .        .        .      Betuleae,  in  CUPULIFER.E,  74 

Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule  :  dioecious  :  bracts  herbaceous  : 

seeds  comose.  SALICACE^E,  75 

SUBCLASS  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONS.  Embryo  with  a  single 
cotyledon.  Leaves  mostly  parallel- veined.  Flowers  usually  3-merous, 
never  in  fives.  Mostly  herbaceous. 

A.    Ovary  inferior:  perianth  conspicuous,  colored :  terrestrial :  flowers  perfect. 
Flowers  irregular :  stamens  and  style  coherent ;  anthers  1  or  2  : 

leaves  alternate,  sheathing ORCHIDACEJE,  76 

Flowers  regular :  stamens  3,  perigynous  :  leaves  equitant.      .      IRIDACE^,  77 
Flowers  regular  :  stamens  6,  perigynous  :  leaves  not  equitant. 

AMARYLLIDACE^E,  78 

B.    Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so :  perianth  regular  or  none. 
Carpels  united  into  a  compound  ovary  :  perianth  corolla-like, 

rarely  partly  herbaceous :  terrestrial  plants. 

Woody  climber,  with  tendrils :  anthers  1-celled.      .        ,  ^     SMILACE^E,  80 
Herbs :  anthers  2-celled. 
Perianth  mostly  of  similarly  colored  lobes  or  divisions : 

steins  from  a  bulb,  corm,  or  rhizome.        .        .        .      LILIACE^E,  79 
Perianth  of  3  green  sepals,  and  3  ephemeral  deliquescent 

petals  :  stems  from  fibrous  roots.  .        .        COMMELIN^CEJE,  81 

Carpels  distinct  or  solitary :  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs. 
Perianth  none  :  seed  albuminous :  fruit  utricular  or  nut-like. 
Flowers  monoecious  in  heads  or  on  a  crowded  spadix : 

leaves  linear.  »'      .     TYPHACEJE,  83 

Small  floating  disk-like  plants.  ....        LEMNACEJB,  84 

Perianth  herbaceous,  petaloid,  or  none :  albumen  none. 

Carpels  few  :  perianth  none  or  in  fertile  flowers  herbaceous. 

NAIADACEJE,  86 
Carpels  numerous  in  a  whorl  or  head  :  3  sepals  herbaceous, 

3  petaloid.  »  ALISMACE^,  85 

Perianth  of  6  similar  glumaceous  segments  :  capsule  3-valved. 

Rushes  or  sedge-like JUNCACE^E,  82 

Flowers  in  the  axils  of  scales  or  glumes,  spicate,  without  evi- 
dent perianth.     Stems  solid  :  sheaths  closed  :  scales  single : 

anthers  basifixed CYPERACE.E,  87 

Culms  hollow,  terete :  sheaths  split :  glumes  in  pairs :  anthers 

versatile.  .   GRAMINEJE,  88 


XVI  ANALYTICAL  KEY. 

CLASS  II.  GYMNOSPERM.E.  Ovules  naked  upon  a  scale  or 
bract,  or  within  open  integuments.  Mouoacious  or  dioecious  trees  or 
shrubs. 

Male  flowers  in  aments:  female  subsolitary,  the  ovule  within  a 
double  integument  with  small  terminal  orifice :  nearly  naked 
dioscious  shrubs.  GNETACE^S,  89 

Female  flowers  in  aments,  becoming  dry  cones  or  berry-like : 
ovules  naked  at  the  base  of  a  scale  :  from  shrubs  to  trees  of 
the  largest  size ;  with  needle  or  scale-like  leaves.  .  .  CONIFERS,  90 


SERIES  II.  PTERIDOPHYTA,  or  the  FERN  GROUP.  Plants 
without  true  flowers  or  seeds,  but  reproducing  by  spores ;  and  with  a 
distinct  axis  containing  fibro- vascular  bundles. 

Stems  solid,  leafy :  sporangia  in  the  axils  of  simple  leaves  or  bracts. 
Leaves  long  and  grass-like  from  a  corm-like  trunk:  spores 

of  two  kinds .     * .      ISOET^C,  91 

Small  leaves  imbricated  upon  a  moss-like  stem :  sporangia  in 

terminal  spikes. 

Spores  of  two  kinds  :  leaves  with  ligules.         .        .       SELAGINELL^,  92 
Spores  of  one  kind  :  leaves  without  ligules.          .        LYCOPODIACE^E,  93 
Stems   solid,  subterranean,  bearing  long-petioled  often  com- 
pounded leaves  (fronds). 
Aquatics:  leaves  circinately  developed:  sporangia  in  fruits 

borne  on  the  stem  or  petioles.         ....     RIIIZOCARPE.E,  94 
Terrestrial :  leaves  erect  in  vernation :  sporangia  in  special 

spikes  or  panicles OPHIOGLOSSACE^,  95 

Terrestrial :  leaves  circinate  in  vernation :  sporangia  on  the 

under  surface  or  margins  of  the  leaves.          .        .        .      FILICES,  96 
Stems  hollow,  jointed,  and  striate :  leaves  reduced  to  a  toothed 
sheath  at  the  joints:   sporangia  in  a  terminal   spike   or 
cone.        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        EQUISETACE.E,  97 


BOTANY 


OF   THE 


ROCKY    MOUNTAINS, 


SERIES   I. 

PH^ENOGAMIA  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

PLANTS  bearing  true  flowers,  that  is,  having  stamens  and 
pistils  and  producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo. 

CLASS  I.     ANGIOSPEKM.E. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary  which  contains  the  ovules 
and  forms  the  fruit. 

SUBCLASS  I.     DICOTYLEDONS. 

Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons.    Leaves  netted- 
veiued.     Flowers  usually  4-  or  5-merous. 

DIVISION  I.     POLYPETAL.E. 

Perianth  consisting  usually  of  both,  calyx  and  corolla ;  the 
petals  not  united  with  each  other,  sometimes  wanting. 


KANUNCULACE.E.      (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  1.    BANUNCULACE^E.    (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Herbaceous  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants  with  very  diverse  characters ; 
generally  distinguished  by  the  few  or  numerous  sepals,  petals,  stamens, 
and  pistils  being  distinct  and  free.  The  flowers  are  regular  or  irregular. 
The  sepals  are  very  commonly  petal-like,  and  the  petals  are  often  want- 
ing. The  fruits  are  akenes,  dry  pods,  or  berries.  The  leaves  vary  from 
simple  to  much  compounded,  usually  on  the  palmately  veined  type, 
with  petioles  dilated  at  base,  and  without  stipules. 

Tribe  I.    Sepals  valvate,  petal-like.    Petals  none  or  very  small.    The  fruit  a  head  of  akenes, 
tailed  with  feathery  or  hairy  or  rarely  naked  styles.    Leaves  opposite. 

1.  Clematis.    Half-woody,  climbing  by  the  petioles,  or  erect  and  herbaceous. 
Tribe  II.    Sepals  imbricate,  often  petal-like.    The  fruit  a  head  or  spike  of  akenes. 

*  Petals  none.    Akenes  in  a  head. 

2.  Anemone.    Sepals  indefinite  in  number.    Leaves  on  the  stem  opposite  or  whorled  on 

or  below  one-flowered  peduncles. 

3.  Thalictrum.     Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  panicled.     Leaves  alternate. 

*  *  Petals  slender.    Akenes  numerous  in  a  long  slender  spike. 

4.  Myosurus.     Flowers  solitary  on  a  scape.     Sepals  spurred  at  base. 

*  *  *  Petals  generally  broad  and  conspicuous.     Akenes  numerous  in  a  head. 

5.  Ranunculus.     Petals  with  a  little  pit  or  scale  at  the  base  inside.     The  akene  diners 

from  all  others  of  the  order  in  having  the  ovule  erect. 

Tribe  III.    Sepals  imbricate.     Petals  none,  small,  or  irregular.     Fruit  a  pod  or  berry. 

Leaves  alternate. 

*  Fruit  consisting  of  pods  (follicles),  1  to  15  in  number. 
•*-  Flowers  regular.     Pods  5  to  15. 

6.  Caltha.    Sepals  petal-like.     Petals  none.     Pods  5  to  12.    Leaves  simple. 

7.  Trollius.     Petals  many,  minute  and  stamen-like,  hollowed  near  the  base.     Pods  8  to 

15.     Leaves  palmately  divided. 

8.  Aquilegia.     Sepals  deciduous.     Petals  5,  all  spurred  backward.     Pods  5.     Leaves 

ternately  compound. 

•*-  -i-  Flowers  irregular.     Pods  1  to  5. 

9.  Delphinium.     Upper  sepal  produced  backward  into  a  spur. 

10.  Aconitum.     Upper  sepal  arched  into  a  hood. 

*  *  Fruit  a  berry  of  one  carpel. 

11.  Actrea.    Sepals  caducous.     Petals  small.     Leaves  ternately  compound.    The  flowers 

are  in  a  single  raceme. 


1.    CLEMATIS,    L.       VIRGIN'S-BOWER. 

Sepals  4  or  rarely  more.  A  genus  which  is  readily  recognized  by  its  few 
petal-like  valvate  sepals,  and  long-tailed  akenes. 

*  Petals  none. 

H—  Stem  erect. 

1.  C.  Fremontii,  Watson.  Stems  slant,  clustered,  6  to  12  inches  high, 
leafy  and  usually  branched,  more  or  less  villous-tomentose,  especially  at  the 
nodes :  leaves  simple,  3  to  4  pairs,  thickish  and  with  the  veinlets  conspicuously 


KANUNCULACE^E.      (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.)  3 

reticulated,  broadly  ovate,  entire  or  few-toothed :  flowers  terminal,  nodding ; 
the  thick  purple  sepals  an  inch  long,  tomentose  upon  the  margin,  recurved  at  the 
tip  :  akenes  silky ;  the  tails  less  than  an  inch  long,  naked  above,  silky  at  base. 

—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  339.     This  species  was  discovered  by  Fremont,  but 
with  locality  unknown.     It  has  been  rediscovered  in  Kansas  by  Dr.  Louis 
Watson  and  others,  and  is  the  western  representative  of  C.  ochroleuca. 

2.  C.  Douglasii,  Hook.     Stem  simple  or  branching,  more  or  less  villous, 
woolly  at  the  joints  :  leaves  from  pinnate  to  2  or  3-pinnatifid ;  the  leaflets  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate:   sepals  thick,  deep  purple  within,  paler  externally,  woolly 
at  the  apex,  and  spreading :  akenes  silky ;  the  tails  an  inch  or  more  in  length. 

—  From  Colorado  to  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  Scottii.  A  form  with  leaflets  ovate  or  lanceolate,  and  tips  of  sepals 
more  reflexed  and  probably  less  woolly.  —  C.  Scottii,  Porter,  Fl.  Col.  1.  Col- 
orado and  northward. 

-»-  •»-   Stem  climbing,  more  or  less  woody. 

3.  C.  ligusticifolia,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous:   stems  sometimes  very 
long :    leaves  pinnate   and   ternate,  mostly  5-foliolate ;   the   leaflets   oblong, 
acute,    mostly    somewhat    lanceolate-cuneate,    incisely    toothed    and    trifid : 
flowers  white,  in  paniculate  corymbs,  dioecious  :    sepals  thin,  equalling  the 
stamens.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  9.     From  New  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan 
and  Oregon,  and  also  in  California.     Climbing  over  bushes  and  producing  a 
great  abundance  of  white  flowers. 

*  *  Some  of  the  outer  filaments  enlarging  to  small  petals:  stems  woody. 

4.  C.  alpina,  Mill.,  var.  OCCidentalis,  Gray.    Trailing,  nearly  glabrous : 
leaves  biternately  divided;   segments   ovate  or   oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
frequently  3-lobed,  irregularly  toothed  :   sepals  purplish-blue,  thin :  anther- 
bearing  petals  linear:  akeues  glabrous.  — Powell's  Geol.  Black  Hills,  p.  531. 
The   C.  alpina,  var.  Ochotensis,  of  the  various  Western  reports.     From  New 
Mexico  to  the  Wahsatch  and  Teton  Mountains. 

5.  C.    verticillaris,    DC.      Climbing:    leaves  trifoliolate,   with  leaflets 
about  as  in  the  last,  but  oftener  entire :   the  flowers  2  to  3  inches  across, 
with  the  thin  bluish-purple  sepals  widely  spreading.  —  From  California  to 
Maine,  and  from  the  Wahsatch  and  Uinta  Mountains  to  British  America. 


2.    ANEMONE,   L.        WIND-FLOWER. 

Sepals  colored  and  petal-like.  Style  short  and  stigma  lateral.  Akenes 
compressed,  pointed  or  ending  in  long  feathery  awns.  — Perennial  herbs  with 
radical  leaves. 

*  Akenes  with  long  bearded  tails. 

1 .  A.  patens,  L.,  var.  Nuttalliana,  Gray.  Villous  with  long  silky  hairs : 
flower  erect,  developed  before  the  leaves;  which  are  ternately  divided,  the 
lateral  divisions  2-parted,  the  middle  one  stalked  and  3-parted,  the  segments 
deeply  once  or  twice  cleft  into  narrowly  linear  and  acute  lobes :  sepals  5 
to  7,  purplish  or  whitish. — From  the  mountains  eastward  into  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin. 


4  BANUNCULACE^.      (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

*  *  Akenes  without  tails. 

•»-  Akenes  very  numerous  in  a  dose  head,  densely  villous. 
•w-  Low  (3  to  12  inches  high)  or  slender  plants,  with  simple  stems. 

2.  A.  decapetala,  L.    Stem  3  to  6  inches  high  from  a  round  tuber :  root- 
leaves  once  or  twice  3-parted  or  cleft :  involucre  (mostly  sessile  and  far  below 
the  flower)  3-parted,  the  wedge-shaped  divisions  3-cleft :  sepals  10  to  20,  oblong- 
linear,  purple  or  whitish:  head  of  fruit  oblong.  —  A.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     From 
Colorado  to  Arizona  and  New   Mexico,  and  across  the  continent  to  the 
Carolinas. 

3.  A.  parviflora,  Michx.     Stem  3  to  12  inches  high  from  a  slender  root- 
stock  :  root-leaves  3-parted,  their  broadly  wedge-shaped  divisions  crenate-incised 
or  lobed :  involucre  2  to  3-leaued,  distant  from  the  flower  :  sepals  5  or  6,  oval, 
white :  head  of  fruit  globular.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  and  northward  to  the 
Arctic  Sea. 

•n-  +•*•  Taller  (6  inches  to  2  feet),  commonly  branching  above  or  producing  two 
or  more  peduncles  :  sepals  5  to  8,  silky  or  downy  beneath,  oval  or  oblong. 

4.  A.  multifida,  Poir.      Silky-hairy  (6   to    12  inches  high) :  principal 
involucre  2  to  3-leaved,  bearing  one  naked  and  one  or  two  2-leaved  peduncles ; 
leaves  of   the  secondary  involucre  short-petioled,  similar  to  the  root-leaves, 
twice  or  thrice  3-parted  and  cleft,  their  divisions  linear ;  sepals  red,  sometimes 
greenish-yellow   or   whitish :    head  of  fruit  spherical   or  oval.  —  Across   the 
continent  in   northern  latitudes,  and  southward  in  the  mountains  through 
Colorado. 

5.  A.  eylindrica,  Gray.     Taller,  and  clothed  with  silky  hairs :  flowers 
2  to  6,  on  very  long  and  upright  naked  peduncles :  leaves  of  the  involucre 
long-petioled,  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as   the   flower-stalks,  3-divided,  their 
divisions  wedge-shaped,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle  one  3-cleft,  lobes  cut 
and  toothed  at  the  apex :  sepals  greenish-white  :  head  of  fruit  cylindrical.  — 
From  Colorado  to  Bitter  Root  valley  and  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

•<—  H—  Akenes  fewer,  pubescent  only. 

6.  A.  dichotoma,  L.    Hairy,  rather  low  :  involucres  sessile  ;  the  primary 
ones  3-leaved,  bearing  a  naked   peduncle,  and  soon  a  pair  of  branches   or 
peduncles  with  a  2-leaved  involucre  at  the  middle,  which  branch  similarly  in 
turn ;  their  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped,  3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed :    radical 
leaves  5  to  7-parted  or  cleft :  sepals  5,  obovate,  white :  carpels  orbicular.  — 
A.  Pennsylvania,  L.     Common  on  the  foothills  of  Colorado,  northward  and 
eastward. 

7.  A.  nemorosa,  L.     Smooth  or  somewhat  villous  :  stem  perfectly  simple 
from  a  filiform  rootstock,  slender,  leafless,  except  the  involucre  of  3  long- 
petioled  trifoliolate  leaves ;  their  leaflets  wedge-shaped  or  oblong,  toothed  or 
cut,  or  the  lateral  ones  2-parted  ;  a  similar  radical  leaf  in  sterile  plants  soli- 
tary from  the  rootstock :  sepals  4  to  7,  oval,  white  or  pinkish  :  carpels  oblong, 
with  a  hooked  beak.  —  Northern  United  States  and  British  America. 

-t-  •<-  i-  Akenes  glabrous. 

8.  A.  narcissiflora,  L.     Villous  :  leaves  palmately  3  to  5-parted ;  seg- 
ments   cuneiform,   incisely   many-cleft,   lobes    linear :    involucre    somewhat 
similar,   sessile,   leaflets  3   to   5-cleft :    pedicels  several,  umbelled,  leafless, 


RANUNCULACEJE.      (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  5 

1-flowered:  flowers  white:  carpels  roundish-oval.  —  Alpine.    In  Colorado  at 
13,000  feet  altitude,  and  thence  through  British  America. 

3.    THALICTRUM,   L.       MEADOW-RUE. 

Sepals  4  to  7,  either  greenish  or  petal-like.  Pistils  4  to  15. — Perennial 
herbs  with  leaves  2  or  3  times  ternately  compound,  the  leaflets  stalked. 
Flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles.  The  dioecious  species  are  easily  recognized 
by  combining  that  character  with  the  much  compounded  leaves,  and  all  of  our 
species  can  be  distinguished  from  Anemone  by  their  alternate  leaves  and 

inconspicuous  flowers. 

*  Flowers  perfect. 

1.  T.  alpinum,  L.     Stem  simple,  2  to  8  inches  high,  slightly  pubescent: 
leaves  mostly  radical ;  leaflets  roundish,  about  J  inch  long,  somewhat  lobed, 
crenately  toothed :  /lowers  nodding  in   a  simple   raceme :    stigmas  thick  and 
pubescent :  carpels  ovate,  sessile.  —  Colorado  and  northward  throughout  British 
America. 

2.  T.  sparsiflorum,  Turcz.     Stem  1  to  3  feet  high :  upper  leaves  sessile : 
Jlowers  on  long  pedicels  in  a  loose  panicle :  filaments  clavate  :  carpels  strongly 
compressed,  semi-obovate,  short-slip itate,  thrice  shorter  than  the  persistent  style. 
—  Subalpine.     Colorado  and  far  northward  ;  also  in  California. 

#  #  Flowers  dioecious. 

3.  T.  Comuti,  L.     Stem  2  to  4  feet  high:   stem-leaves  sessile   (without 
general  petiole)  or  nearly  so ;  leaflets  roundish  or  oblong  and  more  or  less 
3-lobed,   pale  and    usually  minutely  pubescent   beneath,  the  margin   mostly 
revolute   and    the    veining    conspicuous:   panicles    compound:    flowers    white, 
greenish,  and  purplish :  filaments  thickened  upwards.  —  Possibly  includes  T. 
purpurascens,  L.     Colorado,  and  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

4.  T.  Fendleri,  Engelm.     Rather  low  and  slender,  occasionally  somewhat 
pubescent :  leaves  petioled  or  the  uppermost  sessile ;  leaflets  usually  small : 
Jlowers  in  an  open  panicle :  anthers  setosely  acuminate :  akenes  slightly  glandu- 
lar-puberulent,  oblong  to  ovate,  acuminate,  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  PI.  Fendl.  5. 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  westward  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

5.  T.  OCCidentale,  Gray.     Like  the  last,  but  stouter,  the  leaflets  larger 
and  akenes  few  in  a  head  (1  to  6),  narrowly  oblong  (3  or  4  lines  long),  and 
narrowed  at  each  end.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  372.     From  California  to  Wash- 
ington Territory,  and  extending  into  Western  Montana. 

4.    MYOSURUS,   L.       MOUSETAIL. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  linear,  on  a  slender  claw  with  a  pit  at  its  summit. 
Stamens  5  to  20.  —  Very  small  annual  herbs,  with  a  tuft  of  linear  or  spatulate 
entire  radical  leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  on  simple  scapes.  The  long  slender 
spike  of  akenes  and  linear  radical  leaves  give  the  plant  the  appearance  of  a 
diminutive  plantain. 

1.  M.  minimus,  L.  Scapes  2  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  usually  shorter : 
akenes  blunt,  on  slender  spikes  1  or  2  inches  long.  —  From  California  through 
Colorado  to  the  Ohio  Valley. 


6  KANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

M.  ARISTATUS,  Benth.,  may  be  found  where  our  boundary  touches  Utah 
v      and  Southern  Idaho.     It  is  characterized  by  its  akeiies  being  beaked  with  a 
divergent  persistent  style  nearly  equalling  the  akeue. 

5.    RANUNCULUS,    L.        CROWFOOT.     BUTTERCUP. 

Sepals  usually  5.  Petals  3  to  15.  Akenes  mostly  flattened,  pointed. — 
Mostly  perennial  herbs.  Flowers  either  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbed, 
usually  yellow  and  often  showy.  The  leaves  are  various,  and  those  of  the 
stem  alternate. 

§  1.   Aquatic  herbs  with  the  submersed  leaves,  if  any,  finely  divided :  petals 

white,  the  claw  yellow  :  akenes  transversely  wrinkled, 

^  1.  R.  aquatilis,  L  ,  var.  trichophyllus,  Chaix.  Stems  long  and 
coarsely  filiform :  leaves  all  submersed  and  cut  into  numerous  soft  capillary 
segments,  which  usually  collapse  when  withdrawn  from  the  water:  akenes  in  a 
close  globular  head.  —  Common  throughout  the  continent  in  stagnant  or  slow- 
flowing  waters. 

Var.  stagnatilis,  DC.  Leaves  all  under  water,  the  divisions  and  sub- 
divisions short,  spreading  in  one  roundish  plane,  rigid,  keeping  their  form  without 
collapsing  when  withdrawn  from  the  water.  —  The  R.  divaricatus  of  Gray's 
Manual  and  the  Western  reports.  Rarer  than  the  former,  but  with  the  same 
range. 

§  2.    Terrestrial  herbs,  but  often  growing  in  wet  places,  mostly  erect :  sepals  green, 

rarely  yellow :  petals  yellow :  akenes  neither  wrinkled  nor  hispid. 

*  All  the  leaves  undivided,  the  margins  entire. 

^  2.  R.  Flammula,  L.,  var.  reptans,  Gray.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems 
filiform,  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  joints :  leaves  mostly  lanceolate  and  acute 
at  each  end :  petals  half  longer  than  the  sepals  :  akenes  few  in  a  small  globu- 
lar head,  plump  ;  beak  very  short  and  curved.  — Found  in  Colorado,  but  most 
common  northward,  where  it  extends  across  the  continent. 

*  3.  R.  alismsefolius,  Geyer.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems  nearly  or  quite 
erect,  6  to  1 6  inches  high,  rather  stout :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  blunt  at  apex  : 
petals  conspicuously  nerved,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals :  akenes  slightly 
flattened,  pointed  with  a  nearly  or  quite  straight  beak,  crowded  in  a  compact 
ovate  head.  —  The  form  called  var.  montanus,  Watson,  is  the  typical  form. 
Rocky  Mountains  and  westward.  The  Eastern  species  bearing  this  name  is 
7?.  ambigens,  Watson. 

4.  R.  Macauleyi,  Gray.     Leaves  Ungulate,  the  truncate  apex  3-toothed  ; 
radical  ones  (early  ones  oblong)  tapering  into  a  petiole;  cauline  ones  sessile: 
sepals  very  dark  villous  outside :  petals  golden :  carpels  tapering  into  a  short 
subulate  style :  fruit  unknown,  though  head  of  akeiies  probably  oblong.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xv.  45.     Mountains  in  San  Juan  Co.,  Colorado.    The  flowers 
resemble  those  of  R.  nivalis,  but  the  remarkable  foliage  readily  distinguishes 
it  from  every  other  species. 

*  *  Radical  leaves  undivided :  stem  leaves,  if  any,  toothed  or  lobed :  glabrous 
perennials,  3  to  6  inches  high. 

5.  R.  Cymbalaria,  Pursh.     Flowering  stems  or  scapes  leafless,  1  to 
7-flowered  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  clustered  at 


KANUNCULACE^.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  7 

the  root  and  at  the  joints  of  the  long  filiform  rooting  runners :  petals  longer  than 
the  sepals  :  the  akenes  striate-veined  on  the  sides,  enlarging  upwards,  with  a 
short  oblique  beak:  head  oblong.  —  Across  the  continent  in  marshy  ground. 

6.  R.  glaberrimus,  Hook.    Stems  1  to  3-flowered :  radical  leaves  broadly 
oval,  either  entire  or  with  3  large  blunt  teeth  at  the  apex ;  stem-leaves  cuneate  at 
the  base,  3-clefl  to  the  middle  :  sepals  half  as  long  as  the  petals  :  akenes  plump, 
tipped  with  a  short  curved  beak :  head  globular.  — From  Colorado  to  Wyoming 
and  Washington  Territory ;  also  in  California. 

#  #  *  Some  or  all  the  leaves  cleft  or  divided. 
•t-  Primary  root-leaves  crenate  or  toothed. 

7.  R.  rhomboideus,  Goldie.     Dwarf  (3  to  6  inches  high),  hairy :  root- 
leaves  roundish  or  rhombic-ovate,  rarely  subcordate ;  lowest  stem-leaves  similar 
or  3  to  5-lobed  ;  the  upper  3  to  5-parted,  almost  sessile,  the  lobes  linear  :  petals 
large,  exceeding  the  calyx :  akenes  orbicular  with  a  minute  beak.  —  S.  W.  Colo- 
rado to  British  America  and  eastward  to  Illinois  and  Michigan. 

8.  R.  abortivus,  L.     Glabrous,  6  inches  to  2  feet  high :  primary  root- 
leaves  round  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  barely  crenate,  the  succeeding  ones 
often  3-lobed  or  3-parted ;  those  of  the  stem  and  branches  3  to  5-parted  or 
divided,  their  divisions  oblong  or  narrowly  wedge-form,  mostly  toothed :  petals 
shorter  than  the  refiexed  sepals :  akenes  with  a  minute  curved  beak.  —  From  the 
mountains  eastward  across  the  continent.     Most  variable  as  to  foliage. 

H-  H-  Root-leaves  lobed,  cleft,  or  parted. 
•w-  Style  straight  or  wanting. 

9.  R.  hyperboreilS,  Rottb.,  var.  natans,  Regel.    Stem  filiform,  creep- 
ing: leaves  glabrous,  petioled,  deleft;  the  lobes  oval-oblong,  divaricate,  the 
lateral  ones  somewhat  2-cleft :  heads  of  akenes  globose,  compact :  style  wanting. 
—  In  swamps  at  middle  elevations,  Colorado  and  northward. 

10.  R.  nivalis,  L.     Stem  about  1: flowered :  radical  leaves  on  long  petioles, 
dilated,  lobed,  the  lobes  somewhat  ovate ;  cauline  ones  nearly  sessile,  palmate  : 
calyx  very  hirsute,  shorter  than  the  obovate  entire  petals  :  style  as  long  as  the 
glabrous  ovaries.  —  In  the  mountains  of  British  America. 

Var.  Eschscholtzii,  Watson.  Radical  leaves  3-parted,  the  divisions  lobed, 
ciliate :  style  shorter  than  the  akenes.  —  Colorado,  Yellowstone  Park,  and  north- 
ward in  the  mountains. 

11.  R.  sceleratus,  L.     Glabrous:   stem  thick  and  hollow,  a  foot  high: 
root-leaves  3-lobed ;  lower  stem-leaves  3-parted,  the  lobes  obtusely  cut  and 
toothed ;  the  uppermost  almost  sessile,  with  the  lobes  oblong-linear  and  nearly 
entire  :  petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals  :  akenes  barely  mucronulate,  very 
numerous,  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads.  —  From  Colorado  northward,  and 
across  the  continent.    In  drying,  the  numerous  akenes  are  soon  deciduous  from 
the  receptacle. 

-W-  -w-  Style  curved. 
=  Stem  usually  l-flowered. 

12.  R.  pygmseus,  Wahl.     Stem  1  to  2  inches  high  :  leaves  glabrous,  3  to 
5-cleft ;  radical  ones  petioled  :  sepals  glabrous,  longer  than  the  somewhat  refiexed 
petals :  heads  oblong :   akenes  subglobose,  pointed  with  a  short  hooked  style.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  far  northward. 


8  KANUNCULACEJS.      (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

13.  R.  adoneus,  Gray.    Low,  sparsely  villous,  becoming  glabrous :  stems 
branching  from  the  base,  1  to  3-leaved  above,  sometimes  sannentose-decum- 
bent  and  2  to  3-flowered :   leaves  twice  pedately  parted,  segments  narrowly 
linear :   petals   golden-yellow,   twice   exceeding  the   subvillous   sepals :   akenes 
crowded  in  an  oval  head,  turgid,  with  the  rather  long  ensiform  beak  scarious- 
winged  on  each  edge.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  56.     High  altitudes  close 
to  the  snow,  Colorado  and  northward. 

=  =  Stems  bearing  more  than  one  flower. 
a.  Dwarf  (2  to  3  inches  high). 

14.  R.  digitatus,  Hook.    Very  glabrous  :  leaves  few,  petioled,  digitately 
lobed,  the  3  to  5  segments  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse  : 
flowers  2  or  3,  terminal,  with  reflexed  sepals  and  7  to  1 1  oblong  cuneate  pet- 
als :   akenes  beaked  with  a  subulate  recurved  style.  —  In  the   Wahsatch, 
N.  Utah,  and  northward  into  British  America. 

b.  A  foot  or  two  high. 

15.  R.  affinis,  R.  Br.    Radical  leaves  petioled,  usually  pedately  multijid ; 
cauline  ones  subsessile,  digitate,  with  broadly  linear  lobes :  akenes  with  re- 
curved beaks  in  oblong-cylindrical  heads,  more  or  less  pubescent.  —  Colorado 
and  northward. 

Var.  leiocarpllS,  Trautv.  Lower  leaves  usually  lobed  or  crenate :  flowers 
small :  carpels  smooth  or  somewhat  pubescent.  —  Colorado. 

Var.  cardiophyllus,  Gray.  Hirsutely  pubescent:  radical  leaves  round- 
cordate,  undivided  or  many-cleft ;  cauline  ones  palmately  many-cleft :  flowers 
an  inch  in  diameter.  —  Same  range  as  the  species. 

16.  R.  Nelsoni,  Gray.     Sparingly  pilose :  the  simple  radical  leaves  often 
3  to  4  inches  in  diameter,  more  or  less  deeply  3-lobed ;  the  uppermost  rarely 
parted ;  the  lower  usually  cordate  in  outline  :  petals  not  more  than  3  lines  long, 
exceeding  the  sepals :  akenes  pilose  (sometimes  glabrous),  in  a  small  head, 
rigid,  more  or  less  scattered,  bearing  a  very  much  hooked  style  of  the  same 
length.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  374.    About  Yellowstone  Lake  and  far  north- 
ward. 

H—  -t-  -i-  Leaves  all  ternately  divided. 

17.  R.  PennsylvanicUS,  L.    Hirsute  with  rough  spreading  bristly  hairs  : 
stem  stout,  erect :  divisions  of  the  leaves  stalked,  somewhat  ovate,  unequally 
3-cleft,  sharply  cut  and  toothed,  acute :  petals  pale,  not  exceeding  the  sepals  : 
akenes  not  margined,  pointed  with  a  sharp  straight  beak,  in  oblong  heads.  — 
Colorado  and  northward,  and  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

18.  R.  repens,  L.     Low,  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous :  stems  ascending  and 
some  of  them  forming  long  runners :  divisions  of  the  leaves  all  (or  at  least  the 
terminal  one)  stalked,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  ovate,  unequally  3-cleft  or 
parted  and  variously  cut :  petals  obovate,  much  larger  than  the  spreading  sepals : 
akenes  strongly  margined,  pointed  by  a  stout  straightish  beak,  in  globular  heads.  — 
Across  the  continent. 

19.  R.  macranthus,  Scheele.     Stem  erect,  taller,  more  or  less  hirsute 
with  spreading  hairs :  leaves  ternately  or  more  frequently  bi-ternately  divided, 
segments  usually  stalked,  laciniately  lobed  and  toothed  :  flowers  large,  with  the 
sepals  strictly  reflexed :  akenes  crowded  in  subglobose  heads,  about  equalling  the 


KANUNCULACE^E.      (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  9 

broad  subulate  beaks.  —  R.  repens,  var.  macranthus,  Gray.  In  the  Uinta  Moun- 
tains, and  from  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Texas.  The  largest  of  the  genus 
sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  5  feet. 

20.  K.  Nuttallii,  Gray.     Smooth,  6  to  8  inches  high :  radical  leaves  bi-ter- 
nateli/  divided,  segments  3  to  5-parted,  lobes  oblong  or  linear,  sometimes  2  to 
3-cleft :  petals  spatulate,  a  little  longer  than  the  broader  sepals  which  are  also 
yellow :  akenes  rather  few,  in  a  globose  head,  cylindrical-oblong,  grooved,  many- 
nerved,  tipped  with  a  long,  slender,  incurved  sti/le.  —  Colorado  and  Wyoming, 
along  the  eastern  foothills. 

21.  R.  multifldus,  Pursh.     Stems  floating  or  immersed,  with  the  divisions 
of  the  leaves  long  and  filiform ;   or  rooting  in  the  mud  and  the  leaves  round- 
re.niform  and  more  or  less  deepbj  lobed  and  toothed :    petioles  short,  broadly 
stipulate- dilated  at  base :  flowers  large,  the  petals  with  conspicuous  obovate  scales : 
akones  in  a  small  globose  head,  beaked  by  a  short  straight  style.  —  Colorado 
and  northward,  and  across  the  continent. 

•i—  -H-  -H-  -i—  Leaves  pinnatelij  divided. 

22.  R.  orthorhyncus,  Hook.     More  or  less  villous,  the  stems  often 
slender,  1  or  2  feet  high :  divisions  of  the  leaves  variously  lobed  and  cut,  the 
segments  often  narrow  :  sepals  reflexed :  petals  bright  yellow  or  purple-tinged 
outside :  akenes  large,  flattened,  in  a  close  globose  head,  with  a  slender  straight 
beak  as  long  as  the  ovary.  —  In  the  Bitter-root  Mountains,  northward  and 
westward. 

6.  C  ALT  HA,    L.        MARSH  MARIGOLD. 

Sepals  5  to  12,  deciduous.  Pods  each  with  several  seeds,  and  when  ripen- 
ing spreading  and  flattened.  —  Glabrous  perennial  herbs,  easily  recognized  by 
their  undivided  leaves  and  showy  petal-like  sepals. 

1.  C.  leptosepala,  DC.  Leaves  round-  to  oblong-ovate  (longer  than 
broad),  with  a  somewhat  narrowed  and  quadrate  base,  usually  very  obscurely 
crenate  above  and  rather  coarsely  and  often  acutely  serrate  below :  flowers 
solitary,  very  rarely  2,  the  second  flower  subtended  by  a  petioled  leaf :  sepals 
white  or  often  tinged  with  blue.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Alaska.  An  excel- 
lent pot-herb. 

7.  TR  OL  LI  US,    L.        GLOBE-FLOWER. 

Sepals  5  to  15,  petal-like.  Pods  sessile,  many-seeded.  — Smooth  perennials, 
with  large  solitary  terminal  flowers  and  palmately  parted  and  cut  leaves. 

1  •  T.  laxus,  Salisb.  Flowers  pale  greenish-yellow  or  nearly  white : 
petals  much  shorter  than  the  stamens.  —  Associated  with  the  preceding,  but 
less  common. 

Var.  albiflorus,  Gray.  Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  and  flowers  white. — 
Near  snow-banks.  "  The  pure  white  and  broader  sepals,  lower  stature,  and 
alpine  station,  distinguish  this  from  the  ordinary  form,"  Colorado,  Parry. 

8.  AQUILEGIA,    L.        COLUMBINE. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  all  alike,  with  a  short 
spreading  lip.  Pods  erect,  many-seeded.  —  Perennials,  Avith  the  leaflets  of  the 
2  to  3  ternately  compound  leaves  lobed.  Recognized  by  its  large  showy 
flowers  and  prominent  spurs. 


10  RANUKCULACE^E.      (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

*  Caulescent :  spur  longer  or  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

4-   Spur  straight. 
•M-  Flowers  red  and  yellow. 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  L.      Spurs  much  longer  than  the  sepals:   flowers  2 
inches  long,  scarlet,  yellow  inside  (or  rarely  all  over),  nodding  so  that  the 
spurs  turn  upwards ;  limb  or  lip  of  the  petals  distinct :  stamens  and  styles 
longer  than  the  ovate  sepals.  —  Along  subalpine  rivulets  and  eastward  across 
the  continent. 

2.  A.  formosa,  Fisch.    Like  the  preceding  or  stouter :  spurs  shorter,  not 
longer  than  the  elongated  sepals.  —  Colorado  and  northward,  thence  westward 

into  Oregon. 

•M-  -H-  Flowers  never  red. 

3.  A.  COBruloa,  James.    Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  glabrous :  leaves  mostly 
radical,  glaucous  beneath,  the  leaflets  deeply  cleft :  flowers  2  to  2£  inches  in 
diameter,  pale  blue,  sometimes  ochroleucous,  pinkish,  or  white :   spur  very 
slender:  sepals  rhomboid-ovate,   longer  than  the  limb   of  the  petals.  —  On 
shaded  slopes  throughout  the   Rocky  Mountains.     A  very   beautiful  and 
showy  plant. 

4.  A.  chrysantha,  Gray.      Usually  taller  and  more  slender :  peduncles 
often  pubescent:  flowers  bright  yellow  throughout:   spurs  even  more  slender: 
sepals  lanceolate-oblong,  longer  but  not  broader  than  the  limb  of  the  petals.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  621.    Colorado  and  southward. 

H—  •»—  Spur  hooked  at  the  tip. 

5.  A.  flavescens,  Watson.     Plant  2  to  3  feet  high,  glabrous  except  the 
pubescent  peduncles  and  carpels :  flowers  yellow,  the  sepals  frequently  tinged 
with  scarlet :  spurs  shorter  than  the  spreading  or  reflexed  oval  or  oblong- 
ovate  sepals:  limb  large  and  dilated:  stamens  long  exserted. — Bot.  King's 
Rep.  10.     Wyoming,  Montana,  and  Idaho. 

6.  A.  brevistyla,  Hook.     Stems  &  to  8  inches  high,  spreading :  leaves 
bi-ternate ;  leaflets  3-lobed,  crenate :  flowers  small,  blue,  about  6  lines  long, 
including  the  spur :  sepals  oblong-ovate :  petals  a  little  exceeding  the  stamens* 
—  A.  vulgaris,  var.  brevistyla,  Gray.     Colorado  and  northward  into  British 
America. 

*  *  Acaulescent:  spur  shorter  than  the  calyx:  flowers  blue. 

7.  A.   Jonesii,  Parry.     Minutely  soft-pubescent :   scape  1  to  3  inches 
high,  naked,  1 -flowered :  leaves  all  crowded  and  the  persistent  scale-like  dilated 
bases  of  their  petioles  imbricated  on  the  stout  ascending  branches  of  the 
rootstock;  the  partial  petioles  short  or  wanting,  so  that  the  9  small  obovate 
entire  leaflets  are  in  a  dense  cluster:  pods  reticulated,  smooth. — Am.  Nat. 
viii.  211.     Summit  of  Phlox  Mountain,  Wyoming,  Parry. 

9.    DELPHINIUM,   L.       LARKSPUR. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like.  Petals  2  or  4,  irregular ;  when  4,  the  upper  2  developed 
backwards  into  a  spur  which  is  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx.  Pods 
many-seeded.  —  Erect  herbs  usually  with  palmately  lobed,  cleft,  or  dissected 
leaves,  and  racemose  flowers,  which  are  blue  shading  to  white. 


EANUNCULACE^E.      (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  11 

*  Not  glandular  pubescent. 

1.  D.  azureum,  Michx.     Stem  slender,  branching,  often  slightly  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  deeply  3  to  5-parted,  the  divisions  2  to  3  times  deft,  the  lobes  all 
narrowly  linear:  flowers  sky-blue  or  whitish,  in  a  strict  not  dense  raceme:  spur 
ascending,  usually  curved    upwards.  —  Colorado,   Wyoming,  and  eastward 
across  the  plains. 

2.  D.  Menziesii,  DC.     Glabrous  below,  at  least  at  the  very  base,  pubes- 
cent above  with  spreading  hairs,  especially  the  inflorescence:  leaves  5-parted, 
divisions  2  to  3-cle/l :  flowers  large,  deep-blue,  in  a  loosely  few-  to  many-flowered 
simple  raceme :  upper  petals  veined  with  purple :  spur  long  and  slender :  ovaries 
somewhat  tomentose.  —  Wyoming,  Montana,  and  northwestward. 

3.  D.  bicolor,  Nutt.     Very  similar,  but  the  whole  plant  glabrous  through- 
out, including  the  ovaries,  or  occasionally  somewhat  tomentose-pubescent ;  and 
the  flowers  are  uniformly  smaller.  —  The  D.  Menz/'esii  of  Fl.  Colorado  and 
D.  Menziesii,  var.   Utahense,  of  Bot.  King's  Rep.  12.     Foothills  of  Colorado 
and  northward.     Closely  resembles  the  eastern  Z).  income. 

4.  D.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.     Pubescent   with   a  flne  hoary   tomentum   or 
glabrous  :  stem  leafy :  leaves  orbicular  in  outline,  3  to  5-parted,  the  divisions 
deeply  2  to  3-cleft,  the  segments  many-lobed  or  laciniate :  flowers  sparingly  pilose 
without,  in  a  many-flowered  strict  raceme  :  spur  longer  than  the  sepals :  pods 
pubescent,  on  stout  pedicels.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  9.      Rocky  Mountains  from 
New  Mexico  to  British  America. 

*  *  Glandular  pubescent. 

5.  D.  OCCidentale,  Watson.    Known  by  the  stiff  glandular  spreading 
pubescence,  which  extends  rarely  to  the  ovaries  and  fruit :  flowers  numerous, 
dull  or  dark  blue,  very  variable  in  size,  often  in  compound  racemes :  seeds 
light  colored  and  somewhat  spongy.  —  D.  elatum,  var.(?)  occidental,  Watson. 
Alpine  or  subalpine,  from  Colorado  to  Oregon. 

10.    ACONITTJM,   L.        ACONITE.    MOXKSHOOD.    WOLFSBANE. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like.  Petals  2  to  5  ;  the  upper  2  with  long  claws  and  irregu- 
lar spur-like  blades  concealed  within  the  hood ;  the  lower  3  very  minute  or 
obsolete.  Pods  many-seeded.  —  Herbs  with  palmately  lobed  leaves. 

1.  A.  Columbianum,  Nutt.  Stem  stout,  3  to  6  feet  high  :  more  or  less 
pubescent  above  with  short  spreading  yellowish  viscid  hairs :  divisions  of  the 
leaves  broadly  cuneate  and  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed :  flowers  purple  or 
white  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme  :  the  hood  varying  much  in  breadth  and  in 
length  of  beak.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  34.  A.  nasutum,  Hook.  A.  Fischeri 
of  Bot.  Calif,  i.  12.  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  westward  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

11.     ACTJEA,   L.      BAtfEBERRY. 

Sepals  4  to  6,  petal-like.  Petals  4  to  10.  Stigma  sessile,  2-lobed.  Berry 
with  many  seeds,  which  are  packed  horizontally  in  2  rows.  — Perennial  herbs 
with  2  to  3  ternately  compound  leaves. 

1.  A.  spicata,  L.,  var.  arguta,  Torr.  Smooth,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaflets 
larger  and  more  serrated  than  in  the  next:  petals  oblong,  obtuse:  berries 


12  BERBERIDACE.E.       (BARBERRY   FAMILY.) 

either  white  or  red,  in  a  loose,  rather  elongated  raceme.  —  From  the  mountains 
westward. 

Var.  rubra,  Ait.  Raceme  ovate:  petals  rhombic-spatulate,  much  shorter 
than  the  stamens  :  berries  cherry-red.  — From  the  mountains  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic. 

ORDER  2.     BEKBEKIDACE.E.     (BARBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Our  species  are  shrubs  with  alternate  simple  or  compound  leaves  and 
no  stipules ;  the  flower  parts  are  distinct  and  free,  and  are  opposite  to 
each  other  instead  of  alternate  ;  the  anthers  open  by  uplifted  valves.  — 
Sepals  and  petals  imbricated  and  deciduous.  Pistil  one,  simple ;  style 
short  or  none. 

1.    BERBERIS,    L.        BARBERRY. 

Sepals  6,  colored  like  the  petals,  with  3  or  6  closely  appressed  hractlets. 
Petals  6,  yellow.  Stamens  6.  Stigma  circular  and  peltate.  Fruit  a  berry 
with  1  to  3  seeds.  —  Shrubs  with  yellow  wood  and  the  flowers  in  clustered 
bracteate  racemes. 

1.  B.  repens,  Lindl.     A  low  shrub  less  than  a  foot  high :  leaflets  3  to  7, 
ovate,  acute :    racemes  few,  terminating  the  stems.  —  Throughout  the  Rocky 
Mountains.    This  is  the  B.  Aquifolium  of  Fl.  Colorado  and  the  various  Western 
Reports.     B.  Aquifolium  ranges  farther  west,  especially  in  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington Territory,  and  is  a  much  larger  shrub,  with  clusters  of  racemes. 

2.  B.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Much  taller  (3  to  6  feet),  with  branches  smooth 
and  shining  as  if  varnished :  leaves  entire  or  irregularly  spinulose-serrate  : 
racemes  pendulous,  densely-flowered :  calyx  with  conspicuous  red  bracts.  —  PI. 
Fendl.  5.     S.  W.  Colorado,  southward,  and  westward  to  S.  California. 


ORDER  3.    NYUIPKMEACEJE.     (Wiw^ER-LiLY  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  horizontal  trunk-like  rootstocks  or  sometimes 
tubers  ;  the  leaves  (in  ours)  deeply  cordate ;  flowers  with  all  the  parts 
distinct  and  free,  solitary  and  axillary  on  long  peduncles;  stamens 
numerous. 

1.   NUPHAR,     Smith.        YELLOW  POND-LILY.     SPATTER-DOCK. 

Sepals  5  to  1 2,  persistent,  usually  yellow  within  and  partly  green  without. 
Petals  and  stamens  short  and  numerous,  densely  crowded  around  the  ovary. 
Ovary  8  to  20-celled,  crowned  by  a  radiate  stigma,  the  cells  many-seeded.  — 
In  shallow  water,  sending  up  large  leathery  leaves  which  are  usually  upright, 
but  sometimes  floating. 

1.  N.  advena,  Ait.  Emersed  and  erect  leaves  thick,  varying  from 
roundish  to  ovate  or  almost  oblong  in  outline,  the  sinus  open,  or  closed,  or  narrow : 
sepals  6 :  petals  like  the  stamens,  thick  and  fleshy,  truncate  :  fruit  ovoid.  — 
Abundant  in  the  Yellowstone  Park,  and  extending  northward  and  eastward 
across  the  continent. 


FUMARIACE^.      (FUMITORY   FAMILY.)  13 

2.   N.  polysepalum,  Engelm.     Larger:   leaves  6  to   12  inches  long, 

rounded  above,  deeply  cordate  at  base :  sepals  8  to  12  :  petals  dilated  and  unlike 
the  stamens,  often  tinged  with  red  :  fruit  globular.  —  Mountain  lakes  in  Colo- 
rado, westward  and  northward. 


ORDER  4.     PAPAVERACE^E.     (POPPY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  usually  with  milky  or  orange-yellow  juice  ;  sepals  2  or  3, 
caducous;  petals  twice  as  many,  in  two  sets;  stamens  indefinite;  ovary 
1 -celled,  with  parietal  placentae;  seeds  numerous.  —  Leaves  alternate, 
without  stipules.  Petals  imbricated  and  commonly  crumpled  in  the 
bud. 

1.  Papaver.     Ovary  incompletely  several-celled  by  the  projecting  placentae.     Stigmas 

united  into  a  radiate  crown.    Pod  opening  by  chinks  or  pores  under  the  edge  of 
the  stigma. 

2.  Argemone.     Ovary  strictly  1-celled.     Pod  opening  by  valves,  and  with  the  leaves 

prickly. 

1.    PAPAVER,    L.        POPPY. 

Sepals  2.  Stigma  4  to  20-rayed.  Pod  short  and  turgid.  —  Herbs  with  a 
white  juice,  and  nodding  flower-buds. 

1.  P.  nudicaule,  L.  Scape  1-flowered,  2  to  3  inches  high,  naked,  hispid 
as  well  as  the  calyx  with  brownish  hairs :  leaves  lance-ovate  in  outline,  deeply 
pinnatifid :  petals  lemon-yellow  :  pod  obovate,  hispid.  —  P.  alpinum  of  the  Fl. 
Colorado.  Alpine.  Colorado  and  in  Arctic  America. 


2.    ARGEMONE,    L.        PRICKLY  POPPY. 

Sepals  2  or  3,  often  prickly.  Stigma  3  to  6-rayed.  Pod  oblong;  seeds 
crested.  —  Well  marked  by  the  prickly  bristles  and  yellow  juice.  Leaves 
sessile,  sinuate-lobed,  with  prickly  teeth.  Flower-buds  erect. 

1.  A.  platyceras,  Link  &  Otto.  Erect,  1  to  2J  feet  high,  hispid 
throughout  or  armed  with  rigid  bristles  or  prickles  :  lower  leaves  attenuate 
to  a  winged  petiole  ;  the  upper  sessile  or  auriculate-clasping :  flowers  white : 
pod  oblong.  —  A^hfspida,  Gray.  Colorado  to  Mexico  and  westward. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  A.  Mexicana  occurs  in  Colorado,  but  it  ranges  farther 
south. 

ORDER  5.     FlIMARIACE^E.     (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 

Tender  herbs,  with  watery  juice,  dissected  compound  leaves,  perfect 
irregular  hypogynous  flowers  with  rjarts  in  twos,  except  the  diadelphous 
stamens  which  are  6,  ovary  1-celled,  seeds,  etc.  as  in  Papaveracece,  to 
which  order  Bentham  &.  Hooker  have  united  it. 

1.  Dicentra.     Corolla  heart-shaped  (in  ours)  at  the  base. 

2.  Corydalis.    Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base. 


14  FOMAUIACEJE.      (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 


1.  DICENTRA,    Borkh. 

Sepals  2,  small  and  scale-like.  Petals  4,  in  two  sets  ;  the  outer  pair  larger, 
saccate  at  base,  the  tips  spreading ;  the  inner  much  narrower,  spoon-shaped, 
the  hollowed  tips  lightly  united  at  the  apex,  thus  forming  a  cavity  which  con- 
tains the  anthers  and  stigma.  Middle  anther  in  each  set  2-celled,  lateral  ones 
1-celled.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  1-celled.  —  Glabrous  perennials  with  the 
fleshy  root  surmounted  by  a  bulb-like  cluster  of  fleshy  grains  and  ternately 
or  pinnately  compound  leaves. 

1.  D.  uniflora,  Kellogg.  The  3  to  7  divisions  of  the  leaves  piunatifid 
into  a  few  linear-oblong  or  spatulate  lobes  :  scape  2  to  3  bracted,  1 -flowered  : 
flowers  flesh-colored,  ^  inch  long,  the  divergent  or  reflexed  tips  of  the  outer 
petals  equalling  or  exceeding  the  erect  gibbous-saccate  base ;  inner  ones  not 
crested,  the  blade  broadly  hastate  :  pod  abruptly  beaked  with  the  short  style. 
—  Alpine.  Wahsatch  and  Teton  Mountains,  and  westward  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

2.  CORYDALIS,   DC. 

Corolla  one-spurred  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side.     Otherwise  as  in  Dicentra. 
*  Corolla  golden-yellow  ;  spur  shorter  than  the  rest  of  the  flower. 

1 .  C.  aurea,  Willd.      Stems  low  or  decumbent :   racemes  simple :    the 
slightly  decurved  spur  not  half  the  length  of  the  rest  of  the  flower :  tips  of  the 
outer  petals  blunt,  c restless  and  naked  on  the  back:  pods  usually  pendent: 
seeds  smooth  and  even,  turgid,  marginless,  partly  covered  by  the  scale-shaped 
aril.  —  From  Colorado  northward  and  eastward. 

Var.  OCcidentalis,  Gray.  Spur  longer :  pods  erect :  seeds  lenticular  with 
acute  margins,  —  More  common  in  our  range  than  the  type.  Colorado  to 
Montana,  and  eastward  to  Missouri  and  Texas. 

Var.  micrantha,  Engelm.  Flowers  small,  nearly  spurless,  on  short  pedi- 
cels :  pods  ascending.  —  From  the  Western  Mississippi  States  to  the  Uinta 
Mountains. 

2.  C.  Clirvisiliqua,  Engelm.     Differs  from  the  last  in  having  longer 
4-angular  pods  ascending  on  vert/  short  pedicels :  the  acute-margined  seeds  muri- 
cate.  —  C.  aurca,    var.    curvisiliqua,   Gray.      Common   in   the   mountains   of 
Colorado  and  southeastward. 

*  *  Corolla  white  or  cream-color ;  spur  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  flower. 

3.  C.  Brandegei,  Watson.     Tall  and  stout  (5  feet  high) :  leaves  twice 
or  thrice  pinnately  divided ;  the  lanceolate  leaflets  i  to  1  inch  long,  acute  or 
acuminate  :  hood  not  crested,  the  margins   folded   back  and   not  projecting 
beyond  the  obtuse  summit :  pod  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  reflexed.  —  Mountains  of 
S.  Colorado  and  in  the  Wahsatch.     Formerly  referred  to  C.  Caseana,  which 
has  a  more  westerly  range. 

4.  C.  Cusickii,  Watson.    Leaves  Bipinnately  divided  ;  the  oblong-oval  leaf- 
lets acute  at  each  end,  half-inch  long  :  the  broad  margins  of  the  hood  produced 
beyond  its  acute-  apex  and  folded  back  over  the  narrow  and  somewhat  crisped 
or  erose  crest :  pod  acute.  —  Extending  from  Oregon  into  the  Bitter  Boot 
Mountains. 


CRUCIFEK.E.      (MUSTABD   FAMILY.)  15 


ORDER  6.    CRUCIFER.E.    (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  a  pungent  watery  juice,  cruciform  corolla,  tetradynamous 
stamens,  and  a  2-celled  pod  with  2  parietal  placent£e.  —  Sepals  4,  decid- 
uous. Petals  4.  Ovary  2-cellcd  by  a  partition  which  stretches  across 
from  the  placentae,  rarely  1 -celled.  Style  undivided  or  none;  stigma 
entire  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  silique  or  silicle,  the  two  valves  falling  away 
from  the  partition,  which  persists  and  is  called  the  replum,  in  a  few 
genera  indehisceut.  Ovules  few  or  numerous.  Flowers  generally  111 
racemes  and  without  bractlets.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 
The  mature  pods  are  necessary  for  analysis. 

I.   Pod  dehiscent,  2-valved. 
*  Pod  strongly  compressed  parallel  with  the  broad  partition :  cotyledons  accumbent  (i.  e. 

the  radicle  and  cotyledons  appearing  in  cross-section  thus  08). 
t-  Pod  short ;  valves  nerveless  or  faintly  1-nerved :  flowers  white  or  yellow. 
1.  Draba.     Pod  ovate  to  oblong  or  linear,  few  to  many-seeded ;  valves  flat  or  convex. 
Seeds  wingless.     Low,  flowers  racemose. 

••-  •«-  Pod  elongated. 

**  Valves  nerveless  ;  replum  thickened ;  seeds  wingless  :  flowers  white  :  leaves  all  petioled. 
2    Cardamine.      Pod    moderately    beaked    or   pointed.    Stems  leafy,    with    elongated 

racemes. 
•H-  -H-  Valves  1-nerved  ;  replum  thin  ;  seeds  flat,  often  winged  or  margined  :  flowers  white  to 

purple  (sometimes  yellowish  in  Streptanthus) :  cauline  leaves  (if  any)  sessile. 
8.  Parrya.     Anthers  linear.     Petals  broadly  obovate.    Seeds  in  one  or  two  rows.    Scape 
naked. 

4.  Arabia.    An  there  short,  scarcely  emarginate  at  base.     Petals  with  a  flat  blade  and 

claw.     Calyx  short  or  narrow,  rarely  colored.    Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows. 

5.  Streptanthus.    Anthers  elongated,  sagittate  at  base.     Petals  often  without  a  dilated 

blade,  more  or  less  twisted  or  undulate,  the  claw  channelled.     Calyx  dilated  and 
usually  colored.    Seeds  in  one  row. 

*  *  Pod  terete  or  4-anglecl,  slightly  or  not  at  all  compressed  ;  seeds  not  margined. 
•*-  Pod  long-linear  (1  to  4  inches) ;  valves  1-nerved ;  seeds  in  ]  row,  oblong,  somewhat  flat- 
tened, cotyledons  incumbent  (i.  e.  the  radicle  and  cotyledons  appearing  in  cross- 
section  thus  oX>).     Stout  biennial.;  or  perennials. 

•H-  Flowers  greenish-yellow  to  purple :  anthers  sagittate. 

6.  Caulanllms.     Petals  with  a  broad  claw,  somewhat  dilated  above  and  undulate,  little 

longer  than  the  broad  sepals,  greenish-yellow  or  purple.    Filaments  included.    Stigma 
nearly  sessile,  somewhat  2-lobed.     Pod  sessile,  3  inches  long  or  more. 

7.  Thely  podium.    Petals  with  narrow  claw  and  flat  linear  to  rounded  limb,  much  ex- 

ceeding the  narrow  sepals,  usually  pink  to  purple.     Filaments  often  exserted.     Style 
short ;  stigma  mostly  entire.     Pod  sessile  or  short-stipitate. 
•H-  -H-  Flowers  yellow. 

8.  Stanleya.    Pod  somowhat  terete,  long-stipitate.    Stigma  sessile,  entire.    Anthers  not 

sagittate,  spirally  coiled.    Leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid. 

9.  Erysimum.    Pod  4-angled,  sessile.     Stigma  2-lobed.     Anthers  sagittate,  Dot  coiled. 

Leaves  narrow,  entire  or  repandly  toothed. 

••-  -•-  Pod  linear,  mostly  less  than  1  inch  long  ;  valves  1  to  3-nerved  ;  seeds  in  1  or  2  rows, 
globose  to  oblong  :  flowers  usually  yellow  (white  or  pinkish  in  Smelowskia) :  at  least 
the  lower  leaves  pinuatifid.1 

1  Brassica,  an  introduced  genus,  may  be  looked  for  in  this  group,  differing  from  the  other 
genera  in  its  nearly  terete  pod  with  a  long  stout  beak,  globose  seeds  with  the  cotyledons 
infolding  the  radicle,  and  long  sagittate  anthers.  See  foot-note,  p.  23. 


16  CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

10.  Barbarea.    Pod  somewhat  4-angled,  pointed.    Seeds  oblong ;  cotyledons  nearly  ac- 

cumbent.      Anthers  short,  oblong.      Leaves  lyrately-phmatifid.      A  smooth  marsh 
perennial 

11.  Sisymbrium.     Pod  nearly  terete,  short-pointed  or  obtuse.     Seeds  oblong;  cotyle- 

dons incumbent.    Anthers  linear-oblong,  sagittate.    Mostly  annual,  with  finely  dis- 
sected or  entire  leaves. 

12.  Smelowskia.     Pod  short,  4-angled,  pointed  at  each  end.     Alpine  perennials  with 

narrowly  pinnatifid  leaves  ;  otherwise  as  Sisymbrium. 

••-  4-  -•-  Pod  oblong-cylindric  to  globose  ;  valves  strongly  convex,  nerveless ;  seeds  in  2 
rows,  cotyledons  accumbent.l 

13.  Nasturtium.     Pod  oblong  or  short-linear.      Flowers  white  or  yellow.     Smooth  or 

somewhat  hispid. 
11.  Vesicaria.    Pod  ovate  to  globose.     Seed  flattened.    Flowers  yellow.   Densely  stellate- 

canescent. 
#  #  *  Pod  more  or  less  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  which  is  narrower  than  the  valves  ; 

seeds  not  winged. 

•i-  Valves  1-nerved  or  obtusely  carinate,  not  winged ;  cells  several-seeded ;  cotyledons  in- 
cumbent :  flowers  white. 

15.  Subularia.     Pod  ovoid,  slightly  compressed.     A  dwarf  stemless  aquatic,  smooth, 

with  tufted  subulate  leaves. 

16.  Capsella.    Pod  obcordate  or  oblong,  much  compressed.    Nearly  smooth  annuals. 

•*-  ••-  Valves  acutely  carinate  or  winged ;  cells  few  (1  to  5)-seeded  ;  cotyledons  accumbent 
(mostly  incumbent  in  Lepidium) :  flowers  white. 

17.  Thlaspi.    Po^d  cuneate-oblong ;  valves  sharply  carinate  ;  cells  2  to  4-seeded.    A  smooth 

alpine  perennial  with  entire  leaves. 

18.  Lepidium.    Pod  orbicular  or  obovate,  2-winged  at  the  summit;  cells  1  to  2-seeded. 
•«-•«-•«-  Valves  inflated,  nerveless ;  cells  several-seeded ;   cotyledons  accumbent :  flowers 

yellow. 

19.  Physaria.     Pod  didymous  ;  cells  nearly  globular.   Stellate-cancscent  perennials  with 

entire  leaves. 

II.    Pod  of  2  indehiscent  cells,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  persistent  axis.8 

20.  Biscutella.     Cells  flat,  nearly  orbicular,  1-seeded.     Flowers  rather  large.      Stigma 

dilated  OT  conical,  nearly  sessile. 

1.     DRAB  A,    L.        WHITLOW-GRASS. 

Sepals  equal.  Filaments  mostly  flattened,  without  teeth  :  anthers  rounded 
or  oval.  —  Leaves  entire  or  toothed. 

*  Stems  scape-like,  leafless  (or  perhaps  1  or2-leaved). 

1.  D.  Stellata,  Jacq.  Scape  with  a  single  leaf,  pubescent:  leaves  oblong- 
oval,  tomentose  with  a  short  stellate  pubescence :  flowers  white  :  pedicels  puberulent : 
pods  oblong.  —  Uinta  and  Teton  Mountains,  and  far  northward. 

Var.  nivalis,  Regel.  Scape  naked  or  sometimes  with  one  or  two  leaves, 
pubescent :  leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  canescent  with  a  stellate  pubescence : 
pods  narrowl/i  oblong,  and,  with  the  pedicels,  becoming  glabrous.  —  D.  nemorosa, 
var.  alpina,  of  the  Fl.  Colorado.  High  peaks  about  Mt.  Lincoln,  Colorado, 
and  in  Arctic  America. 

Var.  Johannis,  Regel.  Scape  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  glabrous : 
leaves  ovate,  with  a  shoi't  woollij  pubescence :  pods  long,  linear,  and  with  the  pedi- 

1  Camelina,  an  introduced  genus,  is  distinguished  by  its  pear-shaped  pod,  1-nerved  valves, 
incumbent  cotyledons,  and  small  yellow  flowers.    See  foot-note,  p.  25. 

2  Raphanus,  an  introduced  genus,  is  known  by  its  elongated  1-celled  or  transversely- 
jointed  pod,  which  is  attenuated  above.     See  foot-note,  p.  27. 


CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  17 

eels  glabrous. — D.  muricella,  Wahl.  ?  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  21;  D.  nivalis  of 
Hayd.  Rep.  1870.     Uinta  Mountains  and  far  northward. 

2.  D.  crassifolia,  Grah.      Scape   naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  1  to  3 
inches  high:  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  entire  or  somewhat  serrate,  ciliate  with 
simple  hairs :  flowers  small,  yellow  or  white :  petals  a  little  exceeding  the  sepals, 
retuse :  pods  ovate-elliptical,  glabrous.  —  Alpine,  from  Colorado  northward, 
and  in  California. 

3.  D.  alpina,  L.     Bather  rigid :  scape  naked,  mostly  somewhat  hirsute  : 
leaves  spat  ulate-lanceol  ate,  more  or  less  pilose  with  branching  hairs  :  petals  yellow, 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals :   pods  somewhat  corymbed,  oblong- 
elliptical. —  Alpine,  Colorado,  Uintas,  and  northward  to  Arctic  America. 

Var.  glacialiS,  Dickie.  Dwarf:  leaves  more  rigid,  linear  or  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  more  or  less  strongly  carinate,  stellate  pubescent,  not  ciliate :  pods 
short-ovate,  pubescent.  — D.  glacialis  of  Hayd.  Hep.  1871,  1872.  Peaks  about 
Yellowstone  Lake  and  far  northward. 

#  *  Stems  leafy. 
•t-  Flowers  white. 

4.  D.  incana,  L.     Hoary  pubescent,  seldom  branching  at  the  base :  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  linear,  or  the  lower  spatulate:  pods  oblong-lanceolate ,  often 
pubescent,  on  short  erect  pedicels. 

Var.  eonf  lisa,  Poir.  Leaves  sparingly  toothed  :  pods  pubescent.  —  Moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  in  British  America. 

5.  D.  CUneifolia,  Nutt.      Hirsute-pubescent  throughout  with  branching 
hairs,  usually  branching  at  base,  leafy  below  or  only  at  base  :  leaves  obovate  or 
spatulate  with  a  narrow  or  cuneate  base,  sparingly  toothed  toward  the  apex : 
pods  linear-oblong,  somewhat  pubescent  with  short  ascending  hairs,  on  spread- 
ing pedicels.  —  Southern  Colorado,  eastward,  and  probably  westward. 

1-  -«-   Flowers  yellow  (white  in  one  variety  of  No.  7). 
•«-*•  Pods  glabrous  (except  in  one  variety  of  No.  7). 

6.  D.  Stenoloba,  Ledeb.     Somewhat  vilfous  with  spreading  hairs,  glabrous 
above :   stems  erect,  with  divergent  or  decumbent  branches  near  the  base : 
leaves  oblanceolate,  rather  thin,  rarely  and  sparingly  toothed ;  the  cauline  few 
and  sessile  :  petals  bright  or  pale  yellow  :  pods  linear,  in  an  elongated  raceme 
on  spreading  scattered  pedicels ;   style  none.  —  D.   nemorosa,  var.  lutea,  of  Bot. 
King's  Exp.  22.     Colorado  mountains,  the  Uintas  and  Wahsatch,  and  west- 
ward to  California. 

7.  D.  nemorosa,  L.     Leaves  oblong  or  someichat  lanceolate,  more  or  less 
toothed :  racemes  elongated :  petals  emarginate,  small :  pods  elliptical-oblong, 
half  the  length  of  the  horizontal  or  widely  spreading  pedicels. 

Var.  leiocarpa,  Lindb.  Often  with  stem  nearly  or  quite  leafless,  and 
petals  sometimes  pinkish-white :  sepals  sparsely  hirsute :  pedicels  scarcely  ex- 
ceeding or  even  shorter  than  the  glabrous  pods.  —  D.  nemorosa,  var.  lutea,  of 
Fl.  Colorado  and  Hayd.  Eep.  1871.  Colorado  and  throughout  Yellowstone 
Park. 

Var.  hebecarpa,  Lindb.  Pubescent :  stem  branched  :  pods  pubescent, 
one  third  the  length  of  the  pedicels.  —  D.  nemorosa  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  22  and 
Hayd.  Rep.  1871.  In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to  Arctic  America. 

2 


18  CRUCIFER^E.    (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

8.  D.  chrysantha,  Watson.     Sterns  decumbent  or  erect  from  a  branch- 
ing rootstock,  which  becomes  covered  with  the  persistent  bases  of  dead  leaves, 
sparingly  pubescent  with  simple  hairs :  basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
mostly  entire;  the  cauline  oblauceolate  to  lanceolate  :  flowers  bright  yellow: 
pod  oblong,  acute  at  each  end  and  beaked  by  a  slender  style.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xvii.  364.     In  the  high  mountains  of    Colorado  and  southward  into 
Arizona. 

•*-*•  -W-  Pods  not  glabrous. 

9.  D.  montana,   Watson.     Hoary-villous   with  simple  or  branching  rigid 
hairs,  rather  stout,  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  becoming  a  span  high 
or  less :  leaves  rosulate  and  rather  crowded  at  and  above  tlie  base  of  the  stem, 
oblanceolate,  sparingly  toothed  :  pods  linear-oblong,  obtusish,  roughly  puberulent, 
nearly  erect  upon  spreading  pedicels;   style  none.  —  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  63. 
Colorado. 

10.  D.  aurea,  Vahl.     More  or  less  canescently  stellate  pubescent  and  usually 
somewhat  villous  with  branching  hairs :  stems  3  to  18  inches  high,  solitary  or 
several  from  the  same  root,  simple  or  branched  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  petioled ; 
the  upper  sessile,  oblong  to    oblong-ovate,  entire  or  sometimes  sparingly 
toothed  :  petals  yellow  fading  to  white :  pods  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  upward 
into  a  short  style,  puberulent,  often  somewhat  twisted.  —  [From  Colorado  to  British 
America. 

Var.  stylosa,  Gray.  Style  as  long  as  in  the  next.  —  Southwestern 
Colorado. 

11.  D.  Streptocarpa,  Gray.     A  span  high,  with  simple  or  simply  forked, 
long,  rigid,  shaggy,  spreading  hairs :  radical  leaves  rosulate,  spatulate-lanceolate, 
attenuated  into  a  large-margined  petiole  ;  cauline  very  entire,  sessile :  racemes 
often  paniculate:  petals  golden-yellow:  pods  linear  or  oblong-ovate,  minutely  or 
strongly  hispid-ciliatc,  usually  much  twisted  with  often  3  or  4  turns  ;  style  long. 
—  In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  very  summit,  the  alpine  forms  being 
much  dwarfed. 

12.  D.  ventosa,    Gray.      Depressed   and  ccspitose,  canescently   tomentose 
throughout,   the   pubescence    stellate :    leaves    crowded  on   the   mostly  tufted 
branches,  spatulate-oblong  or  obovate,  entire :  peduncle  in  fruit  exserted  be- 
yond the  leaves:  petals  golden-yellow:  pod  oval  or  orbicular,  tomentulose-hirsute, 
tipped  with  a  short  distinct  style.  —  Am.  Naturalist,  viii.  212.    "  On  a  high  rocky 
peak  overlooking  Snake  and  Wind  River  valleys,"  Parry. 

2.     CARD  AMI  WE,    L.        BITTER  CRESS.    X 

Sepals  equal.  Pod  linear,  seeds  in  one  row.  —  Growing  in  wet  places, 
usually  with  running  rootstocks  or  small  tubers  ;  leaves  all  petioled,  simple  or 
pinnate. 

1.  C.  COrdifolia,  Gray.     Stem  I  to  3  feet  high,  erect,  simple,  leafy  to  the 
top :  leaves  cordate,  sparingly  repand-dentate  or  angular-toothed,  ciliate,  2  to  4 
inches  across  ;  lowest  orbicular ;  upper  triangular-cordate  :  flowers  rather  large : 
pods   erect. —  C.  rhomboidea  of   Hayd.  Rep.  1871.     From  New  Mexico  and 
Colorado  to  Oregon. 

2.  C.  Breweri,  Watson.     Stem  6  to  18  inches  high,  flexuons,  decumbent  at 
base,  usually  simple :  leaflets  1  or  2  pairs,  rounded  or  oblong,  the  terminal  much 


CBUCIFEK^S.     (MUSTAED  FAMILY.)  19 

the  largest,  eutire  or  coarsely  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed,  often  cordate  at  base ; 
radical  leaves  mostly  simple  and  cordate-reniform :  pods  obtuse  or  scarcely 
beaked  with  a  short  style,  ascending.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  339.  C.  pau- 
cisecta  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1870,  1871,  1872.  From  Wyoming  to  California  and 
Oregon. 

3.  C.  hirsuta,  L.  Stem  3  to  12  inches  high,  erect  or  ascending  from  a 
spreading  duster  of  root-leaves :  leaflets  3  to  7  pairs,  rounded ;  those  of  the 
upper  leaves  oblong  or  linear  and  often  confluent:  flowers  small:  pods  erect  or 
ascending  in  line  with  the  pedicels ;  <*tyle  very  short  or  almost  none.  —  From 
Colorado  to  Alaska  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

3.    PARRYA,  R.  Br. 

Style  rather  short;  lobes  of  the  stigma  connate.  Seeds  flat,  orbicular,  with 
a  broad  membranous  border. — Low  herbs,  with  thick  perennial  roots  and 
numerous  scapes  with  racemed  flowers. 

1.  P.  nudicaulis,  Regel.  Rootstock  fusiform:  scape  4  to  6  inches 
high  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  incisely  toothed  :  petals  rose-color  or  purple, 
retuse :  pods  broadly  linear,  erect,  slightly  incurved,  somewhat  constricted 
between  the  seeds,  which  are  slightly  corrugated. 

Var.  aspera,  Regel.     Pilose  with  glandular  hairs. 

Var.  glabra,  Regel.  Whole  plant  glabrous.  —  Both  varieties  are  included 
in  the  P.  macrocarpa  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  14  and  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  88. 
Near  the  summit  of  one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Uintas  (  Watson). 

4.    ARAB  IS,  L.        ROCK  CRESS. 

Anthers  short,  hardly  emarginate  at  base.  Stigma  entire  or  somewhat 
2-lobed.  Pod  linear.  Seeds  flat  and  usually  winged.  —  Erect,  with  perpen- 
dicular roots  and  undivided  leaves,  the  cauline  usually  clasping  and  auricled 
at  base. 

*  Biennials :  pods  erect  or  ascending:  flowers  small,  white  or  nearly  so. 

1.  A.  perfoliata,  Lam.      Glaucous:   stem  stout,  usually  simple,  2  to  4 
feet  high,  mostly  glabrous  but  often  hirsute  toward  the  base :  lower  leaves  spatu- 
late,  sinnate-pinnatijid  or  toothed ;  the  cauliiie  entire,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
clasping  by  the  sagittate  base :  petals  little  exceeding  the  sepals :  pods  erect  and 
usually  appressed,  narrowly  linear;  style  short:  seeds  in  two  rows,  narrowly 
winged  or  wingless.  —  Across  the  continent  and  far  northward. 

2.  A.  hirsuta,  Scop.     Rough-hairy,  sometimes  smoothish,  1  to  2  feet  high  : 
leaves  often  rosulate  at  the  base ;  the  cauline  ovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
entire  or  toothed,  partly  clasping  by  a  somewhat  sagittate  or  cordate  base  :  petals 
greenish-white,  longer  than  the  sepals:  pedicels  and  pods  strict!,// upright ;  style 
scarcely  any :  seeds  in  one  row,  wingless.  —  Colorado  and  northward,  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 

3.  A.  Spathulata,  Nutt.     Hirsute,  dwarf  and  somewhat  cespitose,  about 
4  inches  high  :  root  thick,  crowned  with  vestiges  of  former  leaves  and  stems  : 
leaves  spatulate-oblong,  entire ;  radical  leaves  on  rather  long  petioles :   petals 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals :  pedicel  about  half  the  length  of  the  pod, 
which  is  rather  short,  diverging,  pointed  with  a  distinct  slender  style :  seeds  with 


20  CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

a  narrow  margin.  —  Along  the  Platte  and  westward   to   W.   Nevada    and 
Oregon. 

4.  A.  lyrata,  L.     Low,  diffuse  or  spreading  from  the  base,  mostly  glabrous, 
except  the  lyrate-pinnatifid  root-leaves;   cauline  leaves  scattered,  spatulate  or 
linear  with  a  tapering  base:  petals  much  longer  than  the  yellowish  sepals:  pods 
ascending  or  spreading:   seeds  marginless.  —  From  Colorado  northward  and 
eastward. 

*  *  Mostly  perennials:  pods  usual.li/  erect  or  ascending    Jlowers  mostly  larger 
and  deeper-colored. 

5.  A.  Drummondii,  Gray.      Scarcely  glaucous,  I  to  2  feet  high :   stem- 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear  and  sagittate,  or  the  lowest  spatulate :  petals 
white  or  rose-color,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals  :   pedicels  and  pods 
loosely  erect  or  ascending  or  spreading:  -seeds  wing-margined.  —  Throughout 
the  whole  Rocky  Mountain  region  and  eastAvard  across  the  continent.     Very 
variable. 

6.  A.  Lyalli,  Watson.     Bright  green  or  glaucous  and  glabrous,  sometimes 
villous  below,  rarely  more  or  less  canescent  with  stellate  pubescence :  stems 
slender  from  a  branching  base,  2  to  15  inches  high :  radical  leaves  oblanceolate, 
entire ;  cauliuo  oblong-lanceolate,  clasping  by  a  sagittate  base  :   petals  light 
pink,  twice   longer  than  the  sepals :    style  none :    seeds  in   2  rows,  narrowly 
winged. — Proc.  Am.   Acad.  xi.    122.      A.  Drummondii,   var.   alpina,   of   Fl. 
Colorado  nnd  Hayd.  Rep.  1871, 1872.     Alpine  and  subalpine.     Colorado,  Utah, 
Wyoming,  and  westward. 

7.  A.  canescens,  Nutt.     Densely  and  finely  stellate-pubescent,  2  to  6  inches 
high,  tufted :  leaves  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate  to  broadly  spatulate,  entire  ; 
cauline  oblong  and  clasping :  petals  pale-purple :  pods  glabrous,  tipped  by  a 
thick  nearly  sessile  stigma,  more  or  less  spreading  or  rejlcxed  on  short  pedicels : 
seeds  in  1  row,  broadly  winged.  —  Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  California. 

*  *  *  Perennial:  pods  reflexed  or  recurved:  style  none. 

8.  A.  Holboellii,  Hornem.    More  or  less  stellate-pubescent,  rarely  hirsute 
or  even  glabrous  :  stem  \  to  2  feet  high,  simple  or  branching :  lower  leaves 
spatulate,  entire  or  denticulate  :  petals  twice  longer  than  the  sepals,  white  or 
rose-color  or  rarely  purple,  becoming  reflexed.  —  A.  retrofracta,  Grah.     From 
the  Sierra  Nevada  to  New  Mexico  and  Arctic  America,  and  eastward  to  the 
Saskatchewan. 

5.    STBEPTANTHUS,  Nutt. 

Anthers  elongated,  sagittate;  longer  filaments  sometimes  connate.  Stigma 
simple.  Pod  linear.  Seeds  flat,  broadly  winged.  —  Ours  is  a  perennial,  with 
stem-leaves  clasping  by  a  broad  auriculate  base. 

1.  S.  COrdatUS,  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  glaucous:  stem  simple,  1  to  2  feet 
high,  rather  stout :  leaves  thick,  usually  repandly  toothed  toward  the  apex, 
the  teeth  often  setosely  tipped ;  lower  leaves  spatulate-ovate  or  obovate ; 
eauline  cordate  to  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate :  petals  about  half  longer  than 
the  sepals,  greenish-yellow  to  purple :  pods  nearly  straight,  loosely  spreading. 
—  Mountains  of  Arizona,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming,  and  west  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 


CKUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  21 


6.    CAUL  A  NTH  US,  Watson. 

Sepals  large,  nearly  equally  saccate  at  base.  Anthers  linear,  curved. — 
Ours  are  stout  perennials,  with  lyrate  and  entire  leaves  and  greenish-yellow 
flowers. 

1.  C.  hastatUS,  Watson.  Glabrous,  simple  or  somewhat  branched: 
leaves  petioled,  very  variable;  radical  ones  lyrate  or  entire,  the  terminal 
leaflet  ovate,  hastate,  or  truncate  at  base,  the  lateral  leaflets  very  small ;  cauline 
ovate-oblong,  entire,  hastate,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base :  flowers  in  a  loose 
virgate  raceme,  reflexed :  sepals  narrow,  distant:  petals  (sometimes  nearly 
wanting)  equalling  the  sepals,  toothed  on  the  sides  :  pods  spreading. — Bot. 
King's  Exp.  28,  with  plate.  On  shaded  slopes  in  the  Wahsatch  and  Uinta 
Mountains. 


7.    THELYPODIUM,   Endl. 

Sepals  narrow,  equal  at  base.     Anthers  linear,  curved.  —  Mostly  stout  and 
coarse  biennials. 

*  Leaves  entire. 

1.  T.  integrifolium,  Endl.     Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  attenuated  upward 
and  sending  out  numerous  branches  toward  the  summit:  radical  leaves  petioled, 
oblong-elliptical ;  cauline  lanceolate,  sessile,  uppermost  nearly  linear :  flowers 
crowded,  pale   rose-color :    pedicels  almost  horizontal :    pod   short,  abruptly 
pointed,  on  a  short  stipe.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  Upper  Missouri  and 
Oregon ;  also  in  California. 

2.  T.  linearifolium,  Watson.     Stem  1  foot  or  more  high,  often  branched 
from  the  base,  erect,  paniculate  at  the  top :  leaves  linear,  or  the  lower  lance- 
olate, sessile :    sepals  turning  purplish :    petals  rose-purple :   pods   erect,  on 
spreading  pedicels,  very  slender,  teretish,  apiculate  with  a  very  short  style.  — 
Bot.  King's  Exp.  25.     Streptanthus  linear  if olius,  Gray.     Wyoming,  Colorado, 
and  southward. 

3.  T.  sagittatum,  Endl.     Stems  weak,  rarely  erect,  12  to  18  inches  high: 
radical  leaves  long-petioled,  lanceolate;    cauline  sagittate  and  clasping:    sepals 
purplish :    petals   pale   pink :    pods  somewhat   torulose,   acuminate  with   the 
rather  long  style,  spreading.  —  W.  Wyoming,  S.  W.  Montana,  to  Utah   and 
Nevada. 

4.  T.  Nuttallii,  Watson.     Resembling  the  last  but  stouter  and  more  erect, 
3  to  5  feet  high :  radical  leaves  ovate :  sepals  and  petals  bright  purple,  rarely 
whitish. — Bot.  King's  Exp.  26.     Streptanthus  sagittatus,  Nutt.      Wyoming 
and  Montana  to  Oregon  and  California. 

*  *  At  least  the  radical  leaves  toothed. 

5.  T.  Wrightii,  Gray.     Stem  2  to  3  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate,  repand- 
dentate  or  denticulate,  all  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole :  flowering  racemes 
short  and  dense ;  pedicels  divaricate :  petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals : 
pods  widely  spreading,  on  a  very  short  stipe.  —  Colorado  and  southward. 


22  CRUCIFER^E.    (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

8.    STANLEYA,  Nutt. 

Sepals  narrow,  spreading,  yellow.  Petals  with  long  connivent  claws.  Fila- 
ments much  elongated.  —  Stout  perennials  with  large  flowers  in  elongated 
racemes. 

1.  S.  pinnatifida,  Nutt.     Stems  2  to  3  feet  high,  decumbent  at  base: 
lower  leaves  lyrate-pinnatijid ;  upper  leaves  entire,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base 
to  a  slender  petiole :  pods  somewhat  torulose,  twice  longer  than  the  stipe.  — 
S.  mtegrifolia,  James.    From  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  to  the  head-waters  of 
the  Missouri,  eastward  to  Western  Iowa,  and  westward  to  California. 

2.  S.  tomentosa,  Parry.     Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  very  stout,  white-villous 
or  hirsute  throughout:   radical  and  lower  leaves  as  in  the  last;  upper  ones 
entire  and  hastate,  passing  into  lanceolate  and  finally  subulate  bracts :  raceme 
very  dense  and  thick,  cylindrical,  becoming  1  to  1^  feet  long,  with  pale  cream- 
colored  flowers.  — Am.  Naturalist,  viii.  212.     "  Owl  Creek,  Wyoming,  on  dry 
slopes,"  Parry. 

3.  S  Viridiflora,  Nutt.     Stems  2  to  4  feet  high,  simple,  erect,  glabrous : 
radical  leaves  obovate  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  with  a  few  runcinate  teeth  towards 
the  base ;  cauliue  lanceolate,  clasping :  sepals  and  petals  greenish-yellow :  pods 
torulose.  —  N.  Nevada,  Utah,  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

9.    ERYSIMUM,    L. 

Sepals  erect,  the  alternate  ones  strongly  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  long- 
clawed,  with  a  flat  blade.  —  Leaves  not  clasping ;  the  flowers  often  large, 
yellow  or  orange,  or  occasionally  purple. 

*  Flowers  small :  pods  small  and  short. 

1.  E.    cheiranthoides,   L.     Minutely   roughish,   slender,   branching: 
leaves   lanceolate,   scarcely  toothed :    pods  very  obtusely  angled,  ascending 
on  slender  divergent  pedicels.  —  From  Colorado  to  Arctic  America  and 
westward.    ' 

*  *  Flowers  showjj :  pods  elongated. 

2.  E.  asperum,  DC.     Canescent  with  short  oppressed  hairs:  stems  soli- 
tary and  simple,  rarely  branched  above :  leaves  oUanceolate  or  narrowly  spatu- 
late ;  the  cauline  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  repand :  petals 
light  yellow  to  deep  orange  or  purple  :  pods  ascending  on  stout  spreading  pedicels. 
—  From  Mexico  to  British  America,  and  from  California  to  Texas  arid  Ohio. 

Var.  Arkansanum,  Gray.  Minutely  roughish-hoary :  leaves  lanceolate, 
somewhat  toothed  :  pods  nearly  erect  on  very  short  pedicels,  exactly  4-sided.  — 
On  the  plains  and  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  eastward. 

3.  E.  pumillim,  Nutt.     Somewhat  scabrous:  stems  2  to  4  inches  high: 
leaves  linear,  all  entire :  flowers  pale  yellow :  pods  flatly  4-sided,  very  long, 
erect,  on  very  short  pedicels.  — E.  asperum,  var.  pumilum,  and  Hesperis  Pallasii 
of  Fl.  Colorado.     Alpine  in  Colorado,  also  in  the  foothills  of  Nevada. 

4.  E.  parviflorum,  Nutt.    Canescent  and  scabrous :  stem  low  and  simple : 
leaves  all  linear  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  almost  wholly  entire,  densely  clustered 
at  the  base  of  the  stem  :  flowers  small,  sulphur-yellow :  pods  erect.  —  E.  asperum, 
var.  inconspicuum,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  24  and  Bot.  Calif,  i.  39.    Nevada  to  the 
Saskatchewan. 


CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  23 

10.     B  ABB  ARE  A,    R.  Br.        WINTER  CRESS. 

Valves  somewhat  earinate.  Seeds  iu  one  row,  turgid,  margiuless. —  Erect 
and  brandling,  with  angled  stems. 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  R.  Br.  Stem  1  to  3  feet  high:  lower  leaves  lyrate- 
pinuatifid,  with  a  larger  rounded  terminal  lobe  and  1  to  5  pairs  of  lateral 
ones  ;  upper  leaves  obovate,  more  or  less  pinuatifid  at  base :  pods  erect,  often 
appressed.  —  From  Oregon  eastward. 


11.    SISYMBBIUM,1    L.        HEDGE  MUSTARD. 

Sepals  scarcely  gibbous  at  base.  Seeds  not  margined.  —  Erect  herbs,  with 
small  flowers,  the  leaves  not  clasping  or  auriculate,  rarely  entire. 

*  Leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate. 

1.  S.   canescens,   Nutt.      Canescent  with  short   branching  hairs:   stems 
£  to  2^  feet  high  :  leaves  1  to  2-piimate,  with  the  segments  more  or  less  deeply 
pinnatifid  or  toothed  :  pods  acute  at  each  end  and  pointed  with  the  very  short 
style,  shorter  than  the  slender  spreading  pedicels  :    seeds  in  two  rows.  —  Very 
common  on  the  plains  and   in  the  mountains.     From  Colorado  to  Arctic 
America,  westward  to  California,  and  eastward  to  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

2.  S.  incisum,  Engelm.     Pubescence  short,  more  or  less  glandular :  steins 
1  to  4  feet  high :  leaves  pinnate,  with  the  segments  linear  to  ovate-oblong, 
more  or  less  deeply  pinnatifid,  sometimes  entire :  pods  pointed  at  both  ends, 
mostly  exceeding  the  spreading  pedicels :  seeds  in  one  row.  —  S.   Calif or nicum, 
Watson  in  Bot.  King's  Exp.  23.     Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  east- 
ward to  Winnipeg  Valley  and  southward  to  New  Mexico. 

*  *  Leaves  entire  or  toothed. 

3.  S.   glaucum,  Nutt.      Glaucous,  about   1    foot   high:    radical  leaves 
small,   spatulate ;   cauline  ovate,  sagittate  and  clasping,  rather  acute :  .floiccrs 
very  small,  pale  purple :  pods  erect :  seeds  in  one  or  two  rows.  —  South  Park, 
Colorado,  and  northwestward  to  Oregon. 

4.  S.  virgatum,  Nutt.     Canescently  hirsute  with  simple  and  stellate  hairs : 
stem  about  a  span  high,  virgately  branched  from  the  base :  leaves  lanceolate- 
linear,  clasping ;  lower  ones  denticulate  or  entire  :  flowers  larger,  pale  purple  : 
pods  erect :  seeds  in  two  rows.  —  On  the  Platte  and  its  tributaries. 

5.  S.  linifolium,  Nutt.     Glabrous  and  glaucous,  1  to  l£  feet  high:  leaves 
narrowly  oblanceolate  or  linear :  flowers  light  yellow :  pods  ascending  on  short 
spreading  pedicels,  with  short  thick  styles  :  seeds  in  one  row.  —  S.juncenm  of 
Hayd.  Rep.  1871,  1872.     W.  Wyoming  and  northwestward  through  Montana 
and  Idaho. 

1  BRASSICA  is  an  allied  genus,  represented  in  our  range  by  the  following  introduced 
species  :  — 

B.  Sinapistrum,  Boiss.  Known  by  its  rough  spreading  hairs,  lower  leaves  nstially  with  a 
large  coarsely  toothed  terminal  lobe,  upper  leaves  often  undivided,  and  the  pods  more  than 
a  third  occupied  by  the  stout  2-edged  beak.  —  Around  settlements  iu  S.  Montana  and  Idaho, 
and  uudoubtedly  elsewhere. 


24  CKUCIFER^E.     (MUSTAKD  FAMILY.) 

12.     SMELOWSKIA,    C.A.Meyer. 

Dwarf  alpine  perennials,  distinguished  from  Sisymbrium  by  the  short 
4-angled  pods. 

1.  S.  calycina,  C.  A.  Meyer.  Densely  white-tomentose  to  nearly  gla- 
brous, cespitose,  the  much-branched  rootstock  thickly  covered  with  the  sheath- 
ing bases  of  dead  leaves  :  leaves  mostly  radical  and  with  long  slender  petioles, 
pinnate  or  piniiatifid  ;  segments  linear  to  oblong  :  pod  beaked  with  a  short 
style  and  broad  stigma,  ascending  on  spreading  pedicels  :  seeds  in  one  row. 
—  From  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon,  and  northward. 


13.     NASTURTIUM,   R.  Br.        WATEK-CBESS. 

Growing  in  water  or  in  moist  places,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  the  leaves 
piunatifid  or  lyrate. 

*  Flowers  small,  yellow  or  yellowish. 

1.  N.  ObtUSUm,  Nutt.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so:  stems  much  branched: 
leaves  pinnately  parted  or   divided,   often   lyrate,   decurrent;    segments   oblong- 
roundish,  obtusely  toothed  or  repand  :  racemes  elongated  in  fruit  :  pods  ovate 
to  linear-oblong,  twice  the  length  of  the  pedicels  ;  style  short.  —  From  Colorado 
to  the  headwaters  of  the  Yellowstone  and  eastward.     Growiug  in  the  spray  of 
the  Lower  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone. 

Var.  (?)  alpinum,  Watson.  Dwarf:  leaves  oblong,  entire  or  with  a  few 
teeth  or  coarsely  lyrate-pinnatijid  :  pods  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  —  Bot. 
King's  Exp.  15.  Uinta  Mountains. 

2.  N.  palustre,  DC.      Stout,  glabrous,  erect,   1   to  3  feet  high:    leaves 
lanceolate,  lyrately-pinnatijid,  petioled  :    pods  oblong,  equalling   the   spreading 
pedicels,  tipped  by  the  prominent  style.  —  E.  California  to  Colorado,  thence 
northward  and  eastward. 

Var.  hispidlim,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Someivhat  hispid:  pods  shorter,  globose- 
oblong.  —  The  more  common  form. 

3.  N.   CUrvisiliqua,  Nutt.      Smooth,  usually  erect,  |  to  1   foot  high  : 
leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  pinnalijid  with  oblong  usually  toothed  lobes, 
rarely  only  sinuate-toothed  :   pods  rather  slender  on  pedicels  of  about  the 
same  length,  both  often  strongly  curved;  style  prominent  or  none.  —  W.  Wyo- 
ming and  Idaho  to  Washington  Terr,  and  California. 

4.  N.   sinuatum,  Nutt.      Stems  diffuse,  slender,  decumbent,  smooth  or 
slightly  roughened,  from  perennial   creeping  or  subterranean   shoots  :    leaves 
lanceolate,  usually  narrow,  regularly  sinuate-pinnatijid  with  numerous   linear- 
oblong  nearly  entire  lobes  :  pods  linear,   tipped  with  the  long  style,  becoming 
curved,  as  also  the  slender  pedicel.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi and  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

*  *  Flowers  white.1 

5.  N.   trachycarpum,    Gray.      Nearly    glabrous,    erect,    branching: 
leaves    lyrate-subpinnatifid  :    pods  oblong-linear,  papillose-roughened,   curved- 

1  N.  officinale,  R.  Br.,  is  a  smooth  procumbent  aquatic  rooting  at  the  joints,  with  pinnate 
leaves  and  sinuate  leaflets,  and  with  spreading  pedicels  and  a  short  thick  style.  —  Intro- 
duced  in  the  streams  about  Denver  and  Salt  Lake  City,  and  doubtless  elsewhere. 


CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  25 

ascending  on  stout  pedicels,  soon  recurved,  shorter  than  the  long  subulate 
style.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  54.  S.  W.  Colorado  on  the  San  Juan,  etc., 
Brandegee. 

14.    V  E  S I  C  A  III  A,1    Tourn.        BLADDER-POD. 

Low  densely  stellate-canescent  herbs,  with  large  yellow  flowers,  entire  or 
sinuately  toothed  leaves,  and  long  slender  styles. 

*  Pod  smooth. 

1.  V.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Low,  spreading  from  a  thick  woody  caudex : 
leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  crowded,   mostly  entire :    raceme   densely 
many-flowered  :  pod  membranaceous.  —  PL  Fendl.  9.     V.  stenophylla,  Gray,  of 
Fl.  Colorado,  6.     Southern  Colorado  and  southward. 

*  *  Pod  hairy. 

2.  V.  Ludoviciana,  DC.     Stem  simple  or  somewhat  branched  above : 
radical  leaves  spatulate,  entire;  cauline  linear :  pod  olwate,  globose,  a  little  longer 
than  the  style.  —  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

3.  V.  montana,  Gray.     Stems  spreading,  leafy:   radical  leai'es  subocate, 
petioled,  sometimes  1  or  2-toothed  ;  cauline  spatulate:  fruiting  raceme  elongated:      > 
pod  oval  or  ellipsoidal,  a  little  longer  than  the  style  and  a  little  shorter  than  the 
upwardly  curving  spreading  pedicel.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming, 
also  in  California  and  Oregon. 

4.  V.  alpina,  Nutt.     Dicarf  and  ccspitose :  leaves  linear-spatulate,  entire  : 
flowers  in  short  corymbose  racemes,  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant :    pod 
inflated  beloic,  compressed  at  the  summit,  shorter  than  the  stt/le,  densely  clothed  with 
stellate  hairs.  —  W.  Wyoming  and  S.  W.  Montana. 

15.    SUBULARIA,  L.        AWLWORT. 

A  dwarf  stemless  aquatic,  smooth,  with  tufted  subulate  leaves,  few  minute 
white  flowers,  and  no  style. 

1.  S.  aquatica,  L.  Scapes  1  to  3  inches  high:  leaves  usually  shorter 
than  the  scapes :  flowers  scattered :  petals  not  exserted :  pods  obtuse,  about 
equalling  the  pedicels.  —  In  great  abundance  at  the  head  of  Yellowstone 
Lake,  Parry.  The  next  stations  to  the  east  are  in  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine. 

16.    CAP  SELL  A,   Momch.        SHEPHERD'S  PURSE. 

Slender  and  mostly  smooth  annuals,  with  small  white  flowers  and  simple  or 
pinnate  leaves.2 

1.   C.  divaricata,  Walp.     Glabrous,  very  slender  and  diffusely  branched :       ^ 
radical  leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  with  few  lobes  ;  the  upper  oblanceolate  to 
linear,  entire:  pods   elliptic-oblong,  on  very  slender  spreading  pedicels. — 
Colorado,  W.  Wyoming,  and  westward. 

1  Camclina  saiiva,  Crantz.,  is  an  annual,  with  lanceolate  arrow-shaped  leaves,  and  large 
margined  pods  —  Known  as  "  False  Flax,"  and  introduced  in  Colorado,  etc. 

2  C.  Bursa-pastoris,  Ma-nch,  is  usually  somewhat  hirsute  at  base,  with  radical  leaves 
mostly  runcinate-pinnatifld,  cauline  lanceolate  and  auricled  at  base,  and  pods  cuneate-       Jr 
triangular,  truncate  above.  -—  Naturalized  wherever  civilized  man  is  found. 


26  CRUCIFEE^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

17.    THLASPI,    L.        PENNYCRESS. 

Pod  usually  emargiriate.  Style  rather  long.  Seeds  somewhat  turgid.  — 
Low  glabrous  herbs  with  simple  stems;  lower  leaves  rosulate,  entire  or 
toothed,  the  cauline  oblong,  auricled  and  clasping;  flowers  white  or  pinkish. 

1 .  T.  alpestre,  L.  Radical  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  obovate :  pods 
acutely  margined  but  not  winged.  —  T.  cochleariforme,  DC.,  of  Ilayd.  Hep. 
1872;  T.  Fendleri,  Gray,  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1870.  From  New  Mexico  to  British 
America  and  westward. 

18.    LEPIDITJM,    L.        PEPPERGRASS. 

Low  herbs  with  piunatifid  or  toothed  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 
#  Petals  none:  stamens  2  or  4. 

1.  L.  intermedium,  Gray.    Erect  and  branching,  puberulent  or  gla- 
brous :  lower  leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  the  upper  often  entire,  oblanceolate 
or  linear :  pod  smooth  or  rarely  puberulent,  very  shortly  winged  with  some- 
what divergent  obtuse  teeth,  on  spreading  pedicels.  —  L.  ruderale  of  Hayd. 
Rep.  1870.     From  Texas  to  Hudson's  Bay,  and  westward  to  S.  California 
and  the  Columbia  Valley.    Forms  with  small  petals  are  reported  from  Utah, 
New  Mexico,  Texas,  etc. 

*  *  Petals  conspicuous :  stamens  6.1 

2.  L.  montanum,  Nutt.     Decumbent,  brauches  many  from  a  long  some- 
what woody  root,  spreading  in  a  circular  manner :  radical  leaves  more  or  less 
bipinnatifid  ;  upper  leaves  triftd  or  entire:  pods  indistinctly  reticulated,  elliptical, 
sliytily  emarginate,  wingless,  with  a  conspicuous  style.  — Plains  from  New  Mexico 
to  the  British  boundary,  and  in  California, 

3.  L.  alyssoides,  Gray.     Stems  diffuse,  branches  minutely  puberulent : 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  mucrotndate,  attenuate  at  base,  very  entire,  lowest  often 
piuuately  lobed :  racemes  dense,  corymbose :  pods  ocate,  shortly  winged  above  with 
acutish  teeth,  scarcely  emargiuate,  with  a  very  short  style.  —  In  dry  valleys  and 
on  hillsides  from  N.  Nevada  through  Colorado  to  Mexico. 

4.  L.  Fremontii,  Watson.     Glabrous  and  glaucous,  diffusely  branched, 
from  a  somewhat  woody  base :  leaves  linear,  entire  or  sparingly  lobed :  racemes 
rather  short  and  few-flowered:  pods  rounded,  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  sliylitly 
emarginate  with  short  very  obtuse  teeth.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  30,  with  plate.     S. 
Colorado  and  through  S.  Utah  to  Nevada  and  California. 

19.    PHYSARIA,   Nutt. 

Low  and  stellately  canescent  plants,  distinguished  by  the  inflated,  nearly 
globular  cells  of  the  didymous  pod. 

1.  P.  didymocarpa,  Gray.  Decumbent,  diffusely  branched:  radical 
leaves  broadly  spatulate,  occasionally  lyrate ;  cauline  oblanceolate:  flowers 
showy :  pods  deeply  emarginate  above  and  below,  the  cells  usually  approxi- 
mate, but  sometimes  divergent.  —  From  Colorado  to  British  America  and 
westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

i  L.  sativvm,  L.,  has  leaves  variously  divided  and  cut,  with  very  numerous  round-oval 
winged  pods,  and  flowers  sometimes  rose-color.  —  Introduced  in  Colorado,  Utah,  and  else- 
where. 


CAPPARIDACE^E.      (CAPER  FAMILY.)  27 

20     BISCUTELLA,1   L. 

Erect  stellate-pubescent  branching  herbs,  with  entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves, 
and  yellow  or  purplish  flowers. 

1.  B.  Wislizeni,  Benth.  &  Hook.  A  foot  or  more  high,  covered 
throughout  with  a  fine,  but  dense,  stellate  pubescence :  leaves  linear-lanceolate 
to  broadly  lanceolate,  entire,  slightly  undulate  or  deeply  piunatifid  :  each  half 
of  the  pod  roundish.  — Dithynm  Wislizeni,  Engelra.,  of  the  various  Western 
reports.  S.  W.  Colorado,  Brandeyee,  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 


ORDER  7.    CAPPARIDACEJE.     (CAPER  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  hypogynous  flowers,  sepals 
and  petals  as  in  Cruciferce,  stamens  6  or  more,  nearly  equal  in  length, 
pod  one-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae  and  kidney-shaped  seeds,  the 
embryo  incurved  rather  than,  folded. 

*  Stamens  8  to  32. 

1.  Polanisia.    Flowers  whitish  or  purple.     Pod  elongated. 

*  *  Stamens  6. 

2.  Cleome.     Flowers  yellow  or  pink-purple.     Pod  oblong  or  linear,  many-seeded. 

3.  Cleomella.     Flowers  yellow.     Pod  rhomboidal,  2-horaed  or  globular,  few-seeded. 

1.    POLANISIA,   Raf. 

Sepals  sometimes  united  at  base.  Petals  with  claws  and  emarginate.  Pod 
compressed  or  cylindrical,  many-seeded.  — Annual  herbs,  ill-scented  and  mostly 
glandular,  with  3-foliolate  petioled  leaves,  and  flowers  in  leafy  bracted  racemes. 

1.  P.  trachysperma,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Leaves  with  3  lanceolate  leaflets; 
floral  bracts  mostly  simple  :  petals  witli  slender  claws  as  long  as  the  sepals : 
stamens  12  to  16,  exserted :  pod  very  rarely  on  a  short  slender  stipe :  seeds  finely 
pitted  and  often  warty.  —  P.  uniylandu/osa  of  the  Fl.  Colorado  and  Bot.  King's 
Ex  p.     Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  the  Columbia  Ilivcr,  and  eastward  to  Kan- 
sas and  Texas. 

2.  P.   graveolens,  Raf.     Leaves  with  3  oblong  leaflets :    flowers  small : 
calyx  and  filaments  purplish:  petals  yellowish-white:  stamens  about  11,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  pa -ds:  pod  slightly  stipitate.  —  Upper  Arkansas  Valley,  Colorado, 
and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.    CLEOME,  L. 

Sepals  sometimes  united  at  base.  Pod  stipitate,  many-seeded.  —  Erect 
branching  animals,  with  palmately  3  to  7-foliolate  leaves,  flowers  in  bracteate 
racemes,  and  pods  pendent  on  spreading  pedicels. 

1  Raphanus  sativus,  L. ,  is  more  or  less  hispid,  with  purple  or  rose-colored  flowers,  and 
an  inflated  long-pointed  pod.  — The  common  Radish,  running  wild  in  cultivated  grounds. 


28  VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  lutea,  Hook.     Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  1  to  2  feet  high : 
leaflets  5,  linear-  to  oblong-lanceolate :  flowers  showy,  bright  yellow,  corymbose, 
the  raceme  elongated  in  fruit :   stamens .  much  exserted :   pod  equalling  or 
much  longer  than  the  stipe. —  C.  aurea,  Nutt.     Abundant  in  the  valleys  of 
Colorado  and  Wyoming,  and  westward  to  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

2.  C.  integrifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Somewhat  glaucous,  2  to  3  feet  high  : 
leaflets  3,  lanceolate  (the  lowest  oblong) :  flowers  large,  showy,  reddish-purple, 
rarely  white,  the  raceme  sometimes  nearly  a  foot  long :   pods  compressed, 
much  longer  than  the  stipe.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Upper  Missouri  and 
eastward. 

3.  C.  SonorSB,  Gray.     Glabrous:  leaflets  3,  linear:  flowers  purplish:  pod 
turgid,  somewhat  longer  than  the  stipe,  which  is  much  shorter  than  the  pedicel.  — 
PL  Wright,  ii.  16.     S.  Colorado  (Brandegee)  and  southward. 

3.    CLEOMELLA,  DC. 

Like  Cleome,  but  the  pod  few-seeded,  small  and  ovoid-globose  or  rhom- 
boidal.  —  Erect  branching  annuals,  with  yellow  racemose  flowers  and  3-folio- 
late  leaves. 

1.  C.  angUStifolia,  Torr.     Branching  above:  leaflets  oblong-linear:  pod 
many  times  longer  than  the  style,  shorter  than  the  stipe,  dilated-rhomboid : 
seeds  transversely   rugulose.  —  Colorado   and   southward.      Distributed   in  the 
earlier  Colorado  collections  by  mistake  under  the  name  of  C.  tenui folia. 

2.  C.  OOCarpa,  Gray.     Diffuse:  leaflets  oblong-linear :  raceme  frequently 
densely  flowered  :  pod  with  a  somewhat  shorter  style,  much  shorter  than  the 
stipe,  ovate  :  seeds  1  or  2,  smooth.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  72.    On  the  borders  of 
the  Mesa  Verde,  S.  W.  Colorado ;  also  in  Nevada. 

ORDER  8.     VIOLACEJE.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  distinguished  by  the  irregular  one-spurred  corolla  of  5  petals, 
5  stamens,  adnate  introrse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  which  has 
a  single  club-shaped  style,  a  one-celled  ovary  with  3  parietal  placenta?. 
—  Flowers  perfect,  with  persistent  sepals.  Each  of  the  3  valves  of  the 
capsule,  after  dehiscence,  in  drying  firmly  folds  together  lengthwise  and 
l>y  its  increasing  pressure  projects  the  obovate  seeds. 

1.  Viola.    Sepals  atiricled.    Lower  petal  spurred  at  base. 

2.  lonidium.     Sepals   not    auricled.     Lower  petal   unguiculate,  the   claw  dilated  and 

shortly  gibbous  or  concave. 

1.   VIOLA,    L.        VIOLET. 

Anthers  often  coherent,  the  connectives  of  the  two  lower  bearing  spurs 
which  project  into  the  spur  of  the  petal.  —  Mostly  perennial  herbs  with  alter- 
nate leaves,  foliaceous  persistent  stipules,  and  1-flowered  axillary  peduncles. 
The  later  flowers  are  often  cleistogamous. 


VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.)  29 

#  Stemless,  the  leaves  and  scapes  all  from  a  subterranean  rootstock :  Jloivers 
purplish  or  violet  (sometimes  white). 

1.  "V".  pallistris,  L.     Smooth:  -roolafock  slender:  leaves  round  heart-shaped 
and  kidney-form,  slightly  crenate  :  flowers  small,  pale  lilac,  with  purple  streaks,  nearly 
beardless :  spur  very  short  and  obtuse.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah,  and 
far  northward  ;  also  in  the  White  Mountains  of  N.  H. 

2.  V.  CUCUllata,  Ait.      Rootstock  thick  and  branching,   dentate :   leaves 
long-petioled,  smooth  or  pubescent,  cordate  with  a  broad  sinus;  the  lowest 
often  reniform  and  the  later  acute  or  acuminate,  crenately  toothed,  the  sides 
rolled  inward  when  young:   flowers  deep  or  pale  violet  or  purple  (sometimes 
white :  the  lateral  and  often  the  lower  petals  bearded :  spur  short  and  thick.  —  A 
very  variable  species,  ranging  across  the  continent,  but  sparingly  reported 
from  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

3.  V.  delphinifolia,  Nutt.     Rootstock  short  and  very  thick,  erect,  not 
scaly  :  leaves  all  pa  I  mate  I. y  or  pedately  5  to  7 -parted ;  divisions  2  to  3-cleft  into 
linear  lobes  :  flowers  pale  or  deep  lilac -purple  or  blue :  lateral  petals  bearded. 
—  From  Colorado  across  the  plains  to  the  Mississippi  States. 

*  *  Leafy-stemmed,  perennial  from  short  rootstocks. 

t-  Leaf-bearing  from  base  to  sttmmit,  erect  or  ascending. 

•w-  Flowers  ichite  or  purple. 

4.  V.  canina,  L.,  var.  sylvestris,  Regel.     Low  (3  to  S  inches  high): 
stems  mostly  simple,  from  the  base  at  length  producing  creeping  branches : 
leaves  heart-shaped  or  the  lowest  kidney-form,  crenate;  stipules  fringe-toothed : 
petals  light  violet,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  bearded  :  spur  cylindrical,  half  the 
length  of  the  petals :  stigma  beaked.  —  The  most  common  American  variety  of 
this  very  variable  and  widely  distributed  species.     From  Colorado  northward 
and  eastward. 

Var.  adunca,  Gray.  Leaves  ovate,  often  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  ob- 
scurely crenate :  spur  as  long  as  the  sepals,  rather  slender,  hooked  or  curved.  — 
Rocky  Mountains  and  westward. 

Var.  longipes,  Watson.  Very  similar,  but  the  stout  obtuse  spur  is  nearly 
straight.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  56.  Same  range  as  the  last. 

5.  V.  Canadensis,  L.     Upright,  1  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  cordate,  pointed, 
serrate ;  sti/mles  entire :  petals  white  or  whitish  inside,  the  upper  ones  mostly 
tinged  with  purple   beneath,  sometimes   entirely  purple ;    the  lateral  ones 
bearded  :   spur  very  short :   stigma  beakless.  —  Colorado,  Montana,  Wyoming, 
and  eastward. 

++  •*-*•  Flowers  ydlow,  more  or  less  veined  or  tinged  with  purple. 

6.  V.  aurea,  Kellogg.    More  or  less  pubescent,  2  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  cuneate  or  sometimes  truncate  at  base,  coarsely  crenate ;  stip- 
ules foliac(ons,  lanceolate,  Jaciniate:  peduncles  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves:  the 
upper  petals  more  or  less  tinged  with  brown  on  the  outside,  the  others  veined 
with  purple  :  capsule  nearly  globular,  pubescent. 

Var.  venosa,  Watson.  Alpine  and  more  slender  :  flowers  smaller :  leaves 
often  purple-veined.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  56.  V.  Nitttal/ii,  var.  venosa,  of  Hayd.  Rep. 
1872.  The  species  belongs  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  westward,  while  the 
variety  ranges  eastward  to  the  Wahsatch  and  Uintas. 


30  POLYGALACE^E.      (MILKWORT  FAMILY.) 

7.  V.  Nuttallii,  Pursh.    From  densely  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous: 
leaves  oblong-ovate  to  oblong,  attenuate  into  the  long  petiole,  entire  or  obscurely 
sinuate ;  stipules  mostly  narrow,  entire :  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves : 
capsule  ovate,  smooth.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Washington 
Territory ;  also  in  California. 

•»-  •*-  Stems  naked  Mow,  two-leaved  above. 

8.  V.  biflora,  L.     Stem  weak,  2-leaved  and  2-flowered  :  leaves  rcniform, 
very  obtuse,  crenate ;  stipules  ovate,  very  entire  :  flowers  very  small,  yellow  : 
petals  marked  with  brown  lines :  spurs  short.  —  Colorado. 

2.    IONIDIUM,    Vent. 

Petals  very  unequal,  the  two  upper  shorter,  the  lower  one  very  large. 
Stamens  approximate,  the  anterior  ones  each  furnished  with  a  nectarifer- 
ous gland  at  the  base*  —  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate;  peduncles  axillary, 
solitary. 

1.  I.  lineare,  Torr.  Somewhat  pubescent:  leaves  entire  or  remotely 
serrulate ;  the  lower  varying  from  lanceolate  to  oblong  or  obovate  ;  the  upper 
linear ;  stipules  linear :  peduncles  articulated,  bibracteolate  :  flowers  small.  — 
From  Colorado  eastward  and  southward  across  the  plains. 

ORDER  9.     POLYOAL.ACE.!:.     (MILKWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  simple  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules,  remarkable  for  the 
seemingly  papilionaceous  flowers,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  stamens 
coherent  with  the  petals,  and  one-celled  anthers  opening  at  the  top. 

1.    POLYGALA,    Tourn.        MILKWORT. 

Sepals  5,  very  unequal,  the  2  lateral  large  and  petal-like.  Petals  3,  united 
to  each  other  and  to  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  one  hooded  above  and  often 
crested  or  beaked.  Stamens  6  or  8.  Ovary  2-celled:  style  long,  curved, 
dilated  above.  Capsule  membranaceous,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow 
partition,  often  notched  above.  Seed  carunculate  at  the  hilum.  —  Herbaceous 
or  somewhat  shrubby,  with  racemose  or  spicate  flowers. 

1.  P.  verticillata,  L.     Slender,  6  to  10  inches  high:  stem-leares  whorled 
in  fours,  sometimes  in  fives;  those  of  the  branches  scattered,  linear :   spikes  pe- 
duncled,  dense,  slender;  the  bracts  falling  with  the  Jloicers,  which  are  small, 
arrenish-tehite  or  barely  tinged  with  purple,  the  crest  of  the  keel  conspicuous : 
the  2-lobed  caruncle  half  the  length  of  the  seed.  —  Colorado  and  eastward  across 
the  plains. 

2.  P.  alba,  Nutt.     Smoothish,  one  foot  high,  leafy  half-way  to  the  sum- 
mit:   leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  margins  slightly  revolute:    flowers  deciduous, 
leaving  the  rarhis  roughened  after  their  fall,   white :  seed  with  caruncle  extended 
into  two  ear-like  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Plains  of  the  Upper  Missouri. 

3.  P.  acanthoclada,  Gray.     Somewhat  shrubby,  2  feet  high,  subcinereous- 
pubf  scent,  armed  with  slender  spines:  leaves  linear-spatulate :  flowers  subaxillary, 
scattered,  white ;  pedicels  bibracteolate  at  base :  keel  short  boat-shaped,  with  a 
boss  on  the  back.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  73.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  S.  E.Utah. 


CARYOPHYLLACE.E.      (PINK    FAMILY.)  31 

Low  perennial  herbs  or  undershrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and 
no  stipules ;  distinguished  from  Silenece  mainly  by  the  parietal  placentae 
and  oval  or  oblong  anatropous  seeds  with  a  straight  embryo. 

1,    FKANKENIA*  L. 

Calyx  tubular  or  prismatic,  4  or  5-lobed.  Petals  4  or  5,  clawed  and  bear- 
ing a  crown.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  1-celled :  style  2  to  4-cleft  into  filiform 
divisions.  Capsule  included  in  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Leaves  small,  mostly 
crowded,  and  also  fascicled  in  the  axils  :  flowers  small,  solitary  and  sessile  in 
the  forks  of  the  stem  or  becoming  cymose-clustered  on  the  branches,  white. 

1.  F.  Jamesii,  Torr.  Much  branched  from  a  woody  base,  6  to  10  inches 
high :  leaves  linear,  strongly  revolute  on  the  margins,  the  fascicled  ones 
shorter :  limb  of  petals  erose-denticulate  at  tip.  —  S.  Colorado. 

ORDER  11.    CARYOPIIYLLACEJG.     (PINK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  regular  and  mostly  perfect  flowers,  4  or  5  persistent 
sepals,  4  or  5  petals  (sometimes  wanting),  the  distinct  stamens  com- 
monly twice  as  many,  ovary  one-celled  with  a  free  central  placenta,  the 
seeds  reniform.  —  Steins  usually  swollen  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  opposite. 
Styles  2  to  5,  mostly  distinct.  Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by  valves,  or  by 
teeth  at  the  summit.  Stipules  none  in  our  genera. 

Tribe  I.  Sepals  united.  Petals  with  a  conspicuous  claw,  usually  with  an  appendage 
(crown)  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  borne  with  the  stamens  on  a  stipe  under  the  ovary. 
Capsule  dehiscent  at  the  toothed  summit.  Flowers  comparatively  large.  —  SiLENE.fi.1 

1.  Silene.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Styles  3, 

2.  Ijychnia.     Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-lobed.    Styles  4  or  5. 

Tribe  II.  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Petals  without  crown  or  distinct  claw,  inserted 
with  the  stamens  on  the  margin  of  a  disk  under  the  sessile  ovary,  sometimes  incon- 
spicuous or  wanting.  —  ALSINE^ 

*  Styles  (when  of  the  same  number)  opposite  the  sepals. 

3.  Cerastium.    Capsule  cylindric,  opening  at  the  toothed  apex.     Petals  emarginate  or 

bifid.     Styles  usually  5. 

4.  Stellaria.    Capsule  short,  splitting  to  the  base.   Petals  2-deft  or  none.  Styles  mostly  3. 

5.  Arenarla.    Differs  from  the  last  chiefly  in  the  entire  petals,  these  rarely  wanting. 

*  *  Styles  alternate  with  the  sepals  and  of  the  same  number. 

6.  Sagina.    Capsule  4  or  5-valved.     Petals  entire  or  wanting.    Styles  4  or  5. 

1.    SILENE,   L.        CATCIIPLT. 

Calyx  tubular,  10-nerved.  Petals  entire,  notched,  or  bifid.  Capsule  usually 
6-toothed.  —  Annual  or  mostly  perennial  herbs. 

1  Saponana,  an  introduced  genus,  has  a  terete  calyx,  petals  not  crowned,  and  two  styles. 
S.  Vac.caria,  L.,  is  a  smooth  annual,  with  ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  pale  red  flowers  in  cor- 
ymbed  cymes,  and  calyx  enlarged  and  wing-angled  in  fruit.  —  Vaccaria  vulgaris  of  Gray's 
Manual  Very  generally  introduced. 


32  CARYOPHYLLACE.E.      (PINK  FAMILY.) 

#  Annual:  flowers  in  naked  panicles :  petals  entire  or  obcordate,  crowned. 

1.  S.  antirrhina,  L.     Glabrous,  with  a  part  of  each  joint  viscid,  erect, 
slender :    leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  :    flowers  iu  a  dichotomous  panicle,  on 
long  pedicels  :  calyx  becoming  expanded  by  the  enlarging  ovary  :  petals  pink. 

—  From  S.  Colorado  to  British  America  and  eastward  across  the  continent ; 
also  in  California. 

*  *  Perennial :  petals  bifid. 
•»-   Peduncles  l-Jlotvered:  stems  spreading  or  decumbent. 

2.  S.  Menziesii,  Hook.      Glandular-puberuleut :    stems  dichotomously 
branched,  leafy :    leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  -oblong :    peduncles  lateral  and 
terminal,  equalling  the  leaves  :  petals  without  a  crown  :  seeds  minutely  tuber- 
culate.  at  length  nearly  black  and  shining.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Slave 
Lake  and  westward  to  California. 

-t—  -i-   Peduncles  3-  to  many-flowered:  stems  erect. 

3.  S.   multicaulis,  Nutt.     Minutely  pubescent :   stems   numerous,   about 
a  foot  high,  rigid  :  leaves  linear-oblanceolate  ;  upper  ones  very  small :  flowers  in 
threes  on  shortish  peduncles,  pale  red :  calyx  ovate-cylindrical :  seeds  brown, 
margined  with  a  scaly  crest.  —  From  the  western  slopes  of  the  mountains  to 
the  Pacific. 

4.  S.  Douglasii,  Hook.     Minutely  pubescent:  stem  simple,  very  slender, 
2  to  3  feet  hiyli :  leaves  remote,  linear,  elongated :  flowers  few  on  slender  peduncles, 
rose-color  or  nearly  white:  calyx  obovate,  at  length  inflated  and  membranaceous, 
pubescent.  —  Montana  to  Washington  Territory  and  southward  to  California 
and  the  Wahsatch. 

5.  S.  Scouleri,   Hook.     Stem  stout:  leaves  distant,  narrow:  racemes  sub- 
compressed,  narrow,  few-flowered :  calyx  somewhat  dilating,  the  teeth  broad- 
lanceolate,  slightly  ciliate :    petals  white  or  pinkish,  the  broad  bifid  limb  with 
notched  lobes  and  appendages;  claws  aurided,  woolly-ciliate  as  well  as  the  filaments. 

—  In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British  America. 

*  *  *  Perennial,  dwarf,  tufted,  smooth:  flowering  shoots  \-flowered:  petals 
notched  or  entire,  crowned. 

6.  S.  acaulis,  L.     Tufted  like  a  moss :  leaves  linear,  crowded :  flowers 
almost  sessile,  or  rarely  on  a  naked  peduncle :  petals  purple  or  rarely  white. 

—  Alpine  summits  of  the  whole  Kocky  Mountain  range,  and  northward  to 
Arctic  America  :  also  in  the  White  Mountains  of  N.  H. 

2.    LYCHNIS,    L.        COCKLED 
Calyx  more  or  less  inflated,  capsule  5  to  10-toothed,  and  styles  as  many  as 

calyx-lobes ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  Silene.  —  Ours  are  perennials  with  linear 

to  oblanceolate  leaves. 

*  Stems  \-flowered:  seeds  with  a  loose  membranous  margin:  dwarf  and  cespitose, 

alpine. 
1 .   L.  montana,  Watson.      Glandular-pubescent  above,  nearly  glabrous  below  : 

petals  included  or  nearly  so,  the.  emarginate  blade  not  broader  than  the  very  narrow 

claw;    appendages  very  small:    seeds   rather  broadly  margined.  —  The  L. 

attain  of  the  Fl.  Colorado  and  other  Western  reports.    Mountain  peaks  of 

Colorado,  and  in  the  Uintas. 


CARYOPHYLLACE^E.      (PINK  FAMILY.)  33 

2.  L.  Kingii,  Watson.    Pubescent  throughout :  petals  exserted,  the  short  and 
flat  blade  rather  deeply  emarginate ;   appendages   entire  or  toothed ;   claw 
ciliate,  rather  broadly  auricled :  filaments  ciliate.  —  L.  Ajanensis  ?  of  Bot.  King's 
Exp.  37.     Peaks  of  the  Uintas  and  in  N.  W.  Wyoming. 

#  *  Flowers  rarely  solitary :  seeds  tuberculate. 

3.  L.  Drummondii,  Watson.     Rather  stout,  finely  glandular-pubescent 
above:   leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate :   flowers  few,  on   stout   often  elongated 
pedicels  :  petals  included  or  nearly  so,  white  or  purple,  the  entire  or  emarginate 
blade  narrow -r  than  the  auricled  claw ;  appendages  minute.  —  Siiene  Drummondii 
of  the  earlier  Reports.     Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

4.  L.  Parryi,  Watson.     Slender,  finely  glandular-pubescent  above  :  leaves 
linear :  flowers  with  the  lateral  pedicels  mostly  short :  petals  long-exserted,  pur- 
plish, the  broad  blade  clejl  to  the  middle  and  with  a  short  narrow  lobe  on  each 
side  ;  appendages  quadrate  or  ovate,  crenate ;  claw  broadly  auricled.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xii.  248.     N.  W.  Wyoming,  Parry. 

3.   CERASTIUM,    L.        MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED. 

Stamens  10.  Capsule  often  incurved,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx. — 
Mostly  pubescent  or  hirsute  low  herbs  :  flowers  white,  in  terminal  leafy  or 
scariously  bracted  dichotomous  cymes. 

1.  C.  nutans,  Raf.     Annual,  viscid-pubescent,  erect :  leaves  narrowly  oblong 
or  linear-lanceolate,  clasping,  the  lowest  spatulate  :    cyme  open,   rather  many- 
flowered  :  pedicels  often  nodding  or  reflexed  in  fruit :  petals  sli(/htly  longer  than  the 
sepals :  capsule  curved.  —  Across  the  continent  and  southward  into  northern 
Mexico. 

2.  C.  alpinum,  L.     Silky-hirsute,  decumbent,  few-flowered :  leaves  elliptical- 
ovate:  peduncles  more  or  less  elongated:   petals  bifid,  twice  the  length  of  the 
hairy  sepals :  capsule  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Var.  Behringianum,  Regel.  Petals  and  capsule  half  longer  than  the 
calyx,  shorter  than  the  pedicels :  stems  2  to  4-jlowered.  —  C.  vulyatum,  var. 
Behringianum,  of  Fl.  Colorado,  Hayd.  Rep.  1872,  and  Bot.  King's  Exp. 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  W.  Wyoming. 

3.  C.  arvense,  L.     Perennial,  downy  with  reflexed  hairs,  cespitose :  leaves 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  clasping  :  cyme  few-flower r-d :  pedicels  erector  nodding: 
petals  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  sepals  :  capsule  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  nearly 
straight.  —  Colorado  and  northward  through  Utah,  Montana,  and  Wyoming, 
and  across  the  continent. 

4.    S  TELL  ARIA,    L.        CHICKWEED. 

Stamens  10  or  fewer.  Styles  3,  or  rarely  2,  4,  or  5.  Capsule  globose  to 
oblong.  —  Low  herbs,  mostly  diffuse :  leaves  rarely  subulate :  flowers  white, 
solitary  or  cymose :  stems  mostly  4-angled. 

*  Bracts  small  and  scarious. 

•i-  Petals  none. 

1.  S.  Umbellata,  Turcz.  Glabrous  :  stems  very  slender,  ascending  from 
slender  creeping  rootstocks,  which  are  covered  with  orbicular  scales :  leaves 

3 


34  CARYOPHYLLACE^.      (PINK   FAMILY.) 

elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate :  flowers  in  a  simple  or  compound  open  umbel- 
like  few-rayed  cyme:  pedicels  elongated.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863, 
59.  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward. 

•»—  -i—  Petals  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx. 

2.  S.  longifblia,  Mubl.    Stem  erect,  weak,  often  with  rough  angles :  leaves 
linear,  acutish  at  both  ends,  spreading :  cymes  naked  and  at  length  lateral,  pedun- 
cled,  many-flowered ;  the  slender  pedicels  spreading.  —  From  Oregon  to  British 
America  and  across  the  continent. 

3.  S.  longipes,  Goldie.      Shining  or  somewhat  glaucous,   very  smooth: 
leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  broadest  at  the  base  :  cyme  ter- 
minal, few-flowered ;  the  long  pedicels  erect.  —  Colorado  and  northward,  thence 
eastward  to  Wisconsin  and  Maine. 

Var.  Iseta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Branches  erect  from  creeping  stems,  3  to  6 
inches  high  :  leaves  erect,  rigid,  carinate  :  sepals  rather  obtuse.  —  With  the  last, 
in  the  mountains. 

Var.  Edwardsii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Branches  an  inch  or  two  high:  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  (the  lowest  sometimes  ovate),  sometimes  sparsely  ciliate  at  the 
base :  sepals  acutish.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

*  *  Bracts  foliaceoiis. 
•t-  Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals,  or  none. 

4.  S.  borealis,  Bigelow.     Erect  or  spreading :  leaves  elongated,  lance-linear, 
finely  Sfrrulate,  the  intramarginal  nerve  very  indistinct :  flowers  in  dichotomous 
cymes :  seeds  smooth.  —  Abundant  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  north- 
ward, and  across  the  continent. 

5.  S.  Obtusa,  Engelm.     Like  the  last,  but  prostrate;  leaves  triangular-ovate, 
smooth-edged,  1-nerved,  and  the  delicate  reticulated  veins  uniting  into  distinct 
intramarginal  nerves :  seeds  (under  the  lens)  cotx-red  with  oblong-linear  pectinate 
tubercles.  —  Bot.  Gazette,  vii.  5.     W.  Colorado  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Gun- 
nison  River,  Brandegee ;  also  in  British  Columbia. 

•i-  -t-  Petals  exceeding  the  sepals  (sometimes  wanting  in  No.  6). 

6.  S.   crassifolia,  Ehrhart.     Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  flaccid :  leaven  rather 
fleshy,  varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong :  flowers  terminal  or  in  the 
forks  of  the  stem  or  of  leafy  branches  :  seeds  rugose-roughened.  —  Colorado, 
Montana,  and  eastward  to  the  Ohio  valley. 

7.  S.  Jamesii,  Torr.     Somewhat  viscfdly  pubescent,  rather  stout :   leaves 
linear  to  ovate-lanceolate  :   pedicels  divaricate :   seeds  smooth.  —  New  Mexico, 
Colorado,  and  westward. 

5.    ARE  NAB  I  A,    L.        SANDWORT. 

Styles  3.  Capsule  globose  or  short-oblong.  —  Mostly  low  annuals  or  peren- 
nials, usually  tufted :  with  sessile  leaves,  often  subulate  and  more  or  less  rigid : 
flowers  white,  cymosely  panicled  or  capitate. 

§  1.     The  3  valves  of  the  capsule  2-cleft  or  parted:  seeds  not  appendaged  at  the 
hilum  :  cespitose  perennials,  mostly  scarious-bracted.  — ARENARIA  proper. 

*  Petals  exceeding  the  sepals. 

1.  A.  COHg8Sta,  Nutt.  Smooth  and  glaucous :  leaves  very  narrowly  subu- 
late, scabrous  on  the  margin,  often  pungent :  flowers  in  I  to  3  dense  subuinbellate 


CAKYOPHYLLACE.E.      (PINK    FAMILY.)  35 

fascicles,  with  large  dilated  membranous  bracts :  petals  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals  :  stigmas  capitellate.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming, 
to  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  subcongesta,  Watson.  Flowers  less  densely  fascicled  and  some- 
what cymose.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  69.  A.  Fendleri,  var.  subcongesta,  of  Bot.  King's 
Exp.  and  Fl.  Colorado.  Colorado,  S.  Idaho,  and  westward. 

2.  A.  capillaris,  Poir.,  var.  nardifolia,  Regel.     More  or  less  glandular- 
pubescent  above :  leaves  linear-subulate,  pungent :  flowers  few  in  an  open  cyme ; 
bracts  smtilf,  lanceolate :  petals  half  longer  than  the  sepals.  —  Watson  in  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  69.     A.  nardifolia,  Ledeb.,  and  A.  formosa,  Hook.,  in  Bot.  King's 
Exp.  39.     From  the  British  boundary  southward  to  the  Wahsatch  and 
California. 

*  #  Petals  about  equalling  the  calyx. 

3.  A.  saxosa,  Gray.     Slightly-hispid  pubt-scent :  leaves  lanceolate :  raceme 
many  flowered,  somewhat  ci/mose :  sepals  with  a  distinct  almost  keel-like  hispid 
midrib.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  18.     S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

4.  A.   pungens,   Nutt.      Pubescent  throughout,   cespitose :    leaves   linear- 
subulate,  pungent,  crowded  :  flowers  in  an  open   cyme,  leafy-bracted :    sepals 
acuminate,  pungent :   seeds  very  few,  smooth.  —  W.  Wyoming,  Teton   Moun- 
tains, and  westward  to  California. 

5.  A.  Franklinii,  Dougl.     Of  similar  habit,  but  stouter  and  less  pubescent: 
stems  leafy  at  base  :  flowers  fascicled  in  a  rather  dose  cyme :  sepals  smooth  and 
shining,  scariously  margined,  as  also  the  large  bracts. — From  Colorado  to  the 
sources  of  the  Missouri  and  westward  to  Oregon. 

Var.  minor,  Hook.  &  Am.  With  shorter  leaves,  bracts,  and  sepals ;  the 
last  two  membranaceous.  —  W.  Wyoming,  Parry. 

6.  A.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Stems  numerous  from  a  perennial  caudex,  glabrous 
below,   more  or  less   glandular-pubescent  abore,  imbricately  many-leaved  at  base  : 
leaves  long,  somewhat  flattened,  serrulate-scabrous,  smooth  except  on  the  mar- 
gins :  cymes  strict  and  few-flowered :  sepals  acuminate,  with  a  broad  scarious 
margin:   seeds  papillose-scabrous.  —  PI.  Fendl.  13.      Montana,  Colorado,  and 
southward. 

Var.  glabrescens,  Watson.  Nearly  glabrous  throughout:  sepals  shorter, 
acute :  leaves  short.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  40.  Colorado  and  westward  to 
Nevada. 

Var.  diflfusa,  Porter.  Branches  of  the  cyme  elongated,  lax  and  widely  spread- 
ing:  flowers  numerous.  —  Fl.  Colorado,  13.  Ute  Pass,  Colorado,  Porter. 

§  2.  The  3  valves  of  the  capsule  entire:  seeds  not  appendaged  at  the  hifum.  Ours 
are  all  cespitose,  not  more  than  3  inches  in  height,  usually  1  to  few-flowered,  and 
with  petals  commonly  exceeding  the  sepals.  —  ALSINE. 

7.  A.  verna,  L.     Erect,  pubescent  or  glabrous :    leaves  linear-subulate, 
nerved,  erect :  cyme  erect :  sepals  ovate,  acute,  mostly  a  little  longer  than  the  petals. 
—  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Uintas,  Teton  Range,  and  northward  to  Arctic 
America. 

Var.  hirta,  Watson.  Leaves  minutely  hirsute,  obtuse.  —  Bot.  King's 
Exp.  41.  With  the  last. 


36  CARYOPHYLLACE^E.      (PINK   FAMILY.) 

8.  A.   biflora,  var.   carnosula,    Watson.      Stems   creeping;    branches 
mostly  1-flowered  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  nerveless :  sepals  linear,  very  obtuse, 
cucullate  at  the  summit :  petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals  and  capsule.  — 
Bibl.  Index,  i.  94.     A.  a/pina  of  the  Fl.  Colorado.     Colorado. 

Var.  obtlisa,  Watson.  Leaves  obtuse,  carinate,  serrulate-c/'liate,  obscurely 
3-nerved:  peduncles  glandular-pubescent:  petals  about  half  longer  than  the 
oblong  sepals.  —  Watson,  1.  c.  A.  arctica  of  Hayd.  Rep.  for  1870-72,  and 
A.  arctica,  var.  obtusa,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  and  Fl.  Colorado.  Abundant  in 
the  mountains  of  Colorado,  the  Uintas,  about  Yellowstone  Lake,  and  north- 
ward throughout  the  Arctic  regions. 

9.  A.  stricta,  VVatson.     Leaves  subulate-triquetrous,  rather  obtuse,  scarcely 
equalling  the  flower  or  exceeding  the  calyx,  mostly  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
with  manifest  lateral  nerves  :  peduncles  1-flowered  :  petals  sometimes  wanting. 
—  Watson,  1.  c.     Alsine  stricta,  Wahl.     A.  /?oss«  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1870  and  Fl. 
Colorado.     A.  stricta,   Michx.,  of  the  Eastern  Flora,  becomes  A .  Michauxii, 
Hook.     Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

§  3.    Parts  of  the  flower  sometimes  in  fours:  valves  of  the,  capsule  bijid :  young 
ovary   S-celled:    seed  appendaged    at    the    hilum    ivith   a   small    caruncle. — 

MCEHRINGIA. 

10.  A.  lateriflora,  L.     Sparingly  branched,  erect,  minutely  pubescent : 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse:   peduncles   usually  2-flowered,   soon   becoming 
lateral:  sepals  oblong,  obtuse:   petals  exserted.  —  From  Colorado   to  Alaska, 
and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

11.  A.  macrophylla,  Hook.     Stems  ascending,  mostly  simple,  puberu- 
t      lent  above :  leaves  3  to  4  pairs,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  bright 
*      green  :  flowers  few  on  slender  pedicels  :  sepals  ovate-oblong,  acuminate :  petals 

included.  —  From  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  to  Washington  Territory  and 
California;   also  in  New  Mexico. 

6.    S  A  GIN  A,    L.        PEARLWORT. 

Low  green  herbs,  with  subulate  or  filiform  glabrous  leaves,  and  small 
terminal  usually  long-pedicelled  flowers. 

1.  S.  decumbens,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  decumbent,  ascending:  leaves 
somewhat  secund,  mucronate :  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves :  petals  as  long 
as  the  sepals:   stamens  5  to  10. —  Including  S.  subulata,  Torr.  &  Gray,  of 
Gray's  Manual,  where  the  species  is  credited  to  Wimmer.     Rocky  Mountains 
and  eastward. 

2.  S.  LinnSJi,  Presl.     Densely  matted  and  decumbent,  an  inch  or  two  high : 
leaves  somewhat  fascicled,  pungent :  flowers  on  long  pedicels,  at  length  nodding  : 

>JT  sepals  exceeding  the  petals:  stamens  10.  —  Spergula  saginoides,  L.     From  New 
Mexico  to  Arctic  America. 

3.  S.  nivalis,  Lindb.      Cespitose,  stems  very  short,  scarcely  %  inch  high: 
leaves  mucronate  :  peduncles  short,  strict :  sepals  with  membranous  margins, 
scarcely  equalling  the  petals.  —  Uinta  Mountains,  Watson. 


PORTULACACE^E.       (PURSLANE  FAMILY.)  37 


ORDER  12.     PORTULACACE^E.     (PURSLANE  FAMILY.) 

More  or  less  succulent  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire  leaves  (either 
opposite  or  alternate)  and  regular  but  un symmetrical  perfect  flowers; 
sepals  (except  in  Lewisia)  2  ;  petals  2  to  5  or  more ;  stamens  opposite 
the  petals  or  numerous ;  ovary  one-celled,  in  fruit  becoming  capsular  j 
style  2  to  8-cleft ;  stipules  none  or  scarious  or  reduced  to  hairs.  Flowers 
open  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight. 

*  Sepals  2,  united  below  and  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  free  upper  portion  at  length 

deciduous. 

1.  Portulaca.    Stamens  7  to  20.    Flowers  solitary,  yellow  (in  ours).     Capsule  opening  by 

a  lid. 

*  *  Sepals  2,  distinct,  persistent  (deciduous  in  Talinum) :  ovary  free. 
••-  Style  3-cleft :  capsule  3-valved  :  sepals  equal. 

2.  Talinum.     Stamens  10  to  30.     Petals  5.     Seeds  numerous. 

3.  Calandrinia.    Stamens  more  than  5.     Petals  5  or  more.     Seeds  mostly  smooth  and 

shining. 

4.  Claytonia.    Stamens  5.     Petals  5.    Seeds  smooth  and  shining. 

i-  t-  Style  2-cleft :  capsule  2-valved :  sepals  unequal,  hyaline. 

5.  Spraguea.    Stamens  3.    Petals  4.     Stems  simple,  scape-like. 

6.  Calyptridium.    Stamen  1.     Petals  2.    Stems  branching,  leafy. 

*  *  *  Sepals  4  to  8,  distinct,  much  imbricated. 

7.  Leuisia.    Stamens  many.    Style  3-  to  8-cleft.    Petals  8  to  16.     Scapes  1-flowered. 

1.     PORTULACA,    Tourn.        PURSLANE. 

Petals  4  to  6.  Style  deeply  3-  to  8-cleft. — Fleshy  diffuse  or  ascending 
annuals,  with  axillary  or  terminal  ephemeral  yellow  (in  ours)  flowers. 

1.  P.  retusa,1  Engelm.  Stems  somewhat  ascending,  sometimes  covering 
a  space  several  feet  in  diameter :  leaves  flat,  obovate  to  spatulate :  sepals 
obtuse,  broadly  carinate-winged :  seeds  tuberculate.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  and 
southward. 

2.    TALINUM,    Adans. 

Distinguished  from  Calandrinia  by  the  deciduous  sepals,  the  style  less  deeply 
3-cleft,  the  capsule  3-celled  at  base  when  young,  and  the  seeds  on  a  globular 
stalked  placenta. 

1.  T.  teretifolium,  Pursh.  Leafy  stems  low,  tuberous  at  the  base: 
leaves  linear,  cylindrical :  peduncle  long  and  naked,  bearing  an  open  cyme  of 
pink  flowers.  —  In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  eastward. 

3.    CALANDRINIA,    HBK. 

Low  succulent  herbs,  with  radical  leaves  (in  ours)  and  white  to  reddish 
ephemeral  flowers  in  bracteate  racemes  or  panicles,  or  few  upon  short  scape- 
like  stems. 

1  P.  oleracea,  L.,  is  prostrate,  not  so  green,  with  larger  leaves,  acute  sepals,  and  seeds 
more  finely  tuberculate.  —  Common  Purslane  or  Pig-weed  ;  naturalized  near  dwellings. 


38  PORTULACACE.E.      (PURSLANE   FAMILY.) 

1.  C.   pygmsea,    Gray.      Smooth,  with  a  thick  fusiform  root :    leaves 
linear,  with  broad  scariously  winged  underground  petioles :   scapes   mostly 
simple,  an  inch  or  two  high,  with  a  pair  of  small  scarious  bracts :  sepals  glandular- 
dentate  :  petals  red.  —  Proc.  Am.   Acad.  viii.  623.      Talinum  pygmceum,  Gray. 
Alpine  region,  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada  in  California  and  Cascade  Mountains  in  Washington  Territory. 

2.  C.  Nevadensis,  Gray.     Very  similar,  but  somewhat  larger;    with  a 
pair  of  larger  leafy  bracts  and  entire  somewhat  longer  sepals,  white  petals  and 

'  more  numerous  ovules.  —  In  the  Wahsatch  (  Watson),  probably  in  the  Uintas, 
and  westward. 

4.    CLAYTONIA,    L.        SPRING-BEAUTY. 

Seeds  few,  black  and  shining.  —  Low  glabrous  succulent  herbs,  with 
opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  loose  ter- 
minal or  axillary  and  simple  or  compound  naked  racemes,  or  sometimes  um- 
bellate, not  ephemeral. 

*  Annuals,  u-ith  fibrous  roots. 
H-   Stems  simple,  bearing  a  single  pair  of  leaves  which  are  often  connate. 

1.  C.  perfoliata,  Donn.     Radical  leaves  long-petioled,  broadly  rhomboidal 
or  deltoid  or  deltoid-cordate,  obtuse;  the  cauline  pair  more  or  less  united,  usually 

"jC  forming  a  single  somewhat  orbicular  perfoliate  leaf,  concave  above  :  racemes 
usually  nearly  sessile  and  loosely  flowered,  the  short  pedicels  often  secund.  — 
From  the  Uintas  and  the  Wahsatch  to  California,  and  thence  northward  to 
Alaska. 

2.  C.    COrdifolia,    Watson.     Stem  from  a  slender   running  rootstock: 
radical  leaves  broadly  cordate,  acutish;  cauline  pair  sessile,  ovate,  acute:  racemes 

/V  few-flowered,  with  slender  pedicels  :  petals  thrice  longer  than  the  rounded  sepals. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  365.  N.  W.  Montana  (Watson),  to  Idaho  and 
Oregon. 

•t-  •«-   Stems  usually  branching,  leafy. 

3.  C.  Chamissonis,  Esch.     Stems  weak  and  slender,  erect  or  decum- 
bent, stoloniferous  and  rooting  at  the  joints :  leaves  opposite,  oblariceolate  or 

,y^  spatulate :  racemes  few-flowered  ;  the  flowers  very  variable  in  size,  on  slender 
pedicels  :  petals  white.  —  C.  aquatica,  Nutt.  Abundant  in  Colorado  and  north- 
ward to  the  British  boundary  and  westward.  In  the  spray  of  the  Lower  Falls 
of  the  Yellowstone. 

*  *  Perennials,  from  a  deep-seated  tuber. 

4.  C.  Caroliniana,  Michx.     Radical  leaves  very  few,  spatulate  ;  cauline 
-     ones  a  single  pair,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  subspatulate  at  the  base  or  ab* 

ruptly  decurrent  into  a  petiole :  pedicels  slender,  nodding  :  flowers  in  a  loose 
raceme  :  sepals  and  petals  very  obtuse,  the  latter  pale  rose-color  with  deeper 
veins.  — In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic. 

Var.  sessilifolia,  Torr.  Radical  leaf  narrow ;  cauline  sessile,  lanceolate 
to  linear :  raceme  nearly  sessile  and  cymose,  with  a  single  scarious  bract  at 
base:  sepals  acutish.  —  C.  Caroliniana,  var.  lanceolata,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp., 
El.  Colorado,  and  the  Hayden  Reports.  Colorado  and  northward,  and  west- 
ward to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 


ELATINACE^E.      (  WATER-WORT   FAMILY.)  39 

*  *  *  Perennial,  with  a  thickened  candex. 

5.  C.  megarrhiza,  Parry.  Root  fusiform,  very  large :  leaves  fleshy; 
radical  ones  petioled ;  cauline  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  sessile  :  racemes 
secuud  :  flowers  large,  profuse,  white  witli  pinkish  veins :  petals  obovate, 
subemarginate.  —  Parry  in  Herb.  Gray.  C.  arctica,  var.  megarrhiza,  of  Bot. 
King's  Exp.  and  Fl.  Colorado.  High  alpine,  growing  in  crevices  of  the  rock, 
its  large  purple  tap-root  penetrating  to  a  great  depth.  Mountains  of  Colorado 
and  the  Uiiitas. 

5.     SPRAGUEA,    Torr. 

Sepals  orbicular-cordate.  —  A  glabrous  biennial ;  with  mostly  radical  fleshy 
leaves  and  ephemeral  flowers  in  dense  scorpioid  spikes  umbellate-clustered  ou 
a  scape-like  peduncle. 

1.  S.  umbellata,  Torr.  Stems  several  from  a  thickened  root,  2  to  12 
inches  high :  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  on  thick  petioles ;  the 
cauline  similar  but  smaller,  frequently  scariously  stipulate  :  an  involucre  of 
scarious  bracts  subtending  the  dense  capitate  umbel  of  nearly  sessile  spikes  : 
flowers  light  rose-color :  sepals  very  conspicuous,  about  equalling  the  petals. 

—  Wyoming  (Parry),  Yellowstone  Park  (Coulter),  and  westward.     Usually  in 
dry  rocky  or  sandy  localities. 

6     CALYPTRIDIITM,   Nutt. 

Sepals  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular.    Petals  somewhat  coherent  at  the  apex. 

—  Smooth  prostrate  diffusely  branched  annuals;    with  alternate  succulent 
leaves  and  small  ephemeral  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal,  clustered  or  com- 
pound, scorpioid  spikes. 

1.  C.  roseum,  Watson.  Leaves  obloug-spatulate,  attenuate  at  base; 
radical  leaves  few  or  none :  petals  minute :  capsule  not  exceeding  the  calyx. 

—  Bot.   King's   Exp.   44,   t.    6.      W.    Wyoming   (Parry)   and   westward   to 
California. 

7.    LEWI  SI  A,    Pursh. 

Sepals  broadly  ovate,  unequal,  persistent.  Petals  large  and  showy.  Style 
parted  nearly  to  the  base.  —  Low  acaulescent  fleshy  perennials,  cespitose, 
with  thick  fusiform  roots. 

1.  L.  rediviva,  Pursh.  Leaves  densely  clustered,  linear-oblong,  sub- 
terete,  smooth  and  glaucous :  scapes  but  little  longer,  jointed  at  the  middle, 
and  with  5  to  7  subulate  scarious  bracts  verticillate  at  the  joint :  petals  rose- 
colored  or  white.  —  Arizona,  Utah,  Wyoming,  Montana  (in  the  Bitter  Root 
Mountains),  and  westward.  The  specific  name  refers  to  the  fact  that  the 
roots  are  wonderfully  tenacious  of  life. 


ORDER  13.    ELATINACEJE.     (WATER-WORT  FAMILY.) 

Low  annuals,  with  membranous  stipules  between  the  opposite  dotless 
leaves,  regular  and  mostly  symmetrical  flowers  (2  to  5-merous),  with 


40  MALVACEAE.      (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

free  sepals,  hypogynous  petals  and  stamens,  and  distinct  styles  bearing 
capitate  stigmas,  the  ovary  2  to  5-celled  with  axile  placenta  becoming 
capsular  in  fruit. 

1.    E  L  A  T I  N  E,    L.        WATER-WORT. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos,  threes,  or  fours.  Sepals  membranaceous,  obtuse. 
Ovary  globose.  —  Small  prostrate  glabrous  plants,  growing  iu  water  or  wet 
places,  with  entire  leaves  and  usually  solitary  flowers.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xiii.  361. 

1.  E.  triandra,  Schkuhr.     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  gradu- 
ally attenuate  at  base :   petals,  stamens,  and  carpels  most  frequently  3,  with  2 
sepals :  almost  the  seeds  of  the  next,  or  more  slender,  less  marked.  —  On  the 
Platte  River,  in  Nebraska  or  Colorado  (Hall) ;  also  in  Illinois. 

2.  E.  Americana,  Arn.      Leaves  obovate,  very  obtuse :  flowers  with  their 
parts  ojlener  in  twos,  sometimes   in  threes :    seeds   cylindraceous,  somewhat 
curved,  the  crustaceous  coat  many-  (20  to  30-)  latticed  in  9  to  10  lines.  —  Col- 
orado and  Oregon,  also  on  the  Atlantic  border. 


ORDER  14.    HYPERICACE2E.     (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (in  ours),  with  opposite  entire  leaves  punctate  with  translucent 
or  dark-colored  glandular  dots,  no  stipules,  and  perfect  flowers  with  5 
petals  and  numerous  stamens,  the  fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.  —  Sepals 
5,  imbricate.  Petals  convolute,  glandular-punctate.  Stamens  very  nu- 
merous in  3  bundles.  Styles  2  to  5. 

1.     H  Y  P  E  R I  C  U  M,   L.        ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

In  our  species  the  capsule  is  3-celled  by  the  union  of  the  placenta  with  the 
axis,  septicidal,  and  the  flowers  yellow  with  black  dots. 

I.  H.  Scouleri,  Hook.  Stems  erect  from  a  running  rootstock,  simple 
or  sparingly  branched  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  clasping :  flowers  in  an  open 
cyme  :  styles  elongated. —  Colorado,  Utah,  southward  and  westward. 


ORDER  15.    MALVACEAE.     (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

Mostly  berbs,  with  mucilaginous  juice,  and  alternate  leaves  with  stip- 
ules; distinguished  by  the  valvate  calyx,  convolute  petals,  their  bases 
or  short  claws  united  with  each  other  and  with  the  base  of  a  column  of 
numerous  monadelphous  stamens,  these  with  reuiform  1 -celled  anthers. 
—  Calyx  5-parted,  often  surrounded  by  an  involucel.  Petals  5.  Pistils 
a  ring  of  ovaries  around  a  projection  of  the  receptacle.  Leaves  most 
commonly  palmately  ribbed.  Peduncles  axillary.  Flowers  often  large 
and  showy.  In  all  of  ours  the  stamineal  tube  is  anther-bearing  at 
the  top. 


MALVACEAE.      (MALLOW   FAMILY.)  41 

*  Styles  stigmatio  down  the  inner  side  :  carpels  iudehiscent :  ovules  solitary,  ascending.1 

1.  Callirrhoe.     Bractlets  3,  or  none.     Petals  truncate.    Carpels  beaked. 

2.  Sidalcea.     Bractlets  none.     Filaments  in  a  double  series,  those  of  the  outer  series 

united  in  5  clusters.     Carpels  fewer,  beakless. 

*  *  Stigmas  capitate  :  carpels  mostly  dehiscent  at  least  at  the  apex. 

3.  Malvastrum.     Bractlets  1  to  3.     Ovule  solitary,  ascending. 

4.  Sphreralcea.    Bractlets  1  to  3.     Ovules  2,  the  lower  ascending,  the  upper  pendulous. 

5.  Abutilon.    Bractlets  none.    Ovules  3  or  more  in  each  cell. 

1.    CALLIRRHOE,   Nutt. 

Petals  wedge-shaped  (usually  red-purple).  Carpels  10  to  20,  with  a  short 
empty  beak,  separated  within  from  the  1 -seeded  cell  by  a  narrow  projection. 

1.  C.  involucrata,  Gray.     Hirsute:  stem  branching, procumbent :  leaves 
deeply  3  to  ^-parted,  covered  with   stellate  hairs,  segments   linear-lanceolate, 
laciuiately  3  to  5-toothed :  peduncles  erect,  1-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves  : 
flowers  few  in  a  loose  panicle,  scarlet :  brackets  linear-lanceolate :  carpels  hairy, 
not  wrinkled. — Loup  Fork  of  the  Platte,  S.  E.  Colorado,  and  southward. 

2.  C.  alCBBOideS,  Gray.     Strigose-pubescent :  stems  slender :  lower  leaves 
triangular  heart-shaped,  incised ;  the  upper  5  to  7-parted,  laciniate ;  the  upper- 
most divided  into  linear  segments :  flowers  corymbose,  rose-color  or  white :  involu- 
cel  none :  carpels  crested  and  strongly  wrinkled  on  the  back.  —  Valley  of  the 
Platte,  southward  and  eastward  to  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

2.     SIDALCEA,    Gray. 

Carpels  5  to  9,  beakless.  —  Herbs,  with  rounded  and  mostly  lobed  or  parted 
leaves,  the  usually  purple  flowers  in  a  narrow  terminal  raceme  or  spike. 

1.  S.  malvaeflora,  Gray.     Lower  leaves  7   to  9-lobed ;   cauline  more 
narrowly  and  deeply  5  to  7-lobed ;  segments  linear,  somewhat  toothed :  pedicels 
at  first  shorter,  at  length  longer  than  the  subulate  bracts :  flowers  purple  or  white  : 
carpels  7,  pointless.  —  From  Mexico  to  Colorado  and  Oregon. 

2.  S.  Candida,  Gray.    Lower  leaves  orbicular,  7-lobed,  segments  coarsely 
3  to  5-toothed  or  incised ;  upper  leaves  7-lobed  or  parted ;  the  segments  lance- 
olate, entire :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts  :  flowers  white  or  cream-color:  carpels 
9  or  10,  cochleate-reniform,  mucronate.  —  On  water-courses  in  the  mountains  of 
Colorado  and  southward. 

3.    MALVASTRUM,    Gray.        FALSE  MALLOW. 

Stamineal  tube  simple.  Carpels  5  or  more.  —  Herbaceous  tufted  peren- 
nials ;  the  flowers  in  narrow  naked  or  leafy  subpaniculate  racemes. 

1.   M.  COCCineum,  Gray.     Low  and  hoary:    leaves  b-parted  or  pedate: 

i  Malva,  an  introduced  genus,  has  3  distinct  bractlets,  obcordate  petals,  and  carpels 
rounded,  beakless. 

M.  rotundifolia,  L.,  has  procumbent  stems,  round  heart-shaped  crenate  obscurely- 
lobed  leaves  on  very  long  petioles,  whitish  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  and  pu- 
bescent carpels.  —  The  common  Mallow.  Commonly  naturalized  along  waysides  and  in 
cultivated  ground. 


42  LINAGES.     (FLAX  FAMILY.) 

spikes  or  racemes  of  showy  pink-red  flowers.  —  Common  on  the  plains  from 
Colorado  to  British  America,  and  eastward  to  Iowa  and  Minnesota. 

2.  M.  Mlinroanum,  Gray.  Taller,  grayish  or  hoary-pubescent :  leaves 
broadly  ovate,  usually  cordate  at  base,  3  to  5-lobed  or  deeply  cleft :  flowers  scar- 
let. —  Utah,  Montana,  and  westward. 

4.    SPHJERALCEA,    St.  Hilaire. 

Differing  from  Malvaslrum  only  in  the  two-ovuled  cells  of  the  ovary. 

1.  S.  angustifolia,  Spach.    Slender,  erect,  hoary-pubescent :  leaves  oblong  to 
narrowly  lanceolate,  usually  subcordate  or  rounded  at  base,  crenate  or  coarsely 
toothed :  flowers  small.  —  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

2.  S.  rivulariS,  Torr.     Taller,  scabrous  with  a  stellate  pubescence:  leaves 
cordate,  deeply  5   to   7-lobed,  coarsely  serrate :    racemes   leafy  below,  naked 
above  ;  the  flowers  clustered  OIL  short  peduncles,  light  purple  or  nearly  white. 
—  S.  aceri folia  of  the  Hay  den  Reports  for  1870-72  and  Bot.  King's  Exp. 
W.  Wyoming,  northward  and  westward. 

5.    ABUTILON,    Tourn.        INDIAN  MALLOW. 

Herbs,  usually  soft-tomentose  :  flowers  mostly  axillary,  yellow  (in  ours). 

1.  A.  parvulum,  Gray.  Cinereous-tomentose :  stems  slender,  spread- 
ing, paniculate  above ;  brarichlets  pilose  with  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  small, 
cordate,  dentate,  sometimes  3-lobed,  canescent,  tomentose  beneath :  peduncles 
axillary,  1 -flowered,  longer  than  the  leaf.  —  Ledges  of  rock  near  Canon  City, 
Colorado  ( Greene),  and  southward. 

ORDER  16.    L,INACE^E.     (FLAX  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  the  regular  and  symmetrical  hypogynous  flowers  4  to  6- 
(5  in  ours)  merous  throughout,  strongly  imbricated  calyx  and  convolute 
petals,  the  stamens  monadelphous  at  the  base,  and  the  pod  8  to  10-seeded, 
having  twice  as  many  cells  as  there  are  styles. 

1.    LINUM,    L.        FLAX. 

Styles  often  united  into  one  below  ;  ovary  globose.  Seeds  flattened,  ovate, 
the  coat  mucilaginous  when  wetted. — Herbs  (sometimes  shrubby  at  base) 
with  tough  fibres  in  the  bark,  sessile  entire  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and 
cymose  or  pauicled  flowers. 

*  Petals  blue. 

1.  L.  perenne,  L.      Branching  above,  leafy:    leaves  linear  to  linear- 
-*       lanceolate,  acute :  flowers  large,  in  few-flowered  corymbs  or  scattered  on  the 

leafy  branches :  capsule  exceeding  the  sepals,  the  prominent  false  partitions 
long-ciliate.  —  Common  on  dry  soils  throughout  our  whole  range,  thence 
northward  and  westward. 

#  *  Petals  yellow :  sepals  glandular-margined. 

2.  L.  rigidum,  Pursh.      Stems  angled,  much  branched :   leaves  linear, 
pungently-acute,  rigid,  with  scabrous  margins :  pedicels  thickened  at  the  end  and 


GERANIACE^E.      (GERANIUM  FAMILY.)  43 

forming  an  exterior  cup-shaped  calyculus :  petals  sulphur-yellow :  styles  united 
almost  to  the  top:  capsule  shorter  than  the  sepals.  —  From  S.  Colorado  to  the 
Missouri  River. 

3.  L.  Kingii,  "Watson.  Stems  panicled  above,  shrubby  at  base:  leaves 
linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse:  styles  distinct:  capsule  somewhat  exceeding 
the  sepals.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  49.  Mountains  of  Utah. 

ORDER  17.    ZYGOPHYL,L,ACE^. 

Distinguished  from  allied  orders  by  the  opposite  compound  leaves, 
with  interposed  stipules  and  entire  dotless  leaflets.  —  Sepals  5,  distinct. 
Petals  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  (in  ours)  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals  and  inserted  with  them.  Ovary  5  to  12-celled,  with 
a  single  terminal  style.  Fruit  dry.  —  Ours  are  herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
solitary  flowers  on  lateral  or  terminal  naked  peduncles,  and  ovary  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  disk. 

1.  Trlbulus.    Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  6  to  10-foliolate.    Fruit  tuberculate.     Herbs. 

2.  Larrea.    Leaves  2-foliolate.     Fruit  densely  hairy.    Heavy-scented  shrubs. 

1.    TRIBULTJS,   L. 

Sepals  mostly  persistent.  Petals  fugacious.  Disk  annular,  10-lobed. 
Stamens  10,  the  alternate  filaments  a  little  shorter  and  with  a  gland  at  base 
on  the  outer  side.  Ovary  5  to  12-celled.  Fruit  lobed,  separating  into  roughly 
tuberculate  carpels.  —  Loosely  branched  and  hairy  prostrate  herbs,  with  ap- 
parently axillary  white  or  yellow  flowers. 

1.  T.  maximus,  L.  Leaflets  ovate-oblong,  more  or  less  oblique:  sepals 
very  hairy,  linear,  acuminate  :  fruit  beaked  by  a  stout  style.  —  Kallstroemia 
maxima,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Fremont  County,  Colorado  (Brandegee),  to  S.  Cali- 
fornia and  Texas. 

2.    LARREA,    Cav.        CREOSOTE-BUSH. 

Sepals  deciduous.  Petals  unguiculate.  Disk  10-lobed.  Filaments  winged 
below  with  a  bifid  scale  on  the  inner  side.  Ovary  5-celled.  Fruit  globose, 
shortly  stipitate,  separating  into  5  hairy  one-seeded  carpels.  —  Evergreen 
heavy-scented  shrubs,  with  nodose  branches,  and  yellow  flowers. 

1.  L.  Mexicana,  Moric.  Diffusely  branched,  4  to  10  feet  high,  densely 
leafy,  of  a  yellowish  hue :  leaves  nearly  sessile ;  the  thick  resinous  leaflets 
inequilateral,  with  a  broad  attachment  to  the  rachis  :  sepals  silky :  scales 
a  little  shorter  than  the  filament,  somewhat  lacerate:  fruit  beaked  by  a 
slender  style.  —  S.  Colorado  to  California  and  Texas. 

ORDER  18.     OEBANIACE^E.     (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

Leaves  generally  with  stipules,  either  lobed  or  compound.  Flowers 
on  axillary  peduncles,  regular  (in  ours)  and  the  parts  in  fives.  Stamens 
mostly  10,  often  somewhat  monadelphous.  Ovary  5-celled;  with  a  cen- 
tral axis. 


44  GERANIACE^E.      (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

Tribe  I.  Five  glands  of  the  receptacle  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  deeply  5-lobed, 
the  carpels  separating  elastically  at  maturity  from  the  long-beaked  and  indurated  central 
axis  from  below  upward  :  the  styles  forming  long  tails  which  become  revolute  upwards 
or  spirally  twisted.  —  GERANIE^E. 

1.  Geranium*     Fertile  stamens  10.     Tails  of  the  carpels  not  bearded. 

2.  Erodium.     Fertile  stamens  5.     Tails  of  the  carpels  bearded  inside. 

Tribe  II.  No  glands  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  not  lobed,  becoming  in  fruit  a 
5-celled  loculicidal  capsule.  Leaves  compound,  with  entire  leaflets.  Juice  sour.  — 

OXALIDE^E. 

3.  Oxalis.    Leaves  in  ours  3-foliolate. 

1.     GERANIUM,    L.        CRANESBILL. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  enlarged  joints,  palmately  lobed  and  mostly 
opposite  leaves,  scarious  stipules,  and  1  to  3-flowered  peduncles. 
*  Annual  or  biennial :  Jiowers  small. 

1.  G.  Carolinianum,  L.     Decumbent  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched, 
pubescent:  leaves  palmately  5  to  7-parted,  the  divisions  cleft  into  oblong- 
linear  lobes :  petals  rose-color,  equalling  the  awned  sepals :  carpels  hairy.  — 
Across  the  continent. 

Var.  longipes,  Watson.     Peduncles  usually  solitary,  and,  with  the  pedi- 
cels, much  elongated.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  50.     Colorado  and  southward. 
*  *  Perennial:  Jiowers  large. 

2.  G.  Fremontii,  Torr.     Rather  stout,  more  or  less  pubescent  through- 
out, with  a  short,  close,  glandular  pubescence,  sparsely  intermixed  with  longer,  pilose 
hairs:  upper  leaves  deeply  3  to  5-cle/l;  radical  ones  7 -cleft,  segments  3-lobed  or 
incised :   petals  light  or  deep  purple.  —  From   Colorado   to  Wyoming  and 
Idaho.     Much  that  is  called  by  this  name  is  G.  ccespitosum,  James. 

Var.  Parryi,  Engelm.  Stems  and  peduncles  plainly  glandular-villose  : 
leaves  less  deeply  cut,  ultimate  lobes  or  teeth  o>;ate,  somewhat  obtuse.  —  Gray's  Peak, 
Colorado. 

3.  G.  Richardson!,  Fisch.  £  Mey.     Taller  but  not  so  stout  nor  so  hairy, 
with  the  pubescence  usually  fine  and  oppressed,  or  somewhat   glandular  and 
spreading  upon  the  pedicels  :  leaves  5  to  7-cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  the  broad 
lobes  more  or  less  incisely  toothed:  petals  purple  or  sometimes  white.  —  In  the 
mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British  America  and  westward. 

4.  G.  incisum,  Nutt.     Closely  resembling  the  last,  but  more  villous  and 
alandular-pubescent :  leaves  rather  more  narrowly  and  laciniatdy  cut :  petals  usually 
deep  purple.  —  From  California  through  Montana  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

5.  G.  CSBSpitOSUm,  James.     More  slender  and  more  diffusely  branched  : 
radical  leaves  smaller,  reniform,  deeply  5  to  7-cleft,  pubescent  :  flowers  purple.  — 
New  Mexico  and  northward.     Includes  many  of  the  forms  which  have  been 
called  G.  Fremontii. 

2.    ERODIUM,    L'Her.        STOKKSBILL. 

Sterile  stamens  scale-like.  Tails  of  the  carpels  becoming  spirally  twisted.  — 
Leaves  pinnate,  peduncles  umbellately  4  to  8-flowered,  with  a  4-bracted  invo- 
lucre ;  petals  small. 


KUTACE^E.      (RUE   FAMILY.)  45 

1.  E.  cieutarium,  L'Her.  Hairy,  much  branched  from  the  base  :  leaf- 
lets laciuiately  piunatifid  with  narrow  acute  lobes :  peduncles  exceeding  the 
leaves :  petals  bright  rose-color :  pedicels  at  length  reflexed,  the  fruit  still 
erect.  —  E.  Utah  and  throughout  the  whole  region  west  of  the  Kocky  Moun- 
tains.  Known  as  "  Alfilaria,"  "  Pin-clover,"  and  "  Pin-grass." 

3.    OXALIS,    L.        WOOD-SORREL. 

Low,  often  acaulescent,  with  obcordate  leaflets  and  peduncles  umbellately 
or  cymosely  few  to  many-floAvered. 

1.  O.  violacea,  L.     Acaufescent,  nearly  smooth,  leaves  and  scapes  from  a 
scaly  bulb :  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves,  umbellately  flowered :  petals  violet : 
capsule  few-seeded.  —  Colorado,  and  common  eastward. 

2.  O.  COrniculata,  L.     Caulescent,  more  or  less  villous,  from  running  root- 
stocks  :  stems  sometimes  2  or  3  feet  high  :  petals  yellow :  capsule  many-seeded. 

Var.  stricta,  Sav.  Without  stipules.  —  0.  stricta,  L.  Colorado  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 


ORDER  19.    RUTACEJE.    (RUE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  pellucid  or  glandular-dotted  aromatic 
leaves,  definite  hypogynous  stamens,  and  few  seeds.  —  Sepals  and  petals 
4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals,  inserted  outside  of  a  hypogynous  disk.  Stipules  none. 

1.  Ptelea.    Leaves  3-foliolate.     Fruit  orbicular,  indeluscent,  broadly  winged.    Stamens  4 

or  5. 

2.  Thamnosma.    Leaves  simple,  alternate.     Fruit  a  2-lobed  coriaceous  capsule.    Sta- 

mens 8. 

1.    PTELEA,    L.        SHRUBBY  TREFOIL.    HOP-TREE. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Ovary  with  a  short  thick  stipe,  2-celled ;  cells  2-ovuled, 
the  lower  ovule  abortive  :  style  short.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees ;  flowers  small, 
greenish-white,  in  terminal  cymes  or  compound  corymbs. 

1.  P.  angUStifolia,  Benth.  A  shrub  5  to  25  feet  high,  with  chestnut- 
colored  punctate  bark :  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  becoming  smooth 
and  shining  with  age :  fruit  emarginate  at  base  and  often  above ;  the  stipe 
narrow.  —  S.  Colorado  to  California  and  Texas. 

2.    THAMNOSMA,    Torr. 

Disk  cup-shaped,  crenate  or  lobed.  Ovary  stipitate,  2-celled ;  cells  5  or 
6-ovuled:  style  elongated. — Low  glandular  desert  shrubs,  strongly  scented  ; 
leaves  linear  ;  flowers  solitary. 

1.  T.  Texana,  Torr.  Woody  only  at  base,  the  slender  stems  3  to  15 
inches  high :  flowers  on  short  naked  pedicels  :  petals  yellow  tinged  with 
purple.  —  Rutosma  Texanum,  Gray.  S.  W.  Colorado  and  southward. 


46  KHAMNACE^E.      (BUCKTHORN   FAMILY.) 


ORDER  20.     CELASTRACE^E.     (STAFF-TREE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  small  dull-colored  perfect 
regular  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  inserted  on  the 
margin  of  a  broad  disk  which  lines  the  calyx-tube.  —  Sepals  and  petals 
imbricated.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals.  Seeds  arillate. 

1.    PACHYSTIMA,    Kaf. 

Calyx  with  a  short  tube  and  4  rounded  lobes.  Petals  4.  Ovary  free, 
2-celled :  style  very  short.  Capsule  small,  coriaceous,  1  to  2-seeded.  Seeds 
enclosed  in  a  white  many-cleft  membranaceous  aril.  —  Low  evergreen  shrubs  ; 
leaves  smooth,  opposite,  very  shortly  petioled,  serrate  or  serrulate ;  flowers 
green,  in  one  to  few-flowered  axillary  cymes. 

1.  P.  Myrsinites,  Raf.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  cuneate 
at  base:  fruit  smooth. — In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British 
America  and  westward  to  California.  In  dense  clumps  on  wooded  slopes. 
The  only  other  species  known  (P.  Canbyi)  grows  at  a  single  station  in  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  of  Virginia. 


ORDER  21.     RHARINACE^E.     (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  undivided  leaves,  small  arid  often 
caducous  stipules,  and  small  regular  flowers.  —  Sepals  valvate  in  the 
bud ;  a  conspicuous  disk  lining  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx.  Petals 
clawed,  mostly  involute,  each  around  a  stamen  in  the  bud,  sometimes 
wanting.  Stamens  perigynous  and  alternate  with  the  sepals.  In  ours 
the  fruit  is  berry-like  or  dry,  containing  2  to  4  separating  seed-like  nut- 
lets, and  the  leaves  are  alternate. 

1.  Ilhamims.     Calyx  and  disk  free  from   the  ovary ;  calyx-lobes  erect  or  spreading. 

Petals  small,  short-clawed,  or  none.     Filaments  very  short.     Fruit  berry-like,  with  2 
to  4  mostly  indehiscent  nutlets. 

2.  Ceanothus.    Calyx  and  disk  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  calyx-lobes  connivent. 

Petals  long-clawed,  hooded.      Filaments   exserted.      Fruit   diy,  with  3  dehiscent 
nutlets. 

1.    RHAMNUS,    L.        BUCKTHORN. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  4  to  5-cleft.  Petals  on  the 
margin  of  the  disk.  — Leaves  pinnately  veined,  with  small  deciduous,  stipules, 
and  greenish  flowers  axillary  cymose  or  racemose. 

§  1.    Seeds  and  nutlets  deeply  siilcute  or  concave  on  the  back  :  flowers  mostly 

dioecious,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils.  —  RHAMNUS  proper. 
1.    R.  alnifolia,  L'Her.     A  shrub  2  to  4  feet  high:  leaves  deciduous, 
-      ovate-oblong,  crenately  serrate :  petals  wanting  :  fruit  black,  obovate,  3-lobed. 
—  W.  Wyoming,  westward,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 


KHAMNACE^E.      (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.)  47 

§  2.    Seeds  and  nutlets  convex  on  the  back :  flowers  mostly  perfect,  in  pedunculate 
cymes.  —  FRANGULA. 

2.  R.   Caroliniana,    Walter.      Thornless   shrub   or  small   tree:   leaves 
oblong,  obscurely  serrulate,   deciduous :  flowers  in  one  form   umbelled,  in  another 
solitary  in  the  axils:    fruit  globose,  3-seeded.  —  Frangula  Caroliniana,  Gray. 
From  the  mountains  eastward  across  the  continent. 

3.  R.  Californica,  Esch.     A  spreading  shrub,  with  the  young  branches     c  p 
somewhat  tomentose  :  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  elliptical,  denticulate  or  nearly  entire, 
evergreen  :  peduncles  with  numerous  mostly  abortive  flowers  in  snbumbel/ate  fascicles :     ' 
fruit  blackish  purple  with  thin  pulp,  2  to  3-lobed  and  2  to  3-seeded.  —  Frangu/a 
Californica,  Gray.     S.  W.  Colorado  to  California. 

4.  R.  Purshiana,  DC.     Sometimes  20  feet  high  ;  young  branches  tomen- 
tose :    leaves  elliptic,  denticulate,  deciduous,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath :  flowers 
rather  large,  in  a  somewhat  umbellate  cyme :  fruit  black,  broadly  obovoid,  3-lobed 
and  3-seeded.  —  N.  Idaho  and  westward  in  the  Pacific  States. 

2.    CEANOTHUS,    L.        NEW  JERSEY  TEA. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  5-cleft.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  sometimes  spines- 
cent,  with  petioled  leaves  and  showy  thyrsoid  or  cymose  white  (in  ours) 
flowers.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  333.  Ours  all  belong  to  the  first  sec- 
tion of  the  genus,  in  which  the  leaves  are  all  alternate  and  3-nerved,  glandular- 
toothed  or  entire,  and  the  fruit  not  crested. 

*  Branches  not  spiny:  inflorescence  thyrsoid :  leaves  usually  large, 
glandular-serrate. 

1.  C.  velutinus,  Dougl.     A  shrub  2  to  3  feet  high,  usu'ally  glabrous : 
leaves  thick,  broadly  ovate  or  elliptical,  resinous  and  shining  above,  sometimes      £ 
velvety  beneath  :  flowers  in  a  loose  thyrse  :  peduncles  usually  short. — Colorado, 
Utah,  and  northwestward. 

Var.  IsevigatUB,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  mostly  glabrous  beneath.  —  More 
common  than  the  type  ;  ranging  from  Colorado  northwestward  to  the  British 
boundary. 

2.  C.  ovatus,  Desf.     A  shrub  2  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or 
elliptical-lanceolate,  glandular-serrulate,   nearly   glabrous :    thyrse   umbel-like? 
the  pedicels  elongated  and  closely  approximated.  —  Includes  C.  ocalis,  Bigel. 
Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

3.  C.  sanguineu.8,  Pursh.    A  shrub4  to  12  feet  high:  stem  and  branches 
reddish :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  obovate,  subcordate,  serrate  :  thyrsoid  corymbs       /L 
in  lateral  panicles,   on  very  short  peduncles.  —  Includes   C.  Oreganus,   Nutt. 
Along  the  Missouri  and  its  tributaries. 

*  *  Branches  mostly  spinose,  grayish  :  flowers  in  simple  clusters  :  leaves 
small,  entire. 

4.  C.  Fendleri,  Gray.     A  shrub  one  or  two  feet  high,  widely  and  intri- 
cately branched  :  leaves  oval  or  elliptic,  silky-canescent  beneath,  smoothish 
and  green  above :  flowers  in  clusters,  dense,  sessile,  glabrous.  —  Colorado  and 
southward. 


48  SAPINDACE^E.      (SOAPBERRY  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  22.    VITACEJE.     (VINE  FAMILY.) 

Woody  plants,  mostly  climbing  by  tendrils,  branchlets  articulated  and 
often  thickened  at  the  nodes,  usually  palmately  veined  or  lobed  or  com- 
pound alternate  leaves,  panicled  cymose  or  thyrsoid  inflorescence,  small 
greenish  or  whitish  flowers,  and  fruit  a  berry.  —  Flowers  very  commonly 
polygamous  or  dioecious.  Calyx  minute,  truncate,  or  4  to  5-toothed, 
caducous  or  early  deciduous.  Petals  4  or  5,  valvate.  Stamens  the  same 
number  and  opposite.  Ovules  in  pairs  or  solitary  in  the  cells  of  the 
ovary. 

1.  Vitis.    Calyx  filled  with  an  adnate  fleshy  disk  which  bears  the  petals  and  stamens. 

Leaves  simple. 

2.  Ampelopsis.    Disk  none.    Leaves  palmately  compound. 

1.    VITIS,    Tourn.        GRAPE. 

Petals  thick  and  caducous.  Stamens  distinct.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  pair 
of  ovules  in  each  cell.  —  Tendrils  and  flower-clusters  opposite  the  leaves,  the 
former  almost  always  at  least  once  forked. 

1.  V.  riparia,  Michx.  Leaves  usually  iucisely  3-lohed,  the  lobes  long- 
pointed  :  panicles  small,  rather  simple  :  berries  mostly  with  bloom  :  seeds 
obtuse  or  somewhat  obcordate  and  with  an  inconspicuous  rhaphe.  —  V.  cordi- 
folia,  var.  riparia,  Gray.  Colorado ;  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.    AMPELOPSIS,    Michx.        VIRGINIA  CREEPER. 

Calyx  slightly  5-toothed.  Petals  concave,  thick,  expanding  before  the  fall. 
—  Leaves  with  5  oblong-lanceolate  sparingly  serrate  leaflets.  Tendrils  fixing 
themselves  to  trunks  or  walls  by  dilated  sucker-like  disks  at  their  tips. 

1.  A.  quinquefolia,  Michx.  A  woody  vine  in  low  rich  grounds,  climb- 
ing extensively,  sometimes  by  rootlets  as  well  as  by  its  disk-bearing  tendrils : 
berries  small  and  blackish.  —  Colorado  (Meehan),  and  throughout  the  At- 
lantic and  Mississippi  Valley  States.  Leaves  turning  bright  crimson  in 
autumn. 


ORDER  23.    SAPINDACEJE.     (SOAPBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Ours  are  all  trees  of  the  MAPLE  FAMILY,  which  has  compound  or  lobed 
opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  polygamous  or  dioecious  regular  flowers, 
sometimes  without  petals,  each  cell  of  the  2-celled  fruit  producing  a 
wing  and  becoming  a  samara. 

1.  Acer.    Leaves  palmately  lobed  or  rarely  divided.     Flowers  polygamous. 

2.  Neguudo.    Leaves  pinnate.     Flowers  dioecious,  apetalous. 


ANACARDIACE.E.      (CASHEW  FAMILY.)  49 

1.    ACER,    Tourn.        MAPLE. 

Calyx  colored,  usually  5-lobed.  Petals  as  many  or  none.  Stamens  3  to  12, 
usually  8,  inserted  with  the  petals  upon  a  lobed  disk.  Fruit  divaricately 
2-winged  above,  separable  at  maturity,  each  1-seeded. — Flowers  in  umbel- 
like  corymbs  or  fascicles. 

1 .  A.  grandidentatum,  Nutt.     Leaves  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  rather 
deeply  3-lobed,  with  broad  round  sinuses ;  lobes  rather  acute,  coarsely  sinuate- 
dentate  :  the  umbel-like  corymb  nearly  sessile,  few-flowered,  the  pedicels  long 
and  nodding.  —  Utah  and  northward  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  moun- 
tains.    Rarely  attains  a  foot  in  diameter  and  30  to  40  feet  in  height. 

2.  A.  glabrum,  Torr.     Shrub  6  to  10  feet  high :  leaves  subreniform,  orbicu- 
lar in  outline,  3-lobed  or  more  usually  3-parted ;  segments  short  and  broad, 
acutely  incised  and  toothed,  somewhat  3-lobed,  middle  one  cuneate :  the  umbel- 
like  corymb  pedunculate:    sepals  about   8.  —  Includes  A.  tripartitum,  Nutt. 
From  New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward.     Along  water-courses  among 
the  mountains. 

2.    WE  GUN  DO,    Mcench.        BOX-ELDER. 

Petals  and  disk  none.  Fruit  as  in  Acer.  —  Sterile  flowers  on  clustered 
capillary  pedicels,  the  fertile  in  drooping  racemes. 

1.  N.  aceroides,  Moench.  Leaflets  very  veiny,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed  : 
fruit  smooth,  with  large  rather  incurved  wings.  —  In  the  valleys  from  New 
Mexico  northward.  A  tree  with  light  green  twigs  and  delicate  drooping 
clusters  of  greenish  flowers  a  little  earlier  than  the  leaves. 

ORDER  24.     ANACARDIACE^.     (CASHEW  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  a  resinous  juice,  alternate  leaves  without  stipules, 
and  small  regular  flowers  commonly  polygamous  or  dioecious.  Stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  The  free  ovary  1-celled  and 
1-ovuled,  but  the  styles  often  3.  Fruit  a  dry  drupe. 

1.    RHTJS,    L.        SUMACH.^ 

Sepals  and  petals  usually  5.  Stamens  inserted  under  the  edge  of  a  disk 
lining  the  base  of  the  calyx.  —  Leaves  simple  or  pinnate. 

*  Leaflets  11  to  31 :  flowers  in  a  terminal  thyrsoid  panicle. 

1.  R  glabra,  L.     Shrub  2  to  12  feet  high:  leaflets  whitened  beneath, 
lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate  :  fruit  globular,  clothed  with  acid  crimson 
hairs ;  the  stone  smooth.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  Idaho,  and  eastward  across  the 
continent.     Not  poisonous. 

*  *  Leaflets  3. 

2.  R.  Toxicodendron,  L.     Climbing  by  rootlets  over  rocks  or  ascending 
trees:  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  rather  downy  beneath,  variously  notched,  sinu- 
ate, or  cut-lobed  :  flowers  in  loose  and  slender  axillary  panicles :  fruit  globular, 
glabrous,  whitish  or  dun-colored  ;  the  stone  striate.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  Wyo- 
ming, and  eastward.    Poisonous  to  the  touch. 

4 


50  LEGUMINOS.E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

3.  B.  aromatica,  Ait.,  var.  trilobata,  Gray.  A  shrub  2  to  5  feet  high, 
diffusely  branched,  strongly  scented  :  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or  rhomboidal, 
coarsely  toothed  above  and  often  3-lobed :  flowers  in  clustered  scaly  bracted 
spikes  like  catkins,  preceding  the  leaves,  yellowish  :  fruit  flattish,  somewhat 
viscid.  —  R.  trilobata,  Nutt.  Common  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
the  Upper  Missouri,  and  westward. 


ORDER  25.    UEGUJJIINOS^E.    (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  irregular  or  sometimes  regular  flowers,  mostly  10  mon- 
adelphous  or  diadelphous  stamens,  and  a  single  simple  free  pistil 
becoming  a  legume  in  fruit.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  usually 
compound. 

SUBORDER  I.     PAPILIONACE.E. 

Flower  irregular.  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Corolla  of  5 
petals  (rarely  fewer) ;  one  (standard)  superior,  larger  and  always 
external,  covering  in  the  bud  the  two  lateral  ones  (wings),  and  these 
covering  the  inferior  pair,  which  together  form  the  keel,  this  in  turn 
enclosing  the  stamens  and  pistil.  Style  generally  iuflexed  or  incurved. 

*  Stamens  distinct. 
••-  Leaves  digitately  3-foliolate. 
1.  Tliermopsis.    Stipules  conspicuous,  and  yellow  flowers  in  racemes. 

•«-  <-  Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 
2    Sopliora.     Pod  thick,  large,  several-seeded,  often  transversely  constricted.     Leaves 

coriaceous. 

9.  Amorplia.    Pod  small,  1  to  2-seeded.    Petal  one.    Stamens  monadelphous  at  the  very 
base. 

#  *  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  (9  and  1). 

•«-  Anthers  of  two  forms  :  filaments  strictly  monadelphous :  leaves  digitate,  of  more  than  3 

entire  leaflets. 

3.  Lupinus.    Calyx  2-lipped.     Standard  with  recurved  sides:  keel  falcate.    Pod  large, 

straight. 

•«-  •*-  Anthers  reniforni. 

•H-  Leaflets  3  (rarely  5  to  7),  denticulate  or  serrulate :  stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so : 
pods  small  and  enclosed  in  the  calyx.1 

4.  Trifolium.     Flowers  capitate.     Corolla  persistent,  united  with  the  filaments. 

•w-  ++  Leaves  unequally  pinnate  (very  rarely  digitate  or  simple) ;  leaflets  entire :  no  tendril. 
=  Flowers  in  axillary  umbels  or  solitary  :  stamens  diadelphous. 

5.  Hosackia.     Corolla  yellow  or  partly  white  or  turning  reddish  :  claw  of  the  standard 

usually  remote  from  the  others.     Pod  linear,  several-seeded. 

=  =  Flowers  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  heads,  never  umbellate, 
a.  Herbage  glandular-dotted  :  stamens  mostly  monadelphous :  pod  usually  indehiscent 

6.  Psoralea.    Herbs,  with  3  to  7-foliolate  leaves  and  axillary  spikes  or  racemes.    Pod  one- 

ovuled,  one-seeded. 

1  Medicago  is  an  introduced  genus,  with  small  flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  spikes,  petals 
free  and  deciduous,  and  the  pod  spirally  coiled  or  curved.  See  foot-note,  p.  54. 


LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.)  51 

7.  Dalea.    Shrubby  or  herbaceous,  with  pinnate  or  palmate  leaves  and  terminal  spikes  or 

heads.     Wings  and  keel  inserted  on  and  articulated  with  the  stamen  tube.     Pod  2  to 
6-ovuled,  mostly  one-seeded. 

8.  Petalostemon.    Herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  terminal  spikes  or  heads.   Stamens 

5  ;   the  cleft  tube  of  filaments  bearing  4  of  the  petals  on  its  summit.     Pod  1  to 
2-seeded. 

9.  Amorpha.    Shrubs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  terminal  racemes  or  spikes.    Wings  and 

keel  of  the  corolla  wanting.    Stamens  monadelphous  only  at  base,  otherwise  distinct. 
Pod  1  to  2-ovuled,  1  to  2-seeded. 

6.  Shrubs  or  shrubby  :  herbage  not  glandular :  leaves  pinnate  :  pod  flat,  2-valved:  stamens 

diadelphous.  i 

10.  Peteria.   Racemes  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves.    Pod  narrow,  many-seeded.   Leaflets 

not  stipellate. 

11.  Robinia.    Pod  thin,  margined  on  one  edge.    Leaflets  stipellate. 

c.  Herbage  glandular  or  glutinous  and  more  or  less  punctate :  leaves  unequally  pinnate  : 

stamens  diadelphous  ;  anthers  confidently  one-celled. 

12.  Glycyrrhiza.    Flowers,  etc.  of  Astragalus.     Pod  prickly  or  muricate,  short,  one- 

celled. 

d.  Herbage  neither  glandular  nor  dotted  :  stamens  diadelphous  ;  anthers  2-celled :  leaves 

pinnate. 

13.  Astragalus.    Pods  mostly  bladdery  or  turgid,  or  more  or  less  2-celled  by  intrusion  of 

the  dorsal  suture.     Keel  not  tipped  with  a  point  or  sharp  appendage. 

14.  Oxytropis.     Keel  tipped  with  a  point ;  otherwise  as  in  Astragalus. 

•H-  -H-  -H-  Herbs  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  no  tendril :  pod  transversely  2  to  several-jointed, 
the  reticulated  one-seeded  joints  iridehiscent. 

15.  Hedysarum.    Stamens  diadelphous  (5  and  1). 

w-  -H-  -H.  -H-  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  terminated  by  a  tendril  or  bristle  :  stamens  diadelphous  : 
peduncles  axillary  :  pod  2-valved. 

16.  Vicia.    Stamen-tube  oblique  at  the  summit.     Style  filiform,  hairy  around  and  below 

the  apex. 

17.  Lathyrus.    Stamen-tube  nearly  truncate.    Style  dorsally  flattened  toward  the  apex, 

hairy  on  the  inner  side,  usually  twisted  half  round. 


SUBORDER  II.     CJESALPINI^E. 

Flower  more  or  less  irregular.  PeHgynous  disk  lining  the  tube  or 
base  of  the  calyx.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  one  corresponding 
to  the  standard  within  the  lateral  ones.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  distinct.  — 
In  ours  the  corolla  is  yellow  and  not  at  all  papilionaceous. 

18.  Cassia.    Leaves  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate.    Anthers  either  10  and  unequal,  or  some 

of  the  upper  ones  imperfect,  abortive,  or  wanting. 

19.  Hoifmanseggia.    Leaves  abruptly  or  unequally  bipinnate,  and  dotted  with  black 

glands.     Stamens  10,  with  anthers  all  perfect  and  filaments  hairy.    Racemes  opposite 
the  leaves. 

SUBORDER  III.    MIUIOSE,*:. 

Flowers  regular,  small,  and  numerous  in  spikes  or  heads.  No  disk. 
Calyx  and  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals,  hypogynous.  Leaves  usually  twice  pinnate. 

20.  Schrankia.    Petals  united  below  into  a  cup.    Pod  covered  with  small  prickles  or 

rough  projections, 


52  LEGUMINOS.E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

1.    THERMOPSIS,    R.  Br. 

Calyx  campanulate,  cleft  to  the  middle.  Standard  shorter  than  the  oblong 
wings,  the  sides  reflexed :  keel  nearly  straight,  equalling  the  wings.  Pod 
linear  to  oblong-linear,  much  compressed,  shortly  stipitate  or  nearly  sessile, 
straight  or  incurved.  —  Stout  perennial  herbs  with  erect  clustered  stems ; 
stipules  free,  leaflets  entire. 

1.  T.  rhombifolia,  Richardson.    Stems  angular,  nearly  smooth :  stipules 
as  long  as  the  petioles;   leaflets  obovate-cuneiform,  silky-puberulent,  at  length 
nearly  glabrous  :  bracts  oval:  pod    alcate,  recurved  or  pendulous,  glabrous,  10 
to  14-seeded.  —  From  Colorado  northward,  at  the  head-waters  of  the  Platte, 
Missouri,  and  Saskatchewan. 

2.  T.  montana,  Nutt.     Somewhat  silky-pubescent,  at  length  glabrous : 
stipules  exceeding  the  petioles ;    leaflets  oblonq-obovate  to  oblong,  sparingly  villous 
beneath,  smooth  above:  bracts  mostly  lanceolate :   pod  straight,  erect,  pubescent, 
10  to  12-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  388.     T.  fabacea  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1872. 
T.  fabacea,  var.  montana,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.,  Hayd.  Rep.  1870  and   1871, 
and  Fl.  Colorado.    From  New  Mexico  to  Washington  Territory  and  east- 
ward to  the  borders  of  Nebraska  and  Dakota. 

2.    SOPHORA,    L. 

Calyx-tube  campanulate ;  teeth  short.  Petals  nearly  equal ;  standard  broad. 
Pod  stipitate,  terete  or  somewhat  compressed.  —  Ours  are  herbs ;  leaves  with 
numerous  entire  leaflets ;  stipules  small  or  obsolete  ;  flowers  white,  in  terminal 
racemes. 

1.  S.  sericea,  Nutt.  Low.  6  to  12  inches  high,  more  or  less  silky-canes- 
cent:  leaflets  about  21,  elliptic  or  cuneate-oval :  racemes  short,  at  first  scarce 
exserted  beyond  the  leaves :  calyx  gibbous  at  base.  —  High  plains  of  Colorado 
and  northward  along  the  plains  of  the  Platte  and  the  Missouri. 

3.    LUPINUS,    L.        LUPINE. 

Wings  united  above,  enclosing  the  keel.  Stigma  bearded.  Pod  2-valved, 
compressed,  coriaceous.  —  Generally  herbaceous ;  stipules  adnate  to  the 
petioles.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  verticillate,  or  scattered,  bracteate. 

§  1.    Ovules  several:  cotyledons  petioled  in  germination.  — LUPINUS  proper. 
Ours  are  all  herbaceous  perennials,  with  oblong  pods. 

#  Dwarf  and  cespitose :  racemes  usually  short  and  dense :  pods  3  to  4-seeded. 

1.  L.  CCCSpitOSUS,  Nutt.  Nearly  stemless,  silky-hirsute :  raceme  sessile, 
shorter  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  setaceous,  deciduous :  petals  pale  blue.  —  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  379.  From  the  mountains  of  W.  Colorado  and  Utah  north- 
ward to  the  head-waters  of  Snake  and  Yellowstone  Rivers. 

2  L.  aridus,  Dougl.  Pubescence  villous,  both  loose  and  appressed : 
leaflets  oblanceolate  :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  nearly  equalling 
the  calyx:  petals  purple;  the  standard  elliptical. —  Sources  of  the  Missouri, 
to  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California.  In  low  valleys. 

3.  L.  minimus,  Dougl.     Appressed   silky-villous :   leaflets  obovate  or 
oblanceolate  :  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves ;  bracts  linear :  petals 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  53 

purple ;  the  standard  orbicular.  —  From  N.  W.  Wyoming  to  Washington  Ter- 
ritory and  California. 

4.  L.  Lyallii,  Gray.     Stems  from  a  spreading  woody  caudex:  pubescence 
dense,  villous,  appressed :  leaflets  obovate :   racemes  very  short,  the  peduncles 
muck  exceeding  the  leaves ;  bracts  short :  petals  purple ;  the  standard  elliptical. 

—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  334.     Bitter  Root  Mountains,  and  in  the  Cascades  of 
Washington  Territory. 

*  #  Stems  talfer,  erect  or  ascending,  and  racemes  elongated. 
•<-   Flowers  large :  leaflets  7  to  10,  glabrous  above  or  nearly  so  :  ovules  5  to  8. 

5.  L.  Burkei,  Watson.     Stout,  erect,  the  short  and  si/ky  pubescence  closely 
appressed:   lower  leaves  long-petioled ;   leaflets  about  equalling  the  petioles : 
raceme  usually  short  and  dense ;   bracts  villous :  flowers  purple  or  sometimes 
white  :  calyx  with  spreading  pubescence  :  keel  nearly  semicircular  :   pod  8-seeded. 

—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  525.     L.  poly/rftylltts,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  and  Hayd. 
Rep.  1871  and  1872.     Head-waters  of  Yellowstone   and   Snake  Rivers,  to 
N.  Nevada. 

6.  L.  Sitgreavesii,  Watson.     Puberulent  and  somewhat  silky  villous  with 
spreading  hairs :  raceme  open,  shortly  peduncled  :  calyx  appressed-silky :  stan- 
dard rounded,  naked  :  ovules  5.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  527.     In  the  mountains 
from  the  S.  Sierra  Nevada  to  S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

7.  L.  Plattensis,  Watson.     Appressed  silky-vil/oits  throughout,  with  a  some- 
what glaucous  hue :  leaflets  spatulate  :  raceme  loose,  shortly  peduncled  :  petals 
pale  blue,  with  a  conspicuous  darker  spot  upon  the  standard.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xvii.  369.     L.  ornattts,  Bougl.,  var.  glabratus,  Watson.     The  L.  ornatus  of  the 
Hayden  Reports.     Common  on  the  Upper  Platte  and  northward. 

•«-  -t-   Flowers  smaller  (3  to  5  lines  long) :  ovules  2  to  6. 
•w-  Lower  petio'es  elongated:  leaflets  not  glabrous  above :  racemes  mostly  dense. 

8.  L.  leucophyllus,  Dougl.    Leafy,  densely  silky-tomentose  throughout 
and  somewhat  villous  :  leaflets  7  to  10,  oblanceolate  or  cuneate-oblong ;  the 
upper  petioles  about  equalling  the  leaves :  racemes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  densely 
flowered :  pedicels  stout :  petals  blue  or  pink  ;  the  standard  densely  villous. 

—  Head-waters  of  the  Platte  and  Missouri  Rivers,  to  Washington  Territory 
and  N.  California. 

•»-»•  -M-  Stems  slender:   pubescence  short,  silky,  appressed:  petioles  and  peduncles 
mostly  short :  flowers  sub  verticil  late  or  scattered,  on  short  slender  pedicels. 

9.  L.  parviflorus,  Nutt.     Stems  2  or  3  feet  high  :  pubescence  scanty,  the 
calyx  and  pedicels  silky:  leajlets  5  to  11,  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  glabrous  above, 
the  lower  leaves  shorter  than  (he  petioles :  standard  naked.  —  Mountains  of  Central 
Colorado,  to  the  sources  of  Snake  River,  and  westward  to  Central  California 
and  the  Columbia  River. 

10.  L.  laxiflorus,  Dougl.     Stems  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaflets  6  to  8,  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  silky  on  both  sid<-s,  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  pttioles :  calyx 
narrowed  and  saccate  at  base:  standard  somewhat  pubescent.  —  Wahsatch  Moun- 
tains, westward  to  N.  California  and  Vancouver  Island. 

11.  L.  argenteus,  Pursh.     Hoary  with  thick  pubescence:  stem  1  to  2 
feet  high  :  leaflets  5  to  8,  linear-lanceolate,  smooth  above  or  nearly  so,  about  equal- 
ling the  petioles :  calyx  gibbous  but  not  spurred  at  base :   petals  blue  or  cream- 


54  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

colored;  standard  very  broad. — From  Central  Colorado  to  Montana,  and 
westward  along  the  plains  of  Snake  and  Columbia  Rivers. 

Var.  decumbens,  Watson.  Stem  stouter  and  more  leafy :  raceme 
dense.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  532.  L.  decumbens,  Torr.  L.  laxiflorus,  of 
Hayd.  Rep.  1872.  L.  laxiflorus,  var.  tene/ius,  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1871.  From 
Montana  and  Wyoming  southward  into  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Var.  argophyllus,  Watson.     More  silky-pubescent ;   the  leaflets  nearly 
equally  so  on  both  sides,  longer  than  the  petioles :  flowers  larger :  calyx  decidedly 
spurred.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  532.     S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 
§  2.    Ovules  2  (rarely  3  or  4) :  cotyledons  broad  and  clasping  after  germination, 
usually  long  persistent.    Erect  annuals  :  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  or  -obovate  :  bracts 
persistent :  pod  ovate.  —  PLATYCARPOS,  Watson. 

12.  L.  pusillus,  Pursh.     Rather  stout,  3  to  10  inches  high,  hirsute  with 
long  spreading  hairs :  leaflets  mostly  5,  nearly  smooth  above,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  petioles  :  racemes  spicate,  nearly  sessile,  2  or  3  inches  long :  petals  purple 
or  rose-color  :  pod  very  hirsute.  —  From  the  Upper  Missouri  to  the  Columbia 
and  southward  east  of  the  Sierras,  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

13.  L.  Kingii,  Watson.     Resembles  the  last,  but  more  slender  and  villous 
with  soft  white  hairs :  racemes  very  short,  few-flowered,  on  long  slender  peduncles  : 
pods  and  seeds  smaller.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  534.    L.  Sderi,  Watson.    Utah, 
Colorado,  and  southward  along  the  Rio  Grande. 

4.    TBIFOLIUM,1    L.        CLOVER. 

Herbs  with  palmately  compound  leaves,  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole, 
flowers  in  capitate  racemes,  spikes,  or  umbels,  peduncles  axillary  or  only 
apparently  terminal.  —  Watson  Rev.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  127. 
*  Leaflets  5  to  7  :  heads  not  involucrate,  terminal  and  axillary  :  flowers  sessile  : 
calyx-teeth  filiform,  plumose  :  low  or  dwarf  perennials. 

1.  T.  megacephalum,  Nutt.    Stout,  somewhat  villous :  leaflets  cuneate- 
oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse,  toothed  :  flowers  very  large  (1  inch  long),  purplish, 
in  spicate  heads :  calyx  half  as  long,  the  teeth  very  much  longer  than  the  tube : 
pod  stipitate,  smooth. —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  315.     Head-waters  of  the  Mis- 
souri, to  Washington  Territory  and  N.  E.  California. 

*  *  Leaflets  3 :  heads  not  involucrate,  terminal :  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  : 

perennial  or  biennial. 
•»-    Caulescent,  often  tall:  calyx-teeth  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  corolla.2 

2.  T.  eriocephalum,  Nutt.     Villous  with  spreading  hairs,  or  the  stem 
and  leaves  rarely  glabrous :   leaflets  narrowly  oblong  or  sometimes  broader, 

1  Medicago  sativa,  L.,  has  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  the  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  and 
purple  flowers.  —  Known  as  "  Lucerne,"  and  introduced  into  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  westward. 

2  T.  pratense,  L.,  the  common  Red  Clover,  is  becoming  introduced  and  may  be  known  by 
its  oval  or  obovate  leaflets  often  notched  at  the  end  and  marked  above  with  a  pale  spot,  broad 
bristle-pointed  stipules,  ovate  sessile  heads  of  rose-purple  flowers,  and  scarcely  hairy  calyx. 

T.  repens,  L.,  the  White  Clover,  is  also  introduced,  and  may  be  known  by  its  creeping 
stems,  axillary  peduncles,  inversely  heart-shaped  or  merely  notched  leaflets,  narrow  stip- 
ules, long  petioles  and  peduncles,  the  short  pedicels  reflexed  when  old,  and  the  white 
flowers  turning  brownish  in  fading. 


LEGUMINOS^.       (PULSE  FAMILY.)  55 

serrulate :  flowers  in  dense  ovate  spikes,  at  length  reflexed,  ochroleucous :  calyx- 
teeth  very  villous,  lax,  nearly  equalling  the  petals  :  ovary  hairy.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  313.  S.  W.  Colorado,  N.  California,  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

3.  T.  longipes,  Nutt.      Slender:    stem  usually  glabrous,  the  leaflets  and 
calyx  sparingly  villous :    leaflets  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  serrulate :    heads 
ovate,  looser  than  in  the  last,  not  reflexed:  flowers  ochroleucous  or  tinged  with 
purple  :    calyx-teeth  straight,  more  or  less  hairy,  shorter  than  ihe  corolla.  — 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  314.     From  N.  Arizona  and  Colorado  to  the  British 
boundary,  and  west  to  the  Pacific. 

Var.    ( 1 )   latifolium,  Hooker.     Often  low :    leaflets    broader :    flowers 
pedicellate  in  loose  heads.  —  With  the  species. 

4.  T.  Kingii,  Watson.   Glabrous  tkrottahout :  leaflets  oblong  to  oblanceolate, 
very  acute,  sharply  denticulate :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves :  heads  naked, 
the  purplish  flowers  at  length  reflexed;  the  rachis  often  produced  above  the 
head,  with  a  few  spinescent  bracts :  calyx-teeth  about  one  third  the  length  of  the 
corolla.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  59.      T.   Haydeni,  Porter  in  Hayd.   Rep.   1871. 
From  Montana  through  Idaho  and  Utah  to  N.  E.  California. 

•<-  •<-  Dwarf,  cespitose,  acaulescent  or  nearly  so. 
•»-»•  Glabrous :  flowers  large :  ovary  smooth,  linear,  4  to  1-ovuled. 

5.  T.  nanum,  Torr.   Leaflets  small,  oblanceolate,  serrulate,  strongly  veined  : . 
peduncles  very  short,  radical :  flowers  1  to  3,  dark   purple  :    calyx-teeth    broad, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  tube :  ovary  4  to  5-ovuled.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and 
Utah. 

6.  T.  Brandegei,  Watson.     Leaflets  elliptic-oblong,  thin,  entire :  peduncles 
about  equalling  the  leaves  :  flowers  spicate  in  a  loose  naked  head,  purplish  :  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate,  acuminate,  a  little  longer  than  the  tube :  ovary  stipitate,  1-ovuled.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi.  130.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  N.  W.  New  Mexico. 

•w-  •»-»•  Pubescent :  flowers  small :  ovary  obovate,  densely  villous,  2-ovuled,  at  length 
exserted  from  the  calyx. 

7.  T.  gymnocarpon,  Nutt.     Leaflets  ovate-oblong  to  oblanceolate,  ser- 
rate :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves :  flowers  2  to  6,  in  rather  close  heads, 
on  short  pedicels :  calyx-teeth  equalling  the  tube.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  320. 
Bot.  King's  Exp.  62,  t.  8.     W.  Wyoming  and  the  Wahsatch. 

#  #  #  Leaflets  3 :  heads  subtended  by  a  mostly  monophyllous  usually  many-cleft 

involucre,  axillary :  flowers  in  whorls,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  not  reflexed. 
t-  Low  or  dwarf  perennials,  acaulescent  or  nearly  so:  flowers  rather  large:  invo- 
lucre parted,  somewhat  scarious. 

8.  T.  Pairyi,  Gray.     Glabrous,  often  stout :  leaflets  oblong  to  oblanceolate, 
sharply  dentate :  bracts  5  to  7,  oblong,  obtuse :  flowers  20  or  more  in  a  head  :  calyx- 
teeth  broadly  subulate,  equalling  the  tube:   corolla  rose-purple.  —  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  u.  xxxiii.  409.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming. 

9.  T.  dasyphyllum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Cespitose:   leaves,  peduncles,  and 
calyx  more  or  less  silky :  leaflets  linear-lanceolate,  entire :  head  globose,  on  a  long 
radical  peduncle  :  bracts  very  small,  unequal,  lanceolate :  calyx-teeth  linear, 
much  longer  than  the  tube.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  and  the  Uintas. 

10.  T.  andinum,  Nutt.    Cespitose,  silky-can escent :  leaflets  rigid,  cuneate- 
oblong,  entire,  strongly  veined :  peduncles  radical,  about  equalling  the  leaves : 


56  LEGUMINOSJ3.      (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

heads  hemispherical:  involucre  of  2  broadly  stipuled  3-foliolate  leaves:  ovary 
one-ovukd.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King's  Exp.  60,  t.  8.  W.  Wyoming  and  N.  E. 
Utah. 

•»-   -»-   Slender  annuals,  glabrous :   lobes  of  the  involucre  laciniately  and  sharply 

toothed. 

11.  T.  involucratum,  Willd.    Branching  from  the  base  :  leaflets  mostly 
I    oblanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  spinulosely-serrulate :  flowers  in  close  heads,  purple 

tipped  with  white :  calyx-teeth  thin :  ovules  several.  —  From  Mexico  to  the  British 
boundary,  and  from  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  the  Pacific. 

12.  T.  pauciflomm,  Nutt.     Very  slender :  stems  ascending  or  decum- 
bent: leaflets  obovate  or  oblanceolate  or  sometimes  linear,  usually  obtuse  or 

—  refuse,  serrulate :  heads  rather  few-flowered :  involucre  small :  flowers  little  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx,  deep  purple  or  light  rose-colored :  calyx-teeth  rigid,  setosely 
acuminate:  ovules  two, —  T.  variegatum,  Nutt.,  in  Bot.  King's  Exp.  and  Hayd. 
Rep.  1872.  From  Washington  Terr,  and  Montana  to  S.  California  and  Utah. 


5.    HOSACKIA,    Douglas. 

Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  usually  shorter  than  the  tube.  Petals  free  from 
the  stamens,  nearly  equal ;  keel  somewhat  incurved.  Pod  sessile,  partitioned 
between  the  seeds.  —  Herbaceous:  leaves  (in  ours)  1  to  5-foliolate;  stipules 
minute  and  gland-like.  —  Watson  in  Bot.  King's  Exp.  432. 

1.  H.  Wrightii,  Gray.     Perennial:  ashy-puberulent,  busby-branched,  very 
leafy :  leaflets  3  to  5,  apparently  palmate  and  sessile,  the  lowest  oblong,  the  rest 
flliform-linear :  peduncles  short,  rarely  equalling  the  leaf,  1  to  2-flowered :  calyx- 
teeth  setaceous-subulate,  about  equalling  the  tale:   keel  not  f alcatel y-attenuate, 
mostly  very  obtuse.  —  S.  W.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

2.  H.  Purshiana,  Benth.    Annual:  more  or  less  silky-villous  or  sometimes 
glabrous:  leaves  nearly  sessile;  leaflets  3  (or  1,  rarely  4),  varying  from  ovate  to 
lanceolate :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  one-flowered :  calyx-teeth  linear,  much 
longer  than  the  tube,  about  equalling  the  corolla  :  keel  attenuated  upward,  falcate, 
mostly  acute.  —  From  Washington  Terr,  to  Northern  Mexico,  eastward  to  the 
Upper  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  N.  Carolina. 


6.    PSOEALEA,    L.         ^ 

Two  upper  calyx-lobes  often  connate.  Keel  united  with  the  wings.  Sta- 
mens mostly  diadelphous.  Pod  sessile,  thick  and  often  wrinkled.  —  Perennial 
herbs  :  leaves  (in  ours)  digitate,  the  leaflets  entire;  stipules  not  adnate  to  the 
petiole  :  flowers  white  or  purplish. 

*  Flowers  in  panicled  racemes. 

1.  P.  tenuiflora,  Pursh.  Slender,  much  branched  and  bushy,  minutely 
hoary-pubescent  when  young  :  leaflets  varying  from  linear  to  obovate-oblong  : 
lobes  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  ovate,  acute :  pod  glandular.  —  P.  floribunda, 
Nutt.  From  Texas  to  Arizona,  northward  to  the  Missouri  River  and  eastward 
into  Illinois. 


LEGUMINOS^J.      (PULSE  FAMILY.)  57 

*  *  Flowers  in  interrupted  spikes :  peduncles  and  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx 

elongated. 

2.  P.    argophylla,   Pursh.       Silvery   silky-white    all    over,    divergently 
branched  :  leaflets  elliptical-lanceolate:  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lanceolate.  — 
From  N.  Wisconsin  to  the  Saskatchewan    and    Upper    Missouri,  and    in 
Colorado. 

3.  P.  campestriS,  Nutt.     Like  the  last  but  much  less  hirsute  and  silvery, 
with  short  white  appressed  hairs,  and  more  branching :  stipules  linear ;  leaflets 
linear  or  oblong-linear,  rather  obtuse,  nearly  glabrous  above :  bracts  3-flowered, 
broadly  ovate.  —  Plains  of  the  Platte. 

4.  P.  digitata,   Nutt.     Canescent,  diffusely  branched  :  stipules  lanceolate, 
reflexed ;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong    and  oblong-linear  with  an  abrupt  rigid  point, 
smooth  and  minutely  dotted  above,  hirsute  beneath :  bracts  obcordate  or  reni- 
form  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate:  pod  hirsute,  not  wrinkled.  —  S.  E.  Colorado 

and  southeastward  along  the  Red  River  into  Arkansas. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  capitate  or  oblong  dense  spikes. 
•*-  Root  tuberous. 

5.  P.  esculenta,  Pursh.     Roughish-hairy  all  over  :  stem  stout :  leaflets  obo- 
vate  or  lanceolate-oblong :  spikes  oblong,  long-pedunded :  lobes  of  the  calyx  and 
bracts  lanceolate.  —  High  plains  from  the   Saskatchewan  to  Louisiana  and 
Texas. 

6.  P.  hypogsea,  Nutt.    Acaukscent :  hirsute  with  whitish  appressed  hairs : 
leaflets  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  nearly  glabrous  above:  spikes  capi- 
tate, on  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles :  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear, 
acuminate,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  elongated.  —  Sandy  plains  of  N.  Colorado 
(Greene),  and  along  the  Platte. 

-i-  •*-  Root  not  tuberous. 

7.  P.  lanceolata,  Pursh.    Glabrous,  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs :  stipules 
linear-lanceolate ;  leaflets  linear  to  oblong-obovate,  acute :  peduncles  about  equal- 
ling the  leaves :  calyx  very  small,  its  teeth  short,  obtuse,  nearly  equal :  ovary  very 
silky :  pod  very  glandular.  —  Washington  Terr,  to  N.  Arizona  and  eastward 
to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Nebraska. 

8.  P.  CUSpidata,   Pursh.     Canescent  with  appressed  pubescence:  stipules 
subulate  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  elliptical-oblong,  pubescent :  peduncles  much  longer 
than  the  leaves :  calyx  large,  somewhat  inflated,  gibbous  at  the  base,  conspicuously 
dotted,  teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  one  produced :  pod  hid  in 
the  large  calyx.  —  From  S.  E.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arkansas. 

7.    DALEA,   L. 

Calyx  (in  ours)  deeply  cleft,  with  plumose  teeth.  Standard  cordate,  its 
claw  free.  Pod  ovate,  compressed,  included  in  the  calyx.  —  Leaflets  small, 
entire,  sometimes  stipellate. 

*  Glabrous :  flowers  not  yellow :  leaflets  4  to  20  pairs,  dotted. 
1.   D.  alopecuroides,  Willd.     Erect  annual,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaflets 
10  to  20  pairs,  linear-oblong :  flowers  light  rose-color,  in  cylindrical  spikes:  bracts 


58  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

conspicuous,  ovate,  pubescent,  deciduous :  calyx  very  villous,  with  long  slender 
teeth. — From  Colorado  to  S.  Arizona  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi  from 
Texas  to  Illinois. 

2.  D.  laxiflora,  Pursh.     Erect,  3  to  4  feet  high  :  branches  slender  and 
spreading :  leaflets  4  to  5  pairs,  linear-oblong :  spikes  panided,  few-flowered : 
flowers  distant,  white :  bracts  very  broad,  almost  orbicular,  glandular,  -coriaceous, 
glabrous,  slightly  cuspidate  :  calyx-teeth  beautifully  plumose.  —  From  Colorado 
to  the  plains  of  the  Missouri,  and  southeastward  to  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

3.  D.  formosa,  Torr.     Suffruticose,  much  branched  :  leaflets  very  small, 
about  5  pairs,  cuneate-oblong,  retuse,  dotted  with  black  glands  beneath  :  spikes  loose, 
few-flowered,  on  short  peduncles  :  flowers  large  and  showy,  bright  purple :  bracts 
ovate,  silky-villous  on  the  margin.  —  On  the  Platte  (James),  and  southward. 

#  #  Not  glabrous:  flowers  yellow  (deep  purple  in  No.  7). 
•t-  Leaves  palmately  trifoliolate,  not  dotted. 

4.  D.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Stems  several  from  one  root,  4  to  9  inches 
high,  somewhat  woody  at  base  :  whole  plant  silky-pubescent :  leaflets  obovate, 
very  obtuse  :  spikes  oblong,  sessile,  dense  and  broad  ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate, 
villous.  —  S.  Colorado  and  southeastward. 

M-  -t-  Leaves  pinnately  compound,  with  2  to  G  pairs  of  leaflets. 

5.  D.  aurea,  Nutt.      Stem  pubescent,  erect,  2  feet  high :  leaflets  3  to  4 
pairs,  oblong-obovate  and  linear-oblong,  more  or  less  silky-pubescent :  spikes  ovate, 
very  compact,  on  long  peduncles :  bracts  rhombic-ovate,  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
—  On  the  plains  from  the  Missouri  River  to  Texas. 

6.  D.  rilbescens,  Watson.     Like  the  last  but  more  slender,  the  leaves  tri- 
foliolate, and  the  flowers  smaller,  the  yellow  petals  becoming  purplish.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvii.  369.     D.  nana,  Torr.,  var.  elutior,  Gray.     S.  E.  Colorado, 
southward  and  eastward. 

7.  D.  lanata,  Spreng.     Decumbent,  canescently  tomentose  throughout:  the 
stems  1  to  3  feet  long :  leaflets  4  to  6  pairs,  obovate-cuneate,  emarginate :  spikes 
usually  opposite  the  leaves.  —  From  Nebraska,  Arkansas,  and  Indian  Territory 
to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  S.  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

8.    PETALOSTEMON,    Michx.       PRAIRIE  CLOVER. 

Similar  to  the  last,  but  with  only  5  stamens  and  the  flowers  always  in  dense 
bracteate  cylindrical  spikes. 

*  Smooth  or  nearly  so :  leaflets  5  t o  9  :  spikes  globose  to  cylindrical. 

1.  P.  violaceUS,  Michx.     Leaflets  5,  narroivly  linear:   spikes  globose- 
ovate,  or  oblong-cylindrical  when  old  :  bracts  pointed,  not  longer  than  the  si/ky- 
hoan/  calyx :  corolla  rose-purple.  —  Prairies  from  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas, 
and  from  Colorado  to  Indiana. 

2.  P.  can-didus,  Michx.    Leaflets  7  to  9,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong :  spikes 
oblong,  cylindrical  when  old :  bracts  awned,  longer  than  the  nearly  glabrous 
calyx:  corolla  white.  —  With  the  last. 

3.  P.  macrOStachyuS,  Torr.     Leaflets  5  to  7,  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse, 
dotted  beneath :  spikes  cylindrical,  elongated  :   bracts  as  long  as  the  flower : 
calyx  silky-villous :  corolla  nearly  white.  —  From  Colorado  to  Oregon. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  59 

*  *  Soft  downy  or  silky-villous  all  over :  leaflets  13  to  17  :  spikes  cylindrical. 

4.  P.  villosus,  Nutt.  Leaflets  linear  or  oblong :  spikes  1  to  5  inches  long, 
short-peduncled :  corolla  rose-color.  —  Along  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Missis- 
sippi to  N.  Wisconsin. 

9.    AMORPHA,    L.        FALSE  INDIGO.    LEAD  PLANT. 

Standard  erect,  folded  together.  —  The  flowers  purple  or  violet,  small,  in 
dense  clustered  terminal  spikes. 

*  Pods  1-seeded :  leaflets  small,  crowded. 

1.  A.   canescens,  Nutt.      Whitened  with  hoary  down,  1  to  8  feet  high: 
leaflets  15  to  25  pairs,  elliptical,  smoothish  above  with  age.  —  From  British 
America  to  Texas  and  from  Colorado  to  Indiana. 

2.  A.  microphylla,  Pursh.     Very  low,  marly  glabrous:   leaflets  some- 
what ovate-elliptical,  rigid:   spikes  solitary  and   aggregated. — Along  the 
Platte  to  the  mountains  and  northward  to  the  plains  of  the  Red  River. 

*  *  Pods  2-seeded :  leaflets  scattered. 

3.  A.  fruticosa,  L.     Rather  pubescent  or  smoothish:  leaflets  8  to  12 
pairs,  oval.  —  Along  rivers  from  Colorado  northeastward  to  British  America 
and  eastward  to  Pennsylvania  and  Florida. 

10.    PETE  HI  A,   Gray. 

Calyx  tubular  at  base,  gibbous  above.  Standard  open  at  the  apex,  with 
reflexed  sides,  narrowed  into  a  long  claw.  Ovary  stipitate. 

1 .  P.  scoparia,  Gray.  Rigid,  branching,  glabrous :  leaflets  numerous, 
very  small,  entire ;  stipules  small,  subulate :  flowers  scattered,  yellowish.  — 
PI.  Wright,  i.  50.  S.  W.  Colorado  and  southward. 

11.    ROB  INI  A,    L.        LOCUST. 

Calyx  slightly  2-lipped.  Standard  large  and  rounded,  turned  back.  —  Trees 
or  shrubs,  often  with  prickly  spines  for  stipules :  flowers  showy,  in  hanging 
axillary  racemes.  Base  of  the  leaf-stalks  covering  the  buds  of  the  next  year. 

1.  R.  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray.  Shrub  4  to  6  feet  high  :  stipular  prickles 
subrecurved,  sharp  arid  stout :  leaflets  elliptical  or  oblong  :  peduncles  and  the 
short  crowded  racemes  hispid  with  straight  glanduliferous  hairs  :  calyx  finely 
hispid  :  corolla  rose-color  :  pods  glandular-hispid.  —  S.  Colorado  and  south- 
ward. 

12.    GLYCYRRHIZA,    L.       LIQUORICE. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Astragalus.  Ovary  sessile  :  style  short  and  rigid.  Pod 
compressed,  and  often  curved.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs :  flowers  in  dense 
axillary  pedunculate  spikes,  with  caducous  bracts  :  root  large  and  sweet. 

1  •  G.  lepidota,  Pursh.  Somewhat  glandular-puberulent,  or  the  younger 
leaves  slightly  silky :  leaflets  6  to  8  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate  :  spike  short : 
flowers  ochroleucous :  pod  thickly  beset  with  hooked  prickles.  —  From  Colo- 
rado to  New  Mexico,  westward  into  Nevada  and  N.  California,  and  northward 
to  Washington  Territory,  and  across  the  continent  to  Hudson's  Bay. 


60  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

13.     ASTRAGALUS,    Tourn.        RATTLE-WEED. 

Corolla  and  its  slender-clawed  petals  usually  narrow.  —  Herbs,  or  a  few 
woody  at  base  :  with  rather  small  flowers,  chiefly  in  simple  axillary  spikes  or 
racemes :  the  peduncle  commonly  elongated.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  188. 
AVatson,  Bot.  King's  Exp.  435. 

SERIES  I.  Pod  completely  or  imperfectly  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal 
suture,  the  ventral  suture  being  not  at  all  or  less  deeply  inflexed.  —  ASTRA- 
GALUS, L. 

Artificial  Key. 

Pod  succulent,  becoming  thick  and  fleshy,  sessile Nos.  1,  2,  3 

Pod  not  2-celled,  inflated,  not  mottled,  sessile  ;  plant  hirsute-canescent  ...  27 
Pod  completely  2-celled,  bladdery-inflated,  often  mottled,  sessile  ;  plant  nearly  glabrous  4 
Pod  coriaceous,  cartilaginous,  or  chartaceous,  not  bladdery-inflated, 

1.  Conspicuously  stipitate,  the  stipe  about  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx, 

Notsulcate 20,21 

Deeply  sulcate. 

Pod  glabrous,  pendent 14,  15,  16 

Pod  black-hairy 24 

2.  Short-stipitate, 

Notsulcate 22 

Sulcate, 

Incurved,  mottled 25 

Straight, 

Completely  2-celled 11,  13 

Incompletely  2-celled 23,  26 

3.  Sessile. 

Completely  2-celled, 

Glabrous 5,  7 

Pubescent  or  hoary 8,  9,  10,  12 

Villous  or  woolly 6 

Incompletely  2-celled. 

Stems  a  span  or  more  high •         18,  19 

Stems  not  rising  so  high,  or  none  at  all. 

Pod  straight  or  nearly  so 17,  28 

Pod  curved 29,  30,  31,  32 

Systematic  Synopsis. 

§  1.  Pod  plum-shaped,  succulent,  becoming  thick  and  fleshy,  indehiscent,  not  stip- 
itate, completely  2-celled.  —  Perennials,  with  low  leafy  stems :  stipules  distinct, 
nearly  free :  racemes  short,  spike-like. 

*  Ovary  and  pod  glabrous. 

1.  A.  caryocarpus,  Ker.     Grayish  with  an  oppressed  pubescence:  flowers 
violet:  pod  globose  or  ovate,  usually  pointed.  —  Plains  from  the  Saskatchewan 
to  Texas. 

2.  A.  MexicanilS,  A.DC.    Taller,  greener,  less  pubescent :  flowers  lighter- 
colored  or  white:   calyx  softly  white-villous  or  tomentose:   pod  ovate-globose, 
scarcely  pointed.  —  From  Colorado  to  Missouri  and  S.  Texas. 

#  *  Ovary  hoary-hirsute  :  pod  sometimes  becoming  glabrate. 

3.  A.  Plattensis,  Nutt.     Loosely  villous :  flowers  ochroleucous  or  pur- 
plish above :  pod  ovate,  acuminate,  or  oblong  and  somewhat  curved.  —  From 
Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  Illinois,  and  southward  to  Texas  and  N.  Alabama. 


LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.)  61 

§  2.  Pod  ovate  or  globose,  membranous,  inflated,  nearly  glabrous,  sessile,  completely 
%-celled  and  more  or  less  didymous  by  the  intrusion  of  both  sutures,  many- 
seeded.  — Stipules  distinct,  adnate  :  flowers  spicate. 

4.  A.  diphysus,  Gray.     Nearly  glabrous  throughout:  leaflets  6  to  11 
pairs,  obovate  or  oblong  :    flowers  blue  or  purple,  occasionally  white  :  pod 
curved-acuminate,   frequently   mottled.  —  S.   W.  Colorado,  southward,  and 
westAvard  in  the  Great  Basin. 

§  3.  Pod  cartilaginous  or  coriaceous,  sessile,  oblong,  turgid,  terete,  sulcate  at  both 
sutures,  at  length  incurved,  completely  2-celled.  —  Subacaulescent,  shining  with 
a  soft  silky-villous  often  yellow  pubescence :  peduncles  long,  scape-like :  spikes 
dense :  flowers  violet. 

5.  A.  mollissimUS,  Torr.     Pod  narrow-oblong,  5  to  9  lines  long,  gla- 
brous, subdidymous :  ovary  also  glabrous.  —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and 
W.  Texas. 

6.  A.  Bigelovii,  Gray.     Pod  oval-oblong,  6  lines  long,  densely  woolly,  but 
slightly  sulcate.  —  From  S.  W.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

§  4.  Pod  coriaceous,  turgid,  oblong,  terete,  scarcely  sulcate  and  only  on  the  back, 
nearly  straight,  sessile,  completely  2-celled.  —  Tall,  with  oppressed  gray  pu- 
bescence or  glabrate  :  spikes  dense :  flowers  whitish,  ochroleucous  or  purplish : 
stipules  distinct  or  united,  free. 

7.  A.  Canadensis,  L.    Leaflets  10  to  14  pairs,  elliptical  or  oblong,  ob- 
tuse :  pod  and  ovary  glabrous.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  head-waters  of  the 
Columbia  and  Saskatchewan,  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

8.  A.  Mortoni,  Nutt.     Differs  from  the  last  in  the  somewhat  pubescent 
ovary  and  pod,  and  the  latter  more  decidedly  sulcate  dorsally  and  less  crowded 
in  the  matured  spike,  and  the  lea/Jets  6  to  8  pairs.  —  A.  Canadensis,  var. 
Mortoni,  Watson.     Head-waters  of  the  Missouri  and  Platte,  westward  into 
Utah,  Nevada,  and  California. 

§  5.  Pod  coriaceous,  oblong  or  ovate,  straight  or  slightly  curved,  usually  more  or 
less  compressed-triangular,  dorsally  sulcate  (cross-section  obcordate),  completely 
2-celled,  pubescent.  —  Caulescent,  grayish  short-pubescent  or  glabrate :  stipules 
more  or  less  sheathing. 

9.  A.  adsurgens,  Pall.     Rather  stout:  spikes  at  length  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical :  flowers  purplish :  pod  sessile.  —  From  Colorado  to  Oregon,  Nebraska, 
and  the  Saskatchewan. 

10.  A.  terminalis,  Watson.     Slender:  leaves  long-petiolate :  raceme  an 
inch  long,  open,  long-pedunculate:   flowers  nearly  sessile,  reflexed,  purplish: 
pod  sessile,  straight,  erect.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  370.     S.  Montana. 

11.  A.  hypoglottis,  L.      Slender :  flowers  capitate,  violet:  pod  silky-vil- 
lous, very  shortly  stipitate.  —  From  S.  Colorado  northward  along  the  mountains 
and  Red  River  Valley  to  Alaska  and  the  Arctic  Circle. 

12.  A.  ventorum,  Gray.     Stems  flexuous,  4  to  6  inches  high,  simple: 
leaflets  broadly  obovate  :  raceme  loose,  short-peduncled,  equalling  the  leaves  : 
flowers  light  yellow:  pod  sessile,  slightly  curved.  —  Watson  in  Am.  Naturalist, 
viii.  212.     Wind  River,  Wyoming,  Parry. 


62  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

§  6.  Pod  coriaceous,  obovoid,  straight,  short-stipitate,  dorsally  sulcate,  ventral 
suture  rather  prominent,  completely  2-celled.  —  Low,  caulescent :  flowers  very 
small,  white  or  cream-color,  tinged  with  purple. 

13.  A.  Brandegei,  Porter.     Canescent  with  minute  appressed  hairs : 
branching  from  a  somewhat  woody  base  :  leaflets  linear :  racemes  on  long 
peduncles,  loosely  few-flowered  :  pod  hairy.  —  Fl.  Colorado,  24.     Banks  of  the 
Arkansas  near  Canon  City,  Colorado,  Brandegee. 

§  7.  Pod  exsert-stipitate,  pendent,  very  glabrous,  straight  or  falcate,  narrow,  more 
or  less  triangular,  very  deeply  sulcate  dorsally,  the  suture  intruded  to  the  middle 
or  beyond.  —  Stems  erect,  stout,  sulcate,  very  leafy :  flowers  in  long  crowded 
racemes,  rather  large. 

14.  A.  Drummondii,  Dougl.     Softly  villous :  calyx  scarcely  gibbous  at 
base,  black-hairy:  corolla  white:  pod  long-linear,  terete,  cross-section  obcordately 
2-lobed.  —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

15.  A.  SCOpulorum,  Porter.     Pubescent  with  appressed  hairs:  calyx  gib- 
bous at.  base,  pilose  with  blackish  hairs :  corolla  yellow  or  ochroleucous :  pod 
oblong,  becoming  arcuate  with  age,  sharply  3-angled,  the  dorsal  suture  with  an 
acute  sulcus  on  each  side.  —  Fl.  Colorado,  24.     A.  subcompressus,  Gray.     Cen- 
tral and  Southern  Colorado. 

1 6.  A.  r aceniOSUS,  Pursh.     Appressed  pubescent,  glabrate  :  calyx  strongly 
gibbous  at  base,  whitish-puberulent :  corolla  white :  pod  lance-oblong,  cross-section 
somewhat  equally  triradiate.  —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  Idaho. 

§  8.  Pod  sessile,  coriaceous,  obcom pressed,  ivith  the  impressed  dorsal  suture  more 
or  less  approaching  the  ventral,  but  not  2-celled.  —  Low  or  prostrate,  with  a  fine 
hoary  pubescence :  flowers  spicate,  deep  yellow. 

17.  A.  flavus,  Nutt.     Diffuse:  stipules  sheathing  the  stem  and  base  of 
the  petiole,  oblique  :  leaflets  linear :  pod  half-included,  hoary,  ovate,  straight. 
—  W.  Wyoming,  Parry,  and  westward. 

§  9.  Pod  2  to  3  lines  long,  sessile,  elliptic-ovate,  always  wholly  one-celled,  the 
ventral  suture  thick  and  prominent.  —  Subcinereous :  stems  slender,  rather 
rigid,  a  foot  high  or  more :  lea/lets  5  to  8  pairs,  linear :  racemes  spike-like : 
flowers  purple  to  whitish. 

18.  A.  gracilis,  Nutt.     Stems  virgate:  leaflets  nearly  filiform:  racemes 
dense,  elongated,  long-peduncled  :  flowers  pale  purple  or  whitish :  pods  spreading, 
coriaceous,  strongly  concave  on  the  back,  white-hairy,  at  length  glabrous,  trans- 
versely rugose-veined. — From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  Missouri. 

19.  A.  microlobus,  Gray.     Stems   diffuse:    leaflets   shorter,  linear   or 
oblong-linear  :   racemes  rather  short  and  usually  loosely  flowered :  flowers  deep 
purple  :   pods  reflexed,  thick-cartilaginous,  puberulent,  finely  rugulose,  a   little 
flattened  on  the  back,  the  ventral  suture  very  thick.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi. 
203.     From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Missouri  and  Nebraska. 

§  10.  Pod  stipitate,  coriaceous  or  nearly  membranous,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  obcom- 
pressed,  1-celled  or  imperfectly  2-celled.  —  Caulescent,  slender:  flowers  in 
short  often  spike-like  racemes,  or  few  in  small  heads,  purple  to  white,  spreading, 

*  Pod  membranous,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  slightly  more  compressed  laterally, 
1-celled  with  a  very  narrow  rudimentary  septum  from  the  straight  dorsal  suture, 
the  ventral  suture  gibbous. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  63 

+-  Pod  long-stipitate,  not  sulcate,  cross-section  oval :  flowers  white  or  bluish,  keel 

violet. 

20.  A.  aboriginum,  Rich.     Hoar //-pubescent  or  subvillous :  stems  numer- 
ous, rigid :  leaflets  3  to  6  pairs,  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate  :  pod  semi-elliptic.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  northward  throughout  W.  British  America. 

21.  A.  glabriusculus,  Gray.     Like  the  last:   glabrous  or  with  short 
scattered  hairs :  leaflets  thinner,  green,  linear-lanceolate  :  pod  lanceolate-subfal- 
cate,  the  stipe  2  to  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  204. 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  British  America. 

•<-  -H-  Pod  short-stipitate,  cross-section  obovate,  pubescent  with  more  or  less  nigres- 
cent hairs :  flowers  white. 

22.  A.  Robbinsii,  Gray,  var.  OCCidentalis,  Watson.    Pod  much  com- 
pressed, tapering  at  base  to  a  very  short  stipe,  with  no  indication  of  a  dorsal 
sulcus.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  70.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  Nevada. 

*  #  Pod  more  coriaceous,  black-  or  rarely  cinereous-pubescent,  more  or  less  triangu- 
lar and  semi  2-celled,  the  dorsal  suture  sulcate-impressed. 

•»-  Pod  lens-shaped,  the  cross-section  obcordate,  tJie  ventral  suture  a  little  the  more 

gibbous. 

23.  A.  oroboides,  Hornem.,  var.  Americanus,  Gray.    Subcinereous- 
puberulent :  steins  1  to  1  £  feet  high :  leaflets  5  to  7  pairs,  oblong  and  oval  or 
often  linear-oblong :  flowers  in  a  long  secuud  raceme,  the  wings  exceeding  the 
keel :  pod  with  gray  pubescence  ;  stipe  very  short.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  205. 
In  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  northward  into  British  America, 
thence  eastward  to  Labrador. 

•*-  -t—  Pod  triangular,  more  impressed,  the  cross-section  deeply  obcordate,  rather 
straight  or  incurved,  gibbous  on  the  back. 

24.  A.  alpinus,  L.     Hairy-pubescent  or  glabrous:  leaflets  6  to  Impairs, 
oval  or  oblong :  racemes  short  or  subcapitate,  many-flowered  :  wings  little  if  at 
all  exceeding  the  rather  large  keel:   pod  straight  or  recurved,  black-villous  or 
-pubescent ;  stipe  usually  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  north- 
ward to  Arctic  America;  also  in  Maine  and  Vermont. 

25.  A.  sparsiflorus,  Gray.     Slightly  appressed-pilose,  glabrate  :  leaflets 
4  to  6  pairs,  obovate  or  subrounded :  peduncles  3  to  10-flowered:  the  emargi- 
nate  or  bifid  banner  and  the  wings  much  exceeding  the  incurved  keel :  pod  in- 
curved, mottled;  stipe  very  short.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  60.    Colorado. 

§  11.  Closely  resembling  the  last,  but  villous  or  canescent,  lower,  and  with  yellow- 
ish flowers:  pod  semi-ovate  or  oblong,  turgid,  coriaceous,  subtriangular,  with 
the  back  gibbous  and  more  or  less  impressed,  the  ventral  suture  prominent. 

26.  A.  lotiflorus,  Hook.     Heads  few-flowered:  corolla  little  exceeding 
the  calyx:  the  cross-section  of  the  pod  obovate,  retuse,  or  usually  broadly  ob- 
cordate toward  the  base.  —  From  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  Texas,  Nebraska, 
and  Hudson's  Bay. 

§  12.  Pod  sessile,  mostly  thick  coriaceous  and  obcompressed,  the  impressed  dorsal 
suture  more  or  less  approaching  the  ventral,  not  2-celled,  pubescent.  —  Low, 
white-silky  or  hoary  :  flowers  spicate  or  subcapitate,  usually  violet  or  purplish. 


64  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

#  Annual  or  biennial,  many-stemmed :  flowers  rather  small:  pod  inflated,  mem- 

branous, incurved. 

27.  A.  pubentissinms,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Dwarf,  hirsute-canescent :  leaf- 
lets oblong  or  obovate :  flowers  few:  pod  villous,  ovate-lunate,  strongly  in- 
curved. —  Colorado  and  W.  Wyoming. 

*  *  Perennial,  short-stemmed  or  scarcely  caulescent,  usually  prostrate  or  matted : 
flowers   rather  large :    pod  thick-coriaceous,  obcompressed-triangular,  trans- 
versely rugulose. 

28.  A.  Missouriensis,  Nutt.      Subcaulescent,  hoary-silky  with  a  short 
very  closely  appressed  pubescence :  peduncles  scape-like,  capitately  or  spicately 
few-flowered :  pod  nearly  straight,  blackish,  elliptic.  —  From  New  Mexico  to 
Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

29.  A.  Short! anus,  Nutt.     Usually  subacaulescent,  silky-canescent  with 
a  very  closely  appressed  pubescence :  leaflets  obovate  or  ovate  :  pod  strongly 
arcuate,    thick,  puberulent,    ovate-lanceolate    to    lanceolate-linear.  —  Includes   A. 
cyaneus  of  most  of  the  western  reports.     From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and 
westward ;  also  southward  into  New  Mexico. 

30.  A.   Parryi,  Gray.     Stems  short,  villous,  with  loose  spreading  hairs: 
flowers  loosely  subcapitate,  whitish  or  yellowish,  the  keel  tinged  with  purple : 
pod  arched  or  at  length  circinate,  pubescent,  oblong-lanceolate,  strongly  obcompressed 
and  rugulose,  both  sutures  sulcately  impressed,  contiguous.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n. 
xxxiii.  410.     From  Colorado  to  N.  W.  Texas. 

31.  A.  iodanthus,  Watson.     Canescent  with  an  appressed  hairy  pubes- 
cence, or  usually  nearly  glabrous  with  scattered  hairs  upon  the  petioles  and 
margins  of  the  leaves:  stems  decumbent:  leaflets  obovate  or  orbicular:  spikes 
short.,  dense :  pod  strongly  arcuate  or  hamate,  nearly  glabrous,  mottled,  linear-oblong, 
irregularly  folded.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  70.     Colorado  (Coulter)  and  Nevada. 

32.  A.  glareoSUS,  Dougl.      Depressed,  villous-silky  with  white  incumbent 
hairs:  flowers  3  to  6:  pod  incurved,  silky-pubescent  becoming  subglabrous,  oblong- 
ovate,  attenuate  above.  —  Wyoming  and  S.  Idaho. 

SERIES  II.     Pod  one-celled,  neither  suture  being  inflexed  or  the  ventral  more 

intruded  than  the  dorsal.  —  PHACA,  L. 
A.     Leaves  pinnate  with  many  or  rarely  with  few  or  abortive  leaflets,  or  simple. 

Artificial  Key. 

Leaflets  prickly  pointed  and  rigid,  persistent No.  61 

Leaflets  not  prickly  pointed. 
Pod  inflated, 
Stipitate, 

Mottled 36 

Not  mottled. 

Stipe  very  short 37 

Stipe  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx 38,  39 

Sessile. 

Annual;  pod  7  to  12  lines  long 34,35 

Perennial ;  pod  2  to  4  lines  long 40,  41,  42,  43 

Pod  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  not  bladdery  inflated, 
Exsert-stipitate, 

Deeply  sulcate 44,45 

Not  deeply  sulcate 53 


LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.)  65 

Short-stipitate, 

Glabrous 50,  52 

Puberulent 49,  51 

Sessile, 

Glabrous 46,  47,  60 

Puberulent  or  pubescent. 

Stems  a  span  or  more  high 56,  57,  58 

Cespitose 54,  55,  59 

Woolly  or  villous 33,  48 

Systematic  Synopsis. 

§13.  Pod  very  woolly,  short,  turgid,  coriaceous,  incurved,  sessile.  —  Very  soft- 
woolly  :  stems  short,  prostrate,  from  a  stout  perennial  root :  flowers  usually  one 
inch  long,  loosely  subcapitate. 

33.  A.  Purshii,  Dougl.     Nearly  acaulescent,  rarely  6  inches  high,  canes- 
cent  with  a  long  and  dense  woolly  pubescence  :  leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong : 
flowers  ochroleucous,  with  the  keel  sometimes  purplish.  —  W.  Wyoming  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

§14.     Pod  membranous,  inflated,  globose,  egg-shaped  or  semi-ovate,  usually  large, 

finely  reticulated,  glabrous  or  glabrate. 

*  Annual:  pod  sessile,  not  mottled :  flowers  small,  ochroleucous  or  purplish.     Low, 
leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  gray  with  strigulose  hairs. 

34.  A.   triflOFUS,  Gray.      Cinereous-pubescent,  very  much  branched  from 
the  base,  branches  ascending,  6  to  12  inches  high  :  flowers  3  to  15:  pod  oval, 
obtuse  or  acutish.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  45.      S.   Colorado   and   southward   into 
Mexico. 

35.  A.  Geyeri,  Gray.     Somewhat  simple,  3  to  6  inches  high,  subcanescent, 
with  an  appressed  hairy  pubescence :  leaflets  glabrous  above  :  flowers  3  to  5 : 
pod  ovate-lunate  with  an  incurved  acumination.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  214.    Wyo- 
ming, Idaho,  and  W.  Nevada. 

*  *  Annual  or  perennial :  pod  stipitate. 
-»-  Pod  mottled:  stipe  equalling  the  calyx:  flowers  few,  rather  small. 

36.  A.  pictus,  Gray.     Hoary  with  a  loose  silky  pubescence :  leaflets  3  to 
7  pairs,  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  most  of  them  usually  abortive :  pod  ovoid, 
scarcely  pointed,  pendent.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  214.     From  Nebraska  to 
Idaho  and  New  Mexico.     In  sandy  places. 

Var.  filifolius,  Gray.  Leaves  usually  imperfect ;  leaflets  very  few,  mostly 
attenuated,  the  terminal  one  or  the  filiform  rachis  produced,  persistent.  — Loc. 
cit.  215.  On  the  plains  of  Colorado  and  southward. 

-i-  -t-  Pod  not  mottled. 

•H-  Nearly  stemless,  few-flowered :   leaflets  4  to  6-paired :  pod  with  a  very  short 

stipe. 

37.  A.  megacarpus,  Gray.     Glabrous:  leaflets  broadly  oval  or  ovate: 
scape  much  shorter  than  the  leaves :  flowers  ochroleucous  or  whitish :  pod 
ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  very  obtuse  at  base.  —  Loc.  cit.  215.     "Plains  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains"  (Nuttatt). 

5 


66  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

•w-  -H.  Caulescent,  rather  tall,  leafy:  leaflets  7  to  ^-paired:  racemes  or  spikes  mostly 
many-flowered:  pod  with  a  stipe  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx. 

38.  A.  frigidus,   Gray,  var.  Americanus,  Watson.      Subglabrous  : 
leaflets   ovate-  or  elliptic-oblong:    peduncles    equalling   the   leaves:    flowers 
white:  pod  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  black-hairy  or  glabrous. — Bibl.  Index, 
i.  193.     A.  frigidus  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.,  Hayd.  Rep.  1871,  and  Fl.  Colorado. 
In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

§15.    Pod  membranous,  lanceolate-cylindric,  straight,  exsertly-stipitate,  glabrous : 
flowers  rather  large:  leaflets  few  or  almost  none. 

39.  A.  lonchocarpus,  Torr.    Ashy-puberulent,  glabrate  :  stem  fistulous, 
branched :  leaflets  filiform-linear,  remote,  the  leaf  sometimes  reduced  to  the 
flattened-filiform  rachis :  racemes  loosely  many-flowered :  flowers  white,  pen- 
dent :  pod  very  sharply  acuminate  at  each  end.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  80.    S.  Colo- 
rado to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 

§  16.    Pod  membranous  or  chartaceous,  small,  globose  or  ovate,  inflated,  sessile. — 
Diffuse  or  procumbent,  mostly  small  and  slender :  flowers  small  and  usually  few. 

40.  A.  microcystis,  Gray.     Ashy-pubescent,  from  a  woody  root :  leaflets 
4  t o  6  pairs,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse :  racemes  5  to  1 2-flowered  :  corolla 
violet  or  whitish :  pod  globose-ovate,  3  lines  long,  thin  membranous,  gray-pubes- 
cent.—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  220.     W.  Wyoming  (Parry)  and  Washington 
Territory. 

41.  A.  leptaleus,  Gray.      Nearly  glabrous:   leaflets  7  to  11  pairs,  lance- 
linear  or  oblong,  often  acute :  peduncles  2  to  4-flowered  :  corolla  white :  pod  ovate 
or  oval,  4  lines  long,  chartaceous,  puberulent.  — Loc.  cit.     Colorado. 

42.  A.  jejunus,  Watson.     Dwarf,  minutely  hoary-pubescent:  steins  1  to  2 
inches  long,  crowded,  from  a  many-branching  caudex,  covered  with  numerous 
imbricated  stipules,  which  are  membranous,  sheathing,  truncate  and  ciliate: 
leaflets  4  to  7  pairs,  linear:  peduncles  2  to  3-flowered  :  corolla  ochroleucous  or 
tinged  with  violet :  pod  gibbous  dorsal.li/,  obtuse,  4  lines  long,  membranous,  gla- 
brous.—  Bot.  King's  Exp.  173,  t.  13.     Bear  River  Valley,  near  Evanston 
( Watson). 

43.  A.  humillimus,  Gray.    Habit  of  the  last,  but  much  more  dwarf  and 
condensed  :  stems  scarcely  an  inch  long,  with  the  scarious  coalescent  stipules  imbri- 
cate and  petioles  persistent  and  spinescent:  leaflets  3  to  5  pairs,  oblong,  canescent, 
with  revolute  margins :  peduncles  1  to  3-flowered :  corolla  pale :  pod  ovate,  2 
lines  long,  coriaceous,  with  a  white  pubescence.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  57.     Often 
choked  in  drifting  sand.     Mesa  Verde,  S.  W.  Colorado  (Brandegee). 

§  17.     Pod  coriaceous,  shortly  exsert-stipitate,  straight,  narrowly  oblong,  semi-ci/lin- 
dric,  the  deeply  concave  ventral  surface  divided  by  the  salient  obtuse  suture. 

44.  A.  bisulcatus,  Gray.    Strig  ul  ose- puberulent :  stem  over  a  foot  high,  stout: 
leaflets  oblong,  often  narrower :  flowers  violet,  in  dense  spike-like  racemes,  middle- 
sized  :   calyx-teeth  scarcely  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  xii.  42,  t.   1 . 
From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

45.  A.  HaydenianilS,  Gray.     Smaller,  pubescence  more  cinereous :  spike 
elongated,  virgate :  flowers  much  smaller :  calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube : 
corolla  white,  keel  tinged  with  purple  at  the  end:  pod  rugulose  with  transverse 
veins;  stipe  not  exceeding  the  calyx.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  56.     Colorado. 


LEGUMLNOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  67 

§  18.  Pod  thick-cartilaginous  with  a  sabfleshy  epicarp,  subovate  or  oblong,  turgid, 
sessile,  neither  suture  intruded,  but  both  thick  and  prominent.  —  Perennial,  a  foot 
high,  stem  and  leaves  rather  rigid :  leaflets  nearly  filiform,  not  jointed  to  the 
rachis,  persistent. 

46.  A.  pectinatus,  Dougl.    Ashy-puberulent,  glabrate :  branches  striate, 
angled :  flowers  white,  the  banner  elongated :  pod  pendulous,  glabrous,  cuspi- 
date, the  dorsal  suture  very  thick.  —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  the 
Saskatchewan. 

47.  A.  Grayi,  Parry.     Distinguished  from  the  last  by  the  broader  leaflets, 
quite  strongly  veined,  and  by  the  somewhat  thinner  ascending  pod:  Jlowers 
light  yellow.  —  Watson  in  Am.  Nat.  viii.  212.     W.  Wyoming  (Parry). 

§  13.  Pod  coriaceous,  ovate  or  oblong,  rarely  cylindrical,  turgid,  not  sulcate  and 
neither  suture  intruded.  —  Ours  are  perennials  and  the  pods  are  sessile  or 
scarcely  stipitate. 

*  Nearly  acaulescent,  silvery-silky,  large-flowered. 

48.  A.  Wewberryi,  Gray.    Stems  very  short,  crowded  from  a  deep  elon- 
gated root:    leaflets  3  to  7,  either  broad-  or  uarrow-obovate,  approximate: 
peduncles  few-flowered :   corolla  ochroleucous :  pod  villous,  the  broad  point 
laterally  compressed,  subincurved. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  55.     A.  Chamcduce, 
Gray,  in  part.     On  the  borders  of  Utah,  Arizona,  and  S.  W.  Colorado. 

*  *  Glabrous  or  pubescent,  stems  ascending  or  erect :  pod  very  shortly  stipitate  or 
sessile :  calyx  gray-  or  dark-pubescent. 

49.  A.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Glabrous  or  appressed  puberulent,  erect:  leaflets 
oblong  or  linear-oblong :  racemes  loosely  purple-flowered:  pod  straight,  minutely 
puberulent,  very  shortly  sfcipitate.  —  PL  Wright,  ii.  44.     Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

50.  A.  Hallii,  Gray.     Subcinereous-pubescent,  glabrate,  ascending :  leaflets 
narrow-oblong,  subcuneate,  refuse :  flowers  violet,  in  a  dense  head-like  raceme : 
pod  straight,  glabrous,  with  stipe  a  line  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  224. 
Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

51.  A.  flexUQSUS,  Dougl.     Ashy-puberulent,  ascending  :    leaflets  oblong- 
or  cuneate-linear,  obtuse   or   retuse  :    racemes   mostly   elongated,  loose :    corolla 
white  or  purplish  :  pod  cylindric,  puberulent,   straight  or  subincurved,  stipe 
very  short  but  evident.  —  From  Colorado  to  Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

52.  A.  Patterson!,  Gray.     Robust,  a  foot  or  two  high,  appressed-puberu- 
leitf,  sometimes  glabrous :  leaflets  oblong,  thickish :  peduncles  racemosely  many- 
flowered  :  corolla  white,  the  keel  sometimes  purplish  at  the  tip  :  pod  glabrous, 
abruptly  contracted  within  the  calyx,  becoming  somewhat  stipe-like.  —  Loc.  cit.  xii. 
55.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  Utah. 

§  20.  Pod  vetch-shaped,  flattened  or  less  compressed,  straight,  margined  by  the 
nerve-like  sutures,  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  sometimes  stipitate.  —  Perennials, 
with  the  leaves  pinnate  with  many  or  few  leaflets,  or  in  some  species  simple. 

*  Flowers  in  peduncled  racemes  or  spikes:  pod  many  (1  to  2Q)-ovuled. 

•*-•  Stipules  connate,  at  least  the  lower  ones  :  pod  exsert-stipilate.     Caulescent : 

leaves  pinnate,  with  many  leaflets. 

53.  A.  multiflorus,  Gray.     Somewhat  glabrous  :  stems  slender :  stip- 
ules dark-colored;  leaflets  6  to  10  pairs,  linear  or  narrowly  oblong:  pedun- 


68  LEGUMINOS.E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

cles  not  exceeding  the  leaves,  loosely  few-flowered :  flowers  ochroleucous, 
tinged  with  purple  :  pod  oblong,  reflexed.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  226.  From 
Colorado  to  the  plains  of  Nebraska,  northward  to  lat.  65°,  and  westward  to 
Utah,  Nevada,  and  S.  California. 

-i—  •»-  Stipules  as  before :  pod  sessile.     Caulescent. 

•w-  Calyx-teeth  very  slender,  exceeding  the  tube.     Low,  from  a  woody  caudex :  the 
stipules  all  more  or  less  connate. 

54.  A.  pauciflorilS,  Hook.      Dwarf,  cinereous-pubescent,  matted-decum- 
bent, with  crowded  leaves  :  leaflets  3  to  5  pairs,  oblong  or  lanceolate :  peduncles 
2  to  b-flowered :  corolla  violet :  pod  linear-oblong,  silky-puberulent,  4  to  5  lines 
long.  — From  the  head-waters  of  the  Yellowstone  northward  in  the  mountains 
of  British  America. 

55.  A.  tegetarius,   Watson.     Dwarf,  cespitose,  canescent  ivith  a  silky 
pubescence :  stems  2  to  6  lines  long,  numerous,  procumbent :  leaflets  3  to  5 
pairs,  linear:  peduncles  1   to  3- flowered :  corolla  ochroleucous:  pod  ovate-oblong, 
pubescent,  2  to  3  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  76,  t.  13.     Nevada,  Idaho,  and 
Montana. 

Var.  implexus,  W.  M.  Canby.  Leaflets  in  2  pairs,  crowded  on  the  stems  : 
stipules  tipped  with  a  short  straight  point :  flowers  violet,  the  keel  deep  purple : 
pods  mostly  smaller,  1  or  2  lines  long.  —  Fl.  Colorado,  Appx.  South  Park, 
Colorado. 

•M.  -H-  Calyx-teeth  short  or  about  equalling  the  tube.  .  Slender,  rather  rigid,  branched: 
upper  stipules  nearly  distinct:  leaflets  linear  to  oblong,  or  none:  Jlowers  in  loose 
long-peduncled  racemes,  ochroleucous  or  purplish. 

56.  A.  Campestris,  Gray.     Minutely  pubescent  or  qlabrate :  stipules  mem- 
branous, large ;  leaflets  5  to  9  pairs :  flowers  subcapitate  or  scattered,  the  keel 
with  a  long  and  narrow  inflexed  tip :  pod  oblong-linear,  puberulent.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  229.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward  through  Montana. 

57.  A   deciimbens,  Gray.     Cinereous-  or  silky-pubescent :  stems  diffuse 
or  ascending  :  petioles  sometimes  someichat  flattened,  mostly  irith  7  to  13  leaflets: 
racemes  5  to  10-flowered :  keel  with  a  short  inflexed   tip:    pod  broad-linear, 
straight   or   falcate,   hoary  puberulent.  —  Loc.  cit.      Mountains   of    Colorado 
and  northward. 

58.  A.  junceus,  Gray.     Minutely  pubescent  or  subglabrous :  stems  usually 
solitary,  erect:  stipules  small:  petioles  slender,  sometimes  6  inches  long,  usually 
naked,  or  with  1  to  5  pairs  of  linear  leaflets  :  peduncles  3  to  7-flowered,  flowers 
distant:    keel  strongly  incurved:    pod   oblong-linear,   straight   or   subfalcate, 
pubescent.  —  Loc.  cit.  230.     Includes  A  diversifolius,  Gray.     Gravelly  plains, 
from  Colorado  northward  through  Wyoming  and   Montana,  and  westward 
into  Utah  and  Nevada. 

•i-  -i-  •*-  Stipules  scarious,  connate :  pod  short,  sessile.  Acaulescent,  cespitose,  silky- 
canescent:  leaves  simple,  lanceolate-  or  spatulate-linear :  scapes  exceeding  the 
leaves,  many-flowered:  corolla  purple  or  rose-color. 

59.  A.  CSBSpitOSUS,  Gray.     Racemes  spike-like :  pod  oblong  or  broad- 
lanceolate,  scarcely  curved.  —  Loc.  cit.    Plains  of  the  Platte  from  W.  Nebraska 
to  the  mountains. 


LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE  FAMILY.)  69 

*  *  Cushioned:  flowers  scarcely  exserted  from  among  the  simple  leaves:  pod  many- 

ovuled,  margined  with  rather  strong  sutures. 

60.  A.  Simplicifolius,  Gray.     Leaves  hoary  with  an  appressed  silky 
pubescence,  linear-  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  crowding  the  extremities  of  the 
usually  short   branches :   scapes   2   to   3-flowered :    flowers   purple,  the   keel 
strongly  arched:   pod  half-included  in  the  calyx,  glabrous.  —  Loc.  cit.  231. 
Sources  of  the  Platte.     W.  Wyoming  (Parry). 

*  *  *  Caulescent,  often  depressed :  flowers  subsessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  : 

pods  3  to  -i-ovuled,  usually  1-seeded,  ovate,  sessile :   leaves  pinnate,   with  few 
leaflets 

61.  A.  Kentrophyta,  Gray.     Intricately  branched  from  a  long  root, 
broadly  depressed-cespitose,  hoary  with  a  short  silky  pubescence  :  leaflets  2  to 
3  pairs,  linear-subulate,  usually  rigid  and  divaricate,  pungent :  flowers  1  to  3, 
ochroleucous  or  tinged  with  violet :  pods  compressed,  pubescent,  acuminate, 
somewhat  incurved.  —  Proc    Acad.  Philad.  1863,  60.     From  Montana  and 
Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  westward  into  Nevada. 

B.     Leaves  apparently  palmately  3-foliolate. 

§  21.  Pod  conical-ovate,  acuminate,  not  stipitate  nor  compressed,  coriaceous,  some- 
what  included  in  the  calyx,  neither  suture  intruded.  —  Perennial,  cespitose  from 
a  much-branched  ivoody  caudex,  low,  silvery-silky,  with  crowded  leaves :  leaflets 
crowded. 

62.  A.  triphyllus,  Pursh.     Acaulescent,  glossy  silky:   stipules  glabrous: 
primary  leaves  sometimes  5-foliolate  with  cuneate  oblanceolate  leaflets,  the 
rest  with  3  longer  lanceolate  leaflets,  long-petioled,  exceeding  the  sessile  crowded 
flowers :  cal;jx-teeth  half  shorter  than  the  tube :  corolla  ochroleucous  or  white :  pod 
villous,  included.  —  From  Nebraska  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

63.  A.  tridactylicus,  Gray.     Resembling  the  last  in  habit  and  leaves, 
but  stipules  villous,  flowers  pale  purple,  calyx-teeth  equalling  the  tube,  pod  puberu- 
lent,  exposed  by  the  falling  away  of  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  527.    Moun- 
tains of  Colorado. 

64.  A.  sericoleilCUS,  Gray.     Very  broadly  cespitose,  silky-hoary:  the 
branches  covered  with  villous  stipules :  leaves  all  3-foliolate,  not  equalling  the  2 
to  ^-flowered  flli form  peduncles;  leaflets  oblauceolate  or  cuneate-oblong :  calyx- 
teeth  about  equalling  the  tube :  corolla  purple :  pod  hoary,  half  included  in  the  calyx. 

—  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  410.     From  the  sand-hills  of  N.  Colorado  to 
N.  Nebraska. 

14.    OXYTROPIS,    DC. 

Like  Astragalus,  but  distinguished  by  a  subulate  beak  at  the  tip  of  the  keel. 

—  Mostly  low  perennials,  with  tufts  of  numerous  very  short  stems  from  a  hard 
and  thick  root  or  rootstock,  covered  with  scaly  adnate  stipules  :  pinnate  leaves 
of  many  leaflets :  naked  scapes  bearing  a  head  or  short  spike  of  flowers.  — 
Rev.  Oxyt.,  Gray  in  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  xx. 

§  1 .     Stipules  free  from  the  petiole  and  from  each  other :  leafy-stemmed  or  depau- 
perate plants  nearly  stemless. 

1.    O.  deflexa,  DC.     Loosely  soft-pubescent  or  silky :  taller  forms  over  a 
foot  high :  leaflets  crowded  in  12  to  16  pairs,  lanceolate  to  oblong,  i  to  £  inch 


70  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

long:  peduncles  much  surpassing  the  leaves  :  flowers  rather  small  (about 
£  inch  long),  iii  a  short  and  close  or  in  fruit  lengthened  and  open  spike :  pod 
oblong-lanceolate,  not  stipitate,  1-celled,  much  surpassing  the  calyx.  —  In  the 
mountains  from  British  America  to  S.  Colorado  and  westward  to  Utah.  Sub- 
alpine  forms  are  often  depauperate  and  almost  stemless. 
§  2.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole,  imbricated  on  the  short  branches  of  the  caudex 

which  bears  the  scapes  and  leaves :  no  other  ascending  stems. 
#  Most  of  the  numerous  leaflets  as  if  verticillate  or  fascicled  in  threes  or  fours  or 

more  along  the  rachis:  scape  spicately  several  to  many-flowered:  pod  ovate, 

2-celled,  hardly  surpassing  the  very  villoas  caljjx. 

2.  O.  SplendenS,  Dougl.     Silvery  silky-villous,  6  to  12  inches  high: 
flowers  erect-spreading :  pod  erect.  —  Whole  length  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  plains  along  their  eastern  base,  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  *  Leaflets  simply  pinnate. 

•*-  Pod  wholly  enclosed  in  the  bladdery  ovate-globose  calyx,  turgid-ovate,  one-celled : 
peduncles  weak,  1  to  ^-flowered. 

3.  O.  multieeps,  Nutt.     Matted  cespitose,  subcaulescent,  1  to  3  inches 
high,  canescently  silky :  leaflets  3  to  4  pairs :  flowers  purple  :  pod  short-stipi- 
tate.  — Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  S.  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 
Nuttall's  specimens  are  larger-leaved  and  less  cespitose  than  those  of  subse- 
quent collectors  distributed  as  var.  minor,  Gray. 

-i—  •»-  Pod  nearly  or  quite  enclosed  in  and  completel //  filling  the  distended  and  often 
split  fructiferous  cali/x,  turgid,  pubescent,  half  two-celled :  scapes  capitately  few 
to  several-flowered,  surpassing  the  leaves,  a  span  high :  flowers  over  ^  inch  long. 

4.  O.  liana,  Nutt.     Silvery  with  oppressed  silky  pubescence:  leaflets  3  or  4 
or  rarely  6  pairs,  narrowly  lanceolate :  flowers  purple  or  whitish :  pod  turgid- 
oblong,  somewhat  coriaceous,  the  acuminate  tip  barely  projecting  out  of  the 
undivided  lightly  villous  calyx.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.    May  be  0.  argentea,  Pursh, 
Fl.  ii.  473.     Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

5.  O.  lagopus,  Nutt.      White  silky  with  looser  and  more  villous  hairs:  leaf- 
lets 4  or  5  pairs,  lanceolate  or  obJong:  flowers  bright  violet:  pod  ovate,  thin-mem- 
branaceous   and  almost  bladdery,  obtuse,  abruptly  tipped  with  the  persistent 
style,  slightly  surpassing  the  calyx  which  soon  splits  down  one  side.  —  Jour. 
Acad.  Philad.  vii.  17.     Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

H-  -)-  -»-  Poo?  well  surpassing  the  calyx ;  this  at  length  split  down  one  side  or  re- 
maining unchanged. 

•w-  Bladdery-inflated  and  membranaceous,  ovate,  one-celled:  scapes  or  peduncles 
few-flowered,  in  fruit  usually  decumbent:  very  low  and  depressed-tufted  plants. 

6.  O.  podocarpa,  Gray.     Villous,  or  in  age  glabrate:  leaflets  5  to  11 
pairs,  linear-lanceolate  (3  or  4  lines  long)  :  peduncles  2-flowered,  not  surpassing 
the  leaves:  flowers  comparatively  large  (7  or  8  lines  long),  violet :  pod  large 
(often  an  inch  long),  broadly  ovate,  puberulent,  short-stipitate,  neither  suture  at 
all  introflexed.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.   234.     0.  Hallii,  Bunge.     Alpine  and 
subalpine,  from  S.  Colorado  to  British  America  and  perhaps  to  the  Arctic 
regions. 

7.  O.  oreophila,  Gray.     Silky-canescent:  leaflets  3  to  5  pairs,  lanceolate  to 
oblong  (2  to  4  lines  long) :  scapes  commonly  surpassing  the  leaves,  capitately  4  to 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  71 

8-Jlo>vered :  flowers  only  4  or  5  lines  long,  apparently  purple:  pod  hardly  %  inch 
long,  oblong-ovate,  cinereous-pubescent,  not  at  all  stipitate,  the  ventral  suture  moder- 
ately introflexed. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  3.  A  species  of  S.  California  and 
Utah,  collected  on  Aquarius  Plateau,  Utah,  by  L.  F.  Ward;  probably  to 
be  found  within  our  southwestern  boundaries. 

•w-  -M-  Pod  oblong  or  narrower,  not  bladdery -inflated,  coriaceous,  nearly  or  quite 
2-celled :  scape  1  to  3-Jlotcered. 

8.  O.  Parryi,  Gray.     Silky-canescent :  leaves  and  scapes  about  a  span 
high :  leaflets  7  to  9  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate  (2  or  3  lines  long)  :  calyx  short, 
cinereous-pubescent :   pod  nearly  £  inch  long,  terete  with  a  strong  ventral 
groove,   gravish-pubescent,  not   at    all   stipitate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  4. 
0.  arctica  of  Hall  &  Harbour's  collection,  no.  143.     0.  Uralensis,  var.  pumila, 
of  Western  Reports.     Mountains  of  Colorado  near  the  limit  of  trees. 

•M-  -M-  -M-  Pod  nearly  terete,  turgid,  but  not  bladder y-membranaceous,  not  stipitate  or 

rarely  obscurely  so :  scape  capitately  or  spicately  several  to  many-flowered. 

=  More  or  less  glandular  viscid,  at  least  the  calyx  and  commonly  the  pod. 

9.  O.  viscida,  Nutt.     Leaflets  numerous  and  small  (2  to  4  lines  long), 
thickish,  oval  or  oblong,  often  pubescent  when  young,  at  maturity  green  and 
glabrate  :  flowers  in  a  dense  oblong  head  or  at  length  in  a  short  spike,  less 
than  ^  inch  long :  calyx  villous  and  with  sessile  glands  usually  evident :  pod 
small  (3  to  5  lines  long),  puberulent,  oblong,  thin-chartaceous,  half  2  celled, 
the  small  beak  or  point  straight.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  341.    In  the  mountains 
from  British  America  to  Colorado  ;  common  in  Wyoming. 

==  =  Not  glandular  nor  viscid :  leaves  more  or  less  silky  at  least  when  young. 

10.  O.  monticola,  Gray.     Loosely  silky-villous,  at  least  the  scapes  (5  to 
9  inches  high)  and  calyx:  leaflets  sometimes  glabrate,  oblong  or  lanceolate 
(3  to  7  lines  long)  :  spike  oblong  or  cylindraceous,  dense  even  in  fruit :  flower 
hardl//  ^  inch  long :  pod  ovate-oblong,  between  membranaceous  and  chartaceous, 
^  to  ^  inch  long,  tipped  with  a  straight  point,  one-celled  with  no  introflexion 
of  the  ventral  suture,  or  nearly  half  2-celled,   silky-canescent. —  Proc.   Am. 
Acad.  xx.  6.     0.  campestris  of  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  in  part.     Mountains  of 
Wyoming,  Dakota,  and  northward. 

11.  O.  Lamberti,  Pursh.     Commonly  taller  as  well  as  larger  (the  scapes 
often  a  foot  or  more  high),  silky-  and  mostly  silvery -pubescent,  sometimes 
glabrate  in  age  :  leaflets  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  (4  to  16  lines  long) : 
spike  sometimes  short-oblong  and  densely  flowered  at  least  when  young,  often 
elongated  and  sparsely  flowered :  flowers  mostly  large  (often  an  inch  long,  but 
sometimes  much  smaller),  variously  colored  :  pod  either  narrowly  or  broadly 
oblong,  sericeous  pubescent,  firm-coriaceous,  \  inch  or  more  long,  imperfectly 
2-celled.  —  Includes  0.  campestris  of  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  in  part.     Common 
along  the  Great  Plains  from  the  Saskatchewan  and  Minnesota  to  New  Mexico, 
Texas,  etc.,  and  in  the  foothills. 

Var.  sericea,  Gray,  is  a  robust  mountain  form,  canescent  with  the  silky 
pubescence;  the  leaflets  mostly  broad  (3  or  4  lines),  and  the  cylindraceous 
pods  nearly  or  quite  an  inch  long.  —  0.  sericea,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  339. 

Var.  Bigelovii,  Gray,  is  a  marked  form,  with  pods  of  the  preceding 
form,  but  more  slender,  of  thinner  texture,  and  short-stipitate ;  leaflets  green 


72  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

and  glabrate,  narrow.  —  The  0.  Lamberti  of  Torr.  in  Pacif .  K.  Rep.  iv.  80. 
On  the  Upper  Canadian  River,  Colorado,  Bigelow. 

15.    HEDYSARUM,    Tourn. 

Keel  nearly  straight,  obliquely  truncate,  not  appendaged,  longer  than  the 
wings.  Pod  flattened,  the  separable  joints  roundish  and  equal-sided.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs. 

1.  H.  Mackenzii,  Richard.     Stems  2  feet  high,  minutely  pubescent, 
simple  or  branched  :  leaflets  11  to  17  (usually  11),  canescently  pubescent,  nearly 
glabrous  above  :  racemes  loosely  7  to  30-Jlowered,  elongating  in  fruit :  flowers 
large,  light  purple :  pod  2  to  4-jointed,  minutely  pubescent.  —  From  Colorado 
northward  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

2.  H.  boreale,  Nutt.     Leaflets  13  to  21,  nearly  glabrous:  raceme  of  many 
de/lexed  purple  flowers:  pod  3  or  4-jointed,  smooth,  reticulated.  —  From  W.  Wyo- 
ming (Parry)  northward  throughout  British  America  to  the  Arctic  Circle. 

16.    VI  CIA,    Tourn.        VETCH.    TAKE. 

Wings  adherent  to  the  middle  of  the  short  keel.  Style  inflexed.  Pod  flat, 
smooth.  Seeds  globular.  —  Herbs,  with  angular  stems,  more  or  less  climb- 
ing :  leaflets  entire  or  toothed  at  the  apex :  stipules  semi-sagittate :  flowers 
solitary  or  in  loose  peduncled  axillary  racemes. 

*  Perennial :  peduncles  4  to  8-Jloivered. 

1.  V.  Americana,  Muhl.     Usually  rather  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high,  gla- 
.        brous :  leaflets  4  to  8  pairs,  very  variable,  linear  to  ovate-oblong,  truncate  to 

/-  acute :  peduncles  4  to  8-flowered  :  flowers  purplish  :  pod  oblong,  3  to  6- 
seeded.  —  Throughout  the  whole  of  our  range  and  extending  to  Washington 
Territory  and  New  Mexico  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  truncata,  Brewer.  Usually  somewhat  pubescent :  leaflets  truncate 
and  often  3  to  5-toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  158.  V.  truncata,  Nutt. 
From  Colorado  and  northwestward  to  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  linearis,  Watson.  Leaves  all  linear.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  134. 
Latkyrus  linearis,  Nutt.  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  westward  to  California, 
being  the  common  western  form  of  the  species. 

*  #  Slender  annuals :  peduncles  1  or  2-Jlowered. 

2.  V.  exigua,  Nutt.     A  span  to  two  feet  high,  more  or  less  pubescent  : 
i'      leaflets  about  4  pairs,  linear,  acute :  peduncles  rarely  2-flowered :  flowers  pur- 
plish :  pod  linear-oblong.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  272.     S.  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico,  westward  to  California. 

3.  V.  micrantha,  Nutt.     Stem  2  to  3  feet  long,  strongly  angled,  gla- 
brous, climbing  :  leaflets  2  to  6  pairs  (usually  2  pairs),  oblong-elliptical,  obovate 
or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  mucronate :    peduncles   at  first  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves :  flowers  pale,  blue  at  the  tip :  pod  sabre-shaped,  ses- 
sile.—  Loc.  cit.  271.     From  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Louisiana. 

17.    LA  THY  HITS,    L.        EVERLASTING  PEA. 

Nearly  as  in  Vicia  except  the  characters  given  in  the  synopsis  of  genera. 
All  of  ours  have  long  peduncles.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  133. 


LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.)  73 

§  1 .    Rachis  of  the  leaves  tendril-bearing :  pod  sessile.    Ours  are  perennials,  with 

semi-sagittate  stipules  having  lanceolate  lobes,  and  purple  or  purplish  flowers. 

#  Leaflets  8  to  12 :  peduncles  rather  many-flowered. 

1.  L.  venosus,  Muhl.     Stout,  climbing,  usually  somewhat  downy:  leaf- 
lets oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse :  calyx  densely  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous : 
pod  smooth.  —  Throughout  the  Eastern  States  and  extending  northwestward 
to  Washington  Territory. 

#  *  Leaflets  4  t o  8 :  peduncles  2  to  ^-flowered. 

2.  L.  paluster,  L.     Slender,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent :   stem 
often  winged:   leaflets  narrowly   oblong   to   linear:   flowers   smaller  (6  lines 
long).  —  Common  everywhere  throughout  the  northern  portions  of   both 
hemispheres. 

Var.  myrtifolius,  Gray.  Stipules  usually  broader  and  larger;  leaflets 
ovate  to  oblong,  shorter  (an  inch  long  or  less).  —  PI.  Fendl.  30.  L.  myrtifolius, 
MuhL  L.  venosus,  var.  8,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  274.  L.  polyphyllus,  Watson, 
Bot.  King's  Exp.  78.  The  L.  pubescens,  Nutt.,  of  Fl.  Colorado.  With  the 
species. 

§  2.    Rachis  not  tendril-bearing  or  rarely  so:  pod  shortly  stipitate.    In  ours  the 
peduncles  are  2  to  ^-flowered. 

3.  L.  polymorphllS,  Nutt.     Usually  low,  finely  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
glaucous:  leaflets  6  to  12,  thick  and  strongly  nerved,  narrowly  oblong,  acute : 
flowers  very  large,  purple :  pod  3  or  4  lines  broad ;  funiculus  remarkably  nar- 
row and  hilum  short.  —  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  Central  Arizona. 

4.  L.  ornatllS,  Nutt.    Resembling  the  last  except  the  leaves  are  nar- 
rower and  shorter,  the  pod  somewhat  broader,  and  the  funiculus  broader.  — 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  277.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

18.    CASSIA,   L.        SENNA. 

Calyx-tube  very  short.  Anthers  erect,  opening  by  two  pores  or  chinks 
at  the  apex.  Pod  usually  curved,  many-seeded,  often  with  cross-partitions 
between  the  seeds.  —  Herbs,  with  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  (in  ours) 
clusters. 

1.  C.  Chamsecrista,  L.  Leaflets  small,  somewhat  sensitive  to  the  touch, 
10  to  15  pairs,  linear-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base,  a  cup-shaped  gland  beneath 
the  lowest  pair :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  small  clusters  above  the  axils, 
2  or  3  of  the  showy  petals  often  with  a  purple  spot  at  the  base :  four  of  the 
anthers  yellow,  the  others  purple.  —  Throughout  the  Eastern  States  and 
westward  across  the  plains  to  Colorado. 

19.    HOFFMANSEGGIA,    Cav. 

Sepals  united  into  a  short  obconic  base.  Petals  obovate,  on  short  claws, 
spreading,  one  or  more  of  them  often  glandular  at  base.  Filaments  thickened 
or  dilated  toward  the  base.  Pod  oblong  or  linear,  often  falcate,  compressed, 
dry,  2-valved.  — Low  perennial  herbs  or  suffrutesceut  plants,  often  dotted  with 
black  glands. 

1.  H.  Jamcsii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Canescenthj-pubescent,  much  branched 
from  a  shrubby  base:  pinnae  5,  abruptly  10  to  16-foliolate :  leaflets  oval,  nearly 


74  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

glabrous  above :  flowers  nodding  or  reflexed :  tfie  upper  petal  smallest,  marked 
with  reddish  spots :  pod  1  inch  long,  more  or  less  lunate,  scabrous,  2  to  3-seeded, 
sprinkled  (as  well  as  the  leaves,  calyx,  and  petals)  with  sessile  black  (/lands. —  Fl.  i. 
393.  Plains  of  E.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas. 

2.  H.  drepanocarpa,  Gray.  Minutely  cinereous-pubendent,  wholly  desti- 
tute of  (/lands:  stems  numerous,  from  a  thick  woody  root:  pinnae  5  to  11, 
8  to  20-foliolate ;  leaflets  crowded,  subfalcate,  nerveless  :  petals  broadly  obovate, 
nearly  alike,  naked  and  glabrous :  pod  1 1  to  2  inches  long,  strong!.//  falcate,  gla- 
brous or  minutely  puberuleut  undel*  a  lens,  9  to  10-seeded.  —  PI.  Wright,  i.  58. 
Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

20.     SCHRAWKIA,    Willd.        SENSITIVE  BRIAR. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Pod  long  and  narrow, 
4-valved.  —  Perennial  herbs,  the  procumbent  stems  and  petioles  prickly :  leaves 
sensitive  and  of  many  small  leaflets,  the  axillary  peduncles  bearing  round 
heads  of  small  rose-colored  flowers. 

1.  S.  uncinata,  Willd.  Prickles  hooked:  partial  petioles  4  to  6  pairs: 
leaflets  elliptical,  reticulated  with  strong  veins  beneath :  pod  oblong-linear, 
nearly  terete.  —  Throughout  the  S.  E.  States  and  westward  across  the  plains 
to  Colorado  and  Dakota. 


ORDER  26.     ROSACE^E.    (ROSE   FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  usually  evident 
stipules,  usually  perigynous  mostly  numerous  stamens,  distinct  free 
pistils  from  one  to  many,  or  coherent  with  each  other  and  the  calyx- 
tube,  and  anatropous  seeds  destitute  of  albumen  or  nearly  so. 

SUBORDER  I.     AMYGDAL.E^E. 

Carpels  solitary,  or  rarely  5,  becoming  drupes,  entirely  free  from  the 
calyx,  this  or  its  lobes  deciduous.  Ovules  2,  pendulous,  but  seed  almost 
always  solitary.  Style  terminal.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bark  exuding 
gum,  and  mostly  (as  well  as  the  seeds)  yielding  the  flavor  of  prussic 
acid.  Stipules  free,  deciduous. 

1.  Prunus.     Flowers  perfect.     Carpel  solitary. 

SUBORDER  II.    ROSACE^E  PROPER. 

Carpels  free  from  the  persistent  calyx,  becoming  akenes,  or  follicles, 
or  drupe-like  in  fruit.  Stipules  commonly  adnate  to  the  petiole.  Calyx 
dry  and  open,  or  sometimes  strictly  enclosing  the  fruit,  or  fleshy  and 
pome-like. 

Tribe  I.    SPIR^ACE^E.    Carpels  few,  rarely  solitary,  becoming  two  to  several-seeded 

follicles.     Calyx  open. 

*  Carpels  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes  when  of  the  same  number. 
+-  Seeds  with  membranous  testa  and  no  albumen  :  stipules  none. 


ROSACE^E.      (ROSE   FAMILY.)  75 

•M-  Calyx  persistent  in  fruit :  stamens  perigynous  :  carpels  several-seeded. 

2.  Spiraea.     Carpels  cartilaginous,   1-valved,  distinct.     Flowers  perfect,  rarely  polyga- 

mous.    Leaves  simple,  serrate  or  incised. 

•H-  -H-  Calyx  marcescent  in  fruit :  stamens  hypogynous :  carpels  few-seeded. 

3.  Aruncus.    Carpels  cartilaginous,  1-valved,  distinct.     Flowers  dioacious.      Leaves  re- 

peatedly ternately  divided. 

•i-  •>-  Seeds  with  shining  stony  testa :  albumen  very  distinct :  stipules  membranaceous, 

caducous. 

4.  Physocarpus.    Follicles  membranaceous,  inflated,  2-valved,  distinct,  often  stipitate. 

Flowers  perfect,  corymbose.     Leaves  lobed. 

*  *  Carpels  opposite  to  the  calyx-lobes  when  of  the  same  number. 

5.  Chamaebatiaria.      Follicles  coriaceous,  1-valved,  connate  at  base,  several-seeded. 

Albumen  distinct.    Flowers  perfect    Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  stipulate,  bipinnately 
dissected. 

*  *  *  Carpel  becoming  an  akene. 

6.  Holodiscus.    Carpels  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes,  with  densely  silky  styles  and  2 

collateral  pendulous  ovules.    Akenes  membranous,  woolly,  1-seeded.    Leaves  lobed, 
without  stipules. 

Tribe  II.  RUBE^I.  Carpels  several  or  numerous  on  a  spongy  receptacle,  becoming 
drupelets  in  fruit.  Calyx  open,  without  bractlets.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovules  2 
and  pendulous,  but  seed  solitary. 

7.  Rubus.    Carpels  indefinitely  numerous,  berry-like  in  fruit.     Perennial  herbs  or  soft- 

woody  shrubs  with  biennial  stems. 

Tribe  III.  POTENTII^E^E.  Carpels  numerous,  several,  or  solitary,  1-ovuled,  be- 
coming dry  akenes.  Calyx  not  enclosing  or  at  least  not  constricted  over  the  fruit. 
Seed  erect  or  ascending. 

*  Shrubs:  carpels  mostly  solitary :  style  not  elongated  in  fruit:  stigma  decurrent:  calyx 

imbricated,  without  bractlets.     Flowers  solitary  in  ours. 

8.  Purshia.    Petals  5.     Leaves  3-cleft.    Radicle  inferior. 

9.  Coleogyne.     Calyx  4-parted,  colored.     Petals  none.     Leaves  opposite,  small,  narrow, 

entire.     Radicle,  superior. 

*  *  Trees  or  shrubs  :  carpels  solitary  or  numerous  :  styles  elongated  and  plumose  in  fruit : 

calyx  imbricated,  without  bractlets  (except  in  Fallugia)  :  seed  erect. 

10.  Cercocarpus.      Flowers  solitary,  axillary,   small.      Petals  none.     Carpels  solitary, 

rarely  2.     Calyx-tube  long-cylindrical ;  the  limb  deciduous.     Leaves  simple,  entire  or 
toothed. 

11.  Cowania.     Flowers  solitary,  short-peduncled,  terminal,  showy.      Petals  5.     Carpels 

5  to  12.     Calyx  short  and  turbinate.     Leaves  cuneate,  lobed. 

12.  Fallugia.     Flowers  somewhat  panicled,  on  long  peduncles,  showy.    Petals  5.    Carpels 

numerous.     Calyx  turbinate.     Leaves  with  linear  lobes. 

*  *  *  Herbs  :  carpels  few  to  many :  calyx  concave  or  campanulate,  valvate  in  the  bud, 

bracteolate. 
•i-  Seed  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell :  radicle  inferior  :  style  strictly  terminal,  persistent. 

13.  Dryas.    Like  Geum,  but  petals  8  or  9. 

14.  Geum.     Carpels  very  numerous  on  a  dry  receptacle  :  the  elongated  style  in  fruit  mostly 

geniculate  or  plumose.     Petals  5. 

•*-  -t-  Seed  suspended  or  ascending  :  radicle  superior  :  style  small,  naked,  not  geniculate. 

15.  Fragaria.     Carpels  very  numerous,  in  fruit  on  a  large  fleshy  scarlet  receptacle.    Styles 

lateral.     Leaves  3-foliolate. 

16.  Potentilla.     Petals  yellow,  rarely  white,  sessile.     Stamens  usually  20  or  more  ;  fila- 

ments narrow  or  filiform.     Carpels  mostly  numerous,  on  a  dry  receptacle.     Leaves 
pinnate  or  digitate  ;  leaflets  toothed  or  cleft,  not  confluent. 

17.  Sibbaldia.     Petals  yellow,  sessile,  minute  and  narrow.     Stamens  5  ;  filaments  very 

short,  filiform.     Carpels  5  to  10,  on  a  dry  receptacle.     Leaves  3-foliolate  ;  leaflets 
3-toothed. 


76  KOSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

18.  Ivesia.    Petals  yellow,  with  claws,  or  spatulate.      Stamens  20;  filaments  filiform. 

Carpels  1  to  15,  on  a  dry  villous  receptacle.     Leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  cleft  or  parted, 
often  small  and  very  numerous  and  closely  imbricated. 

19.  Chamserhodos.     Petals  white,  obovate.      Stamens  5 ;    filaments  short,    subulate. 

Carpels  5  to  10,  on  a  dry  villous  receptacle.     Leaves  many-cleft ;  the  segments 
linear. 

Tribe  IV.  POTERIE.^2.  Carpels  1  to  3,  in  fruit  akenes,  completely  enclosed  in  the 
dry  and  firm  calyx-tube,  the  throat  of  which  is  constricted  or  sometimes  nearly  closed. 
Seed  suspended.  Ours  are  herbs  with  pinnate  leaves  and  solitary  ovule. 

20.  Agrimoiiia.     Calyx  turbinate,  surrounded  by  a  margin  of  hooked  prickles.     Petals 

yellow.    Stamens  5  to  12.     Flowers  in  long  racemes. 

21.  Poterium.     Calyx-lobes  4,  imbricate,  deciduous,  petaloid ;  the  tube  4-angled,  naked. 

Petals  none.    Flowers  in  dense  heads. 

Tribe  V.  ROSE^E.  Carpels  many,  in  fruit  bony  akenes,  enclosed  and  concealed  in  the 
globose  or  urn-shaped  fleshy  calyx-tube,  which  resembles  a  pome.  Petals  conspicuous. 
Stamens  numerous. 

22.  Rosa.    Erect  shrubs,  with  pinnate  leaves. 

SUBORDER  III.     POITIE^E. 

Carpels  2  to  5,  enclosed  in  and  mostly  adnate  to  the  fleshy  calyx-tube, 
in  fruit  becoming  a  pome.  A  pair  of  ovules  in  each  carpel.  Styles 
often  united  below.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stipules  free  from  the  petiole 
or  nearly  so. 

23.  Cratsegus.    Ovary  2  to  5-celled  ;  the  fruit  drupaceous,  of  2  to  5  bony  1-seeded  stones, 

either  separable  or  united  into  one.     Branches  usually  thorny. 

24.  Pyrus.     Ovary  2  to  5-celled  ;  the  fruit  a  proper  pome,  with  papery  or  cartilaginous  and 

undivided  2-seeded  cells  or  carpels. 

25.  Amelanchier.     Ovary  5-celled ;  the  cells  2-ovuled  and  2-seeded,  but  in  fruit  each 

divided  into  two  by  a  partition  from  the  back.     Styles  3  to  5.    Otherwise  like  Pyrus. 

26.  Peraphyllum.    Ovary  usually  2-  (incompletely  4-)  celled.    Styles  2.     Otherwise  like 

Amelanchier. 


1.    P  RUN  US,    Tourn.        PLUM,  CHERRY,  &c. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  15  to  25,  inserted  with  the 
petals.  —  Leaves  simple,  usually  serrulate:  flowers  white,  fascicled  in  the 
axils,  or  in  terminal  racemes. 

*  Flowers  in  umbel- or  corymb-like  dusters  from  lateral  scaly  buds  in  early  spring, 
preceding  or  coe'taneous  with  the  leaves. 

1.  P.  Americana,  Marshall.    (WILD  YELLOW  or  RED  PLUM).     Tree 
thorny,  8  to  20  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate,  or  somewhat  ohovate,  conspicuously 
pointed,  coarsely  or  doubly  serrate,  very  veiny,  glabrous  when  mature :  fruit  nearly 
destitute  of  bloom,  roundish  ovnl,  yellow,  orange,  or  red;  the  stone  turgid,  more 
or  less  acute  on  both  margins  ,•  pleasant-tasted,  but  with  a  tough  and  sour  skin.  — 
Colorado.     Very  common  throughout  the  East. 

2.  P.  Chicasa,  Michx.     (CHICKASAW  PLUM.)     Stem  scarcely  thorny: 
leaves  nearly  lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  glabrous:  fruit   nearly  destitute  of 
bloom,  globular,  red ;  the  stone  ovoid,  almost  as  thick  as  wide,  rounded  at  both 
sutures^  one  of  them  minutely  grooved.  — Perhaps  native  only  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi from  Arkansas  southward,  but  introduced  eastward,  and  westward  to 
Colorado. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  77 

3.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.     (WILD  RED  CHERRY.)     Tree  20  to  30  feet 
high,  with  light  red-brown  bark :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  and 
sharply  serrate,  shining,  green  and  smooth  both  sides:  fruit  globose,  light  red, 
very  small,  with  thin  and  sour  flesh  ;  stone  globular.  —  From  Colorado  north- 
ward, and  eastward  to  Newfoundland  and  Virginia. 

4.  P.  emarginata,  Walpers,  var.  mollis,  Brewer.    Becoming  a  small 
tree  25  feet  high,  with  bark  like  that  of  an  ordinary  Cherry-tree,  more  or  less 
woolly-pubescent :  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  mostlij  obtuse,  crenately  serru- 
late,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  with  usually  one  or  more  glands  near  the 
base  of  the  blade,  more  or  less  woolly-pubescent  on  the  under  side:  fruit  globose, 
black,  bitter  and  astringent ;  stone  with  a  thick  grooved  ridge  upon  one  side.  — 
Bot.  Calif,  i.  167.    Bitter  Root  Mountains  and  westward  into  Oregon  and 
California. 

*  #  Flowers  in  racemes  terminating  leafy  branches,  hence  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  late  in  spring. 

5  P.  demissa,  Walpers.  (WILD  CHERRY.)  An  erect  slender  shrub 
2  to  12  feet  high :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  mostly 
rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  sharply  serrate,  usually  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent  beneath,  with  1  or  2  glands  at  base :  fruit  purplish-black,  or  red,  sweet  and 
edible,  but  somewhat  astringent ;  stone  globose.  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains 
westward  to  the  coast. 

6.  P.  Virginiana,  L.  (CHOKE  CHERRY.)  Leaves  rarely  at  all  pubes- 
cent, more  frequently  somewhat  cuneate  at  base:  fruit  dark  red,  very  astringent 
and  scarcely  edible ;  the  stone  more  ovoid  and  acutish :  otherwise  like  the  last, 
but  more  diffuse  in  habit,  and  preferring  stream  banks  and  moist  localities.  — 
This  species  appears  to  be  distributed  throughout  the  whole  of  North  Amer- 
ica except  in  the  region  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.    S  PI  11-33  A,    L.        MEADOW-SWEET. 

Petals  5,  rounded,  nearly  sessile.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  usually 
5  or  more.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  mostly  shrubs  :  flowers  white  or  rose-colored, 
in  compound  corymbs  or  spikes.  —  We  follow  the  arrangement  of  Dr.  Maxi- 
mowicz  in  recognizing  the  four  following  genera  as  distinct  from  Spiraea. 
Bot.  Calif,  ii.  443. 

*  Erect  shrubs :  petals  rose-colored  or  purplish  :  flowers  in  compound  corymbs. 

1.  S.  betulifolia,  Pallas.     Glabrous  or  finely  pubescent,  with  reddish 
bark :  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  acutely  and  unequally  serrate  or 
incised,  on  short  petioles  or  nearly  sessile  :  flowers  pale  purple,  the  fastigiate 
corymbs   often   leafy-bracted  :    ovules  5  to  8.  —  S.  cori/mbosa,   Raf.     Head- 
waters of  the  Missouri,  eastward  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  westward  to 
N.  California,  and  northward  to  Alaska. 

Var.  rosea,  Gray.  Corolla  rose-red.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  381.  W. 
Wyoming,  Idaho,  and  westward  to  Oregon  and  California. 

*  #  Low  herbaceous  perennials,  woody  at  base  :  petals  white :  flowers  in  dense 

cylindrical  spikes  on  scape-like  stems. 

2.  S.  C8espitosa,  Nutt.    Cespitose,  on  rocks :  leaves  rosulate  on  the  short 
tufted  branches  of   the  woody  spreading  rootstock,  oblanceolate  or  linear- 


78  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

spatulate,  silky  on  both  sides;  those  of  the  scape  scattered  and  narrower: 
calyx-lobes  silky  :  filaments  and  styles  exserted  :  carpels  3  to  8,  somewhat 
villous  or  glabrous,  2-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  418.  W.  Wyoming  to 
Montana  and  Oregon,  and  southward  to  New  Mexico. 

3.    AH  UNO  US,    L.        GOAT'S-BEARD. 

Herbaceous :  the  small  white  flowers  in  numerous  filiform  panicled  spikes. 

1.   A.  Sylvester,  Kost.     Smooth,  branching,  3  to  5  feet  high:  leaves 

large ;  leaflets  thin,  sparingly  villous  beneath,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate, 

^      sharply  and  laciniately  doubly  toothed,  the  terminal  one  broadest :  panicle 

large  and  compound,  pubescent :   filaments  long-exserted  :   carpels  3  to  5, 

smooth.  —  Spiraea  Aruncus,  L.     Ranges  across  the  continent. 

4.    PHYSOCARPUS,    Maxim.        NINE-BARK. 

Carpels  1  to  5,  divergent.  Ovules  2  to  several.  —  Diffuse  shrubs:  flowers 
large,  white. 

1.  P.  opulifolia,  Maxim.     A  shrub  3  to  10  feet  high,  with  ash-colored 
shreddy  bark :  leaves  ovate  or  often  cordate,  3-lobed  and  toothed,  on  slender 
petioles,  nearly  glabrous:  flowers  on  long  slender  pedicels  in  simple  umbel-like 
hemispherical  tomentose  corymbs :   carpels  2  to  5,  glabrous.  —  Spiraea  opuli- 

.  y-  folia,  L.     Neiiiia  opulifetiorrBeuih.  &  Hook.     From  California  northward  to 

British  America  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  P.  Torreyi,  Maxim.     A  small  shrub,  differing  from  the  last  in  its 
smaller  leaves,  its  finer  pubescence,  and  the  leaves  sometimes  densely  ichite- 
tomentose  beneath,  its  fewer  and  smaller  flowers  on  short  pedicels,  fewer  stamens, 
and  especially  the  densely  tomentose  ovaries,  which  are  fewer  (1  or  2)  and  be- 
come less   inflated.  —  Spiraea  opulifolia,  var.  paucijlora,  Hook.,  and  in  Fl. 
Colorado  var.  parvifolia.     Neillia   Torreyi,  Watson.      In  the  mountains  of 
Colorado  and  westward  to  Nevada. 

5.    CHAMJEBATIARIA,    Maxim. 

Flowers  large,  white,  in  a  leafy  terminal  racemose  panicle.  —  A  stout, 
diffusely  branched,  glandular-pubescent  shrub. 

1.  C.  Millefolium,  Maxim.  More  or  less  tomentose:  leaves  narrowly 
i  lanceolate  in  outline,  scattered  or  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  with 
very  numerous  (about  20)  pinnae  and  minute  oblong  obtuse  leaflets  (about  6 
pairs) :  the  erect  acute  lobes  of  the  calyx  nearly  equalling  the  orbicular  petals: 
carpels  5,  pubescent.  —  Spiraea  Millefolium,  Torr.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  83,  t.  5. 
From  W.  Wyoming  ( Coulter)  to  California. 

6.    HOLODISCUS,    Maxim. 

Petals  white,  broadly  oblong,  about  equalling  the  5-parted  calyx. — A  dif- 
fuse shrub,  with  grayish  brown  bark :  flowers  in  loose  spreading  panicles. 
L,          1.   H.  discolor,  Maxim.    Pubescent,  4  feet  high  or  more  :  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  truncate  at  base  or  cuneate  into  a  slender  petiole,  more  or  less  silky- 


ROSACES.      (HOSE  FAMILY.)  79 

tomentose  beneath,  nearly  smooth  above,  pinnatifidly  toothed  or  lobed,  the 
lobes  often  dentate :  panicle  much  branched,  tomeutose.  —  Spiraea  discolor, 
Pursh. 

Var.  dumosa,  Maxim.  Only  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  usually  small,  cune- 
ate  into  a  short  margined  petiole,  often  white  tomentose  beneath :  panicle 
mostly  smaller  and  less  diffuse.  —  Spiraea  dumosa,  Nutt.  S.  discolor,  var. 
dumosa,  Watson.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  and  thence  to  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  Oregon. 

7.    RUB  US,    L.        RASPBERRY.    BLACKBERRY. 

Petals  5,  conspicuous.  Styles  nearly  terminal.  —  Erect  or  trailing,  often 
prickly  :  leaves  simple  or  pinnately  3  to  7-foliolate :  flowers  white  or  reddish, 
in  panicles  or  corymbs,  or  solitary :  fruit  usually  edible,  red,  purple,  or  purplish- 
black.  —  Ours  are  all  true  Raspberries,  having  fruit  with  a  bloom  separating 
from  the  receptacle  when  ripe.  The  Blackberries,  having  fruit  black,  shining 
and  persistent  on  the  receptacle,  are  not  known  to  occur  within  our  range. 
*  Leaves  simple:  prickles  none  (except  in  No.  3) :  flowers  large :  fruit  and  recepta- 
cle flat  and  broad. 

1.  R.  Nutkanus,  Mopino.     (SALMON-BERRY.)     Stems  3  to  8  feet  high; 
bark  green  and  smooth  or  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent,  becoming  brown  and 
shreddy :  leaves  palmately  and  nearly  equally  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base,  unequally 
serrate,  4  to  12  inches  broad,  glabrous  or  somewhat  tomentose,  the  veins  beneath 
as  well  as  the  petioles  and  peduncles  usually  more  or  less  hispid  with  gland-tipped 
hairs :  flowers  white,  an  inch  or  two  broad  :  calyx  densely  tomentose  :  carpels 
very  numerous,  tomentose :  fruit  red,  large,  and  pleasantly  flavored.  —  From 
Colorado  northward,  westward  to  the  coast,  and  eastward  to  Upper  Michigan. 

2.  R.  deliciosus,   James.      Shrub  3  to   4  feet  high;    branches,   young 
leaves,  and  calyx  tomentose-pubescent  or  puberulent,  not  glandular :  leaves  reniform- 
orbicular,  rugose,  more  or  less  3  to  5-lobed,  finely  serrate-toothed:   flowers  2 
inches  across:  sepals  with  a  dilated  acumination:  petals  white :  fruit  purplish, 
large,  smooth,   "  flavor  not  agreeable  to  the  human   palate."  —  Canons  of 
Colorado. 

3.  R.  nivalis,  Dougl. — Low,  not  more  than  6  inches  high,  frutescent :  leaves 
cordate,   3-lobed,  sharply  toothed,  glabrous,  the  petioles  and  veins  of  the  leaves 
armed  with  recurved  prickles:  peduncles  short,  2-flowered  :  petals  red(l)  :  fruit 
red.  —  In  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  and  northward.     Probably  a  species  of 
the  next  section  with  the  leaflets  confluent. 

*  *  Leaflets  3  to  5  :  petals  small,  erect,  white. 
•t-  Stems  annual,  herbaceous,  not  prickly :  fruit  of  few  separate  grains. 

4.  R.  triflorua,  Richardson.     Stems  ascending  or  trailing  :  leaflets  3  (or 
pedately  5),  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  coarsely 
doubly  serrate,  thin,  smooth:  peduncle  1  to  3-flowered  :  fruit  small,  red. — 
Colorado  and  northward  into  British  America  and  eastward  to  the  New  Eng- 
land and  Middle  States. 

•»-  •<-  Stems  biennial  and  woody,  prickly:  receptacle  oblong:  fruit  hemispherical. 

5.  R.  strigOSUS,  Michx.    (WiLD  REI>  RASPBERRY.)    Stems  upright,  and 
with  the  stalks,  etc.  beset  with  stiff'  straight  bristles,  glandular  when  young, 


80  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

somewhat  glaucous :  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  cut-serrate,  whitish-downy  under- 
neath, the  lateral  ones  sessile  :  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals :  fruit  light  red.  —  From 
New  Mexico  and  Colorado  northward  to  British  America  and  thence  eastward 
to  the  New  England  and  Middle  States ;  also  in  Nevada. 

6.  B.  OCCidentalis,  L.  (BLACK  RASPBERRY.  THIMBLEBERRY.)  Glau- 
cous all  over:  stems  recurved,  armed  like  the  stalks,  etc.  with  hooked  prickles, 
not  bristly :  leaflets  3,  ovate,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  whitened-downy  under- 
neath, the  lateral  ones  somewhat  stalked:  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals:  fruit, 
purple-black.  —  From  Oregon  eastward  to  Missouri  and  thence  throughout  the 
Eastern  States,  especially  to  the  north. 

8.    PUBSHIA,    DC. 

Calyx  funnel-shaped.  Petals  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes,  yellow.  Stamens 
about  25,  in  one  row.  Carpels  sometimes  2,  narrowly  oblong.  Fruit  pubes- 
cent, attenuate  at  each  end,  exserted.  —  Diffusely  branched :  leaves  mostly 
fascicled,  cuneate  :  flowers  terminal  on  the  short  branchlets. 

1.  P.  tridentata,  DC.  Usually  2  to  5  (rarely  8  or  10)  feet  high,  with 
brown  or  grayish  bark ;  the  young  branches  and  numerous  short  branchlets 
pubescent :  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  petioled,  white-tomen- 
tose  beneath,  greener  above :  calyx  tomeutose  with  some  glandular  hairs : 
petals  spatulate-obovate.  — Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  northward  through- 
out the  Rocky  Mountain  region  to  the  British  boundary;  westward  to  the 
Sierras. 

9.    COLEOGYNE,    Torr. 

Calyx  with  a  membranaceous  margin,  colored  within.  Stamens  numerous, 
inserted  upon  the  base  of  a  tubular  torus  which  includes  the  ovary.  Style 
lateral,  very  villous  at  base,  twisted,  exserted,  persistent.  Fruit  glabrous,  in- 
cluded. —  Diffusely  branched,  somewhat  spinesceut :  leaves  coriaceous  :  flowers 
terminal  on  the  short  branchlets,  subtended  by  1  or  2  pairs  of  3-lobed  bracts, 
yellow,  showy. 

1.  C.  ramosissima,  Torr.  The  short  rigid  branches  opposite  and  spines- 
cent;  bark  gray:  leaves  approximate  upon  the  branchlets,  linear  oblanceolate, 
puberulent  with  appressed  hairs  attached  by  the  middle  :  tube  of  the  torus 
membranaceous,  dilated  below  and  narrowed  to  the  shortly  5-toothed  apex, 
densely  white-villous  within  :  akene  somewhat  compressed,  the  obtuse  apex 
incurved.  —  PL  Frem.  8,  t.  4.  From  S.  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Nevada,  and 
in  California. 

10.    CEBCOCABPUS,    HBK.        MOUNTAIN  MAHOGANY. 

Stamens  15  to  25,  in  2  or  3  rows  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  coria- 
ceous, linear,  terete,  villous,  included  in  the  enlarged  calyx-tube. — Leaves 
evergreen. 

1.  C.  ledifolius,  Nutt.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  6  to  15  feet  high:  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate  with  margins  more  or  less  revolute,  thick-coriaceous  and 
somewhat  resinous,  entire,  more  or  less  tomentose,  but  glabrous  above,  acute : 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  81 

flowers  sessile,  tomeutose  :  limb  of  the  calyx  deeply  toothed :  tail  of  the  akene 
at  length  2  or  3  inches  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  427.  W.  Wyoming  and 
through  the  Wahsatch  to  the  Sierras  and  northward. 

2.  C.  parvifolius,  Nutt.  A  shrub  usually  2  to  10  feet  high  (sometimes 
15  to  20  feet) :  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  less  coriaceous,  serrate  towards  the  obtuse 
or  rounded  summit,  more  or  less  silky  above,  densely  hoary-tomentose  beneath  : 
flowers  on  short  slender  pedicels :  limb  of  the  calyx  with  short  teeth :  tail  of  the 
akene  often  4  inches  long.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward  to 
the  coast. 

11.     COWANIA,  Don.        CLIFF  ROSE. 

Petals  obovate,  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  in  2  rows,  inserted  with  the 
petals  at  the  throat  of  the  calyx-tube.  Carpels  densely  villous.  Fruit  coria- 
ceous, narrowly  oblong,  striate,  nearly  included  in  the  dilated  calyx-tube.  — 
Leaves  small,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  coriaceous,  glandular-dotted. 

1.  C.  Mexicana,  Don.  A  much  branched  shrub,  1  to  6  feet  high  ;  the 
trunk  with  abundant  shreddy  light-colored  bark :  leaves  approximate  upon 
the  short  branchlets,  cuneate-obovate  in  outline,  pinnately  3  to  7-lobed,  dark 
green  above,  tomentose  beneath :  flowers  yellow,  the  calyx-tube  attenuate  into 
a  short  glandular-hairy  pedicel :  tail  of  the  akeue  at  length  2  inches  long  or 
more.  —  N.  Utah  and  S.  Colorado  to  Central  Mexico. 

12.     FALLUGIA,    Endlicher. 

Calyx-tube  villous  within ;  the  5  lobes  with  alternate  linear  bractlets.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  inserted  in  a  triple  row  upon  the  margin  of  the  calyx-tube. 
Carpels  densely  villous,  inserted  upon  a  small  conical  receptacle.  Fruit  coria- 
ceous, narrowly  oblong,  exserted.  —  A  low  undershrub :  leaves  pinnately 
lobed,  margin  revolute  :  flowers  white. 

1.  F.  paradoxa,  Endlicher.  Much  branched  with  somewhat  virgate 
slender  branches ;  epidermis  white,  persistent :  leaves  scattered  or  fascicled, 
somewhat  villous,  cuneate  and  attenuate  into  a  linear  base,  pinnately  3  to  7- 
cleft  above.  —  From  Colorado  to  California  and  southward  into  Mexico. 

13.    DRY  AS,    L. 

Calyx  open,  flattish,  8  to  9-parted.  Petals  large,  white  or  yellowish. — 
Dwarf  and  matted  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  simple  toothed  leaves  and 
solitary  large  flowers. 

1.  D.  octopetala,  L.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  crenate-toothed, 
obtuse  at  each  end,  clothed  with  a  white  tomentum  beneath,  the  veins  promi- 
nent, the  margins  revolute  :  sepals  linear.  —  Alpine.  High  peaks  of  Colorado 
and  northward  throughout  British  America  to  Greenland. 

14.    GEUM,    L.        AVENS. 

Calyx-lobes  usually  with  5  alternate  bractlets.  Carpels  on  a  conical  or 
clavate  receptacle.  Akenes  small,  compressed.  —  Perennial  herbs:  leaves 
mostly  radical,  lyrate  or  pinnate  ;  stipules  adnate  to  the  sheathing  petioles  : 
flowers  rather  large,  solitary  or  corymbose. 

6 


82  EOSACE^.      (ROSE   FAMILY.) 

§  1.  Styles  jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle,  the  upper  part  deciduous,  the 
lower  naked  and  hooked,  becoming  elongated :  calyx-lobes  reflexed. — In  ours 
the  petals  are  golden-yellow,  broadly  obovate,  exceeding  the  calyx. 

1.  G.  macrophyllum,  Willd.     Bristly-hairy,  stout  (1  to  3  feet  high): 
root-leaves  lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  with  the  terminal  leaflet  very 
large  and  round  heart-shaped;  lateral  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  2  to  4,  minute, 
the  terminal  roundish,  deleft,  the  lobes  wedge-form  and  rounded :  receptacle  of  the 
fruit  nearly  naked.  —  From  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Atlantic,  and  northward 

i  to  Sitka. 

2.  G.  Strictum,  Ait.     Somewhat  hairy  (3  to  5  feet  high) :  root-leaves 
interruptedly  pinnate,  the  leaflets  wedge-obovate  ;  leaflets  of  .the  stem-leaves  3  to  5, 
rhombic-ovate  or  oblong,  acute:   receptacle  of  fruit   downy.  —  From   Colorado 
northward,  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic. 

§  2.    Style  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the  upper  joint  plumose  :  flowers  large  : 
calyx  erect  or  spreading. 

3.  G.  rival©,  L.     Stems  nearly  simple  :  root-leaves  lyrate  and  interrupt- 
edly pinnate ;  those  of  the  stem  few,  3-foliolate  or  3-lobed  :  calyx  brown  purple  : 
petals  dilated-obovate,  retuse,  contracted  into  a  claw,  purplish  orange :  head 
of  fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx.  —  Colorado,  W.  Montana,  and  northward  ;  also 
eastward  to  Newfoundland. 

§  3.  Style  not  jointed,  wholly  persistent  and  straight :  head  of  fruit  sessile :  flowers 
large :  calyx  erect  or  spreading.  —  Flowering  stems  simple  and  bearing  only 
bracts  or  small  leaves. 

4.  G.  triflorum,  Pursh.     Low,  softly-hairy:   root-leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate;  the  leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded,  oblong  wedge-form,  deeply 
cut-toothed :  flowers  3  or  more  on  long  peduncles :  bractlets  linear,  longer  than 
the  purple  calyx,  as  long  as  the  oblong  purplish  erect  petals :  styles  very  long, 
strongly  plumose  in  fruit.  —  In  the  mountains  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  north- 
ward and  eastward  to  Arctic  America  and  Labrador. 

5.  G.  Rossii,  Seringe.      Slightly  pubescent  above:   root-leaves  interrupt- 
edly pinnate,  rather  glabrous,  minutely  ciliate ;  leaflets  ovate  or  cuneiform, 
2  to  3-lobed,  incised  or  entire:  scape  l-flowered :  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the 
roundish  yellow  petals:  styles  glabrous,  not  exserted  in  fruit.  —  Alpine.     High 
peaks  of  Colorado  and  W.  Montana,  and  northward  through  Arctic  America. 

Var.  humile,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  pubescent,  almost  silky  when  young, 
somewhat  larger:  leaflets  more  numerous  and  crowded :  scape  sometimes  2-flow- 
ered.  — Fl.  i.  424.  Colorado,  Nevada,  and  northward  to  Unalaska. 

15.    PEAGABIA,    Tourn.        STRAWBERRY. 

Petals  5,  white,  spreading.  Stamens  many  in  one  row.  —  Acaulescent  sto- 
loniferous  perennials :  leaves  palmately  trifoliolate ;  the  leaflets  obovate-cune- 
ate,  coarsely  toothed:  flowers  feAV,  cymose  upon  short  erect  scapes. 

1.  F.  Virginiana,  Dtichesne.  Akenes  imbedded  in  the  deeply  pitted  fruit- 
,  ing  receptacle,  which  usually  has  a  narrow  neck :  calyx  becoming  erect  after 
flowering  and  connivent  over  the  hairy  receptacle  when  sterile  or  unfructified : 
leaflets  of  a  flrm  or  coriaceous  texture  :  the  hairs  of  the  scape  and  especially  of 
the  pedicels  silky  and  appressed.  —  The  species  seems  to  be  confined  to  the 
Atlantic  States. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  83 

Var.  Illinoensis,  Gray.  A  coarser  or  larger  plant,  perhaps  a  distinct 
species  :  the  flowers  more  inclined  to  be  polygamo-dicecious  :  the  villous  hairs  of  the 
scape  and  pedicels  widely  spreading.  —  The  common  form  in  the  mountains 
and  extending  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

Yar.  glauca,  Watson.  Differs  from  the  type  in  the  perfectly  smooth  and 
glaucous  surface  of  the  leaf,  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  85.  In  the  Wahsatch  and 
Uinta  Mountains. 

2.  P.  veSCelj  !/•  Akenes  superficial  on  the  glabrous  conical  or  hemispherical 
fruiting  receptacle  (not  sunk  in  pits)  :  calyx  remaining  spreading  or  reflexed : 
hairs  on  the  scape  mostly  widely  spreading,  on  the  pedicels  appressed :  leaflets  thin, 
even  the  upper  surface  strongly  marked  by  the  veins.  —  Throughout  the 
United  States  and  Arctic  America. 

16.    POTENT  ILL  A,    L.        FIVE-FINGER. 

Petals  5,  obcordate  or  broadly  obovate.  Styles  lateral  or  nearly  terminal, 
short,  deciduous.  Akenes  small,  turgid,  crustaceous.  —  Herbaceous  or  rarely 
woody  :  flowers  cymose,  or  axillary  and  solitary.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
viii.  549. 

*  Styles  thickened  and  glandular  toward  the  base :  carpels  glabrous,  sessile :  in- 
florescence cymose. 

•<-  Style  attached  below  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  disk  thickened :  stamens  25  to 
30  :  perennial  herbs  with  glandular -villous  pubescence  and  pinnate  leaves. 

1.  P.  arguta,  Pursh.     Stem  erect  and   stout,   1  to  4  feet  high,  simple 
below :  radical  leaves  7  to  1 1  foliolate ;  leaflets  rounded,  ovate,  or  subrhom- 
boidal,  incised  or  doubly  serrate :  cyme  strict  and  rather  close;  calyx  densely 
pubescent :  stamens  mostly  30.  —  New  Mexico  and  northward  to  N.  Idaho,  thence 
eastward  to  the  New  England  States  and  Canada. 

2.  P.  glandulosa,  Lindl.     Resembling  the  last,  but  usually  more  slender 
and  branched,  1  to  2  feet  high,  and  for  the  most  part  less  pubescent :  leaflets 
more  frequently  5  to  9:  cyme  panided,  with  elongated  branches  and  more  slender 
pedicels  :  calyx  much  less  tomentose :  stamens  usually  25.  —  P.  fissa,  Nutt.     In 
the  mountains,  from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  northward,  and  thence  west- 
ward to  California  and  Washington  Territory. 

H-  -t-  Style  terminal:  disk  not  thickened :  flowers  small :  leaves  pinnate  or 

ternate. 

•w-  Annual  or  biennial:  leaflets  incisely  serrate,  not  white-tomentose :  stamens  5 

to  20. 

3.  P.  Norvegica,  L.     Erect,  stout,  %  to  2  feet  high,  at  length  dichoto- 
mous  above,  hirsute:  leaves  ternate;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate  :  cyme 
leafy  and  rather  loose:  calyx  large:  stamens  15,  rarely  20  :  akenes  rugose,  or 
nearly  smooth :  receptacle  large,  oblong.  —  Throughout  N.  America,  espe- 
cially northward. 

4.  P.  rivalis,  Nutt.     More  slender,  usually  diffusely  branched  :  pubescence 
softly-villous,  sometimes  nearly  wanting  :  leaves  pinnate,  with  2  pairs  of  closely 
approximate  leaflets,  or  a  single  pair  and  the  terminal  leaf  3-parted ;  upper 
leaves  ternate ;   leaflets  cuneate-ovate  to  -lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate :  cymes 
loose,  less  leafy :  calyx  small:  petals  minute:  stamens  10  to  20  :  akenes  usually 


84  KOSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

smooth :  receptacle  short.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  437.    From  the  Missouri  River 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  millegrana,  Watson.  Leaves  all  ternate :  stems  erect  or  weak  and 
ascending:  akenes  often  small  and  light-colored.  —  Rev.  Pot.  553.  P.  mille- 
grana, Engelm.  Eastern  slope  of  the  Sierras  and  eastward  to  New  Mexico 
and  the  Missouri. 

5.  P.  supina,  L.     Stems  decumbent  at  base  or  erect :  pubescence  scanty, 
villous,  spreading:  leajiets  pinnate!  if  5  to  11,  obovate  or  oblong:  ci/mes  loose, 
leafy :  petals  equalling  the  sepals :  stamens  20 :  akenes  strongly  gibbous  by  the 
thickening  of  the  very  short  pedicel.  —  P.  paradoxa,  Nutt.     From  the  Missouri 
to  New  Mexico,  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi,  Ohio,  and  the  Great  Lakes. 
•*•+  +•»•  Herbaceous  perennials,  more  or  less  white-tomentose :  leaflets  incisely-pinnati- 

Jid:  bractlets  and  sepals  nearly  equal:  stamens  usually  25. 

6.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.     Silky-tomentose  :  leaflets  5  to  9,  white- tomen- 
tose  beneath,  short-pubescent  and  greener  above,  the  segments  linear,  slightly  or  not 
at  all  revolute:  cyme  fastigiate  but  rather  open,  the  pedicels  erect.  —  From 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico  northward,  thence  eastward  to  the  New  England 
coast  and  Canada. 

Var.  strigosa,  Pursh.  Smaller :  leajiets  mostly  tomentose  on  both  surfaces, 
deeply  pectinate-divided  or  pinnatifid,  with  revolute  margins:  cyme  short  and 
close.  —  From  Colorado  northward,  and  along  the  Missouri. 

Var.  glabrata,  Watson.  Leaves  subglabrous  on  both  sides,  the  lobes  of  the 
leaflets  silky-tufted  at  the  apex.  —  Rev.  Pot.  554.  Mountains  of  Colorado, 
Nevada,  and  northward  into  British  America. 

*  #  Styles  filiform,  not  glandular  at  base:  inflorescence  cymose. 

•»-  Style  terminal:  carpels  glabrous:  disk  not  thickened:  stamens  20:  herbaceous 

perennials,  with  conspicuous  flowers. 

•w-  Leaves  pinnate  (sometimes  digitate  in  Nos.  7  and  11) :  bractlets  shorter  than  the 

sepals. 

7.  P.  Hippiana,  Lehm.     Densely  white-tomentose  and  silky  throughout,  the 
upper  surface  of  the  leaves  a  little  darker:  stems  branching  above  into  a  diffuse 
cyme :  leaves  occasionally  digitate  in  reduced  alpine  specimens ;  leaflets  5  to 
11,  diminishing  uniformly  down  the  petiole,  incisely  toothed  at  least  towards  the 
apex:  carpels  10  to  30. — From  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  Nebraska  and 
the  Saskatchewan. 

Var.  pulcherrima,  Watson.  Leaflets  5  to  9,  approximate,  crowded,  or 
digitate,  the  upper  surface  green  and  pubescent  or  subglabrous.  —  Rev.  Pot.  555. 
P.  pulcherrima,  Lehm.  In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British 
America. 

8.  P.   eflfusa,  Dougl.     Tomentose  throughout  with  scattered   villous   hairs: 
stems  diffusely  branched  above:  leaflets  5  to  11,  interruptedly  pinnate,  the  alternate 
ones  often  smaller,  coarsely  incised-serrate  or  dentate :  carpels  10.  —  From  Colo- 
rado northward  into  British  America. 

9.  P.  crinita,  Gray.     Appressed  silky-villous,  not  at  all  tomentose:  stems 
decumbent:  leaflets  9  to  15,  mostly  folded  and  f alcatel y  recurved,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, villous  beneath,  scarcely  so  or  glabrous   above :   carpels  25  to  30.  —  PI. 
Fendl.  41.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  85 

10.  P.  Plattensis,  Nutt.      Subalpine:   pubescence  appressed  silky-villous 
throughout,  scant ij  or  nearly  wanting:  steins  decumbent:  leaflets  7  to  13,  usually 
crowded  and  often  alternate,  deeply  incised -pinnat/Jid  into  3  to  7  linear  segments : 
flowers  few,  in  an  open  cyme :  carpels  25  to  40.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  439. 
P.  diversifolia,  var.  pinnatisecta  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.  87.     Mountains  of  Colo- 
rado and  Nevada,  and  in  the  Uintas. 

11.  P.  dissecta,  Pursh.     Low,  alpine,  more  or  less  silky-villous,  with  some- 
what spreading  hairs,  or  nearly  glabrous :  stems  decumbent  or  ascending :  leaflets 
5  to  7,  or  rarely  but  3,  often  glaucous,  closely  pinnate,  or  as  frequently  digitate, 
the  upper  one  incisely  pinnatifid  or  serrate,  the  lowest  often  but  trifid:  flowers  few, 
in  an  open  cyme  :  carpels  10  to  20  or  more. — P.  diversifolia,  Lehm.     From 
Colorado  to  California  and  British  America.     The  following  varieties  occur 
with  the  type. 

Yar.  glaiicophylla,  Lehm.  Glaucous-green:  leaves  digitate,  nearly  gla- 
brous on  both  sides. 

Var.  milltisecta,  Watson.  Canescent  with  a  not  very  dense  silky  pubes- 
cence :  leaves  digitate  or  nearly  so,  the  leaflets  digitately  or  pinnately  divided 
and  the  segments  linear.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  86. 

Var.  (?)  decurrens,  Watson.  Leaflets  but  3  or  with  1  to  2  additional 
distant  pairs  of  smaller  ones,  the  terminal  leaflet  truncately  3-toothed,  the  upper 
pair  2  to  3-toothed,  conspicuously  decurrent :  stem  \-flowered,  3  inches  high,  gla- 
brous throughout,  excepting  the  villous  calyx  and  tufted  apices  of  the  leaves.  — 
Eev.  Pot.  557.  From  peaks  of  the  Uiutas. 

•M-  -w-  Leaves  digitately  5  to  1-foliolate  (rarely  pinnate  in  No.  12) :  tomentose  or 

villous. 

12.  P.  gracilis,  Dougl.      Villous  and  more  or  less  tomentose:  stems  2  to  3 
feet  high:  leaflets  mostly  1,  incisely  serrate  or  pinnatifid,  tomentose  beneath, 
green  above  and  subvillous  or  appressed  silky:  carpels  40  or  more. — From 
New  Mexico  to  Utah  and  California,  and  thence  northward  to  the  Saskatche- 
wan and  Alaska. 

Var.  flabelliformis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaflets  very  deeply  pinnatifid. — 
Fl.  i.  440. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Watson.  Cyme  shorter  and  more  compact,  more  densely 
pubescent :  often  low.  —  Rev.  Pot.  557.  P.  fastigiata,  Nutt. 

Var.  rigida,  Watson.     Villous,  but  without  tomentum :  usually  tall  and  stout. 

—  Loc.  cit.     P.  Nuttallii,  Lehm. 

13.  P.  humifusa,  Nutt.     Densely  white-tomentose  and  silky-villous:  stems 
decumbent,  2  to  4  inches  long,  slender :  leaflets  5,  green  and  appressed  silky 
above,  only  the  rounded  or  truncate  apex  serrate  with  3  to  5  teeth  :  carpels  15  to  20. 

—  From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

*H-  -M-  -M.  Leaves  ternate :  low,  arctic  or  alpine,  few-flowered. 

14.  P.  nivea,  L.     Pubescence  silky-villous,  densely  white-tomentose  on 
the  under  side  of  the  leaves  :  leaflets  coarsely  incised-serrate  or  pinnatifid,  the 
terminal  one  sessile  or  petiolulate  :  carpels  few  or  many. — From  Colorado 
northward. 

Var.  dissecta,  Watson.  Leaves  digitately  or  pinnately  5-foliolate,  the 
leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid  :  stems  1  to  2  inches  high,  1  to  3-flowered.  —  Rev. 
Pot.  559.  In  the  Uintas  and  mountains  of  Montana  and  British  America. 


86  ROSACES.      (KOSE   FAMILY.) 

•H-  •*-  Style  attached  below  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  carpels  on  short  pedicels,  and, 
with  the  receptacle,  densely  villous:  disk  not  thickened:  more  or  less  woody 
perennials. 

15.  P.  fruticosa,  L.     Shrubby,  much  branched,  1  to  4  feet  high  :  pubes- 
cence silky-villous:  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  5  to  7,  crowded,  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire,  usually  white  beneath  and  the  margins  revolute.  —  From  Colorado 
westward  to  N.  California,  northward  to  the  Arctic  Circle,  and  eastward  to 
New  Jersey  and  Labrador. 

*  *  *  Styles  filiform,  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  peduncles  axillary, 
solitary,  \-flowered.'  carpels  glabrous :  stems  creeping  or  decumbent :  herbaceous 
perennials. 

16.  P.  Anserina,  L.     Spreading  by  slender  many -jointed  runners,  white- 
tomentose  and  silky-villous:  leaves  all  radical,  pinnate;  leaflets  7  to  21,  with 
smaller  ones  interposed,  sharply  serrate,  silky-tomentose  at  least  beneath.  — 
From  California,  New  Mexico,  Illinois,  and  Pennsylvania  northward  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean  and  Greenland. 

17.    SIBBALDIA,   L. 

Petals  linear-oblong.  Styles  lateral.  —  Dwarf  and  cespitose  arctic  or  al- 
pine perennials  :  leaves  thick ;  the  leaflets  few-toothed  at  the  truncate  summit : 
flowers  cymose. 

1.  S.  procumbens,  L.  Somewhat  villous  :  stems  creeping,  leafy  at 
the  extremities :  leaflets  cuneate  :  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves  : 
akenes  on  very  short  hairy  stipes.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  California, 
and  the  White  Mountains,  and  northward  to  Alaska  and  Greenland. 

18.     IVESIA,    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Calyx  campanulate.  Akenes  fixed  by  the  middle.  —  Herbaceous  peren- 
nials :  flowers  in  cymes  or  open  panicles. 

1.  I.  Gordon!,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Viscid-pubescent  or  often  somewhat  hir- 
sute, or  glabrate :  stems  3  to  10  inches  high  from  a  thick  resinous  caudex : 
leaflets  obovate,  with  oblong  or  spatulate  segments;  cauline  leaves  one  or 
two,  pinnatifid.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  vi.  72.  Wyoming,  Utah,  Arizona,  and  west- 
ward to  California. 

19.    CHAMJERHODOS,    Bunge. 

Calyx  campanulate,  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  base  lined  with  a  membranous  disk, 
which  is  very  densely  bearded  at  the  margin.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals, 
inserted  with  them  into  the  sinuses  of  the  calyx  above  the  disk.  Styles 
arising  near  the  base  of  the  ovaries.  —  Small,  erect  and  branching  glandular- 
pubescent  herbs  :  inflorescence  dichotomously  cymose. 

1.  C.  erecta,  Bunge.  Stem  slender,  two  inches  to  a  foot  high,  panicu- 
lately  branched  above  :  radical  leaves  rosulate,  ternately  or  biternately  many- 
cleft  ;  the  upper  cauline  ones  3  to  5-cleft.  —  Colorado  and  northward  into 
British  America. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  87 

20.    A  GRIM  ONI  A,    Tourn.        AGRIMONY. 

Tall  perennial  herbs :  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate :  flowers  in  slender  spi- 
cate  racemes,  with  3-cleft  bracts :  fruit  pendulous. 

1.  A.  Eupatoria,  L.  Leaflets  5  to  7,  with  minute  ones  intermixed, 
oblong-obovate,  coarsely  toothed :  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  — 
Colorado;  common  throughout  the  Eastern  States. 


21.    POTERIUM,    L.        BURNET. 

Stamens  2  to  4  or  more  :  filaments  often  elongated.  —  Ours  is  an  annual: 
leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid,  petiolulate :  flowers  small,  perfect  in  ours. 

1.   P.  annuum,  Nutt.     Glabrous,  slender,  6  to  15  inches  high:  leaflets 

4  to  6  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  with  linear  segments :  flowers  greenish,  the 
heads  ovoid  or  oblong:  fruit  shorter  than  the  bracts.  —  From  the  Upper 
Missouri  southward  into  the  Indian  Territory ;  also  in  California  and  Wash- 
ington Territory. 

22.     ROSA,    Tourn.        ROSE. 

Calyx  without  bractlets.  Stamens  on  the  thick  margin  of  the  silky  disk, 
which  nearly  closes  the  mouth  of  the  calyx.  Ovaries  several,  hairy. — 
Usually  prickly :  leaves  with  mostly  serrate  leaflets :  flowers  corymbose  or 
solitary,  showy.  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  324. 

#  Sepals  connivent  and  persistent  after  flowering. 
•t-  No  infrastipular  spines ;  acicular  prickles  often  present :  fruit  globose. 

1.  R.  blanda,  Ait.     Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  usually  few  prickles  or 
none :  stipules  dilated,  naked  and  entire,  or  slightly  glandular-toothed  ;  leaflets 

5  or  7   (rarely  9),  cuneate  at  base  and  short!.;/  petiolulate,  simply  and  coarsely 
toothed,  glabrous  above,  paler  and  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath, 
not  resinous :  flowers  corymbose  or  solitary :  sepals  entire,  hispid.  —  R.  fraxini- 
folia,  Gmelin.    Within  our  range  at  its  northeastern  boundary,  and  extending 
from  thence  to  Newfoundland. 

2.  R   Sayi,  Schwein.    Stems  1  or  2  feet  high,  thickly  covered  with  prickles: 
stipules  dilated,  glandular-ciliate  and  resinous ;  leaflets  3  to  7,  usually  sessile 
and  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base,  more  or  less  doubly  toothed,  glabrous  or  slightly 
pubescent  above,  resinous  beneath:  flowers  solitary  (rarely  2  or  3) :  outer  sepals 
with  lateral  lobes,  not  hispid.  —  Abundant  in  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to 
British  America,  thence  eastward  to  Lake  Superior. 

3.  R.  Arkansana,  Porter.     Stems  £  to  6  feet  high,  more  or  less  densely 
prickly :  stipules  narrow,  more  or  less  glandular-toothed ;  leaflets  7  to  11,  nearly 
sessile  or  often  petiolulate,  somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  simply  and  coarsely  toothed, 
glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  usually  not  resinous :  flowers  corym- 
bose: outer  sepals  with  one  or  more  lateral  lobes,  usually  not  hispid.  — Fl.  Colo- 
rado, 38.     R.  blanda,  var.  setigera,  Crepin.     Abundant  in  the  mountains  from 
New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas  to  British  America,  and  eastward  to  the  Upper 
Mississippi. 


88  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

•*-  •*-  Infrastipular  spines  present,  often  with  scattered  prickles :  leaflets  5  or  7. 
•»•+  Sepals  entire. 

4.  R.  Nutkana,  Presl.     Stems  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high,  armed  with  stout 
straight  or  recurved  spines :  stipules  dilated,  glandular-ciliate ;  leaflets  rounded 
at  base,  usually  resinous  beneath,  the  teeth  more  or  less  glandular-serrulate: 
flowers  solitary  (rarely  2  or  3),  2  or  3  inches  broad:  fruit  globose,  6  lines  broad. 

—  From  N.  Utah  (in  the  Wahsatch)  and  Idaho  to  Oregon  and  northward. 
Unarmed  forms  and  others  with  slender  spines  are  reported  from  W.  Mon- 
tana (  Watson). 

5.  R.  Fendleri,  Crepin.     Stems  often  tall  (6  or  8  feet  high,  or  less), 
with  rather  slender  straight  or  recurved  spines :  stipules  mostly  narrow  and 
usually  naked  ;  leaflets  cuneate  at  base  and  often  petiolulate,  usually  glaucous, 
finely  pubescent  beneath  or  glabrous  or  somewhat  resinous,  the  teeth  usually 
simple:  flowers  smaller,  corymbose  or  often  solitary :  fruit  globose,  4  lines  broad. 

—  From  W.  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  northward  into 
British  America. 

•w-  H-+  Outer  sepals  laterally  lobed. 

6.  R.  Woodsii,  Lindl.     Stems  \  to  3  feet  high,  with  slender  straight  or 
recurved  spines  :  stipules  narrow  or  dilated,  entire  ;  leaflets  obtuse  or  usually 
cuneate  at  base,  glabrous  or  pubescent  above,  villous  or  pubescent  or  glabrous 
beneath,  simply  toothed  or  resinous  and  serrulate-toothed  :  flowers  corymbose 
or  solitary,  \\  to  2  inches  broad,  on  very  short  naked  pedicels:  fruit  globose, 
4  or  5  lines  broad.  —  From  Missouri  and  Colorado  to  W.  Montana  and  the 
Saskatchewan.     On  the  plains  and  in  the  valleys. 

*  *  Sepals  spreading  after  flowering  and  deciduous :  infrastipular  spines  present. 

7.  R.  gymnocarpa,  Nutt.     Stem  slender  and  weak,  2  to  10  feet  high, 
with  straight  slender  spines  :  stipules  narrow,  glandular-ciliate ;  leaflets  5  to  9, 
glabrous,  doubly  glandular-toothed,  sessile  or  nearly  so :  flowers  solitary  or 
few :  sepals  3  or  4  (rarely  6)  lines  long,  entire,  deciduous  (with  the  few 
distinct  styles)  from  the  very  contracted  top  of  the  naked  oblong-obovate  to 
globose  fruit.  —  In  the  Pacific  States,  but  extending  eastward  into  N.  W. 
Montana  and  N.  Idaho. 


23.    CRAT.S1GUS,   L.        THORN. 

Calyx-tube  pitcher-shaped ;  the  limb  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens 5  to  20.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees :  leaves  simple,  toothed,  or  lobed : 
flowers  corymbose,  mostly  white. 

1.  C.  rivularis,  Nutt.  Spines  few,  short  and  stout :  leaves  rather  rigid, 
lanceolate-ovate,  simply  serrate,  only  the  upper  ones  of  the  shoots  broader, 
doubly  serrate  or  rarely  slightly  incised  ;  with  narrow,  glandular-incised  stip- 
ules :  calyx-lobes  usually  glandular  :  fruit  black :  nutlets  3  lines  long  or  over, 
usually  strongly  ridged  on  the  back.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  4G4.  Mountains 
of  Colorado  and  Utah,  and  westward  to  the  Pacific. 

C.  DOUGLASII,  Lindl.,  with  broader,  thinner,  doubly  serrate  leaves,  broad 
stipules,  and  smaller  black-purple  fruit,  is  reported  from  Montana,  but  proba- 
bly occurs  only  west  of  our  range. 


SAXIFRAGACEJ2.      (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.)  89 

C.  COCCINEA,  L.,  with  bright  coral-red  fruit,  and  glabrous  throughout,  has 
been  reported  from  S.  W.  Colorado. 

C.  TOMENTOSA,  L.,  var.  PUNCTATA,  Gray,  with  fruit  dull  red  and  yellowish 
with  whitish  dots,  and  leaves  villous-pubesceut  when  young,  has  been  reported 
from  Weber  River  Valley,  Utah. 

The  last  two  species,  belonging  to  the  section  ERYTHROCARPA,  are  very- 
common  east,  but  their  occurrence  within  our  range  is  so  doubtful  that  for 
the  present  they  are  excluded. 

24.    PYRUS,    L.        PEAR,  APPLE,  &c. 

Calyx  pitcher-shaped  or  turbiuate ;  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading,  ses- 
sile or  uuguiculate.  Stamens  20.  Styles  distinct,  woolly  at  base.  —  Ours 
is  a  shrub,  with  pinnate,  serrate,  deciduous  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  flat 
compound  cymes. 

1.   P.  sambucifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.     A  shrub  4  to  8  feet  high, 
nearly  glabrous :  the  leaf-buds  and  inflorescence  usually  sparingly  villous :       / 
leaflets  4  to  6  pairs,  oblong,  acute  :  fruit  berry-like,  red.  —  From  Colorado 
to  California,  northward  into  British  America  and  thence  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic. 

25.    AMELANCHIER,    Medicus.        JUNE-BERRY.     SERVICE- 
BERRY. 

Calyx-tube  campanulate ;  the  limb  5-parted.  Petals  5,  oblong,  ascending. 
Stamens  20,  short.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees :  leaves  simple,  serrate :  flowers 
white,  racemose  :  fruit  purplish,  edible. 

1.   A.  alnifolia,  Nutt.     A  shrub  3  to  8  feet  high,  glabrous  throughout  or     . 
often  more  or  less  woolly-pubescent :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rounded,  occa-    *^ 
sionally  oblong-ovate,  often  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  serrate  usually  only 
towards  the  summit :  petals  narrowly  oblong.  — A.  Canadensis,  var.  alnifolia, 
Torr.  &  Gray.     From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  California,  and  eastward  into 
the  Mississippi  Valley. 

26.    PERAPHYLLUM,   Nutt. 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  sessile  2  to  3-flowered  corymbs;  petals  orbicular, 
spreading. 

1.  P.  ramosissimum,  Nutt.  A  shrub  2  to  6  feet  high,  very  much 
branched,  with  grayish  bark  and  short  rigid  branchlets :  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  attenuate  into  a  very  short  petiole,  somewhat  silky-pubescent, 
sparingly  denticulate:  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  pale  rose-color: 
styles  elongated,  tomentose :  fruit  globose,  fleshy  and  edible.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  474.  S.  W.  Colorado  to  Utah,  California,  and  Oregon. 


ORDER  27.    S4XIFBAGACE^E.     (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  sometimes  small  trees,  distinguished  from  most 
Rosacea  by  albuminous  seeds  and  small  embryo;  usually  by  definite 
stamens,  not  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the  calyx-lobes  ;  commonly 


90  SAXIFRAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 

"by  the  want  of  stipules ;  sometimes  by  the  leaves  being  opposite  j  and 
in  most  by  the  partial  or  complete  union  of  the  2  to  5  carpels  into  a 
compound  ovary,  with  either  axile  or  parietal  placentae.  Seeds  usually 
indefinitely  numerous.  Petals  and  stamens  perigynous.  Styles  inclined 
to  be  distinct. 

Tribe  I.     Herbs.    Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  without  distinct  stipules.     Styles  or  tips 
of  the  carpels  distinct  and  soon  divergent.     Fruit  capsular.  —  SAXIFRAGES. 

*  Ovary  with  2  or  rarely  more  cells  and  placentae  in  the  axis,  or  of  as  many  distinct  carpels. 

1.  Saxifraga.    Stamens  10  (rarely  more).     Petals  5.     Calyx-tub'  mostly  free. 

2.  Boykinia.    Stamens  5.     Petals  5.    Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary. 

*  *  Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae  alternate  with  the  styles  or  stigmas :  no 

sterile  filaments. 

3.  Tellima.    Stamens  10,  included.    Petals  3  to  7-parted  into  narrow  divisions,  conspicu- 

ous.   Styles  2  or  3,  very  short. 

4.  Tiarella.    Stamens  10,  and  styles  2,  both  long,  filiform  and  exseited.     Petals  entire, 

inconspicuous  and  almost  filiform.     Capsule  very  unequally  2-valved  to  the  base. 

5.  Mitella.    Stamens  5  (in  ours),  very  short.    Petals  pinnatifid  or  3-cleft  into  capillary  di 

visions.     Styles  very  short.    Capsule  depressed. 

6.  Chrysosplenium.    Stamens  8  or  10,  very  short.     Petals  none.    Styles  2.    Capsule 

obcordate,  flattened. 

7.  Heuchera.    Stamens  5,  and  styles  2,  both  commonly  slender.     Petals  entire,  small, 

sometimes  minute  or  none.    Capsule  ovate,  2-beaked,  fully  half  inferior. 

*  *  *  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  or  4  parietal  placentas  directly  under  as  many  obtuse  sessile 

stigmas  :  a  cluster  of  united  sterile  filaments  alternate  with  the  stamens. 

8.  Parnassia.    Calyx  5-parted.     Petals  5,  large.     Stamens  5.    Flower  solitary. 

Tribe  II.     Shrubs.     Leaves  opposite,  simple:  no  stipules.     Fruit  capsular.  —  H  YD  RAN- 
GIER. 
*  Stamens  20  or  more  :  ovary  inferior. 

9.  Philadelphia.     Ovary  4  to  5-celled.    Petals  convolute  in  the  bud. 

*  *  Stamens  8  or  10  :  ovary  superior  or  nearly  so. 

10.  Jamesta.    Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  1-celled  ovary  and  incompletely  3  to 

5-celled  capsule.    Petals  5.     Styles  3  to  5. 

11.  Fendlera.    Calyx -tube  half  adherent  to  the  4-celled  ovary  and  capsule.     Petals  4. 

Filaments  2-lobed.     Styles  4. 

Tribe  III.    Shrubs.    Leaves  alternate,  simple  :  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole  or  wanting. 

Fruit  a  berry. 

12.  Ribes.    Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary :  placentae  2,  parietal. 

1.     SAXIFRAGA,    L.        SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx  5-lobed  or  parted,  free,  or  its  tube  more  or  less  coherent  with  the 
lower  part  of  the  ovary.  Petals  entire.  Stigmas  mostly  depressed-capitate 
or  reniform.  —  Either  stemless  or  short-stemmed  :  petioles  commonly  sheath- 
ing at  base :  the  small  flowers  in  cymes,  cymose  panicles,  or  clusters,  some- 
times solitary. 

*  Stem  more  or  less  leafy. 
H-  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary :  leaves  opposite. 

1.  S.  oppositifolia,  L.  Leaves  fleshy,  ovate,  keeled,  ciliate,  imbricated 
on  the  sterile  branches  :  flowers  solitary,  large  :  petals  purple,  obovate,  much 
longer  than  the  5-cleft  calyx.  —  From  the  Teton  Mountains  northward  and 
throughout  Arctic  America ;  also  found  in  Vermont. 


SAXIFKAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.)  91 

•t-  •«-  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  below :  stem  leaves  alternate. 

•w-  Sepals  distinct  or  coherent  at  base. 

=  Petals  yellow. 

2.  S.  HirculllS,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate,  nerved,  not  dilate:  pedicels  and 
upper  part  of  the  1  to  6-flowered  stem  more  or  less  hairy,  not  glandular :  sepals 
usually  ciliate,  much  shorter  than  the  very  large  petals.  —  From  Colorado  to 
the  Arctic  Sea. 

3.  S.  flagellaris,  Willd.     Glandular-pubescent,   1   to  5-flowered  :    stolons 
from  the  axils  of  the  radical  leaves  long  and  filiform,  naked  and  rooting  at  the 
ends :  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  ciliate ;  the  lower  much  crowded  ;   the  upper 
oblong  or  linear :    flowers  large  :    sepals  very  glandular.  —  From  the  high 
mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

4.  S.  aizoides,  L.     Low,  3  to  5  inches  high,  in  tufts,  with  few  or  several 
corymbose  flowers  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  fleshy,  distantly  spinulose- 
ciliate :  petals  spotted  with  orange.  —  "  Alpine  rivulets  on  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains" (Drummond),  throughout  Arctic  America,  and  found  in  some  of  the 
Atlantic  States. 

5.  S.  chrysantha,  Gray.     Dwarf,  cespitose,  shoots  creeping:  leaves  rosu- 
late,  imbricated,  oblong-ovate,  thick,  very  smooth :   stem  filiform,  few-leaved, 
slightly  glandular-pubescent,  1  to  2  inches  high,  1  to  3-flowered  :  calyx  segments 
refiexed. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  83.     The  S.  serpylli folia  of  Fl.  Colorado  and 
Hayd.  Hep.  1871.     High  alpine  regions  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains. 

=  =  Petals  white  or  cream-color. 

6.  S.  CSBSpitOSa,  L.    Dwarf '(1  to  2  inches  high),  cespitose:  leaves  glandu- 
lar-pubescent, 3  to  5-cleft,  segments  broadly  linear  and  obtuse  ;  the  upper  leaves 
linear  and  entire :  flowering  stems  with  a  few  scattered  leaves,  glandular,  1  to 
4-flowered.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  extending  northward  to  lat.  56°. 

7.  S.  cemua,  L.     Glabrate  or  glandular-pubescent:  stems  granulate  at 
base,  weak,  2  to  5  inches  high  :  lower  leaves  reniform,  broadly  toothed  or  lobed ; 
the  upper  ones  bearing  little  bulbs  in  their  axils :  flowers  often  solitary,  terminal, 
pendulous :  petals  retuse.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward  through- 
out the  Arctic  regions. 

8.  S.  bronchialis,  L.     Stems  slender,  producing  short  branchlets  :  leaves 
linear,  rather  coriaceous,  finely  ciliate,  mucronate-pointed,  crowded  below:  flowers 
corymbose  on  a  long,  slender,  bracted  peduncle  :  petals  marked  with  numerous 
purplish  spots.  —  From  Colorado  northward  to  the  N.  W.  Coast. 

•M.  -w  Sepals  coherent  at  least  to  the  middle :  petals  not  yellow. 

9.  S.  rivularis,  L.     Small:    stems  weak,  3  to  5-floivered:   lower  leaves 
rounded,  3  to  5-lobed,  on  slender  petioles,  the  upper  lanceolate  :  petals  white, 
ovate.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward ;  also  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains. 

10.  S.  adscendens,  L.     Glandular-pubescent:  stems  1  to  3  inches  high, 
erect :  leaves  cuneate-ovate,  3  to  5-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  earlier  spatulate  and 
entire,  radical  ones  crowded  :  branchlets  3-flowered :  petals  pinkish  or  yellowish 
white.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

11.  S.  Jamesii,  Torr.     Glandular-puberulent :  stems  2  to  6  inches  high 
from  a  thick  caudex,  5  to  10-flowered :  radical  leaves  reni form-cordate,  smooth- 
ish,  crenately-toothed  or  -lobed ;  cauline  few,  the  uppermost  bract-like,  cuneiform : 


92  SAXIFRAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 

raceme  compound :  petals  purple,  orbicular.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and 
northward  in  the  Tetou  Range  and  the  National  Park. 

•»-  -t-  -i—   Calyx  wholly  adherent. 

12.  S.  debilis,  Engelm.     Glabrous  or  very  sparingly  glandular-pubes- 
cent: stems  weak,  ascending,  2  to  4-flowered,  2  to  4  inches  high:  radical 
leaves  small,  crenately  lobed  ;  cauline  3-lobed  or  entire :  petals  white  or  pink- 
ish, ovate,  obtuse.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward  into  Wyoming. 

*  *  Stemless :  petals  white. 
•*-  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  or  nearly  so:  sepals  almost  distinct,  reflexed. 

13.  S.  punctata,  L.     Villous-pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  long- 
petioled,  reniform  or  orbicular,  equally  and  deeply  dentate :  scape  slender,  naked, 
1  to  l^feet  high,  the  peduncles  and  pedicels  of  the  usually  open  panicle  glandu- 
lar :  petals  oval  or  orbicular.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward  into  British 
America. 

14.  S.  Stellaris,  L.,  var.  comosa,  Poir.     Leaves  wedge-shaped,  more  or 
less  toothed:  scape  4  to  5  inches  high,  bearing  a  small  contracted  panicle:  many 
or  most  of  the  flowers  changed  into  little  tufts  of  green  leaves :  petals  un- 
equal, lanceolate  and  tapering  into  the  claw.  —  Mt.  Evans,  Colorado  (Greene); 
also  in  Maine  and  far  northward. 

•»-  •<-  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  at  base. 
•w-  Sepals  erect. 

15.  S.  nivalis,  L.     Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  attenuate  into  a  broad 
petiole,  unequally  crenate-deutate :  scape  2  to  5  inches  high,  capitately  or  sub- 
cori/mbosel//  several  to  many-jlowered :  petals  oblong:  capsules  purple.  —  Colo- 
rado and  northward  to  Arctic  America. 

16.  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.     Like  the  preceding,  but  larger  and  more 
open :  scape  a  span  to  afoot  high,  at  length  loosely  many-flowered  in  a  paniculate 
cyme :  petals  obovate.  —  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Coast  Ranges ;  also  com- 
mon in  the  Atlantic  States. 

•M-  -M.  Sepals  spreading,  or  at  length  reflexed. 

17.  S.  integrifolia,  Hook.     Leaves  from  ovate  or  obovate  to  lanceolate- 
spatulate,  1  to  5  inches  long,  denticulate  or  entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  a 
very  short  and  margined  petiole :  scape  1  to  3  feet  high,  viscid :  flowers  in 
small  clusters  usually  in  a  narrow  thyrsiform  panicle :  petals  obovate  or 
broadly  spatulate.  —  S.  hieracifolia  of  Hayd.  Rep.  for  1871  and  1872.     From 
Colorado  northward  to  the  Yellowstone  and  westward  to  the  Sierras. 

2.    BOYKINIA,   Nutt. 

Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  entire,  the  base  contracted  into  a  short  claw.— 
Perennial,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  leafy  simple  stems,  and  paniculate  or 
corymbose  cymes  of  white  flowers  :  the  leaves  all  alternate,  round-reniform, 
palmately  lobed  and  incised  or  toothed,  the  teeth  with  callous-glandular  tips, 
and  the  petiole  mostly  with  stipule-like  dilatations  or  appendages  at  base. 

1.  B.  major,  Gray.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  4  to  8  inches  in  diam- 
eter, 5  to  9-cleft :  petioles  abruptly  appendaged  at  base,  the  lower  with  scari- 


SAXIFKAGACE^:.      (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.)  93 

ous,  the  upper  with  foliaceous  and  rounded  stipules.  —  In  the  Sierras  from 
California  to  Oregon  and  extending  into  the  Bitter-Root  Mountains. 

3.    TELLIMA,    R.  Br. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-lobed ;  the  base  of  the  tube  coherent 
with  the  base  or  lower  half  of  the  ovary.  —  Perennials :  with  palmately- 
divided  leaves,  few  on  the  simple  stems  ;  their  petioles  with  stipule-like  dila- 
tations at  base :  flowers  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme ;  petals  white  or  pink. 
In  ours  the  slender  or  filiform  rootstock  and  sometimes  even  the  few-flowered 
raceme  bear  clusters  of  small  grain-like  bulblets. 

1.  T.  parviflora,  Hook.     Roughish-hirsute  or  scabrous-pubescent,  a  span  to 
afoot  high :  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  cuneate  and  once  or  twice  3-cleft :     *""' 
calyx  obconlcal  or  at  length  almost  clavate :  petals  deeply  3-cleft  into  linear  or 
oblong  divisions:  ovary  and  capsule  fully  half- inferior.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
northward  through  the  Yellowstone  region  to  British  America. 

2.  T.  tenella,  "Watson.     Small  and  slender,  2  to  9  inches  high,  roughish 
with  a  minute  glandular  pubescence:  leaves  smaller  than  the  preceding  (^  inch 

in   diameter):   calyx  campanulate:  petals  3  to  ^-parted   or  even   irregularly      £ 
7 '-parted  into  mostly  linear  divisions  :  ovary  and  capsule  free  except  the  base.  — 
Bot.  King's  Exp.  95.     Colorado  and  the  Teton  Mountains,  thence  west  to  the 
Sierras. 

4.    TIARELLA,   L. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  base  almost  free  from  the  ovary,  the  lobes  more  or  less 
colored.  —  Perennial,  low  or  slender :  with  palmately  lobed  or  divided  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle  of  small  white  flowers. 

1.  T.  unifoliata,  Hook.  Somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy :  flowering  stems 
a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  long :  leaves  thin,  cordate,  either  rounded  or  some- 
what triangular,  3  to  5-lobed  and  the  lobes  crenate-toothed  ;  the  radical  ones 
slender- petioled ;  the  cauline  mostly  one,  smaller,  and  short-petioled,  or  some- 
times 2  or  3  similar  to  the  radical.  —  From  California  to  British  Columbia 
and  extending  into  N.  W.  Montana. 

5.    MI  TELL  A,    Tourn.        MITRE-WORT. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  short,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  —  Low  and  slender 
perennials :  with  round  heart-shaped  alternate  leaves  on  the  rootstock  or  run- 
ners ;  those  on  the  scape  opposite,  if  any :  flowers  small,  in  a  simple  slender 
raceme  or  spike. 

1.  M.  pentandra,  Hook.     Leaves  all   radical,  cordate,  slightly  lobed, 
crenately  sen-ate  :    calyx  adherent  nearly  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary :  petals 
pectinate-pinnatijid  :   stamens  opposite  the  petals  :    stigmas   2-lobed.  —  From 
Colorado  to  the  Yellowstone  and  the  Bitter-Root  Mountains. 

2.  M.  triflda,  Graham.     Leaves  as  in  the  last,  but  dentate :  calyx  adhe- 
rent to  the  middle  of  the  ovary  :  petals  3  to  5-parted :  stamens  opposite  the  calyx-      I 
lobes :  stigmas  entire.  —  By  mistake  in  Fl.  Colorado  this  species  was  described 
under  the  name  M.  pentandra.     From  Colorado  to  British  America,  and  also 

in  California. 


94  SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.) 

6.     CHRYSOSPLENIUM,    Tourn.        GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  blunt  lobes  4  or  5,  yellow  within. 
Stamens  inserted  on  a  conspicuous  disk.  —  Low  and  small  smooth  herbs,  with 
tender  succulent  leaves,  and  small  corymbose  flowers. 

1.  C.  alternifolium,  L.  Flowering  stems  erect :  leaves  alternate,  reni- 
form-cordate,  doubly  creuate  or  somewhat  lobed.  —  Colorado  and  northward. 


7.    HE  TJ  CHER  A,    L.        ALUM-ROOT. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  bell-shaped.  — Perennials  :  with  the  round  heart-shaped  leaves 
principally  from  the  rootstock  ;  those  on  the  scapes,  if  any,  alternate  :  petioles 
with  dilated  margins  or  adherent  stipules  at  their  base:   flowers  in  small 
clusters  disposed  in  a  prolonged  and  narrow  panicle,  greenish  or  purplish. 
*  Stamens  and  styles  exserted. 

1.  H.  rubescens,  Torr.     Scape  usually  naked,  glabrous  or  some\vhat 
scabrous,  8  to  15  inches  high:  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  suborbicular,  cordate 
at  base,  slightly  lobed,  crenate-dentate,  the  teeth  ciliate  :  panicle  loosely  many- 
flowered,  often  somewhat  reddish  :  petals  linear,  more  or  less  rose-colored  or 
white.  —  From  New  Mexico  and  S.  W.  Colorado  to  the  mountains  of  Nevada 
and  the  Wahsatch. 

*  *  Stamens  and  styles  included  (at  least  at  first). 
-i-  Generally  hirsute  :  flowers  rather  large. 

2.  H.  hispida,  Pursh.    Scapes  2  to  4  feet  high,  hispid  or  hirsute  with  long 
spreading  hairs,  scarcely  glandular:  leaves  rounded,  slightly  5  to  9-lobed : 
panicle  very  narrow :  stamens  at  first  included,  but  soon  exserted,  longer  than  the 
spatulate  petals.  —  Along  the  Missouri  to  the  mountains,  and  northward  and 
eastward. 

3.  H.  cylindrica,  Dougl.     Commonly  hirsute  and  above  glandular-pubes- 
cent :  leaves  round-reniform  or  cordate-ovate,  crenately  doubly  toothed  and  com- 
monly lobed  :  scape  10  to  24  inches  high:  the  greenish  fiowers  in  a  cylindrical 
spike  or  thyrsus:  petals  inconspicuous  or  none.  —  National  Park,  Montana,  and 
westward  into  Nevada,  Oregon,  etc. 

H-  H-  Puberulent  or  glabrous :  fiowers  small. 
•w-  Panicle  glomerate,  spicale. 

4.  H.  bracteata,  Seringe.     Small,  3  to  6  inches  high :  scapes  numerous 
from   a  thick   woody  caudex :    radical  leaves   roundish-subcordate,   incisely 
lobed,  lobes  crenately  toothed  :   petals  attenuate,  scarcely  broader  than  the 
filaments  :  styles  and  stamens  at  length  exserted.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

•n-  -M-  Panicle  loose,  racemose. 

5.  H.  Hallii,  Gray.     Minutely  glandidar-puberulent :  scapes  4  to  8  inches 
high,  naked  or  with  1  to  3  minute  subulate  bracts :  petals  narrowly  spatulate, 
obtuse,  exsert.  —  Colorado. 

6.  H.  parvifolia,  Nutt.     Scabrous-puberulent :  scape  naked,  6  inches  to  2 
feet  high :  leaves  roundish-cordate,  crenately  5  to  7-lobed :  petals  minute,  cadu- 
cous :  seeds  muricate  or  hispid  under  a  lens.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  581.    From 
New  Mexico  northward  through  Montana. 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.)  95 

8.    PARNASSIA,    Tourn.        GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS. 

Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  the  leaves  entire  and  chiefly  radical,  and  the 
large  solitary  flowers  terminating  the  long  naked  stems.  Petals  white,  with 
greenish  or  yellowish  veins. 

#  Petals  sessile,  entire. 

1.  P.  parviflora,  DC.    Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  tapering  at  the  base :  petals 
little  longer  than  the  calyx :   sterile  filaments  about  5  in  each  set.  —  Along 
streams  in  the  mountains  and  eastward  to  Lake  Michigan. 

2.  P.  palustris,  L.     Leaves  heart-shaped :  flower  nearly  an  inch  broad : 
petals  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  few-veined :  sterile  filaments  9  to  15  in  each 
set.  —  Montana  and  Wyoming,  eastward  to  Lake  Superior,  and  throughout 
British  America. 

*  #  Petals  contracted  into  a  short  claw,  fringed. 

3.  P.  fimbriata,  Banks.     Leaves  from  reniform  to  cordate-ovate :  the 
margin  of  the  petals  fringed  below  the  middle  or  towards  the  base :  sterile 
filaments  5  to  9  in  each  set  and  united  below  into  a  fleshy  carinate  scale,  or 
sometimes  a  dilated  scale  destitute  of  bristle-like  filaments.  —  From  Colorado 
to  California  and  northward  to  British  America. 

9.    PHILADELPHUS,    L.        SYRINGA.    MOCK  ORANGE. 

Calyx-limb  4  to  5-parted.  Petals  rounded  or  obovate,  large.  Styles  3  to  5, 
united  below  or  nearly  to  the  top.  Seeds  with  a  loose  membranaceous  coat 
prolonged  at  both  ends.  —  In  ours  the  leaves  are  entire,  and  the  showy  white 
flowers  1  to  3,  terminal. 

1.  P.  microphyllus,  Gray.  Branches  slender,  erect:  leaves  small,  6 
to  9  lines  long,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  shining  above,  pale  and  minutely 
pilose  beneath,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  very  short  petiole :  calyx  4-cleft,  gla- 
brous without,  tomeutulose  within  :  styles  united  to  the  apex.  —  PL  Feiidl.  54. 
S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

10.     JAMESIA,    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Calyx-lobes  sometimes  bifid.  Petals  5,  obovate.  Alternate  stamens  shorter; 
filaments  linear,  flattened  acuminate.  Capsule  included.  Seeds  striate-reticu- 
late.  —  Low,  diffusely  branching,  2  to  3  feet  high:  leaves  ovate,  mucronately 
serrate,  canescent  beneath,  as  well  as  the  petioles,  calyx,  and  branchlets,  with 
a  soft  hairy  pubescence  :  flowers  cymose,  in  terminal  panicles. 

1.  J.  Americana,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Cymes  often  longer  than  the  leaves, 
5  to  10-flowered  :  petals  white,  glabrous  or  softly  hairy  within:  calyx-lobes 
shorter  than  the  petals,  enlarged  and  foliaceous  in  fruit.  —  Fl.  i.  593.  Utah, 
Colorado,  and  New  Mexico. 

11.     FENDLERA,    Eng.  &  Gray. 

Calyx-tube  8-ribbed.  Petals  ovate-deltoid,  unguiculate,  emarginate.  Sta- 
mens 8 :  filaments  2-forked  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  divaricate  and  extended 
beyond  the  cuspidate  anther.  Capsule  crustaceous.  Seeds  reticulate,  winged 
below.  —  Erect  shrub. 


96  SAXIFRAGACE.E.      (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  rupicola,  Eng.  &  Gray.  Pubescent  or  glabrate,  branches  terete, 
striate :  leaves  deciduous,  subsessile,  oblong,  very  entire,  3-nerved  at  base : 
flowers  1  to  3,  terminal  on  the  short  branchlets,  peduncled,  white.  —  PL  Wright, 
i.  77.  S.  W.  Colorado  and  southward. 

12.    BIBES,    L.        CURRANT.    GOOSEBERRY. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  often  colored.  Petals  5,  small.  Styles  2,  distinct  or  united. 
Berry  crowned  with  the  shrivelled  remains  of  the  calyx.  —  Low,  sometimes 
prickly,  with  palmately-lobed  leaves,  often  clustered  in  the  axils;  the  small 
flowers  from  the  same  clusters,  or  from  separate  lateral  buds. 

§  1.  Mostly  thorny  under  the  fascicles,  and  sometimes  scattered-prickly  or 
bristly  along  the  branches :  leaves  plaited  in  the  bud :  calyx  mostly  recurved  or 
reflexed  at  flowering-time.  —  GOOSEBERRY. 

*   Calyx-tube  campanulate  to  cylindraceous :  peduncle  1  to  ^flowered. 
•t-  Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish:  leaves  seldom  ^  inch  in  diameter:  anthers  oval- 
oblong. 

1.  B.  leptanthum,  Gray.   Much  branched  and  rigid,  1  to  4  feet  high,  with 
comparatively  large  single  or  triple  thorns :  leaves  roundish,  3  to  5-cleft,  and 

»,,  the  lobes  crenately-incised  or  toothed:  peduncles  very  short,  1  to  2-flowered : 
berry  glabrous.  —  PI.  Fendl.  53.  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  in  the  Sierras. 

-»-  -i-  Flowers  greenish,  white,  or  dull  purplish :  leaves  mostly  an  inch  or  two  in 

diameter :  anthers  shorter,  mostly  didymous. 
•»-+  Ovary  and  berry  unarmed  and  glabrous :  berry  pleasant. 

2.  B.  divaricatum,  Dougl.,  var.  irriguum,  Gray.    Nearly  glabrous  or 
soft-pubescent :  stems  5  to  12  feet  high,  with  widely  spreading  branches ;  the 
thorns  single  or  triple :  leaves  nervose-veiny  at  base,  3  to  5-lobed,  the  lobes  in- 
cisely  toothed  :  the  2  to  \-flowered  peduncle  and  pedicels  slender,  drooping :  calyx 
livid  purplish  or  greenish  white :  petals  fan-shaped,  white:  berry  dark  purple. — 
R.  irriguum,  Dougl.     From  Colorado  and  Idaho  to  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

3.  B.  OXyacanthoides,  L.     Mostly  glabrous,  2  to  4  feet  high;  thorns 
single  or  triple,  small :  leaves  usually  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  incised  and 

*  coarsely  toothed  :  the  2  to  ^-flowered  peduncles  very  short:  calyx  greenish-white 
or  flesh-colored :  stamens  and  2-cleft  style  scarcely  longer  than  the  bell-shaped 
calyx:  berry  small,  purple.  —  R.  hirtellum,  Michx.  From  Colorado  north- 
ward throughout  British  America ;  also  in  California  and  the  N.  Atlantic 
States. 

4.  B.  rotundifolium,  Michx.    Leaves  smooth  or  downy :  peduncles  slen- 
der, 1  to  3-Jlowered :  stamens  and  2-parted  style  slender,  longer  than  the  narrow 
cylindrical  calyx :  fruit  smooth.  —  The  Upper  Missouri,  and  extending  east- 
ward to  the  Atlantic  States. 

•M-  -M-  Berry  armed  with  long  prickles  like  a  burr,  or  rarely  smooth. 

5.  B.  Cynosbati,  L.     Spines  small  or  obsolete :  leaves  pubescent :  sta- 
mens and  undivided  style  not  longer  than  the  broad  calyx  :  berry  large.  — 
Near  the  sources  of  the  Platte,  and  thence  through  the  N.  Atlantic  States  to 
Canada. 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.      (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.)  97 

#  *  Calyx-tube  saucer-shaped,  expanding  immediately  above  the  ovary :  peduncles 

racemosely  5  to  \5-flowered :  anthers  vert/  short,  pointless:  berry  small  and 
currant-like,  beset  with  some  scattered  gland-tipped  bristles. 

6.  R.  lacustre,  Poir.     Young  stems  clothed  with  bristly  prickles,  and 
with  weak  thorns :  leaves  heart-shaped,  3  to  5-parted,  with  the  lobes  deeply 
cut.  —  From  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  N.  Atlantic  States 
and  Labrador. 

Var.  parvulum,  Gray.     Smaller  and  nearly  glabrous.  —  The  commoner 
western  form. 
§  2.    Thornless  and  prickless :  leaves  plaited  in  the  bud :  berry  unarmed  (except 

in  No.  7).  —  CURRANT. 
*  Calyx  dilated  immediately  above  the  ovary,  rotate  or  saucer-shaped,  5-parted. 

7.  R.  prostratum,  L'Her.     Stems  reclined  :  leaves  deeply  heart-shaped, 
5  to  7-lobed,  smooth ;  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate  :  racemes  erect, 
slender,  /lowers  greenish :  pedicels  and  the  pale  red  fruit  glandular  bristly.  — 
From  Colorado  northward  throughout  British  America,  and  in  the  Atlantic 
States. 

8.  R.  Htldsonianum,  Richards.    Resembles  the  last,  but  the  flowers  are 
white,  and  crowded  in  the  erect  raceme,  and  the  berry  is  darker  and  smooth.  —  The 
R.  bracteosum  of  King's  and  Hayden's  Reports,  not  of  Douglas.     Montana, 
Wyoming,  and  thence  through  British  America  to  Hudson's  Bay. 

9.  R.  cereum,  Dougl.     Minutely  pubescent,  usually  resinous  dotted  and 
more  or  less  glutinous,  sometimes  glabrous :  leaves  rounded  or  reuiform,  ob- 
scurely or  more   decidedly  3-lobed,   crenately   toothed   or  incised :    racemes 
drooping :  pedicels  hardly  any  or  shorter  than  the  bract :  calyx  waxy-white, 
sometimes  greenish  or  pinkish  :  berry  reddish,  sweetish.  —  From  New  Mexico 
to  Washington  Territory  and  Dakota. 

Var.  pedicellare,  Gray.  Pedicels  slender  and  longer  than  the  bract.  — 
Montana. 

#  *  Calyx  prolonged  above  the  ovary  into  a  campanulate  or  cylindrical  tube : 

fruit  and  foliage  more  or  less  glandular:  bracts  conspicuous. 

•«-  Flowers  dull  white  or  greenish,  or  sometimes  purplish-tinged :  racemes  somewhat 

corymb-like  and  few-flowered :  berry  black,  smooth. 

10.  R.  viscosissimum,  Pursh.     Pubescent  and  viscid-glandular:  leaves 
cordate-rounded  :  racemes  ascending ;  bracts  rather  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  — 
Idaho  and  Montana ;  also  in  California. 

11.  R.  floridum,  L.     Leaves  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  sharply  3  to  5-lobed :  racemes  drooping,  downy :  bracts  longer  than  the 
pedicels.  —  On  the  Platte  in  Colorado,  and  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

•*-  •»-  Flowers  rose-red,  or  varying  to  white :  racemes  drooping,  many-flowered : 
berry  blackish,  somewhat  hispid-glandular,  tough  and  not  juicy. 

12.  R.  sanguineum,  Pursh.     Two  to  twelve  feet  high,  varying  from 
nearly  glabrous  to  tomentose-canescent,  either  almost  glandless  or  glandular : 
leaves  rounded-cordate. 

Var.  variegatum,  Watson.  Low,  nearly  glabrous  :  raceme  short  and 
dense,  ascending,  barely  glandular :  calyx  rose-color :  petals  white.  — R.  Wolfi, 
Rothrock.  Mountains  of  Colorado ;  also  in  California. 

7 


98  CRASSULACE^:.     (ORPINE  FAMILY.) 

§  3.    Thornless  and  prickless  :  leaves  convolute  in  the  bud :  calyx-tube  elongated : 

berry  naked  and  glabrous. 

13.  R.  aureum,  Pursh.  Five  to  twelve  feet  high,  glabrous  or  almost  so, 
glandless :  leaves  3  to  5-lobed :  racemes  short,  5  to  10-flowered,  with  mostlv 
foliaceous  bracts :  flowers  golden-yellow,  spicy-fragrant :  tube  of  the  salver- 
form  calyx  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  lobes  :  berry  yellowish  turning  black- 
ish. —  Colorado  and  northward,  westward  to  the  Pacific  coast ;  also  common 
in  cultivation  throughout  the  Atlantic  States.  Known  as  the  Buffalo  or 
Missouri  Currant. 


ORDER  28.    CRASSULACE^E.     (ORPINE  FAMILY.) 

Succulent  or  fleshy  plants,  mostly  herbaceous,  and  not  stipulate,  with 
completely  symmetrical  as  well  as  regular  flowers,  with  all  the  parts 
distinct,  the  carpels  becoming  follicles  in  fruit. 

1.  Tillsea.     Parts  of  the  flower  each  3  to  5  :  the  stamens  only  as  many.    Small  annuals, 

with  opposite  leaves  and  minute  axillary  flowers. 

2.  Sedum.     Parts  of  the  flower  each  4  to  7  :  stamens  twice  as  many.    Low  annual  or  per- 

ennial herbs,  with  cymose  conspicuous  flowers. 


1.    TILLSEA,   L, 

Seeds  longitudinally  striate.  —  Glabrous  :   leaves  entire  :   flowers  white  or 
reddish. 

1.  T.  Drummondii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  diffuse,  dichotomous,  about 
an  inch  high  :  leaves  oblong-linear,  somewhat  connate  :  flowers  on  pedicels  at 
length  as  long  as  the  leaves  :  carpels  12  to  ^Q-seeded.  —  Fl.  i.  558.     S.  W.  Colo- 
rado to  Texas  and  Louisiana. 

2.  T.  angustifolia,  Nutt.     Stems  decumbent,  rooting  at  base,  diffusely 
branched,  an  inch  long  :  leaves  linear,  connate,  a  line  or  two  long  :  flowers 
sessile  or  on  very  short  pedicels:  carpels  8  to  12-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
558.     From  Colorado  to  Oregon. 

2.    S  E  D  IT  M,    L.        STONE-CROP. 
Sepals  united  at  base.  —  Flowers  rarely  dioecious,  in  cymes,  often  secund. 

*  Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  in  a  regular  compact  compound  cyme,  deep  purple  or 

becoming  so:  leaves  serrate,  flat. 

1.  S.  Rhodiola,  DC.     Stems  1  to  10  inches  high,  from  a  thick  fragrant 
root,  leafy  :  leaves  alternate,  oblong-oblanceolate  :  cyme  sessile  :  flowers  on 
short  naked  pedicels,  usually  4-merous.  —  From  Colorado  northward  to  the 
Arctic  coast,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

*  *  Flowers  perfect,  in  a  simple  terminal  cyme,  rose-color  or  nearly  white  :  leaves 

entire,  flat. 

2.  S.  rhodanthum,  Gray.     Stem*  a  half  to  a  foot  high,  from  a  thick 
root  :  leaves  scattered,  oblong  or  oblanceolate  :  flowers  large,  mostly  4-merous. 
—  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Montana. 


HALORAGEJ3.       (  WATER-MILFOIL   FAMILY.)  99 

#  #  *  Flowers  perfect,  secund  upon  the  branches  of  a  forked  cyme,  mostly  yellow 

or  yellowish  :  leaves  very  fleshy,  entire. 
H-  Leaves  narrowed  toward  the  base,  obtuse. 

3.  S.  debile,  Watson.    Stems  weak,  2  to  4  inches  high,  from  very  slender 
running  rootstocks :  leaves  rounded  or  obovate :  flowers  on  rather  long  pedi- 
cels, in  small  cymes.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  102.     In  the  Wahsatch  and  Uiutas; 
also  mountains  of  Nevada  and  N.  California. 

-i-  -i-  Leaves  broadest  at  base,  acute. 

4.  S.  Stenopetalum,  Pursh.     Stems  3  to  6  inches  high,  simple  or  some- 
times branched  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  :  flowers  bright  yellow,  nearly  sessile. 
—  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  560.     Very  common  on  both  sides  of  the  mountains 
from  Colorado  to  Montana  and  into  Oregon. 

5.  S.  Douglasii,  Hook.     Stems  3  to  4  inches  high,  branching  at  base, 
from  a  stout  proliferous  rootstock :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowermost  linear- 
subulate,  membranaceous  when  dry :  flowers  sometimes  polygamous,  sessile : 
follicles  at  length  divaricately  spreading  from  their  united  bases.  —  National  Park, 
W.  Montana,  Oregon,  and  California. 


ORDER  29.    HALORAGE^E.     (WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  inconspicuous  and  often  apetalous  flowers  sessile 
in  the  axil  of  leaves  or  bracts,  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary  in  fertile  ones, 
the  fruit  indehiscent  and  nut-like. 

1.  Hlppuris.  Leaves  linear,  in  whorls  of  8  or  12.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  entire.  Petals 
none.  Stamen  and  cell  of  the  ovary  one. 

2  Myriophyllum.  Immersed  leaves  pinnately  dissected.  Flowers  monoecious  or  polyga- 
mous. Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours. 

1.    HIPPURIS,    L.        MARE'S  TAIL. 

Calyx-tube  globular.  —  Smooth :  with  erect  simple  leafy  stems :  leaves 
entire  :  flowers  solitary. 

1.  H.  vulgaris,  L.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  usually  a  half  to  an 
inch  long,  but  often  much  longer,  especially  the  submerged  ones  :  calyx  hardly 
a  half-line  long.  —  In  shallow  ponds  throughout  the  northern  part  of  the  con- 
tinent, and  southward  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

2.     MYRIOPHYLLUM,    L.         WATER-MILFOIL. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  4-lobed  in  the  sterile  flowers,  wanting  or  minutely  toothed 
in  the  others.  Petals  2  to  4,  minute  or  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flowers. 
Stamens  8  (in  ours).  Ovary  4-celled  :  stigmas  recurved  and  plumose. — 
Smooth  leafy  herbs  :  leaves  whorled  in  threes  or  fours  :  upper  flowers  usually 
staminate,  the  lower  pistillate,  and  the  intermediate  ones  perfect. 

1.  M.  spicatum,  L.  Leaves  all  pinnately  parted  and  capillary,  except 
the  floral  ones  or  bracts;  these  ovate,  entire  or  toothed,  and  chiefly  shorter  than  the 
flowers,  which  thus  form  an  interrupted  spike.  —  In  the  Atlantic  States  and 
across  the  continent. 


100       ONAGRACE^E.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

2.  M.  Verticillatum,  L.  Like  the  last,  but  floral  leaves  much  longer 
than  the  flowers  and  pectinate  pinnatijid.  —  Snake  River  ( Coulter) ;  in  the 
Atlantic  States  and  northward. 


ORDER  30.     L.YTHRACE.E.     (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  simple  and  entire  leaves,  calyx  tubular  or  campanulate 
and  free  from  the  ovary  and  capsule,  but  enclosing  it,  the  petals  and 
definite  stamens  borne  in  its  throat,  a  single  style,  and  numerous  small 
seeds  on  a  central  placenta.  Distinguished  from  Haloragece  and  Ona- 
gracece  by  the  free  ovary,  and  from  the  former  also  by  the  numerous 
seeds. 

1    A  mm  an  ilia.    Calyx  barely  4-angled,  short.    Petals  4  or  none.    Stamens  4  or  8.    Capsule 

globular,  bursting  irregularly.     Leaves  opposite. 
2.  !Lythrum.     Calyx  striate,  cylindrical.     Petals  commonly  6  (4  to  7).    Stamens  as  many 

or  twice  as  many.     Capsule  oblong  or  cylindraceous. 

1.    AMMANNIA,    Houston. 

Calyx  4-toothed,  with  as  many  intermediate  small  tooth-like  processes. 
Petals  as  many,  small  and  fugacious,  or  none.  —  Low  and  smooth  annuals, 
with  4-angled  stems,  sessile  leaves,  and  small  axillary  flowers. 

1.  A.  latifolia,  L.  Stems  erect:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  with  a  broad 
auricled  base  :  flowers  1  to  5  in  each  axil,  mostly  closely  sessile.  —  Milk  River, 
N.  Montana;  also  in  Nevada,  California,  and  the  S.  Atlantic  States. 

2.    LYTHRUM,    L.        LOOSESTRIFE.  * 

Calyx  4  to  7-toothed,  with  intermediate  tooth-like  processes.  Petals  oblong- 
obovate,  often  conspicuous.  —  Erect  slender  herbs,  with  angled  sterns,  and 
axillary  mostly  solitary  flowers. 

1.  L.  alatum,  Pursh.  Tall  and  wand-like  perennial,  smooth:  branches 
with  margined  angles :  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  upper 
scattered,  not  longer  than  the  flowers,  which  are  small  and  nearly  sessile  in 
the  axils :  proper  calyx-teeth  often  shorter  than  the  intermediate  processes  : 
petals  purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  N.  Atlantic  States,  and  southward. 


ORDER  31.    O1VAG RACEME.     (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  perfect  symmetrical  flowers,  the  parts  being  most  com- 
monly in  fours,  the  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  and  its  lobes  often 
colored,  the  petals  borne  on  its  throat  or  at  the  sinuses,  the  cells  of  the 
ovary  usually  of  the  same  number,  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many,  and  styles  always  single.  Leaves  simple,  but  sometimes  lobed 
or  divided,  either  alternate  or  opposite :  no  stipules.  Flowers  often 
showy.  In  ours  the  limb  of  the  calyx  is  deciduous. 


ONAGEACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMKOSE   FAMILY.)      101 

*  Capsule  loculicidal,  many-seeded  (the  cells  rarely  only  several-seeded).     Parts  of  the 

flower  in  fours. 
•«-  Seeds  comose  at  the  apex  :  lower  leaves  often  opposite  :  stamens  8. 

1.  Zausehneria.     Calyx-tube  continued  much  beyond  the  ovary,  funnel-form. 

2.  Epilobium.     Calyx  4-partecl  nearly  down  to  the  ovary,  or  with  a  short  and  campanu- 

late  tube  beyond  it. 

•*-  •»-  Seeds  not  comose  :  leaves  all  alternate. 

•H-  Anthers  attached  near  the  middle  and  versatile  :  petals  generally  yellow  or  white  or  some- 
times changing  to  rose-color. 

3.  Gayophytum.    Calyx-tube  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary  ;  this  and  the  membranous 

capsule  only  2-celled.    The  stamens  opposite  the  petals  usually  sterile. 

4.  CEnothera.     Calyx-tube  produced  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  linear  or  obconical  tube. 

Anthers  all  uniform.     Petals  without  claws. 

•H-  -H-  Anthers  attached  at  or  near  the  base,  remaining  erect ;  those  opposite  the  petals  much 
shorter,  or  sterile,  or  rarely  wanting  :  petals  never  yellow. 

5.  Clarkia.    Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical ;  its  lobes  reflexed.    Petals  with  claws, 

either  lobed  or  entire.     Capsule  coriaceous. 

*  *  Fruit  dry  and  iridehiscent,  1  to  4-seeded.    Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours,  or  rarely  threes. 

In  ours  the  stamens  are  8,  and  the  anthers  are  attached  by  the  middle. 
G.  Stenosiplion.    Alternate  stamens  a  little  shorter.     Ovary  1-celled.    Leaves  scattered. 

7.  Gaura.    Stamens  nearly  equal :  filaments  with  a  scale-like  appendage  on  the  inside  next 

the  base.     Ovary  4-celled.    Leaves  alternate. 
*  *  *  Fruit  indehiscent,  bur-like,  1  to  2-seeded.     Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos  throughout. 

8.  Circeea.    Leaves  opposite. 

1.    ZAUSCHNERIA,   Presl. 

Calyx-tube  deeply  colored  above  the  ovary,  with  a  small  globose  base  and 
4-lobed  limb,  appendaged  with  8  small  scales,  4  erect  and  4  deflexed.  Petals 
obcordate  or  2-cleft,  scarlet.  Stamens  exserted.  Style  long  and  exserted. 
Capsule  linear,  obtusely  4-angled.  —  Low  decumbent  perennial,  somewhat 
woody  at  base :  leaves  sessile  :  the  large  scarlet  Fuchsia-like  flowers  in  a 
loose  spike. 

1.  Z.  Calif ornica,  Presl.  More  or  less  villous  and  often  tomentose: 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  denticulate :  capsule  attenuate 
to  the  slender  base,  sometimes  shortly  pedicellate.  —  From  New  Mexico  to 
the  Wahsatch  and  N.  W.  Wyoming,  and  thence  to  California. 

2.    EPILOBIUM,    L.        WILLOW-HERB. 

The  alternate  stamens  shorter :  anthers  fixed  near  the  middle.  Capsule 
linear,  4-sided.  —  Perennial  or  annual :  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  nearly 
sessile,  denticulate  or  entire,  often  fascicled  :  flowers  rose-color,  purple,  or 
white,  very  rarely  yellow. 

*  Flowers  large :  stamens  and  style  declined :  stigma-lobes  spreading :  leaves 

scattered. 

1.  E.  spicatuin,  Lam.  Stem  erect,  simple,  often  4  to  7  feet  high:  leaves 
lanceolate,  sessile,  nearly  entire,  the  veins  anastomosed  near  the  edge :  flowers  in 
a  long  spicate  raceme,  bracteate,  purplish-lilac  :  style  hairi/  at  the  base,  at  first 
deflexed.  —  E.  angustifolium,  L.  Common  across  the  continent. 


102      ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

2.  E.  latifolium,  L.     Differing  from  the  last  in  its  short  ascending  occa- 
sionally branched  stem :  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,  rather  thick  and 

^  rigid  leaves,  veins  not  apparent :  vert]  large  axillary  and  terminal  flowers  on  short 
pedicels  :  somewhat  erect  glabrous  style.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  Arctic 
America. 

#  *  Flowers  small,  white:  stamens  and  style  erect,  the  latter  much  exserted: 
stigma  thick,  with  4  spreading  lobes :  leaves  opposite. 

3.  E.  SUffruticosum,  Nutt.     Stems  decumbent,  much  branched :  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  somewhat  canescent :  flowers  axillary  near  the  ends 
of  the  branches  :  capsule  clavate,  narrowed  at  each  end,  on  a  very  short  pedi- 
cel. —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  488.     Wahsatch  Mountains  near  Ogden,  Utah,  and 
northwestward  to  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

*  *  *  Flowers  small :  stamens  and  style  erect,  the  latter  included :  stigma  clavate 

or  cylindrical :  lower  leaves  commonly  opposite,  the  upper  often  alternate. 

•*-  Herbaceous  perennials. 

4.  E.  alpinum,  L.     Low,  2  to  6  inches  high,  nearly  glabrous :  stems  ascend- 
ing from  a  stolouiferous  base,  simple :  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  nearly 
entire,  on  short  petioles:  flowers  few  or  solitary,  drooping  in  the  bud:  petals 
purple:  pods  glabrous.  —  Throughout  the  northern  part  of  the  continent;  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  as  far  south  as  Colorado. 

5.  E.  affine,  Bong.     Stem  erect,  6  inches  to  a  foot  high,  simple,  glabrous : 
leaves  sessile,  partly  clasping,  irregularly  denticulate :  flowers  sessile :  petals 
2-cleft.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  489.     W.  Montana  and  northward. 

6.  E.  palustre,  L.,  var.  lineare,  Gray.     Erect,  1  to  2  feet  high,  branched 
above,  minutely  hoary  pubescent :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  nearly  en- 
tire :  flower-buds  somewhat  nodding :  petals  purplish  or  white  :  pods  hoary.  — 
E.  palustre,  var.  albijlorum,  Lehm.     Colorado  and  northward,  thence  across 
the  continent  to  New  England. 

7.  E.  COloratum,  Muhl.     Stem  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so:  leaves  lanceolate   to  ovate-oblong,  denticulate;  the  middle  ones  sometimes 

^  decurrent ;  the  lower  slightly  petioled  :  flower-buds  erect :  petals  purplish, 
emarginate  or  2-cleft :  pods  minutely  pubescent.  —  Includes  E.  tetragonum  of 
the  Western  reports.  From  Colorado  northward,  and  eastward  throughout 
the  N.  United  States. 

8.  E.  Origanifolium,  Lam.     Stem  generally  simple,  terete,  6  to  12  inches 
high,  with  two  pubescent  lines :  leaves  more  or  less  petioled  ;  the  lower  rounded, 

'  the  middle  ones  oval  and  equally  pointed  at  each  end,  the  upper  acuminate  :  flow- 
ers large,  varying  from  dark  purple  to  pure  white :  capsules  sometimes  nod- 
ding. —  In  the  Sierras  from  California  northward,  and  extending  into  the 
Bitter-Root  Mountains. 

H-  •»-  Annuals. 

9.  E.  paniculatum,  Nutt. "  Glabrous  or  pubescent  above :  stem  erect, 
L  10  inches  to  10  feet  high,  dichotomous  above:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  ob- 
scurely serrulate,  mostly  alternate  and  fascicled ;    the  uppermost  subulate : 
flowers  few,  terminating  the  spreading  filiform  and  almost  leafless  branches : 
petals  obcordate.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  490.     From  Colorado  through  Mon- 
tana and  Washington  Territory. 


ONAGRACE^E.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.)       103 

3.    GAYOPHYTUM,    A.  Juss. 

Calyx-lobes  reflexed.  Petals  white  or  rose-colored.  —  Very  slender  branch- 
ing annuals,  with  linear  entire  leaves,  and  very  small  axillary  flowers. 

1.  G.  ramosissimum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Glabrous,  or  the  inflorescence 
puberulent,  diffusely  much  branched :  flowers  £  line  long,  mostly  near  the  ends 
of  the  branches :  capsule  oblong,  2  or  3  lines  long,  on  pedicels  of  about  the  same 
length  or  shorter,  often  deflexed,  3  to  5-seeded.  —  Fl.  i.  513.     Colorado  and 
northward,  and  westward  to  Oregon  and  California. 

2.  G.  racemosum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Glabrous,  or  more  or  less  canescent 
with  short  appressed  pubescence,  the  elongated  branches  mostly  simple :  flowers 
\  line  long,  axillary  the  whole  length  of  the  branches :  capsules  linear,  sessile  or 
very  shortly  pedicelled,  8  to  10  lines  long,  usually  many-seeded.  —  Fl.  i.  514. 
Colorado  and  northward,  thence  westward  to  Washington  Territory  and 
California. 

4.    GS  NO  THEE,  A,    L.        EVENING  PRIMROSE. 

Calyx-lobes  reflexed.  Petals  obcordate  or  obovate.  Stamens  8.  Capsule 
coriaceous  or  somewhat  woody  to  membranaceous.  —  Herbs,  or  sometimes 
woody  at  base :  flowers  axillary,  spicate,  or  racemose.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  573. 

§  1.    Stigma  lobes  linear,  elongated :    calyx-tube  linear,  slightly  dilated  at  the 
throat :  anthers  linear, 

#  Caulescent:  flowers  in  a  leafy  spike,  erect  in  the  bud,  yellow :  capsules  sessile, 

coriaceous :  seeds  in  two  rows. 

••-  Capsules  oblong,  slightly  attenuate  above :  seeds  with  more  or  less  margined 
angles,  nearly  smooth. 

1.  GE.  biennis,  L.    Erect,  rather  stout,  1  to  5  feet  high,  usually  simple: 
calyx-tube  1  to  2%  inches  long :  capsule  f  to  1  inch  long.  —  Common  every- 
where and  very  variable. 

Var.   grandiflora,   Lindl.     Petals    equalling    the    calyx-tube.  —  Same  < 
range,  but  less  common  eastward. 

•+-  •<-  Capsules  linear:  seeds  not  margined,  minutely  tuberculate. 

2.  CE.  rhombipetala,  Nutt.      Spike   elongated,   dense  :   calyx  silky- 
canescent  :    petals   rhombic-ovate.  —  Torr.    &   Gray,   Fl.   i.  493.      Probably 
within  the  eastern  limits  of  our  range,  and  thence  to  the  Indian  Territory 
and  northward  to  Minnesota. 

*  *  Caulescent :  flowers  nodding  in  the  bud,  white  turning  to  rose-color :  capsules 

sessile,  mostly  linear :  seeds  in  a  single  row. 

3.  CE.   pinnatifida,  Nutt.      Annual    or   biennial  :    calyx-tips  not  free, 
throat  naked :  seeds  oval,  not  angled,  finely  pitted.  —  Along  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Dakota^  to  the  Indian  Territory  and  New 
Mexico. 

4.  CE.  trichocalyx,  Nutt.     Annual :  calyx  very  villous  ;  the  tips  not  free, 
throat  naked  :  seeds  lance-linear,  smooth.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  494.     (E.  del- 
toidea,  Torr.     From  W.  Wyoming  to  California,  and  thence  to  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico. 


104       ONAGRACE^E.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

5.  CE.  albicaulis,  Nutt.     Perennial:  stems  white  and  shreddy :  calyx-tips 
free,  throat  naked  :  seeds  smooth,  lance-linear.  —  A  very  variable  species.    From 

^KTew  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Washington  Territory  and  British  America. 

6.  CE.  COronopifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Perennial :  calyx-tips  short,  free, 
throat  very  villous  :  capsule  oblong :  seeds  ovate,  angled,  tuberculate.  —  Fl.  i.  495. 
From  Nebraska  to  the  Uintas,  and  southward  to  New  Mexico. 

*  *  *  Acaulescent,  or  nearly  so :  flowers  erect  in  the  bud,  white  or  rose-color: 

capsules  mostly  sessile,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtusely  or  sharply  angled,  large 
and  rigid. 

7.  CE.  CcBSpitOSa,  Nutt.     Capsule  oblong,  ribbed,  often  doubly  crested  on 
the  angles :    calyx-tube   2  to  7  inches  long :    petals  f  to  If  inches  long.  — 
(E.  marginata,  Nutt.     From  the  Upper  Missouri  to  Nebraska  and  southward 
to  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  etc. 

8.  CE.  triloba,  Nutt.     Capsule  ovate,  persistent,  strongly  winged,  net-veined : 
calyx-tips  free,  the  tube  2  to  4  inches  long  :  petals  %  to  1  inch  long.  —  From 
British  Columbia  to  Mexico,  and  westward  to  California. 

Var.  (?)  parviflora,  Watson.  Flowers  very  small,  about  an  inch  or  two 
long,  fertilized  in  the  bud  and  rarely  fully  opening :  fruit  abundant,  forming 
at  length  a  densely  crowded  hemispherical  or  cylindrical  mass,  nearly  2  inches 
in  diameter  and  often  2  or  3  inches  high.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  251.  Plains 
of  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

9.  CE.  brachycarpa,  Gray.     Capsule  ovate,  winged,  more  or  less  corky, 
smooth:  calyx-tube  2  to  4  inches  long:  petals  1$  inch  long,  purplish:  seed-testa 
thickened.  —  PI.  Wright,  i.  70.     ?  (E.  marginata,  var.  purpurea,  of  the  various 
reports.    From  Montana  to  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  and  W.  Texas. 

*  *  *  *  Caulescent :  flowers  axillary :  capsule  ovate  to  orbicular,  strongly  angled 

and  broadly  winged. 

10.  CE.  canescens,  Torr.     Low:  capsule  ovate,  3  to  4  lines  long:  petals 
white  and  rose-color,  6  lines  long  :  calyx-tube  &  to  8  lines  long.  —  From  the  head- 
waters of  the  Platte  to  New  Mexico. 

11.  CE.  Missouriensis,  Sims.     Capsule   1   to  3  inches  long,  with  wings 
nearly  as  broad:  calyx-tube  2  to  5  inches  long:  petals  1  to  2^  inches  long,  yellow: 
seeds  strongly  crested.  —  From  Missouri  to  Colorado  and  Texas. 

§  2.  Stigma  capitate :  calyx-tube  linear,  persistent :  flowers  erect  in  the  bud, 
yellow:  anthers  oblong:  capsules  sessile,  linear  to  ovate:  seeds  in  two  rows: 
mostly  acaulescent. 

12.  CE.  breviflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Subpubescent :  leaves  deeply  pinna- 
tifid  :  calyx-tube  3  to  6  lines  long  :  petals  3  lines  long.  —  Wyoming,  Colorado, 
Utah,  and  westward. 

§  3.  Stigma  discoid :  calyx-tube  more  broadly  dilated  above :  flowers  erect  in  the 
bud,  yellow,  axillary  :  anthers  oblong-linear :  capsule  mostly  sessile,  linear- 
ci/lindric. 

13.  CE.  Hartwegi,  Benth.     Low,  3  to  15  inches  high  :  leaves  numerous, 
linear  to  lanceolate,  mostly  entire :  calyx-tube  1  to  2  inches  long,  the  tips  free 
and  linear:  petals  4  to  12  lines  long:  capsule  8  to  10  lines  long. 


ONAGRACE.E.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.)       105 

Var.  lavandulaefolia,  Watson.  Taller,  pubescent  throughout:  leaves 
mostly  linear  and  shorter :  calyx-segments  less  attenuated  above.  —  (E.  la- 
vandulce folia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  From  Kansas  and  Colorado  to  Mexico. 

14.  CE.  serrulata,  Nutt.     Leaves  linear   to  lanceolate,  denticulate:   the 
free  cali/x-tips  short :  capsules  9  to  1 5  lines  long.  —  From  New  Mexico  and 
Texas  northward  to  British  America. 

§  4.  Stigma  capitate :  calijx-tube  obconic  or  short  funnefform :  flowers  in  crowded 
bracteate  or  leaf  if  spikes :  anthers  oblong :  capsule  linear^  sessile,  attenuated 
above,  curved  and  contorted. 

15.  CE.  strigulosa,  Torr.  &  Gray,  var.  pubens,  Watson.     Pubescence 
hirsute  and  spreading,  sometimes  nearly  smooth  :  petals  1  to  2  lines  long,  yel- 
low, usually  turning  red  :  capsule  very  narrow!//  linear,  often  short-pedicelled.  — 
Includes  CE.  dentala,  Torr.  &  Gray.     From  the  Wahsatch  westward  through 
the  Pacific  States. 

16.  CE.  andilia,  Nutt.     Dwarf,  1  to  3  inches  high,  canescently  puberulent : 
flowers  a  line  long,  yellow :    capsule  fusiform,  3  to  6  lines  long.  —  From  E. 
Oregon  to  Montana,  Wyoming,  Nevada,  and  Utah. 

§  5.    As  in  §  4,  but  capsules  linear  to  clavate,  pedicelled  and  obtuse :  caulescent  : 
flowers  in  loose,  naked  racemes :  seeds  oblong-lanceolate. 

17.  CE.  SCapoidea,  Nutt.     Puberulent  or  nearli/  glabrous:  leaves  low  on 
the  stem,  usually  lyrately-pinnatifid  :  cali/x-tips  not  free :  capsule  4  to  12  lines 
long.  —  From  W.  Wyoming  and  S.  Idaho  to  S.  Utah  and  Colorado. 

18.  CE.  brevipes,  Gr.     Like  the  last,  but  stouter:  villous,  not  puberu- 
lent: calyx-tips  free,  thick:  capsule  1  to  3  inches  long. 

Var.  parviflora,  Watson.  Of  a  much  more  branching  habit :  the  leaves 
more  distinctly  pinnate  :  inflorescence  more  slender  :  flowers  pale  yellow,  the 
petals  2  to  3  lines  long.  —  Am.  Nat.  ix.  271.  S.  W.  Colorado  and  S.  Utah. 

5.    CLARKIA,    Pursh. 

Petals  purple  or  violet.  Anthers  oblong  or  linear.  Stigma  with  4  broad 
lobes.  Capsule  linear,  attenuate  above,  somewhat  4-angled.  Seeds  angled 
or  margined.  —  Annuals,  with  erect  brittle  stems:  leaves  on  short  slender 
petioles,  the  uppermost  sessile  :  flowers  showy,  nodding  in  the  bud,  in  terminal 
racemes. 

1.  C.  pulchella,  Pursh.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear:  petals  3-lobed, 
attenuate  to  a  long  claw  which  has  a  spreading  tooth  on  each  side :  perfect  sta- 
mens with  a  linear  scale  on  each  side  at  base ;  alternate  stamens  rudimentary 
and  flliform :  capsule  S-angled.  —  Bitter-Root  Valley,  W.  Montana,  to  Idaho, 
Oregon,  and  Washington  Terr. 

2.  C.  rhomboidea,  Dougl.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate:  pet- 
als entire,  rhomboidal,  with  a  short  broad  claw  which  is  often  broadly  toothed  : 
anthers  all  perfect ;  filaments  with  hairy  scales  at  the  base :  capsule  ^-angled.  — 
From  the  Wahsatch  to  California  and  Washington  Terr. 

6.    STENOSIPHON,    Spach. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  filiform  or  almost  capillary,  much  prolonged  beyond  the 
ovary,  recurved  or  declined  after  flowering.  Petals  unguiculate,  unequal. 


106  LOASACE^E. 

Fruit  (very  small)  coriaceous,  ovate,  convex  externally,  flattish  within,  about 
8-ribbed.  —  A  tall  perennial  herb,  with  virgate  branches:  linear-lanceolate, 
sessile,  entire  leaves,  gradually  reduced  to  bracts  :  flowers  white,  sessile, 
crowded  in  long  and  strict  virgate  spikes. 

1.  S.  virgatUS,  Spach.  Spikes  in  fruit  sometimes  nearly  one  foot  long: 
bracts  subulate,  longer  than  the  ovary :  calyx  pubescent,  4  to  5  lines  long : 
petals  rather  large  in  proportion  :  ovary  tomentose-pubescent.  —  From  Colo- 
rado to  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

7.    GAURA,   L. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  obconic  or  clavate  ovary.  Petals  with 
claws.  Style  hairy  below.  Fruit  obtusely  4-angled  and  ridged  upon  the 
sides.  —  Leaves  sessile:  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,  white  or  rose-colored, 
turning  to  red. 

1 .  G.  biennis,  L.     Soft-hairy  or  downy,  3  to  8  feet  high :   leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  denticulate :  fruit  oval  or  oblong,  ribbed,  downy.  —  Idaho  and  east- 
ward to  the  Atlantic. 

2.  G.  parviflora,  Dougl.    Clothed,  besides  the  long  soft-villous  hairs, 
with  a  minute  slightly  glandular  pubescence,  2  to  5  feet  high:  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, repand-denticulate,  clothed  on  both  sides  with  a  soft  velvet  n  pubescence  :  spikes 
virgate,  dense:' fruit  oblong-clavate,  ^-nerved,  obtusely  angled  above.  —  From 
Washington  Terr,  to  Texas. 

3.  G.  COCCinea,  Nutt.     Canescent,  puberulent  or  glabrate,  6  to  12  inches 
high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  lanceolate,  linear-oblong  or  linear,  repand-denticulate  or 
entire :  flowers  in  simple  spikes,  rose-color  turning  to  scarlet :  fruit  elliptical, 
terete,  4-sided  above.  —  Colorado  to  Montana  and  eastward  to  Arkansas  and 
the  Saskatchewan. 

8.    CIRC  JEA,    L.        ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE. 

Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged  above  the  ovoid  ovary,  the  base  nearly  filled 
by  a  cup-shaped  disk.  Petals  obcordate.  Fruit  pear-shaped,  covered  with 
hooked  bristles. — Low  slender  erect  herbs:  leaves  thin,  petiolate  :  flowers 
small,  white,  in  terminal  and  lateral  racemes  :  fruit  on  slender  spreading  or 
deflexed  pedicels. 

1.  C  Pacifica,  Ascherson  £  Magnus.  Mostly  glabrous :  leaves  ovate, 
rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  repandly  denticulate :  calyx  white,  with  a  very 
small  tube :  fruit  a  line  long.  —  The  C.  alpina  of  Fl.  Colorado.  From  Colo- 
rado to  the  Saskatchewan  and  westward  to  California  and  Washington  Terr. 


ORDER  32.    LOASACE^E. 

Herbaceous  plants  with  either  stinging  or  jointed  and  rough-barbed 
hairs,  no  stipules,  calyx-tube  adnate  to  a  one-celled  ovary,  parietal  pla- 
centae, and  a  single  style.  Stamens  usually  very  numerous,  some  of 
the  outer  occasionally  petaloid.  Flowers  perfect,  often  showy. 


LOASACE^E.  107 

1.    MENTZELIA,  L. 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  turbiuate :  the  limb  5-lobed.  Petals  5  or  10. 
Stamens  inserted  below  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  trun- 
cate at  the  summit :  style  3-cleft,  the  lobes  often  twisted.  Capsule  opening 
usually  irregularly  at  the  apex.  —  Erect,  the  stems  becoming  white  and  shin- 
ing :  leaves  alternate,  mostly  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid  :  flowers  cymose  or 
solitary,  orange  or  golden  yellow  to  white. 

#  Seeds  few,  oblong,  not  ivinged :  petals  5,  not  large :  filaments  all  filiform  : 

leaves  petioled,  cut-toothed  or  angled. 

1.  M.  oligosperma,  Nutt.     Rough  and  adhesive,  1  to  3  feet  high,  much 
branched,  branches  brittle :  leaves  ovate  and  oblong :  petals  yellow,  wedge- 
oblong,  pointed:    capsule  about  9-seeded.  —  From  the  mountains  eastward 
across  the  plains  to  Illinois  and  Texas. 

#  #  Seeds  few  to  many,  irregularly  angled  or  somewhat  cubical,  not  winged: 

petals  5,  not  large :  filaments  all  filiform :  capsule  linear :  leaves  sessile,  sin- 
uately  toothed  or  pinnatifid. 

2.  M.  albicaulis,  Dougl.     Slender,  3  inches  to  a  foot  high  or  more: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  numerous  narrow  lobes,  upper  leaves 
broader :  flowers  mostly  approximate  near  the  ends  of  the  branches :  petals 
spatulate  or  obovate  :  capsule  linear-clavate :  seeds  numerous,  rather  strongly 
tuberculate,  irregularly  angled  with  obtuse  margins.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  534. 
From  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Oregon  and  California. 

3.  M.  dispersa,  Watson.     Very  similar,  but  the  leaves  sinuate-toothed, 
sometimes  entire,  rarely  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  often  ovate :  seeds  somewhat      • 
cubical  and  very  nearly  smooth.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  115.    M.  albicaulis,  var. 
integrifolia,  Watson.    From  Colorado  through  Idaho  to  Washington  Terr,  and 
California. 

#  #  *  Seeds  numerous,  suborbicular-winged  or  narrowly-margined :  petals  5  or  10, 

often  large  and  showy :  outer  filaments  often  petaloid :  capsule  broad,  oblong : 
leaves  as  in  the  last. 

-t-  Flowers  vespertine,  yellowish  white. 

4.  M.  ornata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Rough  with  short-barbed  hairs :  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  segments  rather  acute :  flowers  very  large,  terminating  the 
branches,  bracteolate:  petals  10,  about  2  inches  long:  filaments  all  filiform: 
capsule  5  to  7 -valued  at  the  summit :  seeds  scarcely  margined.  —  Fl.  i.  534. 
Along  the  Missouri  and  its  tributaries ;  also  in  S.  W.  Colorado. 

5.  M.  nuda,  Torr.  &  Gray.      Rough  with  minute  barbed  pubescence: 
leaves  somewhat  lanceolate,  the  segments  obtuse :  flowers  about  half  the  size  of 
the  last,  not  bracteolate :  petals  10:  exterior  filaments  petaloid  and  often  sterile: 
capsule  3-ralved  at  the  summit :  seeds  plainly  winged.  —  Loc.  cit.  535. 

•*-  •*-  Flowers  expanding  only  in  bright  sunshine,  bright  yellow:  leaves  lanceolate. 

6.  M.  laevicaillis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stout,  2  or  3  feet  high :  flowers  sessile    I 
on  short  branches,  very  large:  calyx-tube  naked:  petals  acute  at  each  end,  2  to    ^ 
2^  inches  long:  seeds  very  minutely  tuberculate.  —  Loc.  cit.     W.  Wyoming 
and  Montana  to  the  Columbia  River  and  S.  California. 

7.  M.  pumila,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Rather  stout,  8  to  10  inches  high:  lower 
leaves  somewhat  petioled  :  flowers  small,  solitary  or  three  together,  terminating 


108  CUCURBITACE^E.      (GOURD    FAMILY.) 

the  loose  flowering  branches,  slightly  pedicellate,  with  I  or  2  bracts  at  base : 
outer  filaments  flat.  —  Loc.  cit.  M.  Wrightii  of  Fl.  Colorado.  S.  Colorado, 
southward  and  westward. 

8.  M.  Chrysantha,  Engelm.     Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  branching :  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  the  lower  narrowed  towards  the  base :   flowers  subsessile : 
petals  6  to  9  lines  long,  acute,  often  less  than  10,  the  innermost  smaller  and 
antheriferous :  seeds  narrowly  margined  but  not  winged.  —  Brandegee's   Fl. 
S.  W.  Col.  237.     Differs  from  M.  pumila  in  its  larger  flowers  and  seeds  not 
winged.    Near  Canon  City,  Colorado,  and  S.  Utah. 

9.  M.  milltiflora,  Gray.     Stems  scabrous,  pubescent,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  : 
leaves  attenuate  below :  flowers  more  numerous,  subtended  by  1  or  2  bracts  :  petals 
deep  yellow,  abruptly  pointed,  6  to  9  lines  long.  — PI.  Fendl.  48.     Colorado  and 
southward. 


ORDER  33.    CUCURBIT  AC  E^E.     (GOURD  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  mostly  tendril-bearing  and  climbing,  rather  succulent,  with 
alternate  and  palmately  veined  or  lobed  leaves  and  no  proper  stipules, 
flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  with  petals  more  commonly  united  into 
a  cup  or  tube  and  also  blended  with  tbe  calyx.  Sterile  flowers  with 
two  2-celled  anthers  and  one  \  -celled ;  the  cells  usually  long  and  con- 
torted. Fertile  flowers  with  the  calyx -tube  adnate  to  a  1  to  3-celled 
ovary. 

1.  Cucurbita.    Flowers  all  solitary,  large,  yellow.     Corolla  5-cleft.    Fruit  smooth,  inde- 

hiscent,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

2.  E  chin  ocyst  is.     Sterile  flowers  in  compound  racemes,  small,  greenish  white.     Corolla 

6-parted.     Fruit  prickly,  bursting  at  the  top,  2-celled,  4-seeded. 


1.     CUCURBITA,    L.        PUMPKIN,  SQUASH,  ETC. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx-tube  and  corolla  campanulate.  Sterile  flowers 
with  the  stamens  at  the  base.  Fertile  flowers  with  3  rudimentary  stamens : 
ovary  oblong,  with  3  placentas.  Fruit  fleshy,  often  with  a  hard  rind.  Seed 
ovate  or  oblong,  flattened.  —  Mostly  prostrate  and  rooting  at  the  joints :  leaves 
cordate :  tendrils  compound. 

1.  C.  perennis,  Gray.  Koot  fleshy,  very  large,  6  inches  to  3  feet  thick, 
yellow  inside :  leaves  cordate-ovate  or  triangular,  undivided  or  subsinuate- 
repand,  margin  denticulate :  fruit  globose,  yellow,  2  or  3  inches  in  diameter.  — 
PI.  Lindh.  193.  From  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  westward  to 
California. 

2.    ECHINOCYSTIS,  Torr.  &  Gray.        WILD  BALSAM-APPLE. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  united  at  the  base  into  an  open  spreading 
corolla.  Fruit  fleshy,  at  length  dry.  —  Tall  climbing  plants,  nearly  smooth, 
with  3-forked  tendrils,  thin  leaves,  fertile  flowers  in  small  clusters  or  solitary, 
from  the  same  axils  as  the  sterile. 


CACTACE^E.       (CACTUS   FAMILY.)  109 

1.  E.  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Root  annual :  leaves  deeply  and  sharply 
5-lobed :  fruit  oval,  2  inches  long  :  seeds  flat,  dark-colored.  —  Colorado  and 
eastward,  in  rich  soil,  to  New  York  and  Canada. 


ORDER  34.    CACTACEJE.    (CACTUS  FAMILY.) 

Green  fleshy  and  thickened  persistent  mostly  leafless  plants,  of  pecu- 
liar aspect:  globular  or  columnar,  tuberculated  or  ribbed,  or  jointed  and 
often  flattened,  usually  armed  with  bundles  of  spines  from  the  areola. 
Flowers  with  numerous  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  usually  in  many 
rows,  the  cohering  bases  of  all  of  which  coat  the  inferior  one-celled 
many-ovuled  ovary,  and  above  it  form  a  tube  or  cup,  nectariferous  at 
base.  Style  one,  with  several  or  numerous  stigmas.  Fruit  a  pulpy  or 
rarely  dry  one-celled  berry. 

§  1.  No  leaves  proper  :  spines  never  barbed.  Flower-bearing  and  spine-bearing  areolae 
distinct.  Tube  of  the  sessile  solitary  flowers  well  developed,  often  long.  Seeds  brown 
or  black,  mostly  small.  — CACTE/E. 

1.  Mamillaria.    Globose  or  oval  plants,  covered  with  spine-bearing  tubercles.     Flowers 

from  between  the  tubercles.    Ovary  naked. 

2.  Ecliiiiocaetus.    Globose  or  oval  plants,  stouter  than  the  last,  usually  ribbed  :  bundles 

of  spines  on  the  ribs.     Flowers  from  the  youngest  part  of  the  ribs  close  above  the 
nascent  bunches  of  spines.     Ovary  covered  with  sepals. 

3.  Cereus.    Oval  or  columnar  plants,  sometimes  tall,  ribbed  or  angled  :  bundles  of  spines 

on  the  ribs.     Flowers  close  above  the  bundles  of  full  grown  (older)  spines.     Ovary 
covered  with  sepals. 

§  2.  Leaves  small,  subulate,  early  deciduous.  Sessile  and  solitary  flowers  from  the  same 
areolse  as  the  always  barbed  spines.  Tube  of  the  flowers  short,  cup-shaped.  Seeds 
larger,  whitish,  covered  with  a  bony  arillus.  — OPUNTIE/E. 

4.  Opuntia.    Branching  or  jointed  plants  :  joints  flattened  or  cylindrical. 

1.    MAMILLARIA,    Haw. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide :  the  tube  campanulate  or  funnel-shaped. 
Ovary  often  hidden  between  the  bases  of  the  tubercles,  the  succulent  berry 
exsert.  Seeds  yellowish-brown  to  black. 

1.  M.  vivipara,  Haw.     Simple  or  cespitose:  the  almost  terete  tubercles 
bearing  bundles  of  5  to  8  reddish- brown  spines,  surrounded  by  15  to  20  grai/ish 
ones  in  a  single  series,  all  straight  and  very  rigid  :  fowers  purple,  with  lance- 
subulate-petals  and  fringed  sepals :  berry  oval, green:  seed  pitted,  light  brown. 
—  A  variable  species,  ranging  across  the  plains  and  along  the  eastern  slopes 
of  the  mountains. 

2.  M.  Missouriensis,  Sweet.     Smaller,  globose,  simple,  with  fewer  (10 
to  20)  weaker  ash-colored  spines :'  flowers  yellow :  berries  scarlet,  subgJobose :  seeds 
globose,  pitted.  —  M.  Nuttallii,  Eng.     Common  along  the  eastern  slopes  of 
the  mountains  and  upon  the  plains. 

Var.  csespitosa,  Watson.  Cespitose,  with  12  to  15  straight  white  spines  : 
berry  shorter  than  the  tubercles,  red.  —  Bibliog.  Index,  i.  403.  M.  Nuttallii, 
var.  ccespitosa,  Eng.  Eastern  slopes  of  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and 
southward. 


110  CACTACE.E.      (CACTUS   FAMILY.) 

2.    ECHINOCACTUS,    Link  &  Otto. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide.  Ovary  covered  with  few  (in  ours)  sepaloid 
scales,  which  are  naked  or  woolly  in  their  axils.  Fruit  succulent  or  dry, 
covered  with  the  persistent  scales,  sometimes  enveloped  in  copious  wool,  and 
usually  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  flower.  Seed  obliquely  obovate, 
black. 

1.  E.  Simpsoni,  Eng.     Simple,  globose  or  depressed,  with  ovate  tubercles 
bearing  about  20  outer  ash-colored  spines  and  5  to  10  stouter  darker  inner  ones,  all 
straight  and  rigid :  flowers  yellowish  green  to  purplish :  berry  dry,  with  few 
black  tuberculated  seeds.  —  From  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Colorado  moun- 
tains westward  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

2.  E.  Whipplei,  Eng.  &  Big.     Simple,  globose  or  ovate,  with  13  to  15 
compressed  and  interrupted  ribs :  7  to  1 1  outer  spines  and  4  inner  ones ;  the  ivory- 
white  upper  ones  longest,  broadest,  recurved  or  twisted ;  the  lower  shorter,  darker 
and  terete;  the  lowest  middle  one  hooked  :  flowers  yellow  :  seeds  large,  minutely 
tuberculated.  —  From  S.  Colorado  westward  to  S.  California. 

3.    CEBEUS,    Haw. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide  or  elongated.  Scales  of  the  ovary  distinct, 
with  naked  or  woolly  axils,  or  almost  obsolete  and  the  axils  spiny.  Berry 
succulent,  covered  with  spines  or  scales  or  almost  naked.  Seeds  black. — 
Fruit  often  edible.  Our  species  all  belong  to  §  ECHINOCERECS,  which  in- 
cludes low  and  usually  cespitose  plants,  with  numerous  oval  or  cylindric 
heads,  short  flowers,  green  stigmas  and  spiny  fruit,  the  seeds  covered  with 
confluent  tubercles. 

1.  C.  viridiflorus,  Eng.  Ovate  or  at  length  cylindrical,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  1  to  2  inches  high  :  ribs  about  13  :  areolaa  ovate-lanceolate : 
spines  strictly  radiating,  12  to  18,  with  2  to  6  superior  setaceous  ones,  the  rest 
lateral'  and  longer,  the  lower  frequentltj  purplish  brown,  the  others  white,  central 
one  often  wanting,  when  present  stouter,  solitary,  and  variegated  :  flowers 
lateral  towards  the  apex,  yellow,  becoming  green :  berries  elliptical,  small.  —  PI. 
Fendl  50.  Common  in  Colorado  and  southward. 

.  2.  C.  Fendleri,  Eng.  Ovate-cylindrical,  3  to  8  inches  high  :  ribs  9  to 
12  :  areolae  rather  crowded  :  spines  very  variable,  always  bulbous  at  base,  radial 
ones  7  to  10,  straight  or  curved,  white  and  brown,  lower  ones  stronger,  central  one 
stout,  curved  above,  dark  brown,  often  elongated :  flowers  lateral  below  the  top, 
large,  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter,  of  a  deep  purple  color:  berry  1  to  1£  inches 
long,  edible.  —  PI.  Fendl.  50.  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

3.  C.  gonacanthus,  Eng.  &  Big.     Ovate,  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
from  the  base,  7-ribbed :  areolce  large,  orbicular,  distant:  spines  robust,  angled, 
straight  or  variously  curved ;  radial  ones  8,  yellowish,  often  blackish  at  base  and 
apex,  the  upper  one  much  larger  than  the  others,  nearly  equalling  the  central  one, 
which  is  remarkably  stout,  angular,  and  channelled :  flowers  scarlet,  open  day  and 
night.  — Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  33,  t.  5.     S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

4.  C.  phCBniceus,  Eng.     Heads  2  to  3  inches  high,  generally  forming 
dense  hemispherical  masses  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter:  ribs  9  to  11  :  areolce  ovote- 
orbiculate,  somewhat  crowded:  spines  setaceous,  straight,  radial  ones  3  to  12, 


CACTACE^E.      (CACTUS  FAMILY.)  Ill 

upper  ones  a  little  shorter,  central  ones  1  to  3,  bulbous  at  base,  terete,  a  little 
stronger,  lowest  one  longest.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  34,  t.  4.  S.  Colorado  and 
southward. 

5.  C.  conoideus,  Big.     Heads  3  to  4  inches  high,  few  from  one  base,  of 
unequal  height,  ovate,  acutish  towards  the  apex,  conoid :  ribs  9  to  11:  radial 
spines  10  to  12,  slender,  rigid,  upper  ones  2  to  5  lines  long,  lateral  ones  6  to 
15  lines,  upper  central  spines  hardly  longer  than  the  lateral  ones,  lower  one  1  to  3 
inches  long,  angular  and  often  compressed.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  36.     S.  Colorado 
and  southward. 

6.  C.  paucispinus,  Eng.     Stem  5  to  9  inches  high,  2  to  3  inches  in 
diameter,  ovate-cylindrical,  sparingly  branching  or  simple  :  ribs  5  to  7  :  areoloe 
remote:  spines  strong,  9  to  16  lines  long,  dark-colored,  radial  ones  3  to  6,  central 
wanting  or  rare,  stout,  subangled.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  34.     S.  Colorado  and 
southward. 

4.    OPUNTIA,    Tourn. 

Petals  spreading  or  rarely  erect.  Berry  succulent  or  sometimes  dry, 
marked  with  bristly  or  spiny  areolse,  truncate.  —  Articulated  much-branched 
plants,  of  various  shapes,  low  and  prostrate,  or  erect  and  shrub-like. 

§  1.   Joints  compressed:  rhaphe  forming  a  prominent  bony  margin  around  the  seed. 
*  Fruit  pulpy. 

1.  O.  Camanchica,  Eng.  &  Big.    Large,  prostrate,  extensively  spread- 
ing :  joints  ascending,  6  to  7  inches  long,  suborbiculate :  areolse  remote,  numer- 
ous, armed  :  bristles  straw-colored  or  brownish,  few :  spines  1  to  3,  compressed, 
brownish,  paler  at  the  apex,  1  to  3  inches  long,  upper  ones  elongated,  suberect,  the 
others  deflexed :    berry  large,  ovate,  widely  umbilicate :  seeds  angled,  deeply 
notched  at  the  hilum.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  40.     S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

2.  O.  Rafinesquii,  Eng.     Joints  deep  green,  prostrate,  broadly  obovate  or 
orbicular :  leaves  spreading :  bristles  bright  red-brown  :  spines  few  and  small  with 
a  single  strong  one:  flowers  sulphur-yellow,  mostly  with  a  red  centre:  berry 
narrowed  at  the  base,  with  a  funnel-shaped  umbilicus.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  43. 
From  Colorado  eastward  across  the  plains  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky. 

Var.  (1)  fusiformis,  Eug.  &  Big.  Roots  forming  fusiform  tubers:  bristles 
stout  and  yellowish  brown :  flowers  smaller  and  with  fewer  sepals :  seed 
larger  and  thicker.  —  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  43.  From  the  Missouri  southward 
across  the  plains. 

*  *  Fruit  dry  and  prickly. 

3.  O.  Missouriensis,  DC.     Prostrate :  joints  broadly  obovate  and  tuber- 
culate,  2  to  4  inches  long :  leaves  minute  ;  their  axils  armed  with  a  tuft  of  straw- 
colored  bristles  and  5  to  10  slender  radiating  spines  I  to  2  inches  long:  flowers 
light  yellow.  —  Frequent  on  the  plains  and  in  the  mountains,  and  extending 
eastward  to  Wisconsin. 

4.  O.  rutila,  Nutt.     Prostrate,  with  thick  obovate  or  elongated  joints,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  sometimes  thick  and  almost  terete :  areolce  close,  armed  with  numer- 
ous slender  reddish  or  gray  flexible  spines :  flowers  purple :  berry  deeply  umbili- 
cate :  seeds  large,  flat,  broadly  margined,  ivory-white.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
155.     S.  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  westward. 


112  UMBELLIFER^E.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

5.  O.  fragilis,  Haw.     Joints  small,  ovate,  compressed  or  tumid  or  even 
terete,  1   to  l£  inches  long,  fragile :  larger  spines  4,  cruciate,  mostly  yellowish 
brown,  with  4  to  6  smaller  white  radiating  ones  below ;  bristles  few :  flowers  yel- 
low :  fruit  with  20  to  28  clusters  of  bristles,  only  the  upper  ones  with  a  few 
short  spines.  —  From  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Yellowstone  to  New  Mexico. 

§  2.    Joints  cylindrical,  more  or  less  tuberculated :  seed  not  margined. 

6.  O.  arborescens,  Eng.     Arborescent,  5  to  6  feet  high  (much  higher 
farther  south)  :   branches  numerous,  verticillate,  horizontal  or  pendulous  : 
joints  verticillate :   tubercles  cristate,  prominent :  spines  8  to  30,  divaricately 
stellate :    berry  sub-hemispherical,  tuberculate-cristate,  yellow,  unarmed.  — 
Wisliz.  Rep.  6.     Abundant  from  Central  Colorado  southward. 


ORDER  35.     FICOIDE^. 

A  miscellaneous  group,  chiefly  of  fleshy  or  succulent  plants,  with 
mostly  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules ;  differing  from  Caryopliyllacea 
and  Portulacacece  by  having  distinct  partitions  to  the  ovary  and  capsule  ; 
the  stamens  sometimes  numerous,  as  in  Caclacete ;  petals  wanting  in 
ours. 

1.  Sesnvium.     Calyx-lobes  5,  petaloid.     Stamens  5  to  60.     Capsule  circumscissile.     Suc- 

culent. 

2.  Mollugo.     Sepals  5.    Stamens  3  or  5.     Capsule  3-valved.     Not  succulent. 

1.     SESUVIUM,    L.        SEA  PURSLANE. 

Calyx-tube  turbiuate ;  the  lobes  apiculate  on  the  back  near  the  top,  mem- 
branously  margined.  Styles  3  to  5.  Capsule  ovate-oblong.  —  Smooth  branch- 
ing mostly  prostrate  herbs  :  leaves  opposite,  linear  to  spatulate,  entire :  flowers 
axillary  and  terminal,  solitary  or  clustered. 

1.  S.  Portlllacastrum,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late :  flowers  sessile  or  pedicellate  :  calyx-lobes  more  or  less  purple :  stamens 
many.  —  From  California  through  Nevada  and  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

2.    MOLLUGO,    L.        CARPET-WEED. 

Stamens  hypogynous.  Styles  3.  Seeds  longitudinally  sulcate  on  the  back. 
—  Low  and  much  branched,  glabrous  :  leaves  spatulate  to  linear-oblanceolate, 
entire,  opposite  and  apparently  verticillate :  flowers  mostly  on  long  pedicels 
and  axillary. 

1.  M.  verticillata,  L.  Prostrate:  pedicels  umbellately  fascicled  at  the 
nodes :  capsule  oblong-ovoid  :  seeds  reniform,  shining.  —  From  Colorado  to 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico  ;  also  in  California  and  the  Atlantic  States. 


ORDER  36.     UMBEIJLIFER,E.     (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  small  flowers  in  umbels,  five  epigynous  stamens  and 
petals,  and  two  styles;  the  calyx  adnate  to  the  2-celled  ovary,  which 


UMBELLIFER.E.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.)  113 

contains  one  ovule  in  each  cell ;  and  the  fruit  splitting  into  a  pair  of 
dry  seed-like  indehiscent  carpels.  Stem  commonly  hollow.  Leaves 
mainly  alternate,  mostly  compound,  often  decompound,  the  petiole 
expanded  or  sheathing  at  base.  Umbels  usually  compound,  forming 
umbellets.  The  bracts  under  the  general  umbel  form  an  involucre, 
under  an  umbellet  an  involucel.  The  enlarged  base  of  the  styles  is  the 
stylopodium,  which  is  often  surrounded  by  an  epigynous  disk.  Each 
carpel  has  usually  5  longitudinal  ribs :  in  the  intervals  are  usually  one 
or  more  longitudinal  oil-tubes,  or  vittce.  The  face  by  which  the  two 
carpels  cohere  is  the  commissure :  a  slender  prolongation  of  the  axis 
between  them  is  the  carpophore  ;  this  is  apt  to  split  into  two  branches, 
a  carpel  suspended  from  the  tip  of  each. 

I.  Umbels  irregularly  compound,  the  flowers  capitate  in  the  umbellets.    Oil-tubes  obscure. 

1.  Sanicula.     Leaves  lobed  and  incised.      Flowers  polygamous,  mostly  yellow.     Fruit 

covered  with  hooked  prickles  or  tubercles. 

II.  Umbels  regularly  compound.     Fruit  without  prominent  secondary  ribs  and  not  fur- 

nished with  hooked  or  barbed  prickles.1    Oil-tubes  rarely  wanting. 

*  Fruit  more  or  less  compressed  laterally,  broadly  ovate  or  subglobose  to  elliptic-oblong, 

not  broadly  winged. 
•t-  Seed  with  sides  moderately  incurved  :  carpophore  2-cleft :  flowers  yellow  or  white. 

2.  Musenium.   Fruit  ovate  or  ovate-oblong :  ribs  5,  filiform,  slightly  prominent :  oil-tubes 

2  or  3  in  the  intervals. 

3.  Orogenia.    Fruit  ovoid  :  ribs  5,  the  3  dorsal  ones  filiform,  the  lateral  thickened,  corky 

and  involute  :  oil-tubes  obscure,  3  in  each  interval. 

•t-  -•-  Seed  nearly  terete  or  but  slightly  concave  on  the  face. 

•H-  Fruit  not  prominently  ribbed :  carpophore  bifid  or  2-parted.     Involucre  and  involucels 
usually  present.     Flowers  white. 

4.  Carum.    Fruit  ovate  or  oblong :  ribs  filiform  :  oil-tubes  solitary. 

5.  Berula.    Fruit  nearly  globose,  emarginate  at  base,  with  thickened  epicarp :  oil-tubes 

numerous  and  contiguous  :  leaflets  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  laciniately  toothed. 
•H-  -H-  Fruit  with  5  strong  ribs  :  carpophore  2-parted. 
=  Involucre  none  :  flowers  yellow:  leaves  all  simple. 

6.  Bupleurum.     Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  with  or  without  oil-tubes :  leaves  entire. 

=  =  Involucres  and  involucels  usually  present :  flowers  white  :  leaves  pinnate  to  pinnately 

decompound. 

7.  Cicuta.     Fruit  broadly  ovate,  with  thick  obtuse  wings  :  oil-tubes  solitary. 

8.  Slum.    Fruit  globular :  ribs  wing-like  :  oil-tubes  1  to  3  in  the  intervals. 

*  *   Fruit   somewhat  compressed  laterally,  linear-oblong,  with  broad  commissure,  not 

winged :  seed  sulcate  or  reuiform  in  section  :  carpophore  2-parted,  persistent :  flowers 
white. 

9.  Osmorrhiza.    Fruit  narrowly  attenuate  at  base,  hispid  on  the  acutish  angles  :  oil-tubes 

very  obscure  :  seed  sulcate  on  the  face  or  somewhat  involute :  umbels  nearly  naked  : 
leaflets  ovate,  cleft  and  toothed. 

10.  Glycosma.    Similar,  but  fruit  not  attenuate  at  base,  very  rarely  hispid :  seed  broadly 

sulcate. 

1  The  introduced  genus  Daucus  has  the  secondary  ribs  most  prominent  and  armed  with 
barbed  or  hooked  prickles,  and  solitary  oil-tubes  under  the  wings  or  ribs.  See  foot-note, 
p.  121. 

8 


UMBELLIFER.E.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Fruit  more  or  less  compressed  dorsally,  oblong  to  orbicular. 

•i-  Fruit  somewhat  compressed  dorsally :  the  dorsal  ribs  rather  narrowly  winged  ;  the  lateral 
wings  broader,  distinct :  seed  sulcate  and  concave. 

11.  lagusticum.    Dorsal  ribs  narrowly  winged  :  oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals,  obscure  : 

seed  rcniform  in  section :  flowers  white  or  yellow. 

12.  Thaspium.    Dorsal  ribs  strong  and  winged  :  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  :  seed 

orbicular  and  somewhat  angled  in  section  :  flowers  yellow. 
4-  H-  Fruit  much  flattened  dorsally. 

•w-  Lateral  wings  broad,  distinct ;  the  dorsal  more  or  less  prominent :  seed  concave  on  the 
face  or  nearly  flat. 

13.  Angelica.    Dorsal  wings  narrower  than  the  lateral:  oil-tubes  solitary:  stout  herbs, 

with  white  flowers  and  naked  or  nearly  naked  umbels. 

14.  Archangelica.     Similar,  but  with  stouter  ribs,  and  2  to  3  or  more  oil-tubes  in  each 

interval  adhering  to  the  loose  seed. 

15.  Cymopterus.     Dorsal  wings  as  broad  as  the  lateral  ones  :  oil-tubes  one  to  several  in 

the  intervals  :  low  perennial  herbs  :  flowers  yellow  or  white  :  involucres  present. 
•H-  «•  Lateral  wings  coherent  till  maturity  ;  dorsal  ribs  filiform  :  seed  nearly  flat  on  the.  face. 

16.  Peucedanum.    Lateral  wings  thin  :  oil-tubes  as  long  as  the  fruit :  involucre  none : 

low  perennials  :  flowers  yellow  or  white,  not  radiate. 

17.  Heracleum.    Lateral  wings  thin  :  oil-tubes  solitary,  clavate,  not  reaching  the  base  of 

the  fruit :  involucre  deciduous :  stout,  pubescent  perennials,  with  white,  often  radiate 
flowers. 

18.  Archemora.    Lateral  wings  thin,  broad :  oil-tubes  solitary :   involucre  nearly  none : 

smooth  perennials,  with  white  flowers  and  rather  rigid  leaves. 

19.  Ferula.    Lateral  wings  corky,  as  thick  as  the  fruit ;  dorsal  ribs  filiform  :  oil-tubes  very 

numerous,  mostly  obscure. 

20.  Polytaenia.    Lateral  wings  corky,  tumid,  thicker  than  the  fruit ;  back  nearly  ribless  : 

oil-tubes  two  in  the  intervals. 


1.     SANICULA,    Tourn.         SANICLE.     BLACK  SXAKEKOOT. 

Calyx-teeth  foliaceous,  persistent.  Fruit  subglobose  or  obovoid  :  ribs  obso- 
lete :  oil-tubes  numerous.  Seed  hemispherical.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with 
nearly  naked  stems :  leaves  palmately  divided ;  the  lobes  more  or  less  pin- 
natifid  or  incised :  umbels  involucrate  with  sessile  leafy  usually  toothed 
bracts  ;  the  bracts  of  the  involucels  small  and  entire. 

1.  S.  Marylandica,  L.  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  all  5  to  7-parted  : 
sterile  flowers  numerous,  on  slender  pedicels  :  styles  elongated  and  conspicu- 
ous, recurved.  —  Colorado  and  W.  Montana ;  common  throughout  the  Atlantic 
States. 

2.    MUSEWIUM,    Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  persistent.  Petals  obovate,  with  mflexed  point.  —  Perennial, 
dwarf,  rather  foatid,  resiniferous  herbs,  with  fusiform  roots  and  a  short 
caudex,  or  branching  dichotomously  from  the  base  :  leaves  2  to  3-pinnatifid  : 
involucre  none ;  involucels  unilateral,  of  a  few  rather  rigid  narrow  leaflets. 

1.  M.  divaricatum,  Nutt.  Decumbent  :  stem  short,  dichotomously 
branching  from  the  base :  leaves,  except  the  radical,  opposite,  glabrous,  shining, 
bipinnatijid ;  divisions  confluent  with  the  winged  rhachis :  /lowers  yellow:  fruit 
somewhat  glabrous ;  oil-tubes  filled  with  a  strong  terebinthine  oil.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  642.  "  Naked  and  arid  hills  of  the  Upper  Missouri,"  Nuttall. 


UMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  115 

Var.  Hookeri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rhachis  narrow:  fruit  scabrous.  —  Loc.  cit. 
M.  trachyspermum,  Nutt.  From  the  Saskatchewan  to  the  Upper  Missouri,  the 
Platte,  and  S.  W.  Montana. 

2.  M.  tenuifolium,  Nutt.  Acaulescent,  erect  and  somewhat  cespitose,  of 
glaucous  hue:  leaves  trip  innately  divided;  segments  linear:  flowers  white:  fruit 
nearly  glabrous;  oil-tubes  with  a  more  aromatic  oil  than  in  the  former  species. 
—  Loc.  cit.  "  Rocky  Mountains,"  Nutlall. 

3.    OROGENIA,    Watson. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Commissure  with  2  to  4  oil-tubes  :  carpophore  aduate 
to  the  carpels  and  forming  a  thick  corky  midrib  dividing  the  hollowed  face 
of  the  commissure  longitudinally.  —  Dwarf,  scarcely  caulescent,  glabrous  : 
root  tuberous :  leaves  radical,  1  to  2-ternate,  with  entire  linear  segments : 
umbel  with  few  very  short  unequal  rays. 

1.  O.  linearifolia,  Watson.  Stem  an  inch  or  two  above  ground  and 
very  slender :  leaves  2  or  3,  upon  filiform  petioles,  equalling  the  stem  :  umbels 
with  2  or  3  rays ;  umbellets  3  to  5-flowered :  involucre  none ;  involucels  of 
1  to  3  linear  leaflets  exceeding  the  rays.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  120,  pi.  14. 
Wahsatch  Mountains,  on  damp  shaded  ridges. 

4.    CAKUM,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Stylopodium  conical.  —  Smooth,  erect,  slender  biennial 
herbs  or  acaulescent,  with  tuberous  or  fusiform  fascicled  roots :  leaves  mostly 
simply  pinnate  with  a  few  leaflets. 

1.  C.  Gairdneri,  Benth.  &  Hook.     Stem  I  to  4  feet  high,  from  a  tuberous 
root:  leaves  few,  with  3  to  7  linear  entire  leaflets ;  the  lower  leaves  rarely  pin- 
nate with  entire  or  toothed  divisions ;  upper  leaves  usually  simple :  involucre 
of  a  single  linear  leaflet,  or  often  wanting ;  involucels  of  several  linear  bracts : 
flowers  white.  —  From   Washington  through  Idaho  to  Wyoming,  and  thence 
to  S.  California.     A  common  article  of  food  among  the  Indians,  who  call  it 
"yamp." 

2.  C.  (?)  Hatlii,  Watson.     Acaulescent  from  a  stout  caudex  branching  at 
the  summit:  leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatisect;  leaflets  or  segments  oblong  or  sub- 
ovate  in  outline,  pinnately  3  to  7-lobed  and  few  toothed:  scape  very  simple,  naJced, 
surpassing  the  leaves,  10  inches  high:   involucel  deeply  parted :  flowers  yel- 
low.—  Bibl.  Index,  i.  416.     Seseli  Hallii,  Gray.      Musenium   Greenei,  Gray. 
Colorado. 

5.    BE  HULA,    Koch. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Stylopodium  conical  and  styles  short.  Commissure 
broad.  Seed  terete.  — A  smooth  perennial  aquatic  :  leaves  pinnate :  involucre 
and  involucels  of  several  leaflets. 

1.  B.  angustifolia,  Koch.  Erect,  £  to  3  feet  high,  the  stem  stout  and 
angled  :  leaflets  about  6  pairs,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  often  laciniately  lobed  at 
base,  and  the  upper  ones  especially  more  or  less  deeply  cut-toothed  :  involucre 
and  involucels  of  6  to  8  entire  linear-lanceolate  leaflets.  —  Sium  angustifolium, 
L.  From  Colorado  northward,  and  eastward  across  the  continent ;  also  in 
California. 


116  UMBELLIFER.E.       (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

6.    BUPLEURUM,    Tourn.        THOROUGH-WAX. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  somewhat  twin.  —  Herbs  with  simple  entire 
leaves. 

1.  B.  ranunculoides,  L.  Radical  leaves  linear-lanceolate;  cauline 
ones  clasping,  cordate-oblong,  striate :  involucre  about  3-leaved,  unequal ; 
leaflets  of  the  involucel  5,  ovate,  mucronate.  —  Head-waters  of  Madison, 
Gallatin,  and  Snake  Rivers. 

7.    CICUTA,    L.        WATER  HEMLOCK. 

Calyx-teeth  small,  acute.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Commissure  narrow. — 
Smooth,  tall  branching  marsh  perennials,  with  stout  hollow  stems :  umbels 
many-rayed  :  roots  thick  and  fascicled,  very  poisonous :  flowering  in  summer. 

1.  C.  maculata,  L.     Stout,  3  to  6  feet  high :   lower  leaves  on  petioles 
1  or  2  feet  long,  bipinnate ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate :  invo- 
lucre usually  wanting  ;  involucels  of  &  to  8  narrow  lanceolate  leaflets :  flowers 
white :    fruit  broadly  ovate.  —  Across  the  continent  from  the  Atlantic  to 
Washington  Territory  and  the  Sierras. 

2.  C.  (?)  trachypleura,  Watson.     Stem  a  foot  or  more  high,  striate,  1 
to  3-leaved,  bearing  2  to  3  umbels  on  long  peduncles :   leaves  ternatelt/  decom- 
pound, segments  flli form  :  involucre  and  involucels  of  I  to  3  small  subulate  leaflets: 
flowers  yellow:  fruit  twin-ovate.  —  Bibl.  Index,  i.  417.     Thaspium  track i/pleu- 
rum,  Gray.     Colorado. 

8.     SIUM,    L.        WATER  PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  (in  ours).  Stylopodium  depressed  and  styles  short. 
Commissure  narrow.  —  Smooth  perennial  aquatics,  with  angled  stems  :  leaves 
pinnate  and  leaflets  serrate :  involucre  and  involucels  of  several  bracts : 
flowers  white. 

1.  S.  cicutsefolium,  Gmelin.  Tall:  leaflets  linear,  lanceolate,  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, tapering  to  a  sharp  point.  —  S.  lineare,  Michx.  From  Colo- 
rado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  the  Atlantic ;  also  along  the  Pacific  slope. 

9.     OSMORRHIZA,    Raf.        SWEET  CICELY. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Carpels  5-angled.  Seed  terete,  sulcate  on  the  face 
or  with  margins  contiguous  and  enclosing  a  central  cavity.  —  Perennials,  with 
'thick  aromatic  roots,  more  or  less  hirsute  :  leaves  large,  2  to  3-teruately  com- 
pound :  involucre  small  or  none. 

1.  O.  mida,  Torr.     Rather  slender,  2  or  3  feet  high,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent with  spreading  hairs :  umbel  long-peduncled,  3  to  5-rayed,  usually  naked  : 
style  and  Stylopodium  very  short.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  93.      From  Colorado 
westward  and  along  the  coast  from  California  to  Alaska.     Closely  allied  to 
the  Eastern  0.  brevistylis. 

2.  O.  longistylis,  DC.     Branching,  2  or  3  feet  high :  leaflets  sparingly 
pubescent  or  smooth  with  age,  short-pointed  :  style  slender,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
ovary. — From  Dakota  eastward  across  the  continent. 


UMBELLIFEK^:.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.)  117 

10.    GLYCOSMA,    Nutt. 

Stylopodium  depressed :  seed  semiterete  or  angled,  with  rather  a  broad 
sulcus.  —  Involucre  and  involucels  wanting. 

1.  G.  OCCidentale,  Nutt.  Rather  stout,  2  feet  high  or  more,  finely 
puberulent  throughout,  excepting  the  inflorescence :  leaves  2-ternate ;  leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate,  serrate.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  639.  Myrrhis  occidentalis, 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Head-waters  of  Snake  and  Yellowstone  Rivers  to  Oregon 
and  California. 

11.    LIGUSTICUM,    L.        LOVAGE. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  usually  conical ;  margin  of  the  disk 
undulate.  Fruit  with  a  broad  commissure.  —  Smooth  perennials,  usually 
tall :  leaves  pinnately  or  ternate  and  pinnately  decompound :  umbels  many- 
rayed,  naked  or  involucrate. 

*  Flowers  white. 

1.  L.  apiifolium,  Benth.  &  Hook.     Stems  2  to  4  feet  high,  leafy  or 
naked,  with  2  to  4  umbels  on  long  peduncles  :  leaves  pinnately  decompound, 
the  segments  iucisely  lobed ;  cauline  leaves  ternate,  upon  a  short  dilated 
sheath  :  fruit  1\  lines  long,  with  a  conical  stylophore :  seed  with  a  central  longi- 
tudinal ridge  on  the  concave  face.  —  Probably  the  Conioselinum  Canadense  of 
Hayd.  Rep.  1872.    Colorado  and  northward  into  Montana,  but  more  abundant 
westward. 

2.  L.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.     Very  similar,  but  the  fruit  larger,  4  lines 
long,  more  broadly  winged  and  ovate,  and  the  seed  more  depressed,  almost  reni- 
form  in  section.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  347.    Colorado,  alpine  and  subalpine. 

3.  L.  filicinum,  Watson.     Rather  slender,  1^  feet  high:  leaves  broadly 
triangular  in  outline,  ternate,  the  divisions  bipinnate,  and  the  segments  deeply  pin- 
natifid  with  linear  acute  lobes :  sti/lophore  obscure :  seed  obscurely  ridged  on  the 
back. — Loc.  cit.  xi.  140.    L.  apiifolium,  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.    In  the  Wahsatch 
and  Uinta  Mountains  and  Wyoming. 

*  *  Flowers  yellow. 

4.  L.  montanum,  Benth.  &  Hook.     Very  smooth  :  stem  slender,  1  to  2 
feet  high :  leaves  2-ternately  divided ;  leaflets  cuneiform,  trifid ;  lobes  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  sometimes  linear,  entire,  or  the  larger  ones  incised.  —  Colorado 
and  Arizona. 

12.    TH  AS  PI  TIM,    Nutt        MEADOW-PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  short.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  1  to  2-ternately 
divided  leaves  (or  the  root-leaves  simple)  :  umbels  with  no  involucre  and 
minute  few-leaved  involucels. 

1.  T.  trifoliatum,  Gray.  Glabrous,  stems  somewhat  branched  :  root- 
leaves  or  some  of  them  round  and  heart-shaped  ;  stem-leaves  simply  ternate 
or  quinate,  or  3-parted  ;  the  divisions  or  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate  or  roundish, 
mostly  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  crenately  toothed  :  flowers  deep 
yellow.  —  Manual,  195.  Colorado  and  northward  into  Montana,  and  east- 
ward to  the  Atlantic  States. 


118  UMBELLIFER^.      (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

13.    ANGELICA,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  minute.  Stylopodium  depressed  Fruit  ovate,  with 
a  very  broad  commissure.  —  Usually  tall  and  stout  perennials  (ours  are 
glabrous  or  nearly  so) :  leaves  pinnate  or  compound,  the  toothed  segments 
usually  broad  umbels  many-rayed. 

#  Involucre,  and  involucels  none. 

1.  A.  pinnata,  Watson.     Stem  rather  slender,  2  to  3  feet  high  :   leaves 
simply  pinnate,  with  a  tendency  to  be  bipinnate  in  the  lower  pair  of  leaflets  ; 
leaflets  1  to  6  inches  long,  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  sharply  and  somewhat 
unequally  serrate,  occasionally  entire.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  126.     Wahsatch  and 
Uinta  Mountains. 

2.  A.  Lyallii,  Watson.     Stout,  4  or  5  feet  high :  leaves  ternate-q innate ;  the 
leaflets  lanceolate,  mostly  cuneate  at  base,  unequally  dentate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xvii.  374.     From  Montana  to  Oregon  and  the  British  boundary. 

*  *  Involucre  and  involucels  conspicuous. 

3.  A.  Dawsoni,  Watson.    Rather  slender,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  radical  leaves 
biternate,  the  lanceolate  leaflets  1  or  2  inches  long,  sharply  and  finely  serrate, 
the  terminal  one  sometimes  deeply  3-cleft:  cauline  leaves  (1  or  2  or  none) 
similar :  umbel  solitary,  the  conspicuous  involucre  of  numerous  foliaceous 
lacerately  toothed  bracts  nearly  equalling  the  rays ;  involucels  similar.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xx.  369.    Rocky  Mountains  near  the  British  boundary,  and  proba- 
bly in  N.  Montana. 

14.    ARCHANGELICA,    Hoffm. 

Calyx-teeth  short.  Seed  becoming  loose  in  the  pericarp.  —  Much  like 
Angelica. 

1.  A.  Gmelini,  DC.  Stem  a  little  downy  at  the  summit,  1  to  3  feet 
high :  leaves  2  to  3-ternately  divided ;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate,  gla- 
brous :  fruit  oblong.  —  Colorado  to  Oregon  and  Behring's  Straits ;  also  along 
the  New  England  coast. 

15.    CYMOPTERUS,    Raf. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent  or  often  small  or  obsolete.     Stylopodium  depressed. 
Fruit  ovate  or  elliptical,  obtuse  or  retuse.  —  Low  and  often  cespitose,  with  a 
thickened  root :  leaves  piunately  and  finely  decompound,  with  small  narrow 
segments :  umbels  usually  with  both  involucre  and  iuvolucels. 
#  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  C.  alpinus,  Gray.     Caudex  cespitose:  leaves  pinnatisect ;  pinnae  3  to  5, 
approximate,  3   to   7-parted  ;    segments   linear  lanceolate,  very  entire,  or   the 
lower  2  to  3-cleft :  scape  2  to  4  inches  high,  bearing  a  subcapitate  iimbel  a  little 
longer  than  the  leaves :    involucels  5  to   7-parted ;    segments  equalling  the 
golden  flowers  :   wings  of  the  fruit  somewhat  erose ;  oil-tubes  1   or  2  in  the 
intervals,  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  n.  xxxiii.  408.     High  alpine, 
from  Colorado  to  Mentana. 

2.  'C.  terebinthinus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Shortly  caulescent,  6  to  18  inches 
high,  leafy  at  base:  leaves  rather  rigid,  thrice  pinnate:  leaflets  a  line  long  or 


UMBELLIFER.E.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  119 

less,  linear-oblong,  entire,  or  1  to  2-toothed :  involucre  a  single  linear  leaflet 
or  wanting ;  involucels  of  several  short  bracts  :  oil-tubes  2  to  4  in  the  intervals, 
4  to  10  on  the  commissure.  —  Fl.  i.  624.  C.  foeniculaceus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Colo- 
rado and  northward,  thence  westward  to  California  and  Washington. 

*  *  Flowers  white. 
•<-  Peduncles  shorter  (sometimes  longer  in  No.  3)  than  the  leaves. 

3.  C.  montanus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Root  long  and  fleshy:  stem  2  to  6  inches 
high:   leaves  glaucous,  ovate  in  outline,  bipinnatelt/  divided ;  segments  rather 
few  and  distant :  involucre  and  involucel  somewhat  companulate,  scarious,  about 
5-parted :  flowers  polygamous  :  fruit  with  membranous  wings ;  oil-tubes  4  on  the 
commissure.  — Loc.  cit.    Colorado,  northward  and  westward. 

4.  C.  glomeratUS,  Raf.     Root  thick  and  fusiform:    stem  3  to  8  inches 
high ;  caudex  bearing  the  leaves  and  peduncles  at  the  summit :  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  ternatebj  divided  and  bipinnat ifid :  leaflets  of  the  palmately  5  to  1 -parted 
involucre  coherent  at  base  and  partly  adnate  to  the  rays  of  the  umbellets :  fruit 
with  thickened  and  somewhat  spong>/  wings ;   oil-tubes  3  to  4  in  the  intervals, 
about  8  on  the  commissure.  —  Colorado  and  northward,  also  eastward  along  the 
Missouri  and  Arkansas  Rivers. 

5.  C.  campestris,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Root  tuberous:  plant  about  2  inches 
high:  leaves  3-parted,  the  divisions  remote,  bipinnat  i Jid :  involucels  minute:  fruit 
with  somewhat  thickened  and  spongy  wings,  the  alternate  ones  obsolete ;  oil- 
tubes  6  on  the  commissure.  —  Loc.  cit.     "  Plains  of  the  Platte  near  the  Rocky 
Mountains"  (Nuttall). 

•i-  •<-  Peduncles  equalling  the  leaves  or  longer. 

6.  C.  (?)  anisatus,  Gray.     Acaulescent,  cespitose  from  a  much-branched 
caudex,  glabrous:  leaves  narrow,  on  long  petioles,  somewhat  rigid,  pinnate; 
leaflets  6  to  10  pairs,  pinnately  parted;  segments  entire  or  laciniately  lobed, 
linear,  pungently  acute:  involucre  usually  none;  involucels  of  6  to  8  linear 
leaflets :  fruit  irregularly  winged ;   calyx-teeth  conspicuous ;    oil-tubes  one  in 
each  narrow  interval,  2  to  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863, 
p.  63.     Colorado,  Nevada,  and  the  Wahsatch. 

7.  C.  bipinnatus,  Watson.     Cespitose,  the  short  branches  of  the  root- 
stock  covered  with  the  crowded  remains  of  dead  leaves,  glaucous,  rough-puberu- 
lent :  leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  4  or  5  pairs,  subequal,  3  to  5  lines  long  or  less, 
pinnately  divided;  segments  linear,  entire  or  cleft  into  short  linear  lobes: 
scape  4  to  6  inches  high,  much  exceeding  the  leaves :  involucels  of  several  linear- 
lanceolate  leaflets  :  fruit  nearly  sessile,  1  i  or  2  lines  long ;  wings  thin,  but  some- 
what corky,  narrow;  oil-tubes  3  or  4  in  the  rather  broad  intervals.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xx.  368.     C.  foeniculaceus  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1871.     Resembling  C.  alpinus. 
Mountains  of  Montana,  Hat/den,  Watson,  Canby. 

16.    PEUCEDANUM,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  slightly  prominent.  Disk  and  stylopodium  small 
and  depressed.  —  Perennials,  with  fusiform  or  tuberous  roots,  caulescent  or 
acaulescent :  umbels  mostly  involucellate  :  leaves  pinnate  to  decompoundly 
dissected.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  121. 


120  UMBELLIFER^E.      (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

*  Leaves  not  finely  dissected  (rarely  bipinnate),  the  segments  large  or  broad  or 

elongated :  flowers  yellow :  fruit  glabrous. 

-t—  Acaulescent,  glabrous  :  fruit  oblong :  leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate  ;  leaflets 
narrowly  linear. 

1.  P.  graveolens,  Watson.     Scape  6  to  18  inches  high,  a  little  exceed- 
ing the  leaves :  fruit  4  or  5  lines  long,  narrowly  margined  :  oil-tubes  about 

2  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissure.  — Bot.  King's  Exp.  128.     Mountains 
of  Utah  and  Colorado,  subalpine. 

•*-•  •»-  Caulescent :  oil-tubes  solitary :  leaflets  linear,  entire. 

2.  P.   simplex,  Nutt.      Finely  puberulent,  often  tall :    leaves  ternate  or 
biternate:  fruit  orbicular,  3  to  6  lines  long, .emarginate  at  each  end;   wings 
broader    than    the    body ;    ribs    prominent.  —  From   S.   W.   Montana   to   N. 
Arizona. 

3.  P.  ambiguum,  Nutt.     Glabrous,  often  low :  leaves  1  to  2-pinnate  with 
long  leaflets,  the  upper  often  more  dissected :  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  4  lines  long, 
narrowly    winged ;   oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissure.  —  Torr.   &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
626.     W.  Montana  to  Oregon  and  Washington.     Root  much  used  by  the 
Indians. 

*  *  Leaves  ample,  very  finely  dissected  ivith  short  filiform  segments :  flowers 

yellow :  fruit  glabrous. 
•t-  Acaulescent,  usually  tomentose:  fruit  orbicular  or  broadly  elliptical. 

4.  P.  fOBnicillaceum,  Nutt.      Sometimes   even   glabrous  :    involucels 
gamophyllous,  5  to  7-cleft :    fruit  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter;    ribs  prominent; 
oil-tubes  1  to  3  in  the  intervals,  2  to  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Loc.  cit.  627. 
From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Nebraska  and  the  Indian  Territory. 

-i-  H-  Caulescent,  glabrous:  fruit  oblong. 

5.  P.  bicolor,  Watson.     Stem  short :    peduncle  elongated  :    rays  few, 
very  unequal :  involucel  of  a  few  linear  bractlets  :  fruit  narrowing  from  near 
the  base,  narrowly  winged;  ribs  filiform;   oil-tubes  obscure.  —  Bot.  King's 
Exp.  129.     Wahsatch  Mountains. 

*  *  *  Leaves  smaller,  much  or  finely  dissected  icith  small  segments:  flowers 

yellow :  fruit  pubescent :  low,  acaulescent. 

6.  P.  villosum,  Nutt.     More  or  less  densely  pubescent :  leaves  of  very 
numerous  crowded  narrow  segments  :    umbels  dense  in  flower :    fruit  oval, 

3  or  4  lines  long;  oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals.  —  From  Nebraska  to  W. 
Nevada  and  S.  Utah. 

*  *  *  #  Leaves  much  dissected  with  small  segments :  flowers  white :  fruit 
glabrous:  usually  low,  somewhat  caulescent  or  scarcely  so. 

7.  P.  macrocarpum,  Nutt.     More  or  less  pubescent :  involucels  conspicu- 
ous: fruit  4  to  10  lines  long,  2  or  3  wide;  calyx-teeth  evident;  ribs  filiform;  oil- 
tubes  rarely  2  or  3  in  the  intervals,  2  to  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  627.     From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Washington   Territory  and 
N.  California. 

8.  P.  nudicaule,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous  :    involucels  small :  fruit  ellip- 
tical, 2  or  3  lines  long;   calyx-teeth  obsolete;   ribs  prominent;  oil-tubes  always 
solitarv,  2  to  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Loc.  cit.     Nebraska  and  N.  Colorado. 


ARALIACE^E.      (GINSENG  FAMILY.)  121 

17.    HERACLEUM,    L.        Cow  PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Disk  undulate  ;  stylopodium  conical.  Fruit 
orbicular  or  elliptical ;  oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissure :  seed  flat  and  thin.  — 
Leaves  ample,  compound  :  umbels  many-rayed :  involucels  many-leaved. 

1.  H.  lanatum,  Michx.  A  very  large  strong-scented  plant,  4  to  8  feet 
high,  woolly :  stem  grooved :  leaves  1  to  2-ternately  compound ;  leaflets 
somewhat  heart-shaped.  —  From  Colorado  to  British  America  and  eastward 
to  the  Atlantic ;  also  in  California. 

18.    ARCHEMORA,    DC.        COWBANE. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval,  flattish ;  ribs  approximated  and  equidistant 
on  the  convex  back ;  oil-tubes  4  to  6  on  the  commissure.  —  Leaves  pinnate, 
with  3  to  9  lanceolate  or  linear  leaflets :  involucels  of  numerous  small  leaflets. 

1.  A.  Fendleri,  Gray.  Boot  fasciculate-tuberose;  tubers  3  to  4,  about 
an  inch  long :  stem  simple,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaflets  of  the  radical  and  lower 
cauline  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  all  incisely  serrate  throughout :  fruit  hardly 
2  lines  long.  —  PI.  FendL  56.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

19.    FERULA,   L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Disk  small  and  stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit 
oblong-elliptical  or  nearly  orbicular.  —  Smooth,  nearly  acaulescent  peren- 
nials, with  thick  fusiform  roots :  leaves  pinnately  decompound :  flowers 
yellow,  in  many-rayed  umbels. 

1.  F.  multifida,  Gray.  Stems  l£  to  2  feet  high,  stout,  naked  or  with 
1  or  2  leaves :  segments  of  the  3  to  4-pinnate  leaves  incisely  pinnatifid,  with 
narrow  or  linear  lobes :  flowers  dull  yellow  or  brownish.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
vii.  348.  In  the  Wahsatch,  W.  Montana,  Idaho,  and  Oregon. 

20.    POLYT^INIA,1   DC. 

Calyx  5-toothed.    Fruit  oval,  very  flat ;  many  oil-tubes  in  the  corky  margin. 

—  A  smooth  herb,  with  2-pinnate  leaves,  the  uppermost  opposite  and  3-cleft : 
iuvolucels  bristly  :  flowers  bright  yellow. 

1.  P.  Nuttallii,  DC.  Plant  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  rather  a  stout  sulcate 
stem  which  is  usually  scabrous  and  leafy :  leaves  mostly  on  long  petioles,  the 
segments  pinnately  incised  or  toothed :  fruit  3  lines  long,  entire  at  each  end. 

—  Plains  of  the  Platte  and  eastward  to  Indiana  and  Louisiana. 


ORDER  37.    ARALIACE^E.     (GINSENG  FAMILY.) 

Like  UmbettifertBj  but  the  umbels  not  regularly  compound,  steins  apt 
to  be  woody,  styles  and  carpels  more  than  two,  and  the  fruit  fleshy 
(berry-like  or  drupaceous). 

1.  Aralia.    Petals  imbricated.     Ovary  2  to  5-celled.     Pedicels  jointed.     Ours  not  prickly. 

2.  Fatsia.      Petals  valvate.     Ovary  2  to  3-celled.      Pedicels  not  jointed.     Very  prickly 

throughout. 


1  The  introduced  Dawctts  Carota,  L.,  may  be  known  by  its  bristly  stem,  pinnatifid  invo- 
lucre which  equals  the  dense  and  concave  umbel,  white  or  cream-colored  flowers,  the  central 
one  of  each  umbellet  being  abortive  and  dark  purple. 


122  CORNACE^E.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

1.     ARAL  I  A,    L.        SPIKENARD. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  entire.  Petals  5,  ovate.  Stamens  5.  Disk  depressed 
or  rarely  conical.  Ovary  2  to  5-celled :  styles  free  or  connate  at  base,  at  length 
divaricate.  Fruit  laterally  compressed,  becoming  3  to  5-angled.  —  Perennial 
herbs  or  shrubs :  leaves  alternate,  digitate  or  compound,  with  serrate  leaflets : 
umbels  mostly  simple,  solitary,  racemed  or  panicled. 

1.  A.  racemosa,  L-     Herbaceous:  stem  widely  branched:   leaves  very 
large,  quiuately  or  pinnately  decompound ;  lea/lets  cordate-ovate,  doubly  serrate : 
umbels  very  numerous  in  a  large  compound  panicle.  —  Base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Dr.  James,  and  from  Canada  to  Georgia. 

2.  A.  nudicaulis,  L.    Stem  somewhat  woody,  short,  scarcely  rising  out  of 
the  ground,  bearing  a  single  long-stalked  leaf  and  a  shorter  naked  scape,  with  2 
to  7  umbels :  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  serrate,  5  on  each  of  the  3  divisions.  — 
In  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  from  Canada  to  the  Southern  States. 

2.    FAT  SI  A,   Dene.  &  Planch. 

Woody  plant,  with  very  large  leaves  palmately  lobed,  and  the  capitate  um- 
bels in  a  long  raceme. 

1.  F.  horrida,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Stem  stout  and  woody,  6  to  12  feet 
long,  creeping  at  base,  leafy  at  the  summit,  and  very  prickly  throughout, 
making  the  forests  in  places  almost  impassable.  —  Cascade  and  Coast  Ranges, 
from  the  Columbia  northward,  and  extending  into  the  Bitter-Root  Mountains. 


ORDER  38.    CORNACEJE.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire  mainly  opposite 
leaves,  no  stipules,  and  flowers  in  cymes  or  involucrate  heads  ;  petals 
and  stamens  4  and  epigynous ;  calyx  adherent  to  the  1  to  2-celled  ovary, 
which  becomes  a  1  to  2-seeded  drupe  or  berry. 

1.     COB, WITS,   L.        DOGWOOD.    CORNEL. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.  Petals  oblong  or  ovate,  val- 
vate.  Style  slender :  stigma  capitate  or  truncate.  —  Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs : 
flowers  white  or  greenish. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.     Stems  low  and  simple,  5  to  1  inches  high,  from  a 
slender  creeping  trunk:  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  the  tipper  crowded  into  an 
apparent  whorl  in  sixes  or  fours,  ovate  or  oval :  Jlowers  greenish,  in  a  head  or 
close  cluster,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  large  and  showi/,  4-leaved,  corolla-like,  white 
or  rarely  pinkish  involucre :  fruit  bright  red.  —  Colorado  and  northward,  thence 
eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  C.  Stolonifera,  Michx.     Shrub  3  to  6  feet  high ;  branches,  especially 
the  osier-like  annual  shoots,  bright  red-purple,  smooth  :  leaves  ovate,  rounded 
at  the  base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  roughish  with  a  minute  close  straight  pubes- 
cence on  both  sides,  whitish  underneath :  Jlowers  white,  in  open  and  fat  spreading 
ci/mes:  involucre  none:  fruit  white  or  lead-color.  —  C.  pubescens  of  Fl.  Colorado 
and  King's  and  Hayden's  Reports.     Same  range  as  the  last. 


CAPKITOLIACE^S.      (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.)         123 


DIVISION  II.    GAMOPETAL.E. 

Perianth  consisting  of   both  calyx  and  corolla,  the   latter 
more  or  less  gamopetalous,  that  is,  with  petals  united. 


ORDER  39.     CAPRIFOLIACE^E.     (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  2  to  5-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  mostly  as  many  as 
the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  its  tube  or 
base.  Flowers  commonly  5-merous. 

*  Corolla  regular,  short,  rotate  or  open-campanulate :  style  short  or  hardly  any ;  stigmas 

3  to  5 :  fruit  baccate-drupaceous  :  inflorescence  terminal  and  cymose. 
•i-  Herb,  with  stamens  doubled  and  flowers  in  a  capitate  cluster. 

1.  Adoxa.    Calyx  with  hemispherical  tube  adnate  to  above  the  middle  of  the  ovary:  limb 

about  3-toothed.  Corolla  rotate,  4  to  6-cleft.  Stamens  a  pair  below  each  sinus 
of  the  corolla,  each  with  a  peltate  one-celled  anther.  Ovary  3  to  5-celled.  Fruit 
greenish,  maturing  2  to  5  cartilaginous  nutlets. 

-»-  •*-  Shrubby  to  tree-like :   stamens  as  many  as  corolla-lobes :   inflorescence  compound- 
cymose  :  anthers  2-celled :  calyx  5-toothed. 

2.  Sainbucus.    Leaves  pinnately  compound.    Corolla  rotate  or  nearly  so.     Ovary  3  to  5- 

celled,  forming  small  baccate  drupes. 

3.  Viburnum.     Leaves  simple,  sometimes  lobed.     Corolla  rotate  or  open-campanulate. 

Ovary  1-celled  and  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  drupe. 

*  *  Corolla  commonly  more  or  less  irregular,  elongated  or  at  least  campanulate:   style 

elongated  ;  stigma  mostly  capitate. 

•t-  Herbaceous,  creeping,  with  long-pedunculate  geminate  flowers  and  dry  one-seeded  fruit, 
but  a  3-celled  ovary. 

4.  Linnsea.    Calyx  with  a  5-parted  limb,  constricted  above  the  globular  tube.    Corolla 

campanulate-funnelform,  almost  equally  5-lobed.     Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included. 
Style  exserted. 
t-  •»-  Shrubs,  with  scaly  winter  buds,  erect  or  climbing :  fruit  two  to  many-seeded. 

5.  Symphoricarpos.    Calyx  with  a  globular  tube  and  4  to  5-toothed  limb.    Corolla  regu- 

lar, not  gibbous,  from  short-campanulate  to  salverform,  4  to  5-lobed.  Ovary  4-celled. 
Fruit  a  globose  berry-like  drupe,  containing  two  small  and  seed-like  bony  nutlets. 

6.  Lonicera.     Calyx  with  ovoid  or  globular  tube  and  a  short  5-toothed  or  truncate  limb 

Corolla  from  campanulate  to  tubular,  more  or  less  gibbous  at  base  ;  the  limb  irregular 
and  commonly  bilabiate,  sometimes  almost  regular.  Ovary  2  to  3-celled.  Fruit  a  few 
to  several-seeded  berry. 

1.    ADOXA,    L.        MOSCHATEL. 

An  anomalous  genus  in  this  order.  Cauline  leaves  a  single  pair:  a  very 
small  herb,  a  span  or  less  high,  with  musky  odor. 

1.  A.  Mosehatellina,  L.  Glabrous  and  smooth  :  radical  leaves  once  to 
thrice  ternately  compound ;  cauline  pair  of  leaves  3-parted  or  of  3  obovate 
and  3-cleft  or  parted  leaflets :  flowers  small,  greenish-white  or  yellowish,  4  or 


124        CAPRIFOLIACE.E.      (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.) 

5  in  a  slender-pedunculate  glomerule :  corolla  of  the  terminal  one  4  to  5-cleft, 
of  the  others  5  to  6-cleft.  —  Subalpine,  Arctic  America  to  Colorado  and  east- 
ward in  the  Northern  States. 

2.     SAMBUCUS,    Tourn.        ELDER. 

Plants  with  large  pith  to  the  vigorous  shoots,  serrate  leaflets,  small  flowers 
in  hroad  cymes,  and  red  or  black  berry-like  fruits.  Stems  with  warty  bark. 

*  Compound  cymes  thyrsoid-paniculate ;  the  axis  continued  and  sending  off  several 

pairs  of  branches :  pith  of  year-old  shoots  deep  yellow-brown. 

1.  S.  racemosa,  L.     Stems  2  to  12  feet  high;   branches  spreading: 
leaves  from  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous ;   leaflets  5  to  7,  ovate-oblong  to 

;>.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  thickly  and  sharply  serrate  :  thyrsiform  cyme  ovate 
or  oblong :  flowers  dull  white,  drying  brownish  :  fruit  scarlet.  —  S.  pubens, 
Michx.  In  cool  districts,  across  the  continent. 

2.  S.  melanocarpa,  Gray.     Glabrous,  or  young  leaves  slightly  pubes- 
cent :  leaflets  5  to  7,  rarely  9  :  cyme  convex,  as  broad  as  high :  flowers  white  : 

,  fruit  black,  without  bloom  :  otherwise  much  like  preceding.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xix.  76.  Ravines  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana  to  Oregon,  and  south 
to  New  Mexico  and  California. 

*  *  Compound  cymes  depressed,  5 -rayed ;  external  rays  once  to  thrice  5-rayed : 

pith  of  year-old  shoots  bright  white. 

3.  S.  Canadensis,  L.     Plants  5  to  10  feet  high,  glabrous,  except  some 
fine  pubescence  on  midrib  and  veins  of  leaves  beneath  :   leaflets  (5  to  11) 
mostly  7,  ovate-oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  not  rarely  bifid 
or  with  a  lateral  lobe  ;  stipels  not  uncommon,  narrowly  linear,  and  tipped  with 
a  callous  gland  :  fruit  dark  purple,  becoming  black,  with  very  little  bloom.  — 
From  the  S.  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  to  Canada  and  Florida. 

3.    VIBURNUM,   L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  tough  and  flexible  branches,  simple  leaves,  and 
terminal  depressed  cymes  of  white  flowers.  —  In  our  species  the  drupes  are 
light  red,  globose,  acid  and  edible,  with  the  stone  very  flat,  orbicular,  and 
even,  and  the  leaves  palmately  veined. 

1.  V.  pauciflorum,  Pylaie.  Glabrous  or  pubescent,  2  to  5  feet  high, 
straggling  :  leaves  of  roundish  or  broadly  oval  outline,  unequally  dentate,  many 
/.  of  them  either  obsoletely  or  distinctly  3-lobed,  about  5 -nerved  at  base :  cymes 
small,  terminating  short  and  merely  2-leaved  lateral  branches,  involucrate 
with  slender  subulate  caducous  bracts,  destitute  of  neutral  radiant  flowers.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  northward  and  eastward  in  cold  or  mountainous 
regions. 

4.    LINN -33  A,    Gronov.        TWIN-FLOWER. 

A  trailing  and  creeping  evergreen,  with  filiform  branches,  purplish  rose- 
colored  sweet-scented  flowers  which  are  sometimes  almost  white. 

1.  L.  borealis,  Gronov.    Somewhat  pubescent :  leaves  obovate  and  rotund, 

i-      £  to  1  inch  long,  crenately  few-toothed,  somewhat  rugose-veiny,  tapering  into 

a  short  petiole  :  peduncles  filiform,  terminating  ascending  short  leafy  branches, 


CAPRIFOLIACE^E.      (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.)         125 

bearing  at  summit  a  pair  of  small  bracts,  and  from  axil  of  each  a  filiform 
one-flowered  pedicel :  pedicels  similarly  2-bracteolate  at  summit,  and  a  pair  of 
larger  ovate  glandular-hairy  inner  bractlets  subtending  the  ovary :  flowers 
nodding.  —  From  the  mountains  of  California,  Colorado,  and  Maryland, 
northward  to  the  Arctic  Circle. 

5.    SYMPHOBICARPOS,    Dill.        SNOWBEERY.    INDIAN 

CURRANT. 

Low  and  branching  shrubs,  erect  or  diffuse,  not  climbing ;  with  small  and 
entire  short-petioled  leaves,  and  2-bracteolate  small  white  or  pinkish  flowers. 
—  Fruit  in  ours  white,  and  the  style  glabrous. 

*  Short-flowered :  corolla  urceolate-  or  open-campanulate,  only  2  or  3  lines  long : 

flowers  in  terminal  and  upper  axillary  dusters,  or  solitary  in  some  axils. 

1.  S.  OCCidentalis,    Hook.      Robust,   glabrous,   or   slightly  pubescent: 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  thickish  (larger  2  inches  long) :  axillary  flower-clusters 
not  rarely  pedunculate,  sometimes  becoming  spicate  and  an  inch  long :  corolla 
3  lines  high,  5-cleJl  to  beyond  the  middle,  within  densely  villous-hirsute  with  long 
beard-like  hairs  :  stamens  and  style  more  or  less  exserted.  —  Mountains  of  Colo- 
rado and  Montana,  northward  and  eastward.     "  Wolf-berry." 

2.  S.  racemoSUS,  Michx.     More  slender  and  glabrous  :  leaves  round-oval 
to  oblong,  smaller :  axillary  clusters  mostly  few-flowered,  or  lowest  one-flow- 
ered :  corolla  2  lines  high,  5-lobed  above  the  middle,  moderately  villous-bearded 
within,  narrowed  at  base :  stamens  and  style  not  exserted.  —  Across  the  conti- 
nent.    "  Snowberry." 

Var.  pauciflorus,  Robbins.  Low,  more  spreading:  leaves  commonly 
only  an  inch  long :  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  upper  ones,  few  and  loosely 
spicate  in  the  terminal  cluster.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  those  of  Oregon, 
Vermont,  and  northward. 

*  #  Longer-flowered :  corolla  from  oblong-campanulate  to  salverform,  5-lobed  only 

at  summit,  4  to  6  lines  long :  flowers  mostly  axillary. 

3.  S.  oreophilus,  Gray.     Glabrous  or  sometimes  with  soft  pubescence  : 
leaves  oblong  to  broadly  oval,  ^  to  f  inch  long :  corolla  tubular  or  funnelform, 
its  tube  almost  glabrous  within,  4  or  5  times  the  length  of  the  lobes :  nutlets 
of  the  drupe  oblong,  flattened,  attenuate  and  pointed  at  base.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i. 
279.     S.  montanus,  Gray.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Arizona,  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

6.    L  ONI  CERA,    L.        HONEYSUCKLE.    WOODBINE. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs  ;  with  leaves  mostly  entire,  and  the  inflorescence 
various. 

*  Flowers  in  pairs  (or  threes)  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the  ovaries  of  the  two 

either  distinct  or  connate :  stems  erect  and  branching :  corolla  rather  short. 
•»-  Bracts  at  the  summit  of  the  peduncle  very  small,  subulate :  bractlets  minute, 

rounded :  berries  red. 

1.  L.  Utahensis,  Watson.  Leaves  oval  or  elliptical-oblong,  rounded  at 
both  ends,  very  short-petioled,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  from  the  first,  or  soon 


126  RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

glabrate,  reticulate-venal ose  at  maturity,  1  or  2  inches  long :  peduncles  seldom 
over  a  half-inch  long :  corolla  honey-yellow  or  ochroleucous,  occasionally 
tinged  with  purple,  f  to  f  inch  long ;  the  tube  gibbous  at  base,  pilose-pubes- 
cent within.  —  Bot.  King's  Exp.  133.  Mountains  of  Utah,  Montana,  Oregon, 
and  northward. 

H-  -t-  Bracts  oblong  to  ovate  or  cordate  and  foliaceous ;  in  fruit  enlarging  and 
enclosing  or  surrounding  the  two  globose  dark  purple  or  black  berries :  bractkts 
conspicuous  and  accrescent. 

2.  L.  involucrata,  Banks.     Pubescent,  sometimes  glabrate,  2  to  10  feet 
high :  leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2  to  5  inches  long,  petioled  : 
peduncles  1  or  2  inches  long,  sometimes  3-flowered :  corolla  yellowish,  viscid- 
pubescent,  a  half-inch  or  more  long :   bractlets  4  or  united  into  2,  viscid- 
pubescent.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  California  to  Alaska,  and  extending 
eastward  into  Canada. 

#  *  Flowers  in  variously  disposed  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  commonly  verticil- 
late  :  stems  twining :  uppermost  pair  or  two  of  leaves  connate  into  an  oval  or 
orbicular  disk:  corolla  with  more  or  less  elongated  tube:  berries  orange  or  red. 

3.  L.  ciliosa,  Poir.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  glaucous  beneath,  usually 
ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous:  whorls  of  flowers  single  and  terminal,  or  rarely 
2  or  3,  and  occasionally  from  the  axils  of  the  penultimate  pair  of  leaves, 
either  sessile  or  short-peduncled  :   corolla  glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose-pubes- 
cent, yellow  to  crimson-scarlet ;   limb  slightly  bilabiate ;   lower  lobe  3  or  4 
lines  long.  —  From  the  mountains  of  Arizona  and  California  to  those  of 
Montana  and  British  Columbia. 


ORDER  40.    RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  (ours)  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  connected  by  in- 
terposed stipules,  or  verticillate  without  apparent  stipules,  the  calyx 
adnate  to  the  2  to  4-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of 
the  regular  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  tube. 

*  Leaves  opposite,  with  entire  interpetiolar  stipules. 

1.  Kelloggia.     Flowers  generally  4-merous.     Calyx  with  obovate  tube  and  minute  teeth. 

Corolla  between  funnelform  and  salverform.  Stamens  and  style  more  or  less  exserted. 
Ovary  2-celled.  Fruit  small,  dry  and  coriaceous,  beset  with  hooked  bristles,  separat- 
ing at  maturity  into  2  closed  carpels. 

*  *  Leaves  verticillate,  without  stipules. 

2.  Galium.     Flowers  4-merous,  sometimes  dioecious.    Calyx  with  globular  tube  and  obso- 

lete limb.  Corolla  rotate  ;  lobes  commonly  with  inflexed  acuminate  or  mucronate  tip. 
Stamens  with  short  filaments.  Style  2-cleft  or  styles  2.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-lobed. 
Fruit  didymous,  dry  (in  ours),  jointed  on  the  pedicel,  separating  into  two  closed  car- 
pels, or  only  one  maturing. 

1.    KELLOGGIA,    Torr. 

A  single  Californian  species,  most  nearly  allied  in  our  flora  to  Mitchella. 
I        1.   K.  galioides,  Torr.     Slender  and  jrlabrous  or  puberulent  perennial, 
a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  sessile,  with  small  and  en- 


(MADDER  FAMILY.)  127 

tire  or  2-dentate  interposed  stipules :  fruit  and  paniculate  inflorescence  as  in 
Galium:  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  Mountain  woods,  mostly 
under  coniferous  trees,  California  and  Arizona  to  Washington  Territory  and 
N.  W.  Wyoming. 

2.    GALIUM,    L.        BEDSTBAW.    CLEAVERS. 

Herbs  (occasionally  with  suffrutescent  base)  with  sessile  leaves  and  small 
flowers  variously  arranged. 

*  Woody  at  base:  leaves  4  in  the  whorls ;  their  margins,  midrib,  and  angles  of 

stem  destitute  of  retrorse  hispidness  or  roughness :  fruit  hirsute  with  long  and 
straight  (not  at  all  hooked)  bristles:  flowers  dioecious:  stems  low  and  diffuse. 

1.  G.  Matthewsii,  Gray.     Glabrous  and  smooth,  paniculately  much 
branched,  woody  at  base:  leaves  rigid,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  vein- 
less,  with  stout  midrib,  2  or  3  lines  long  or  more,  some  of  the  upper  cuspi- 
date-acute :  flowers  (of  fertile  plant)  naked-paniculate :  corolla  barely  a  line 
in  diameter :  bristles  of  immature  fruit  rigid,  not  longer  than  the  body.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  80.     S.  W.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  E.  California. 

*  *   Wholly  herbaceous :    margins  and  midribs  of  the  leaves  and  angles  of  the 

stem  often  retrorse  hispid  or  rough :  bristles  on  the  fruit  more  or  less  hooked  or 
none :  flowers  not  diozcious. 

*-  Fruit  beset  with  hooked  bristles :  leaves  6  or  8  in  a  whorl. 

2.  G.  Aparine,  L.     Stems  1  to  4  feet  long,  retrorsely  hispid  on  the  angles,       . 
as  also  on  the  margins  and  midrib  of  the  oblanceolate  or  almost  linear  cuspidate- 
acuminate  leaves :   peduncles  rather  long,  1  to  3  in  upper  axils  or  terminal, 
bearing  either  solitary  or  2  or  3  pedicellate  white  flowers :  fruit  not  pendulous, 
granulate-tuberculate  and  the  tubercles  tipped  with  bristles.  —  From  Texas 

to  California  and  northward ;  eastward  mainly  as  an  introduced  plant. 

Var.  Vaillantii,  Koch.  Smaller,  more  slender :  leaves  seldom  an  inch 
long :  flowers  usually  more  numerous  :  fruit  smaller,  hirsute  or  hispidulous. 
—  Texas  to  California,  Montana,  and  British  Columbia. 

3.  G.  triflorum,  Michx.    Diffusely  procumbent,  smoothish:  herbage  sweet- 
scented  in  drying :  stems  a  foot  to  a  yard  long :  leaves  in  sixes,  elliptical-Ian-      t~ 
ceolate  to  narrowly  oblong  (inch  or  two  long),  scabrous  or  not  on  the  margins 

and  midrib  beneath:  cymes  once  or  twice  3-rai/ed :  pedicels  soon  divaricate: 
corolla  yellowish  white  to  greenish,  its  lobes  hardly  surpassing  the  bristles  of 
the  ovary.  —  Across  the  continent. 

•t-  -i-  Fruit  without  hooked  bristles :  leaves  4  to  6  in  a  whorl. 

+•«•  Flowers  very  numerous  and  collected  in  a  terminal  and  ample  thyrsi  form 

panicle :  leaves  in  fours ,  3-nerved,  blunt. 

4.  G.  boreale,  L.     Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  mostly  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, very  leafy  :  leaves  from  linear  to  broadly  lanceolate,  often  with  fasci-       C. 
cles  of  smaller  ones  in  the  axils :  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle  ;  the  uppermost 
leaves  being  reduced  to  pairs  of  small  oblong  or  oval  bracts  :  fruit  small,  his- 
pidulous, or  at  first  canescent  and  soon  glabrous  and  smooth.  —  From  New 
Mexico  and  California  north  to  Arctic  regions  and  east  to  Canada. 


128  VALERIANACE^E.      (VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 

•w-  -w-  Flowers  few  in  number  and  scattered. 

5.  G.  bifolium,  Watson.     Smooth  and  glabrous,  a  span  or  two  high, 
sparingly  branched,  slender:   leaves  oblanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  4  in  the 
whorls,  the  alternate  ones  smaller,  or  uppermost  nearly  reduced  to  a  single  pair : 

^ flowers  on  solitary  naked  peduncles :  fructiferous  peduncles  about  the  length  of 
the  leaves,  horizontal,  and  the  minutely  hispidulous  fruit  decurved  on  the  naked 
tip.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  134.  Mountains  of  W.  Colorado  and  S.  Montana  to 
California. 

6.  G.  trifidum,  L.     Weakly  erect,  branching,   5   to   20  inches  high, 
smooth  and  glabrous,  except  the  retrorsely  scabrous  angles  of  the  stem  and 
usually  more  hispidulous  and  sparse  roughness  of  the  midrib  beneath  and 
margins  of  the  leaves:  these  in  sixes,  Jives,  or  not  rarely  fours,  linear  or  oblan- 
ceolate, or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  4  to  7  lines  long :  peduncles  slender,  scat- 
tered, one  to  several-flowered ;  flowers  often  3-merous,  as  commonly  4-merous  : 

fruit  smooth  and  glabrous.  —  From  Texas  to  California,  northward  and  east- 
ward. 

Var.  pusillum,  Gray,  is  the  smallest  form,  a  span  or  two  high :  leaves 
only  in  fours,  3  or  4  lines  long,  narrow,  in  age  often  reflexed  :  peduncles 
1-flowered.  —  In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  California,  and  northward. 

Var.  latifolium,  Torr.     The  larger  and  broadest-leaved  form  :  leaves 
|^  6  or  7  lines  long,  often  2  lines  wide :  cymules  few  to  several-flowered.  — 
Canada  to  Texas  and  California. 


ORDER  41.    VAL.ERIANACEJE.     (VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules,  the  calyx-tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  which  has  one  fertile  one-ovuled  cell  and  two  abortive  or 
empty  ones,  stamens  1  to  3,  distinct,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
and  inserted  on  its  tube.  —  Corolla  tubular  or  fuunelform,  mostly  5- 
lobed :  flowers  in  terminal  cymes. 

1.    VALEBIANA,    Tourn. 

Calyx-limb  of  5  to  15  setiform  lobes,  which  are  inrolled  and  inconspicu- 
ous until  fruiting.  Stamens  3.  Roots  of  peculiar  scent.  Leaves  various. 
Flowers  white  or  rose-colored. 

#  Erect  from  a  large  fusiform  perpendicular  stock  branching  below  into  deep  and 

thickened  roots :  leaves  thickish,  nervosely  veined,  not  serrate. 
1.  V.  odulis,  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  glabrate,  a  foot  or  at  length  3  feet  or 
more  high  :  radical  leaves  oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  margined 
petiole,  entire  or  some  sparingly  lacmiate-pinnatifid  ;  cauline  rarely  none, 
commonly  1  to  3  pairs,  sessile,  and  pinnately  parted  into  3  to  7  linear  or  lan- 
ceolate divisions,  or  terminal  one  spatulate :  flowers  potygamo-dioecious,  yel- 
lowish white,  sessile  in  the  cymules,  which  form  an  elongated  thyrsiform 
naked  panicle.  —  Mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  northward  and 
eastward. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  129 

#  *  Erect  from  creeping  or  ascending  rootstocks,  which  emit  slender  roots :  leaves 
thinnish,  loosely  vein//,  often  with  some  simple  and  some  divided  and  margins 
either  entire  or  dentate  on  same  plant ;  the  radical  ones  on  slender  naked  peti- 
oles :  corolla  white  to  light  rose-color. 

2.  V.  sylvatica,  Banks.    Stems  from  8  to  30  inches  high. :  radical  leaves 
mostly  simple  and  ovate  to  oblong,  occasionally  some  3  to  5-foliolate ;  cauline 
more  or  less  petioled,  3  to  \\-foliolate  or  parted,  the  divisions  entire  or  rarely 
few-toothed :  fruiting  cymes  open,  at  length  thyrsoid-pauiculate :  corolla  2  or  3 
lines  long.  —  V.  dioica,  var.  sylvatica,  Gray.     Mountains  of  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona,  northward  and  eastward. 

3.  V.  Sitchensis,  Bong.     More  robust,  from  thicker  and  branching  as- 
cending rootstocks :  leaves  larger ;  cauliue  short-petioled,  only  3  to  5-foliolate  ; 
the  divisions  orbicular  to  oblong-ovate,  or  in  the  upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
not  rarely  dentate  or  repand:  cymes  contracted:  corolla  funnelform,  4  lines 
long.  —  Northern  Rocky  Mountains  and  northward. 


ORDER  42.    COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  in  a  close  head  on  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  by  an 
involucre,  with  (5  or  4)  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla,  their  anthers 
united  in  a  tube. — Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  1- celled  ovary,  the  limb 
(pappus)  crowning  its  summit  in  the  form  of  bristles,  awns,  scales,  etc., 
or  even  absent.  Corolla  strap-shaped  (ligulate)  or  tubular.  Style  2- 
cleft.  Fruit  an  akene.  — The  flowers  are  perfect,  monoecious,  dioecious, 
or  polygamous.  Strap-shaped  marginal  flowers  are  the  rays ;  heads 
with  prominent  rays  and  tubular  flowers  are  radiate  ;  and  a  head  com- 
posed entirely  of  strap-shaped  corollas  is  ligulate.  The  tubular  flowers 
compose  the  disk,  and  a  head  with  no  rays  is  discoid.  A  head  with  all 
its  flowers  alike  as  to  sex  is  homogamous,  when  unlike  heterogamous. 
The  leaves  of  the  involucre  are  scales  ;  and  the  bracts  or  scales  which 
are  often  found  upon  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers  are  chaff,  and 
when  this  is  wanting  the  receptacle  is  naked. 


Key  to  the  Tribes. 

Ser.  I.    TUBULIFLOR^J.     Corollas  tubular  and  regular  in  all  the  hermaph- 
rodite flowers. 
Heads  homogamous  and  discoid  :  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and  never  yellow : 

anthers  not  caudate  at  base. 

Style -branches  elongated,  filiform-subulate,  hispidulous  throughout ;  stig- 
matic  lines  only  near  the  base  :  leaves  alternate.  I.  VERNONIACEJE. 

Style-branches  elongated,  more  or  less  clavate-thickened  upward  and  ob- 
tuse, minutely  papillose-puberulent,  stigmatic  only  below  the  middle. 

II.    EUPATORIACEJE. 


130  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Heads  homogamous  or  heterogamous,  discoid  or  radiate  :  flowers  not  rarely 
yellow :  style-branches  of  hermaphrodite  flowers  with  stigmatic  lines 
extending  either  to  the  naked  summit  or  to  a  more  or  less  distinct 
pubescent  or  hispidulous  tip  or  appendage. 

Anthers  not  caudate  at  base  :  style-branches  in  hermaphrodite  flowers  flat- 
tened and  with  a  distinct  (but  sometimes  very  short)  terminal  appendage  : 
disk-corollas  generally  yellow  :  rays  of  same  or  different  color. 

III.  ASTEROIDE^:. 

Anthers  caudate :  style-branches  of  hermaphrodite  flowers  slender,  destitute 
of  any  terminal  appendage,  the  stigmatic  lines  extending  quite  to  (or 
vanishing  near)  the  naked  obtuse  or  truncate  summit :  leaves  alternate  : 
heads  in  our  genera  discoid IV.  IXULOIDE^. 

Anthers  not  caudate  :  style-branches  with  truncate  or  variously  appendicu- 
late  pubescent  or  hispid  tips :  involucre  not  scarious  :  receptacle  chaffy  : 
pappus  various  or  none,  never  of  fine  capillary  bristles. 

V.  HELIANTHOIDEJE. 

Anthers  not  caudate :  receptacle  naked  :  pappus  from  chaffy  to  setiform 
or  none  :  herbage  often  punctate  with  resinous  or  pellucid  dots  or  glands  : 
otherwise  nearly  as  preceding VI.  HELENIOIDE.E. 

Anthers  not  caudate :  receptacle  naked  or  sometimes  chaffy :  involucre  of 
dry  and  scarious  bracts  :  style-branches  mostly  truncate  :  pappus  coroni- 
form,  or  of  short  scales,  or  none VII.  ANTHEMIDE^:. 

Anthers  not  caudate  :  receptacle  naked  :  involucre  little  or  not  at  all  im- 
bricated, not  scarious.  Pappus  of  numerous  soft-capillary  bristles. 

VIII.  SENECIONIDE^E. 

Anthers  conspicuously  caudate,  and  with  elongated  appendages  at  tip: 
style-branches  short  or  united,  destitute  of  appendage,  stigmatic  quite 
to  the  obtuse  summit,  mostly  smooth  and  naked :  involucre  much  imbri- 
cated :  receptacle  densely  setose  or  fimbrillate,  or  favose :  akenes  thick 
and  hard :  pappus  usually  plurisetose.  Heads  never  truly  radiate. 

IX.  CYNAEOIDE^E. 

Ser.  II.    LIGULIFLORJE.    Corollas  all  ligulate  and  flowers  hermaphrodite. 
Receptacle  naked  or  chaffy :  anthers  not  caudate  :    style-branches  filiform, 
naked,  stigmatic  only  toward  the  base.     Herbage  with  milky  juice. 

X.  ClCHOEIACE^E. 

Tribe  I.    VERNONIACE^E.    Corollas  tubular,  5-lobed. 

1.  Vemonia.  Heads  several  to  many-flowered.  Involucre  of  dry  or  partly  herbaceous 
much  imbricated  bracts.  Receptacle  plane,  naked.  Corolla  regularly  5-cleft  into 
narrow  lobes.  Akenes  mostly  10-costate,  with  truncate  apex.  Pappus  double ;  the 
inner  of  rigid  capillary  bristles,  outer  a  series  of  small  scales. 

Tribe  II.     EtTPATORIACE^.     Receptacle  in  most  cases  naked.     Leaves  either 

opposite  or  alternate. 

#  Akenes  5-angled :  scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  lax,  from  thin-membranaceous  to  herba- 
ceous, nerveless  or  few-nerved,  either  imbricated  or  equal  and  about  in  one  row. 
2.  Eupatorlum.    Heads  few  to  many-flowered.     Receptacle  flat.     Pappus  wholly  of 
scabrous  capillary  bristles  which  are  mostly  in  one  row,  and  indefinitely  numerous. 


COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  131 

*  *  Akenes  10-costate  or  striate  :  scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated  ;  the  outer  ones 

successively  shorter. 

t-  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  herbaceous,  conspicuously  striate-nerved  :  corolla  slender, 
5-toothed  at  summit ;  the  teeth  mostly  glandular :  pappus  a  single  series  of  bristles  : 
leaves  mostly  not  entire. 

3.  Kulmia.     Pappus  conspicuously  plumose.    Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  in  few 

series.     Leaves  nearly  all  alternate. 

4.  Brickellia.     Pappus  from  barbellate  or  subplumose  to  merely  scabrous.     Leaves 

opposite  or  alternate. 

•t-  •»-  Scales  of  the  involucre  somewhat  herbaceous  or  partly  colored,  not  conspicuously 
striate :  corollas  narrow,  with  gradually  dilated  throat  and  elongated  lanceolate  or  linear 
spreading  (rose-colored)  lobes:  pappus  about  a  single  series  of  capillary  or  stouter 
bristles:  leaves  punctate ,  entire. 

5.  Liatris.    Heads  few  to  many-flowered.    Involucre  spirally  imbricate.    Akenes  slender 

or  tapering  from  apex  to  base,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  firm  and  mostly  equal  bristles, 
from  plumose  to  barbellate.  Leaves  alternato.  Herbs,  with  heads  in  a  terminal 
spike  or  raceme,  sometimes  becoming  paniculate. 

Tribe  III.  ASTE  BOIDE^E.  Heads  with  ligulate  ray-flowers  pistillate  or  rarely  neu- 
tral, or  with  the  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and  tubular,  or  even  dioecious.  Receptacle 
seldom  chaffy.  Pappus  various,  sometimes  none.  Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

*  Disk  wholly  of  hermaphrodite  flowers,  of  the  same  color  as  the  ray  (if  present),  mostly 

yellow  ;  their  corollas  tubular  with  more  or  less  ampliate  throat  and  4  or  5-lobed  limb  : 
receptacle  not  chaffy,  flat  or  merely  convex :  involucre  closely  imbricated,  mostly  in 
several  series. 

«-  Pappus  chaffy  :  heads  radiate,  small,  paniculate  or  cymose-clustered  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre mostly  coriaceous,  the  outer  successively  shorter. 

6.  Gutierrezia.     Involucre  oblong-clavate  or  turbinate  to   campanulate.      Receptacle 
from  flat  to  conical,  commonly  alveolate  o  Hmbrillate.    Style-appendages  mostly  slender. 
Rays  1  to  8.     Akenes  short,  obovate  or  oblong,  terete  or  5-angled. 

t-  -i-  Pappus  of  a  few  (2  to  8)  elongated  awns  or  rigid  caducous  bristles  :  heads  radiate  or 
rayless,  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

7.  Grindelia.     Heads  many-flowered,  hemispherical  or  at  first  globose :  the  scales  nu- 

merous and  narrow,  imbricated  in  many  series,  firm  and  rigid,  with  more  or  less 
herbaceous  tips.  Style-appendages  lanceolate  or  linear.  Akenes  short  and  thick, 
compressed  or  turgid,  or  the  outer  triangular,  truncate,  glabrous. 

-•-  -i-  -t-  Pappus  double  :  the  inner  of  numerous  capillary  scabrous  bristles  :  the  outer  com- 
posed of  minute  short  bristles  or  scales,  which  are  sometimes  even  obsolete :  heads 
mostly  radiate,  middle-sized,  terminating  the  stem  and  branches. 

8.  Chrysopsis.    Heads  many-flowered,  with  rays  numerous  or  wanting.    Involucre  cam- 

panulate or  hemispherical,  of  narrow  regularly  imbricated  scales.  Style-appendages 
from  linear-filiform  to  slender-subulate.  Akenes  from  obovate  to  linear-fusiform, 
compressed  or  turgid. 

•*-•!-•»-•»-  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  scabrous  bristles,  simple,  in  one  or  more  series : 
receptacle  more  or  less  alveolate  and  the  alveoli  often  dentate :  style-appendages  from 
ovate-lanceolate  to  filiform :  flowers  yellow. 

8.  Chrysopsis.     Species  with  outer  pappus  obscure  or  wanting  would  be  sought  here. 

9.  Aplopappus.     Heads  usually  many-flowered,  radiate,  rarely  discoid.     Disk-corollas 

narrow,  5-toothed.  Involucre  usually  (but  not  always)  broad:  the  bracts  with  or 
without  herbaceous  tips.  Akenes  from  turbinate  to  linear. 

10.  Bi«jelovia.  Heads  3  to  30-flowered,  destitute  of  rays,  small.  Involucre  narrow:  the 
bracts  ehartaceous  or  coriaceous,  mostly  destitute  of  foliaceous  or  herbaceous  tips. 
Akenes  narrow,  terete  or  angled,  hardly  compressed,  mostly  at  least  5-nerved.  Pappus 
of  somewhat  equal  bristles.  Inflorescence  not  racemiforro. 


132  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

11.  Solidago.    Heads  few-  or  several-,  rarely  many-flowered  ;  mostly  radiate,  small,  com- 

monly in  racemiform  or  spiciform  clusters,  sometimes  fastigiate-cymose  or  in  a  thyrsus. 
Involucre  narrow  :  its  bracts  mostly  not  herbaceous-tipped.  Akenes  terete  or  angu- 
late,  5  to  12-nerved  or  costate.  Pappus  of  equal  elongated  bristles. 

*  *  Disk  of  hermaphrodite  and  mostly  fertile  flowers  ;  their  corollas  mostly  yellow  :  the  ray 

not  yellow,  occasionally  wanting:  receptacle  naked,  flat  or  barely  convex. 
•*-  Pappus  a  single  series  of  long  awns  or  of  coarse  and  rigid  bristles,  or  in  the  conspicuous 

ray  chaffy. 

12.  Townsendia.    Involucre  broad,  many-flowered,  imbricated  :  the  bracts  lanceolate, 

with  scarious  margins  and  tips,  outer  usually  shorter  and  inner  more  membranaceous. 
Receptacle  broad.     Style-appendages  lanceolate.     Akenes  obovate  or  oblong,  much 
compressed,  and  with  thickish  margins,  those  of  the  ray  sometimes  triangular.    Awns 
or  bristles  of  the  pappus  scabrous, 
•i-  H-  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles,  with  or  without  a  short  outer  series. 

13.  Aster.     Involucre  from  hemispherical  to  campanulate,  sometimes  oblong  or  turblnate, 

imbricated  in  several  or  few  series  of  unequal  bracts,  mostly  in  part  herbaceous. 
Rays  numerous,  not  very  narrow.  Style-appendages  from  slender-subulate  to  ovate- 
acute,  commonly  lanceolate.  Akenes  mostly  compressed,  2  to  10-nerved,  and  the 
pappus  mostly  simple  and  copious,  rarely  distinctly  double.  Leafy-stemmed  herbs, 
the  greater  part  perennials. 

14.  Erigeron.    Differs  from  Aster  in  the  more  naked-pedunculate  heads,  simpler  involucre 

of  narrow  and  erect  .equal  bracts,  which  are  never  coriaceous,  nor  foliaceous  or  with 
distinct  herbaceous  tips,  narrower  and  usually  very  numerous  rays  often  occupying 
more  than  one  series,  very  short  and  roundish  style-appendages,  small  2-nerved  akenes, 
and  more  scanty  or  fragile  pappus,  in  many  with  a  conspicuous  short  outer  series. 
•»-  -i-  +-  Corolla  of  the  numerous  female  flowers  reduced  to  a  filiform  or  short  and  narrow 
tube,  wholly  destitute  of  ligule. 

15.  Conyza.     Heads  small,  many-flowered.     Bracts  of  the  campanulate  involucre  narrow, 

in  1  to  3  series.  Female  flowers  much  more  numerous  than  the  hermaphrodite  ;  their 
filiform  or  slender  tubular  corolla  truncate  or  2  to  4-toothed  at  the  apex.  Pappus  a  sin- 
gle series  of  soft  capillary  bristles,  sometimes  an  added  outer  series  of  short  bristles. 

*  *  *  Heads  discoid  and  unisexual :  corolla  of  the  fertile  flowers  filiform  :  pappus  of  capil- 

lary bristles. 

16.  Baccliaris.     Heads  completely  dioecious,  many-flowered.    Involucre  regularly  imbri- 

cated. Receptacle  mostly  flat  and  naked,  rarely  chaffy.  Flowers  of  the  male  heads 
with  tubular-funnelform  5-cleft  corolla  :  the  female  with  corolla  reduced  to  a  slender 
truncate  or  minutely  toothed  tube.  Akenes  5  to  10-costate.  Pappus  of  the  male 
flowers  a  series  of  scabrous  and  often  tortuous  bristles :  of  the  fertile  flowers  of 
usually  more  numerous  and  fine  bristles,  and  often  elongated  in  fruit.  Shrubby  or 
herbaceous. 

Tribe  IV.  INULOIDE^E.  Female  flowers  ligulate  or  filiform.  Style-branches  fili- 
form or  flattish.  Pappus  capillary  or  none.  Involucre  commonly  dry  or  scarious. 
Ours  do  not  have  conspicuous  rays,  and  are  all  floccose-woolly  herbs. 

*  Involucre  of  few  scarious  bracts :  receptacle  chaffy ;  a  bract  subtending  each  female 

flower  or  akene  :  anthers  sometimes  only  acutely  sagittate  or  auriculate :  the  short  style 
or  style-branches  not  truncate. 

17.  Evax.     Akenes  from  obcompressed  to  terete,  sometimes  minutely  papillose  or  puberu- 

lent.  Bracts  of  the  female  flowers  from  scarious  to  chartaceous.  Hermaphrodite 
flowers  sometimes  fertile,  destitute  of  pappus.  Receptacle  from  barely  convex  to 
subulate. 

*  *  Involucre  of  numerous  more  or  less  scarious  bracts  which  are  often  colored  or  petaloid 

at  the  summit :   receptacle  not  chaffy :    anther-tails  slender :    style  or  style-branches 
mostly  truncate. 

18.  Antennaria.     Heads  dioecious,  many-flowered.    Involucre  imbricated  in  many  series. 

Male  flowers  with  mostly  undivided  style  and  a  rather  scanty  pappus  of  clavellate 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  133 

or  apically  barbellulate  or  crisped  bristles.  Female  flowers  with  oblong  or  narrower 
and  terete  or  flattish  akenes,  and  a  copious  fine-capillary  pappus,  the  soft  and  naked 
bristles  of  which  are  commonly  united  at  base,  so  as  to  fall  in  a  ring.  Low  peren- 
nials. 

19.  Anaphalis.    Heads  dioecious,  but  usually  with  a  few  hermaphrodite  sterile  flowers  in 

the  centre  of  the  female  heads.  Pappus  of  male  flowers  of  bristles  little  if  at  all 
thicker  at  the  apex :  of  the  female  flowers  not  united  at  base  but  falling  separately. 
Otherwise  as  in  the  preceding  ;  the  female  plant  differing  from  the  following  only  in 
the  sterility  of  the  few  central  flowers. 

20.  Gnaphalium.     Heads  heterogamous.  fertile  throughout,  of  few  or  many  series  of 

female  surrounding  a  smaller  number  of  hermaphrodite  flowers.  Involucre  imbricated 
in  many  series  :  the  scarious  and  commonly  partly  woolly  bracts  with  or  without  col- 
ored papery  tips  or  appendages.  Style  of  hermaphrodite  flowers  2-cleft.  Pappus  of 
numerous  merely  scabrous  capillary  bristles,  in  a  single  series. 

Tribe  V.  HEL,IANTHOIDEvE.  Female  flowers  ligulate  and  radiate,  or  the  heads 
sometimes  homogamous  by  their  absence  :  disk-flowers  all  with  regularly  4  to  5-toothed 
corolla.  Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

*  Ray-flowers  ligulate  and  fertile,  the  ligule  mostly  deciduous  ;  disk -flowers  hermaphrodite- 
sterile  :  akenes  usually  coriaceous  ;  the  style  mostly  entire :  receptacle  chaffy  through- 
out, except  in  No.  24. 

•»-  Involucre  double  ;  exterior  of  4  or  5  herbaceous  or  foliaceous  plane  bracts  ;  interior  of  a 
single  series  of  small  bracts,  which  completely  and  permanently  enclose  the  obovate  or 
oblong  more  or  less  compressed  smooth  and  glabrous  akenes  with  a  pericarp-like  acces- 
sory covering,  at  length  deciduous  together :  pappus  none. 

21.  Melampodium.      Fructiferous    bracts    commonly  indurated,    naked  or  unarmed. 

Receptacle  convex  or  conical.     Akenes  more  or  less  obovate  and  incurved. 
•*-  -i-  Involucre  broad,  of  plane  or  barely  concave  bracts  ;  innermost  subtending  obcom- 

pressed  (mostly  much  flattened)  akenes,  but  not  enclosing  nor  embracing  them. 

•H-  Ray-flowers  and  akenes  in  more  than  one  series,  and  with  elongated  exserted  deciduous 

ligules  :  the  akenes  falling  free,  or  with  only  the  subtending  bract. 

22.  Silphium.    Heads  large,  many-flowered.    Involucre  of  thickish  more  or  less  folia- 

ceous imbricated  bracts ;  the  innermost  small  and  chaffy.  Receptacle  comparatively 
small,  the  central  part  somewhat  turbinate  in  age  :  its  chaffy  bracts  linear,  flat,  or 
involute  around  the  abortive  ovaries.  Corollas  of  the  ray  with  a  long  and  spreading 
ligule  on  a  very  short  tube ;  of  the  disk  cylindrical-tubular.  Akenes  very  flat  and 
broad,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  completely  free  from  the  subtending  bract  and  from 
those  of  adjacent  male  flowers,  surrounded  by  a  winged  margin  which  is  produced 
more  or  less  beyond  the  summit  on  each  side  into  a  callous  tooth  or  auricle.  Pappus 
none  or  sometimes  a  pair  of  short  rigid  awns  or  teeth,  with  which  the  wing  is  con- 
fluently  united. 

++  -H-  Ray-flowers  and  akenes  in  a  single  series,  with  very  short  or  even  obsolete  ligules : 
akenes  with  2  or  3  bracts  of  sterile  flowers  attached  to  their  base  on  the  inner  side, 
which  they  take  with  them,  and  commonly  also  the  subtending  involucral  bract,  when 
they  fall :  heads  small. 

23.  Partlienium.    Fertile  flowers  5,  with  obcordate  or  2-lobed  almost  sessile  concave 

ligule,  or  a  truncate  emarginate  cup.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  chartaceous  or  partly 
herbaceous,  and  the  inner  more  scarious  :  those  of  the  usually  conical  receptacle 
cuneate,  tomentose  at  summit,  partly  enclosing  the  sterile  flowers.  Akenes  oval  or 
obovate,  commonly  pubescent,  surrounded  by  a  filiform  callous  margin,  which  is 
firmly  coherent  at  base  with  the  bases  of  the  bracts  of  the  contiguous  pair  of  sterile 
flowers  and  of  the  subtending  bract,  at  length  tearing  away  from  the  akene  ;  the  sum- 
mit bearing  the  marcescent  corolla.  Pappus  of  two  chaffy  awns  or  scales,  or  some- 
times hardly  any. 

24.  Parlhenice.     Fertile  flowers  6  to  8.  with  ligule  obsolete  or  reduced  to  2  or  3  small 

teeth :  sterile  flowers  40  or  50,  with  funnelform  corolla.  Involucre  of  5  somewhat 
herbaceous  oval  exterior  bracts,  and  of  G  or  8  somewhat  larger  orbicular-obovate  and 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

more  scarious  interior  ones,  these  subtending  the  fertile  flowers.  Receptacle  convex, 
with  linear-oblong  or  spatulate  chaffy  bracts  subtending  the  outer  series  of  sterile 
flowers,  but  mostly  minute  or  wanting  to  the  inner  flowers.  Akenes  oblong-obovate, 
glabrous,  wingless,  but  acute-margined,  with  an  incurved  apiculation  inserted  by  a 
very  small  base,  falling  away  at  maturity  with  the  involucral  and  two  receptacular 
bracts,  but  these  readily  separating.  Pappus  none,  and  corolla  deciduous. 

*  *  Fertile  flowers  apetalous,  or  with  corolla  reduced  to  a  tube  or  ring  around  the  base  of 

the  2-parted  style  ;  disk-flowers  staminate,  anthers  slightly  united  and  their  short  ter- 

-  0     ninal  appendage  inttexed,  the  abortive  style  hairy  only  at  the  somewhat  enlarged  and 

depressed  summit,  the  ovary  a  mere  rudiment :  pappus  none  (or  a  vestige  in  Nos.  26 
and  27) :  heads  small ;  the  flowers  whitish  or  greenish. 

•t-  Head  androgynous  (rarely  all  male  in  No.  27),  having  few  female  flowers  at  the  margin  ; 
the  more  numerous  male  flowers  all  or  most  of  them  subtended  by  slender  and  com- 
monly spatulate  chaffy  bracts :  involucre  open. 

•H-  Akenes  turgid,  mostly  obovate  or  pyriform,  marginless. 

25.  Iva,     Female  flowers  1  to  5,  with  or  without  the  tube  or  cup  representing  a  corolla. 

Akenes  more  or  less  obcompressed,  glabrous,  puberulent,  or  glandular :  the  terminal 
areola  small. 

26.  Oxytenia.     Female  flowers  abor.t  5,  wholly  destitute  of  corolla.     Involucre  of  about 

5  dilated-ovate  and  rather  rigidly  acuminate  bracts.  Receptacle  convex,  small :  the 
10  to  20  sterile  flowers  subtended  by  slender  chaffy  bracts  with  cuneate-dilated  tips. 
Akenes  (immature)  very  villous,  nearly  pyriform,  with  large  terminal  areola  bearing 
around  the  base  of  the  style  a  fleshy  annular  disk.  Lower  part  of  the  disk-flowers 
and  their  chaff  beset  with  some  villous  hairs. 

•H-  -H-  Akenes  flattened,  obcompressed,  wing-margined. 

27.  Dicoria.    Feinale  flowers  one  or  two,  wholly  destitute  of  corolla :  male  flowers  6  to 

12,  with  mere  rudiments  of  ovary  and  style.  Involucre  of  5  oval  or  oblong  herbaceous 
bracts  ;  and  within  one  or  two  larger  and  broad  thin-scarious  bracts,  subtending  the 
fertile  flowers,  or  these  wanting  in  male  heads.  Receptacle  small,  flat,  with  a  few 
narrow  and  hyaline  chafl'y  bracts.  Filaments  rnonadelphous  up  to  the  lightly  con- 
nected anthers.  Akenes  much  surpassing  the  outer  involucre,  oblong,  anteriorly  flat, 
convex  or  somewhat  angled  dorsally,  abruptly  bordered  by  a  thin-scarious  pectinate- 
dentate  wing  or  edge.  Pappus  rudimentary,  of  several  small  and  setiform  bracts. 

•i-  -i-  Heads  unisexual,  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  with  solitary  or  2  to  4  completely  or  nearly 
apetalous  female  flowers  in  a  closed  nutlet-like  or  bur-like  involucre,  only  the  style- 
branches  ever  exserted  ;  the  sterile  of  numerous  male  flowers  in  an  open  involucre, 
the  heads  in  a  raceme  or  spike  :  akenes  turgid-obovoid  or  ovoid,  wholly  destitute  of 
pappus :  flowers  greenish  or  yellowish. 

•H-  Involucre  of  the  sterile  heads  gamophyllous :  the  receptacle  low,  and  abortive  style  with 
dilated  apex  radiately  fimbriate. 

28.  Ambrosia.    Involucre  of  the  male  flowers  from  depressed-hemispherical  to  turbinate, 

ft  to  12-lobed  or  truncate,  herbaceous.  Receptacle  flat  or  flattish,  usually  with  some 
filiform  chaff  among  the  outer  flowers.  Involucre  to  the  solitary  fertile  flower  nut- 
like,  apiculate  or  beaked  at  the  apex,  and  usually  armed  with  4  to  8  tubercles  or 
short  spines  in  a  single  series  below  the  beak.  Sterile  heads  spicate  or  racemose 
above  the  fewer  fertile  ones. 

29.  Franseria.     Heads  of  male  flowers  as  Ambrosia,  or  sometimes  intermixed  with  the 

female.    Fertile  involucre  1  to  4-flowered,  1  to  4-celled,  a  single  pistil  to  each  cell,  1  to 
4-rostrate,  more  or  less  bur-like,  being  armed  over  the  surface  with  several  or  numer- 
ous prickles  or  spines  (the  spiny  free  tips  of  component  bracts)  in  more  than  one 
series.    Leaves  mostly  alternate. 
•H-  «•  Involucre  of  the  sterile  heads  polyphyllous :  the.  receptacle  cylindraceous. 

30.  X  a  ut  hi  inn.    Involucre  of  the  globular  sterile  heads  one  or  two  series  of  small  narrow 

bracts  :  receptacle  distinctly  chaffy,  a  cuneate  or  linear-spatulate  chaffy  bract  partly 
enclosing  each  male  flower:  filaments  monadelphous.  Fertile  heads  a  closed  and 
ovoid  bur-like  2-celled  and  2-flowered  involucre,  1  to  2-beaked  at  the  apex,  the  surface 


COMPOSITES.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  135 

clothed  with  uncinate-tipped  prickles :  each  flower  a  single  pistil,  maturing  a  thick 
ovoid  akene,  the  two  permanently  enclosed  in  the  indurated  prickly  involucre.  Leaves 
alternate. 

*  *  *  Ray-flowers  ligulate  and  fertile ;  the  ligule  with  very  short  tube  or  none,  persistent 

on  the  akeue  and  becoming  papery  in  texture :  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite  and  fertile, 
numerous,  subtended  or  embraced  by  chaffy  bracts ;  the  corolla  cylindraceous  :  leaves 
opposite  and  heads  singly  terminating  the  stem  or  branches. 

+-  Leaves  all  or  mostly  entire,  sessile :  akenes  of  the  disk  compressed,  all  or  some  of  them 
toothed  or  awued  from  the  summit  of  the  angles  or  edges. 

31.  Zinnia.    Involucre  campanulate  or  cylindraceous:   its  closely  appressed-imbricated 
bracts  dry  and  tirm,  broad,  with  rounded  summit  often  margined.   Receptacle  becoming 
conical  or  cylindraceous :  the  chaffy  bracts  couduplicate  arouud  the  disk-flowers.    Lobes 
of  the  disk-corolla  mostly  velvety-villous.     Pappus  when  present  of  erect  awns  or 
chaffy  teeth.     Rays  showy. 

•t-  +-  Leaves  commonly  serrate,  slender-petioled :  akenes  not  compressed. 

32.  Heliopsis.     Involucre  short,  of  nearly  equal  oblong  or  lanceolate  bracts.    Receptacle 

from  high-convex  to  conical :  the  pointless  chaffy  bracts  partly  embracing  the  disk- 
flowers.  Ligules  large  :  disk-corollas  glabrous.  Akeues  obtusely  4-angular,  with 
broad  truncate  summit,  wholly  destitute  of  pappus. 

*  *  *  *  Ray-flowers  ligulate  and  either  fertile  or  neutral,  or  even  wanting,  the  ligule 

not  persistent:  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite  and  fertile,  subtended  and  sometimes 
enwrapped  by  the  chaff:  pappus  a  cup  or  crown,  of  teeth  or  awns  from  the  2  to  4 
principal  angles,  or  of  a  few  stout  bristles,  or  none. 

-•-  Receptacle  high,  from  conical  to  columnar  or  subulate,  at  least  in  fruit. 

33.  Echinacea.     Involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  3  or  more  series  :  its  bracts  lanceolate. 

Disk  at  first  only  convex,  becoming  ovoid  and  the  receptacle  acutely  conical :  chaffy 
bracts  of  the  latter  persistent,  carinate-concave,  acuminate  into  a  rigid  and  spinescent 
cusp.  Ligules  rose-colored  or  rose-purple.  Disk-corollas  cylindraceous,  with  5  erect 
teeth  and  almost  no  proper  tube.  Akenes  acutely  quadrangular,  somewhat  obpy- 
ramidal,  with  a  thick  coroniform  pappus  more  or  less  extended  into  triangular  teeth 
at  the  angles. 

34.  Rudbeckia.     Involucre  looser,  spreading,  more  foliaceous.     Disk  from  hemispheri- 

cal or  globose  to  columnar,  and  receptacle  from  acutely  conical  to  cylindrical :  its 
chaffy  bracts  not  spinescent,  but  sometimes  soft-pointed.  Ligules  yellow  or  partly 
brown-purple.  Disk-corollas  with  a  short  but  usually  a  manifest  proper  tube. 
Akenes  4-angled,  prismatic.  Pappus  a  coriaceous  and  often  4-toothed  crown,  some- 
times none. 

35.  Liepaehys.    Akenes  short  and  broad,  compressed,  acutely  margined  or  sometimes 

winged  at  one  or  both  edges,  on  a  slender-subulate  receptacle.  Pappus  a  chaffy  tooth 
over  one  or  both  edges,  or  none.  Chaffy  bracts  of  the  receptacle  conduplicate,  with 
thickened  and  truncate  summit,  embracing  and  hardly  surpassing  the  akenes,  at 
length  deciduous  with  them.  Corollas  of  the  disk  with  hardly  any  proper  tube. 
Ligules,  involucre,  &c.  of  Rudbeckia. 
t-  •«-  Receptacle  from  flat  to  convex,  or  in  certain  species  conical :  akenes  not  winged  nor 

very  flat,  when  flattened  not  margined  or  sharp-edged. 

•M-  Rays  fertile :  receptacle  flat  or  merely  convex :  ray  akenes  commonly  triquetrous  or  ob- 
compressed :  pappus  persistent  or  none. 

36.  Balsamorrhiza.     Akenes  destitute  of  pappus,  oblong :    of  the  disk  quadrangular 

and  often  with  intermediate  nerves.  Involucre  broad :  the  outer  bracts  foliaceous, 
sometimes  enlarged.  Chaff  linear-lanceolate-  Tuberous-rooted  low  herbs. 

37.  Wyethia.    Akenes  prismatic,  large,  4-angled,  or  in  the  ray  3-angled  and  in  the  disk 

often  flattened,  also  with  intermediate  salient  nerves.  Pappus  a  lacerate  chaffy  crown, 
or  cut  into  nearly  distinct  scales,  commonly  produced  at  one  or  more  of  the  angles 
into  chaffy  rigid  awns  or  teeth.  Involucre  campanulate  or  broader,  more  or  less  im- 
bricated :  outer  bracts  often  foliaceous.  Chaff  lanceolate  or  linear,  partly  embracing 
the  akenes.  Thick-rooted  and  large-headed  herbs,  witli  alternate  leaves. 


136  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

«•  «•  Rays  sterile,  rarely  wanting :  akenes  quadrangular-compressed  or  more  turgid :  chaffy 

bracts  of  the  convex  or  conical  receptacle  embracing  the  akenes. 
33.    Gymnolomia*    Pappus  none  or  a  minute  denticulate  ring :  the  truncate  apex  of  the 

short  akenes  commonly  at  length  covered  by  the  base  of  the  corolla,  the  tube  of 

which  is  usually  pubescent. 

39.  Helianthus.     Pappus  deciduous,  of  two  scarious  and  pointed  scales,  mostly  no  in- 

termediate ones.    Akenes  usually  glabrous  or  glabrate.     Tube  of  the  disk-corollas 

short,  and  the  throat  elongated. 

.(-•(-•»-  Receptacle  flat,  convex,  or  sometimes  becoming  conical :  akenes  of  the  disk  either 
flat-compressed  and  margined  or  thin-edged,  or  if  turgid  some  of  them  winged  :  pappus 
not  caducous. 

40.  Helianthella.    Rays  neutral,  rarely  wanting.    Pappus  of  delicate  scales  between  the 

two  chaffy  teeth  or  awns  which  surmount  the  two  acute  margins  of  the  akene,  or  these 
obsolete  in  age.  Ovary  often  wing-margined,  but  mature  akene  not  so. 

41.  Verbesina.      Involucre   campanulate  or  hemispherical,   imbricated.      Rays  fertile, 

sometimes  neutral  or  none.  Akenes  usually  winged  and  flat,  2-awned,  or  in  the  ray 
1  to  3-awned,  with  no  intermediate  scales,  and  even  the  awns  sometimes  wanting. 
Leaves  apt  to  be  decurrent  as  wings  on  the  stem. 

*  *  #  *  *  Akenes  obcompressed  or  sometimes  terete,  and  the  subtending  chaffy  bracts  flat 
or  hardly  concave;  otherwise  as  in  the  last  section:  heads  many-flowered:  leaves 
mostly  opposite :  style-tips  of  the  disk-flowers  produced  into  a  cusp  or  cone :  invo- 
lucre double  :  receptacle  flat  or  merely  convex :  rays  in  ours  neutral. 
+-  Akenes  never  with  retrorsely  barbed  awns. 

42.  Coreopsis.     Involucre  of  two  distinct  series  of  bracts,  all  commonly  united  at  the 

very  base ;  outer  foliaceous,  narrower,  and  usually  spreading  ;  inner  erect  or  incurved 
after  blooming,  each  series  commonly  8  in  number.     Rays  about  S.    Akenes  flat,  or- 
bicular to  Jiuear-oblong,  winged  or  wingless,  truncate  or  emarginate  at  summit,  bearing 
2,  rarely  3  or  4  naked  awns,  scales,  or  teeth,  or  sometimes  destitute  of  pappus. 
•»-  ••-  Awns  of  the  pappus  when  present  retrorsely  barbed  or  hispid. 

43.  Bidens.    Bracts  of  the  involucre  distinct,  or  united  only  at  the  common  base.    Akenes 

neither  winged  nor  beaked,  2  to  5-awned  :  the  awns  retrorsely  hispid.  Rays  neutral, 
yellow  or  white,  sometimes  wanting. 

44.  Thelesperma.     Bracts  of  the  inner  involucre  united  into  a  cup ;  outer  of  shorter 

and  narrow  bracts,  connate  at  base  with  the  inner.  Chaff  of  the  flat  receptacle  white- 
scarious.  Rays  about  8,  cuneate-obovate.  Disk-corollas  with  long  and  slender  tube, 
and  abrupt  campanulate  or  cylindrical  throat.  Anthers  wholly  exserted.  Akenes 
slightly  obcompressed  or  terete,  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  marginless,  beakless  :  the 
abrupt  summit  crowned  with  a  pair  of  persistent  and  stout  awns  or  scales,  or  some- 
times pappus  wanting.  Leaves  opposite. 

******  Ray-flowers  ligulate  and  fertile,  each  subtended  by  a  bract  of  the  mostly  one- 
seried  involucre  which  more  or  less  encloses  its  akene  ;  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite,  but 
some  or  all  of  them  sterile,  their  style-branches  subulate  and  hispid :  chaff  always 
present  between  ray  and  disk  flowers :  pappus  none  to  the  ray-akeues,  chaffy  or  else 
none  to  the  disk-flowers :  commonly  glandular- viscid  and  heavy-scented  herbs. 

45.  Madia.     Heads  many  to  several-flowered.     Involucre  ovoid  or  oblong,  few  to  many- 

angled  by  the  salient  narrow  backs  of  the  involucral  bracts.  Receptacte  flat  or  con- 
vex, bearing  a  single  series  of  bracts  enclosing  the  disk-flowers  as  a  kind  of  inner 
involucre,  either  separate  or  connate  into  a  cup.  Ray-flowers  1  to  20,  with  cuneate 
or  oblong  3-lobed  ligules  :  their  akenes  laterally  compressed,  and  enclosed  in  condu- 
plicate-infolded  involucral  bracts. 

46.  L,ayia.     Heads  many-flowered,  broad  :  ray-flowers  8  to  20,  with  3-lobed  or  toothed 

ligules.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  flattened  on  the  back  below,  with  abruptly  dilated 
thin  margins  infolded  so  as  to  enclose  the  ray-akene.  Receptacle  broad  and  flat, 
bearing  a  series  of  thin  chaffy  bracts  between  the  ray-  and  disk-flowers.  Akenes  of 
the  ray  obcompressed,  almost  always  smooth,  destitute  of  pappus  ;  those  of  the  disk 
similar  or  more  linear-cuneate,  mostly  pubescent,  bearing  a  pappus  of  5  to  20  bristles, 
or  scales,  or  rarely  none. 


COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  137 

Tribe  VI.  HEL.ENIOIDE-.E.  Diak-flovvers  hermaphrodite  and  fertile.  Bracts  of 
the  involucre  not  scarious.  Differing  chiefly  from  the  last  tribe  in  entire  absence  of 
chaff. 

*  Involucre  of  narrow  equal  erect  bracts  :   ligules  persistent  and  becoming  papery  on  the 

usually  striate-nerved  akenes  :  herbage  more  or  less  white-woolly  ;  no  oil-glands. 

47.  Kitldellia.     Heads  with  3  or  4  ray-  and  5  to  12  disk-flowers,  all  fertile.     Involucre  of 

4  to  10  linear-oblong  coriaceous  woolly  bracts,  and  a  few  smaller  scarious  ones  within, 
sometimes  an  additional  narrow  outer  one.  Receptacle  small,  fiat.  Ligules  as  broad 
as  long,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  tube,  truncate  and  2  to  3-lobed. 
Disk-corollas  with  short  externally  glandular-bearded  teeth.  Pappus  of  4  to  6  hyaline 
scales. 

*  *  Involucre  of  narrow  equal  erect  bracts,  in  only  one  series  :  ray-flowers  female  or  none, 

the  ligule  deciduous  ;  disk-corollas  4-toothed  :  akenes  flat,  with  only  marginal  nerves, 
usually  much  ciliate  :  plants  not  floccose-tomentose,  and  with  no  oil-glands. 

48.  Pericome.    Head  many-flowered,  homogamous.    Involucral  bracts  lightly  connate  by 

their  edges  into  a  campanulate  cup.  Disk-corollas  with  viscous-glandular  tube  and 
much  exserted  anthers.  Akenes  strongly  villous-ciliate.  Pappus  a  lacerate-ciliate 
crown,  and  sometimes  a  pair  of  short  awns,  one  from  each  angle  of  the  akene.  Yellow- 
flowered,  with  long-acuminate  leaves. 

*  *  *  Involucre  hardly  at  all  imbricated,  its  bracts  when  broad  nearly  equal  or  in  a  single 

series  :  ligules  not  persistent :  disk-flowers  numerous,  mostly  with  5  teeth :  akenes  few- 
nerved  or  angled,  or  more  numerously  striate-angled  when  turbinate  or  pyriform :  n6 
oil-glands, 
•i-  Receptacle  flat  or  convex:   akenes  from  linear  to  obpyramidal,  mostly  quadrangular, 

rarely  5-angled  :  flowers  all  fertile. 

•H-  Involucre  mostly  hemispherical ;  the  bracts  from  oblong  or  oval  to  broader,  not  colored 
or  scarious-tipped. 

49.  Eriophyllum.    Involucre  of  one  or  sometimes  two  series  of  oblong  permanently 

erect  bracts,  either  distinct  or  sometimes  partially  united  into  a  cup,  at  least  in  fruit 
concave  at  centre,  partially  receiving  the  akenes.  Receptacle  from  convex  or  rarely 
conical  to  plane.  Ray-flowers  usually  with  broad  ligules,  very  rarely  none.  Akenes 
narrow,  from  clavate-linear  to  cuneate-oblong,  mostly  4-angled.  Pappus  of  nerveless 
and  mostly  pointless  scales.  Floccose-tomentose  or  rarely  glabrate  herbs. 

50.  Bahia.     Involucre  hemispherical  or  obovate  and  lax  or  open  in  fruit ;  the  plane  bracts 

distinct  to  and  commonly  narrower  at  the  base,  not  embracing  akenes.     Receptacle 
mostly  flat.     Female  flowers  with  exserted  ligules,  or  rarely  none.    Akenes  narrow, 
quadrangular.    Pappus  of  several  scarious  scales.     Not  floccose-tomentose. 
•H-  +*  Involucre  broadly  campanulate  or  turbinate  ;  its  bracts  from  linear-lanceolate  and 

spatulate  to  obovate  or  broader,  at  least  the  tips  membranaceous  and  colored  or 

petaloid. 

51.  Hymenopappus.    Involucre  broadly  campanulate  ;  its  bracts  6  to  12,  equal,  obovate 

to  broadly  oblong,  thin.  Ray-flowers  none.  Corolla  with  reflexed  or  widely  spread- 
ing lobes.  Akenes  obpyramidal,  4  to  5-angled,  with  attenuate  base,  the  faces  1  to  3- 
nerved,  the  nerves  at  maturity  sometimes  as  prominent  as  the  angles.  Pappus  of  10 
to  20  thin-scarious  and  mostly  hyaline  obtuse  scales. 

52.  Polypteris.    Involucre  from  broadly  campanulate  to  turbinate  ;  its  bracts  from  spatu- 

late to  linear-lanceolate,  commonly  in  two  series  and  equal.  Rays  in  our  species 
evolute  into  a  palmate  ligule  and  fertile.  Corolla  of  the  disk -flowers  with  long  lobes. 
Stamens  wholly  exserted.  Akenes  from  linear  and  downwardly  attenuate  to  clavate- 
obpyramidal,  4-sided,  minutely  pubescent.  Pappus  of  6  to  12  equal  hyaline-scarious 
scales. 

•H-  *+  -H-  Involucre  hemispherical  or  campanulnte  ;  its  bracts  linear,  erect,  herbaceous  to  the 
tip,  inclined  to  embrace  the  akenes  :  heads  discoid,  or  with  an  inconspicuous  ligule. 

53.  Chaenactis.    Receptacle  flat.     Akenes  slender,  linear-tetragonal  or  more  compressed, 

pubescent.     Pappus  of  hyaline  nerveless  scales.     Leaves  mostly  cleft. or  compound. 


138  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

••-  H-  Receptacle  from  convex  to  oblong:  involucre  of  more  than  one  series  of  bracts: 
akenes  short,  obpyramidal  or  turbinate,  5  to  10-costate  or  angled,  mostly  silky-villous 
or  hirsute  :  disk-flowers  all  fertile. 

•H-  Receptacle  destitute  of  awn-like  fimbrillse  among  the  flowers. 

54.  Actinella.     Involucre    campanulate  or  hemispherical,  or  sometimes  broader ;    its 

bracts  in  two  or  more  series,  erect,  often  rigid  ;  outer  sometimes  united.  Receptacle 
from  conical  to  convex.  Rays  fertile.  Pappus  of  5  to  12  thin  and  mostly  hyaline 
scales.  Mostly  low  herbs,  and  bitter-aromatic. 

55.  Helenium.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  spreading,  subulate  or  linear.    Rays  fertile  or 

sterile,  rarely  none.  Disk-corollas  with  4  to  5-toothed  limb  ;  the  teeth  obtuse,  glandu- 
lar-pubescent. Pappus  of  usually  5  or  6  thin  scarious  scales.  Leaves  commonly 
impvessed-punctate,  mostly  decurrent. 

•H-  -H-  Receptacle  (from  convex  to  globular)  beset  with  setiform  or  subulate  fimbrillse  among 

the  flowers. 

56.  Gaillardla.    Involucre  broad  ;  the  bracts  in  2  or  3  series,  all  but  the  short  inner  series 

foliaceous  and  lax.  Ray-flowers  neutral ;  ligules  3-toothed  or  3-cleft.  Disk-corolla3 
with  5  ovate-triangular  to  subulate  teeth,  which  are  beset  with  jointed  hairs.  Akenes 
turbinate,  5-costate,  covered  with  long  villous  hairs.  Pappus  conspicuous,  longer 
than  the  akene,  of  5  to  10  hyaline-scarious  scales  with  a  costa  mostly  excurrent  into 
an  awn. 

*  *  *  *  Involucre  of  the  small  heads  composed  of  a  few  equal  connivent  bracts  in  a  single 

series,  sometimes  one  or  two  small  additional  ones  at  base:  ligules  small,  not  per- 
sistent :  akenes  terete,  oblong  or  linear,  8  to  10-striate-costate :  leaves  opposite :  no  oil- 
glands. 

57.  Flaveria.     Heads  one  to  several-flowered  :  the  flowers  all  fertile,  homogamous  and 

tubular,  or  one  female  and  short-ligulate.  Disk-corollas  5-toothed.  Involucre  of  2 
to  5  mostly  carinate-concave  bracts.  Pappus  none. 

#  #  *  *  *  Involucre  a  series  of  equal  bracts,  either  distinct  or  united  into  a  cup  or  tube, 

dotted  or  striped  with  oil-glands:  rays  when  present  fertile;  ligules  not  persistent: 
akenes  mostly  narrow  and  striate  :  pappus  various :  mostly  glabrous  and  smooth  herbs 
or  undershrubs,  strong-scented,  the  herbage  like  the  involucre  commonly  dotted  with 
some  oil-glands. 

58.  Dysodia.    Pappns  multisetose-polyadelphous,  i.  e.  all  or  most  of  the  10  or  more  scales 

resolved,  except  a  basal  portion,  into  several  or  indefinitely  numerous  capillary,  but 
rather  stiff  bristles.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  usually  with  a  series 
of  loose  accessory  bracts,  the  proper  bracts  generally  more  or  less  gamophyllous. 

59.  Hymenatlierum.    Pappus  of  several  or  numerous  scales,  either  1  to  5  aristate  or 

pointed,  or  partly  resolved  into  as  many  bristles,  or  some  or  all  of  them  entire  and 
even  truncate.  Involucre  campanulate,  gamophyllous  high  up,  with  or  without  some 
loose  accessory  bracts.  Akenes  mostly  terete,  and  striate. 

60.  Pectls.    Heads  radiate,  several  to  many-flowered.    Involucre  naked  at  base,  or  nearly  so, 

cylindrical  or  campanulate,  of  few  or  several  equal  cariuate  bracts  in  a  single  series. 
Disk-corollas  5-lobed,  one  or  two  sinuses  often  deeper,   thus  becoming  bilabiate.   / 
Akenes  linear,  terete  or  angled.     Pappus  of  few  or  numerous  bristles  or  awns,  some- 
times chaffy-dilated  at  base,  or  of  scales.     Opposite-leaved  herbs. 

Tribe  VII.  ANTHEMIDE^E.  Akenes  usually  small  and  short,  with  no  pappus  or  a 
chaffy  crown,  or  a  circle  of  scales.  Strong-scented  or  bitter-aromatic  herbs  or  under- 
shrubs, with  alternate  leaves.  Distinguished  from  the  former  tribe  chiefly  by  the 
scarious  involucre. 

*  Receptacle  with  chaffy  bracts  :  heads  radiate. 

61.  teucampyx.    Involucre  broadly  hemispherical ;  its  bracts  broadly  oval,  equal,  in  2  or 

3  series  of  4  or  5  each,  their  margins  white-scarious.  Ray-flowers  8  or  10,  fertile; 
ligule  cuneatc-obovate,  ample,  on  a  slender  glandular  tube.  Akenes  large,  obovate- 
trigonous,  with  narrowed  base  and  rounded  summit,  lightly  5-nerved,  glabrous, 
slightly  incurved.  Pappus  an  obscure  crown,  soon  obsolete. 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  189 

62.  Achillea.1    Involucre  with  imbricated  bracts  as  in  the  last,  but  campanulate  or  obo- 

vate.  Chaffy  bracts  of  the  receptacle  menibranaceous,  like  the  innermost  bracts  of  the 
involucre.  Rays  few  or  several,  short  and  broad.  Akenes  oblong  or  obovate,  obcom- 
pressed,  glabrous,  destitute  of  pappus. 

*  *  Receptacle  destitute  of  bracts  or  chaff. 

•«-  Heads  radiate,  pedunculate,  solitary  at  the  summit  of  the  branches,  or  sometimes  corym- 
bose. 

63.  Matricaria.2    Receptacle  conical  or  ovoid,  or  rarely  lower  when  young.     Akenes  3  to 

5-ribbed  or  nerved  on  the  face  or  sides,  rounded  on  the  back. 
•»-  •»-  Heads  discoid. 

64.  Tanacetum.    Heads  corymbosely  cymose  or  glomerate,  rarely  solitary,  many-flowered  ; 

female  flowers  with  tubular  3  to  5-toothed  corolla.  Akenes  5-ribbed  or  3  to  5-angular, 
with  broad  truncate  summit,  bearing  a  coroniform  pappus  or  none.  Anther-tips 
broad  and  mostly  obtuse. 

65.  Artemisia.    Heads  paniculately  disposed,  few  to  many-flowered,  small,  heterogamous, 

the  female  flowers  with  small  and  slender  tubular  corolla,  and  the  hermaphrodite 
either  sterile  or  fertile  ;  or  homogamous,  with  the  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and  fer- 
tile. Anther-tips  slender  and  pointed.  Akenes  obovate  or  oblong,  destitute  of 
pappus. 

Tribe  VIII.  SENECIONIDE^E.  Involucre  mostly  one  or  two  series  of  equal  bracts, 
sometimes  unequal  or  imbricated,  with  or  without  accessory  ones  at  base.  Leaves 
usually  alternate.  Chiefly  distinguished  by  the  copious  capillary  pappus,  simple  in- 
volucre, and  naked  receptacle. 

*  Involucre  a  series  of  soft  herbaceous  bracts  :  heads  subdioecious,  racemosely  or  corym- 

bosely disposed,  whitish  flowered :  herbs  with  ample  mostly  radical  leaves. 

66.  Petasites.    Akenes  narrow,  5  to  10-costate,  with  elongating  soft  and  white  pappus. 

*  *  Involucre  lax  (not  erect-connivent),  of  much  overlapping  bracts  (4  or  5),  many-  (at 

least  20-)  flowered :  herbs  with  opposite  leaves. 

67.  Haploesthes.     Heads  radiate  ;  flowers  all  fertile.     Involucre  short-campanulate,  of 

similar  rather  fleshy  orbicular  or  broadly  oval  bracts,  the  outer  strongly  overlapping 
the  inner.  Ligules  of  the  rather  few  and  short  ray-flowers  oval.  Akenes  linear,  terete, 
striate-costate,  glabrous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  rather  rigid  and  scabrous  whitish 
bristles. 

*  *  *  Involucre  of  4  to  6  firm  and  concave  close  and  strongly  overlapping  bracts,  4  to  9- 

flowered :  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves. 

63.  Tetradymia.  Heads  homogamous.  Involucre  cylindrical  to  oblong.  Corollas  with 
lanceolate  or  linear  spreading  lobes.  Anthers  wholly  exserted.  Akenes  terete,  short, 
obscurely  5-nerved,  from  extremely  long-villous  to  glabrate  or  even  glabrous.  Pappus 
of  fine  and  soft  minutely  scabrous  capillary  long  bristles,  white  or  whitish. 

*  *  *  *  Involucre  of  numerous  or  several  connivent-erect  herbaceous  equal  bracts,  many- 

flowered  :  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves. 

69.  Arnica.  Heads  conspicuously  radiate,  or  the  rays  rarely  wanting.  Involucre  cam- 
panulate, of  several  thin-herbaceous  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  equal  bracts  in  a  single 

1  The  Old- World  genus  Anthemis  has  a  naturalized  species  within  our  range  and  may  be 
characterized  as  follows  :  — 

Anthemis.  Involucre  hemispherical,  many-flowered,  of  comparatively  small  imbricated 
bracts,  the  outer  successively  shorter.  Chaffy  bracts  of  receptacle  sometimes  hyaline,  some- 
times aristiform.  Akenes  terete  or  4  to  10-angled  or  ribbed,  not  flattened,  glabrous  ;  the 
truncate  summit  naked,  or  with  a  very  short  coroniform  or  auriculate  pappus.  Heads 
comparatively  large  —  See  p.  198. 

2  The  following  Old- World  genus  has  a  naturalized  species  within  our  borders  :  — 
Chrysanthemum.     Receptacle  from  flat  to  hemispherical.    Akenes  (at  least  of  the  disk) 

5  to  10-ribbed  or  nerved  all  round.  — See  p.  199. 


140  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

or  somewhat  double  series.  Corollas  of  the  disk-flowers  with  a  commonly  elongated 
hirsute  tube.  Akenes  linear,  more  or  less  5  to  10-costate  or  angled.  Pappus  a  single 
series  of  numerous  rather  rigid  capillary  bristles,  from  scabrous  to  barbellate.  Leaves 
chiefly  opposite. 

70.  Senecio.    Heads  heterogamous  and  radiate,  or  by  the  absence  of  ray  homogamous  and 

discoid.  Corollas  yellow.  Pappus  of  soft-capillary  and  merely  scabrous  very  numer- 
ous bristles.  Leaves  alternate. 

Tribe  IX.  CYNABOIDEvE.  Heads  homogamous  and  tubiflorous,  the  flowers  all 
hermaphrodite,  the  corolla  lobes  long  and  narrow.  Leaves  alternate,  the  teeth  or  mar- 
gins often  prickly. 

71.  Cnicus.1    Involucre  of  numerous  much  imbricated  and  often  prickly-tipped  bracts. 

Receptacle  densely  villous-setose.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  long-  and  soft-plumose, 
connate  into  a  ring  at  base  and  falling  from  the  akene  in  connection.  Leaves  more 
or  less  prickly. 

Tribe  X.  CICHOBIACE^E.  Ligule  5-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex.  Receptacle 
almost  always  plane.  Herbs,  mostly  with  milky  and  bitter  juice,  and  alternate  leaves. 
In  ours  the  pappus  is  always  present  and  the  receptacle  naked. 

*  Pappus  chaffy  or  partly  so,  or  bristle-like,  or  plumose. 

72.  Krigia.     Heads  several  to  many-flowered.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  thin-herbaceous, 

equal.  Akenes  short-columnar,  many-ribbed,  terete  or  somewhat  angular,  with  broad 
truncate  summit.  Pappus  double;  outer  of  pointless  thin  scales;  inner  of  delicate 
naked  bristles.  Flowers  yellow. 

73.  Steplianomeria.    Heads  5  to  12-flowered,  rarely  3  to  20-flowered.     Involucre  cylin- 

draceous  or  oblong,  of  several  appressed  and  equal  plane  membranaceous  bracts  and 
some  short  calyculate  ones,  not  rarely  with  2  or  3  of  intermediate  length,  thus  be- 
coming imbricate.  Akenes  5-angled  or  ribbed,  sometimes  with  intermediate  ribs. 
Pappus  a  series  of  plumose  bristles,  or  rarely  chaffy  awns.  Flowers  pink  or  rose 
color. 

74.  Microseris.     Heads  several  to  many-flowered,  on  naked  simple  scapes  or  peduncles. 

Corollas  mostly  with  a  hairy  tube.  Akenes  8  to  10-costate,  with  a  basal  callosity 
which  is  hollowed  at  the  insertion.  Pappus  simple  white ;  its  bristles  or  awns  naked, 
with  chaffy  base,  or  plumose.  Flowtrs  yellow. 

*  *  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  scabrous,  never  plumose  nor  chaffy. 
i-  Akenes  not  flattened  :  pappus  deciduous,  mainly  all  together,  soft  and  white. 

75.  Malacothrix.    Involucre  many-flowered,  either  imbricated  or  only  calyculate.     Re- 

ceptacle sometimes  with  or  sometimes  without  delicate  capillary  bristles  interposed 
among  the  flowers.  Akenes  short,  oblong  or  columnar,  glabrous,  terete  and  striately 
5  to  15-costate,  or  4  to  5-angled  by  the  prominence  of  stronger  ribs,  with  broad  trun- 
cate apex  having  an  entire  or  denticulate  border  or  sharp  edge.  Pappus  a  series  of 
soft  and  scabrous  bristles,  and  commonly  1  to  8  outer  and  stronger  ones  which  are 
more  persistent  and  smoother. 

—  i-  Akenes  not  flattened  :  pappus  persistent,  or  bristles  falling  never  in  connection. 

•H-  Beak  to  the  akenes  none. 

=  Flowers  yellow. 

76.  Hieracium.     Involucre  several  to  many-flowered,  of  narrow  equal  bracts  and  some 

short  calyculate  ones.  Akenes  oblong  or  columnar,  smooth  and  glabrous,  mostly  10- 
ribbed  or  striate,  either  terete  or  4  to  5-angular,  commonly  of  same  thickness  to  the 
truncate  top,  but  in  several  species  tapering  to  a  narrower  summit.  Pappus  of  rather 

1  The  following  Old-World  genus  has  a  naturalized  species  within  our  range :  — 
Arctium.    Involucre  globular  ;  bracts  slender-subulate  or  aristiform  and  spreading  above 
the  broader  appressed  base,  hooked  at  tip.    Receptacle  densely  setose.     Pappus  of  numer- 
ous short  and  rigid  or  chaffy  bristles,  separately  deciduous.    Leaves  never  prickly. — See 
p.  212. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  141 

rigid  scabrous  fragile  bristles,  dirty  or  tawny,  rarely  white  and  soft.  Perennials, 
commonly  with  hispid  or  hirsute,  or  often  glandular  pubescence. 

77.  Crepis.     Involucre  few  to  many-flowered,  somewhat  imbricated,  or  more  commonly  a 

series  of  equal  bracts  and  some  short  calyculate  ones.  Akenes  from  columnar  to 
fusiform,  10  to  20-costate.  Pappus  of  copious  white  and  usually  soft  capillary  bristles. 
Annuals  or  perennials. 

=  =  Flowers  from  whitish  or  cream-color  to  violet  or  rose-red. 

78.  Prenanthes.    Heads  5  to  30-flowered,  mostly  nodding.    Akenes  terete  or  4  to  5-angled, 

commonly  striate,  with  truncate  summit.  Pappus  of  copious  rather  rigid  capillary 
bristles,  in  one  section  from  whitish  to  ferruginous.  Leafy-stemmed  perennials,  with 
paniculate  or  thyrsoidly  disposed  heads  ;  leaves  dilated. 

79.  Lygodesmia.    Heads  3  to  12-flowered,  erect.     Akenes  terete,  obscurely  few-striate  or 

angled,  commonly  linear  or  slender-fusiform.  P.ippus  of  copious  and  usually  unequal 
capillary  bristles,  either  soft  or  rigidiilous,  from  sordid-whitish  to  white.  Stems 
mostly  rush-like  and  striate ;  leaves  narrow-linear  or  reduced  to  scales.  .  Flowers 
rose-colored. 

•H-  -H-  Beak  to  the  akenes  distinct  and  slender :  heads  erect. 

80.  Troximon.     Heads  many-flowered,  solitary,  terminating  simple  naked  scapes.     Invo- 

lucre campanulate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  imbricated.  Akenes  10-costate  or  10- 
nerved,  smooth,  not  muricate  nor  sculptured.  Pappus  white  or  whitish.  Flowers 
yelloAv,  orange,  or  rarely  purple. 

81.  Taraxacum.    Heads  many-flowered,  solitary,  terminating  simple  and  fistulous  naked 

scapes.  Involucre  campanulate  or  oblong,  a  single  series  of  nearly  equal  narrow 
bracts,  a  little  connate  at  base,  and  several  or  numerous  calyculate  bracts  at  the  base. 
Akenes  oblong-obovate  to  fusiform,  4  to  5-costate  or  angled,  muricate  or  spinulose, 
the  summit  abruptly  contracted  into  a  filiform  beak.  Pappus  soft  and  capillary,  dull 
white,  no  woolly  ring  at  its  base.  Flowers  yellow. 

82.  Pyrrhopappus.     Heads  and  involucre  nearly  of  the  last,  terminating  scapose  or 

leafy  stems  or  branches.  Akenes  oblong  or  linear-fusiform,  about  5-costate  or  sulcate, 
muriculate-rugulose,  tapering  abruptly  into  a  long  filiform  beak.  Pappus  copious, 
soft  and  capillary,  fulvous  or  rufous,  its  base  usually  surrounded  by  a  soft-villous 
ring.  Flowers  yellow. 

•*-  -i-  •«- Akenes  flattened  :  pappus  of  copious  fine  and  soft  capillary  bristles  :  leafy-stemmed 
plants,  with  more  or  less  paniculate  heads. 

83.  L,actuca.1    Involucre  cylindraceous,  or  in  fruit  somewhat  conoidal,  several  to  many- 

flowered.  Akenes  obcompressed,  and  with  a  beak  or  narrowed  summit,  which  is 
more  or  less  expanded  at  apex  into  a  pappiferous  disk.  Pappus  of  bright  white  or 
rarely  sordid  bristles,  falling  separately. 

1.    VERNONIA,    Schreb.        IRON-WEED. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnately-veined  leaves,  and  usually  purple 
or  rose-colored  flowers,  sometimes  varying  to  white. 

1.  V.  fasciculata,  Michx.  Glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  2  to  5  feet  high: 
leaves  thickish,  from  linear  to  oblong-lunceolate,  conspicuously  spinulose-denticu- 
late :  heads  numerous  and  crowded  on  the  branches  of  the  compound  cyme :  invo- 
lucre (3  or  4  lines  high)  20  to  30-flowered;  its  bracts  all  obtuse,  or  some  of 
the  uppermost  abruptly  mucronate-acute.  —  From  Dakota  to  Texas  within  the 
eastern  limits  of  our  range,  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi  States. 

1  The  following  Old-World  genus  has  several  species  naturalized  within  our  range :  — 
Sonchus.    Involucre  campanulate  or  broader,  in  age  usually  broadened  and  fleshy-thick- 
ened at  base,  and  becoming  conical.    Akenes  obcompressed,  destitute  of  beak  or  neck  or 
dilated  pappiferous  disk.     Pappus  of  very  soft  and  fine  flaccid  bristles,  which  fall  more  or 
less  in  connection,  and  commonly  one  or  more  stronger  ones,  which  fall  separately. 


142  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

2.  V.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  a  foot  or  two  high  : 
leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  like  those  of  narrowest  forms  of  the  last,  but 
smaller  and  less  or  obsoletely  denticulate :  heads  few  or  numerous  in  a  loose 
and  open  corymbiform  cyme,  all  pedunculate:  involucre  (4  or  5  lines  high)  15 
to  25-flowered ;  its  bracts  all  or  mostly  obtuse.  —  Fl.  ii.  94.  Plains  of  Ne- 
braska and  Arkansas  to  W.  Texas  and  E.  New  Mexico. 


2.    EUPATORIUM,    Tourn.        THOROUGHWORT. 

Herbs  or  shrubby,  commonly  with  opposite  leaves,  mostly  resinous- atom- 
iferous  and  bitter ;  the  small  heads  corymbosely  cymose  or  paniculate. 
#  Involucre  imbricated,  the  outer  bracts  successively  shorter:  herbs. 
•<—  Heads  5  to  \Q-flowered:  leaves  verticillate. 

1.  E.  purpureum,  L.      From    pubescent    to  nearly  glabrous:    stem 
simple,  3  to  9  feet  high :  leaves  commonly  3  to  6  in  a  whorl,  from  oval-ovate 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  reticulate-veiny,  the  base 
narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  :    cymes  polycephalous,  compound-corymbose 
and  numerous :  involucre  whitish  and  flesh-colored  :  flowers  dull  flesh-color  or 
purple,  rarely  almost  white.  —  From  the  Sierra  Nevada,  eastward  across  the 
continent.     Known  as  "Joe-Pye  Weed"  and  "Trumpet  Weed."     Varies 
exceedingly;   the  commonest  form  being 

Var.  maculatum,  Darl.  Stem  3  to  4  feet  high,  often  roughish-pubescent, 
commonly  purple,  striate  or  sulcate  :  leaves  somewhat  rugose :  inflorescence 
more  compact. 

-t-  •«-  Heads  10  to  20-Jlowered :  leaves  opposite. 

2.  E.  Bruneri,  Gray.     Minutely  puberulent,  a  foot  or  two  high :    leaves 
acutely  serrate,  ovate-oblong,  2  or  3  inches  long,  very  short-petioled :    paniculate 
rather  slender  peduncles  bearing  3  or  more  sessile  or  short-peduncled  heads :  in- 
volucre campauulate,  at   least  20-flowcred,  of    comparatively  few  obscurely 
striate  obtuse  bracts ;  the  outer  oval,  puberulent ;    inner  ones  scarious  and 
glabrous,  flesh-color :  akenes  glabrous.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  96.     Damp  ground,  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  at  Fort  Collins,  N.  Colorado,  Dr.  Bruner. 

3.  E.  perfoliatum,  L.      Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  villous-pubescent,  fasti- 
giately  branched  above,  stout :    leaves  lanceolate,  connate-perfoliate,  tapering 
gradually  to  an  acuminate  apex,  finely  and  closely  crenate-serrate,  rugose,  soft- 
pubescent,  or  almost  tomentose  beneath,  4  to  8  inches  long :  heads  small  but 
very  numerous,   in   dense   compound-corymbose   cymes,   mostly  \Q-flowcred: 
bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  with  slightly  scarious  acutish  tips,  — 
From  Dakota,  within  the  N.  E.  limit  of  our  range,  to  Louisiana  and  eastward 
across  the  continent.     Known  as  "  Thoroughwort  "  and  "  Boueset." 

*  *  Involucre  of  bracts  all  of  the  same  length  or  nearly  so,  in  one  or  two  series : 
leaves  opposite  and  petioled :  shrubs. 

4.  E.  ageratifolmm,  DC.     Shrub  3  to  7  feet  high,  with  slender  and 
spreading  mostly  herbaceous  branches,  green  and  nearly  glabrous :   leaves 
deltoid-ovate,  coarsely  and  rather  obtusely  dentate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  slender- 
petioled :  heads  pedicelled,  numerous  in  corymbiform  cymes,  10  to  30-flowered  : 
involucral  bracts  8  to  12,  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear.  —  E.  Berlandieri,  DC. 
From  S.  Colorado  to  Texas. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  143 

3.    KUHNIA,    L. 

Perennials,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  more  or  less  sprinkled  with  resin- 
ous atoms,  usually  with  scattered  or  cymose-clustered  heads  of  10  to  30 
whitish  or  at  length  purple  flowers;  pappus  mostly  tawny. 

1.  K.  eupatorioides,  L.  Stem  herbaceous,  2  or  3  feet  high:  leaves 
from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  irregularly  few-toothed  or  upper  ones  entire, 
the  lower  narrowed  at  base  and  sometimes  short-petioled  :  pubescence  minute 
or  soft  and  cinereous,  or  hardly  any  :  heads  more  or  less  cymose-clustered.  — 
From  Montana  to  Texas  and  eastward  to  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey. 
Very  variable. 

Var.  COrymbulosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  stouter,  some- 
what cinereous-pubescent  or  tomentulose  :  leaves  rather  rigid  and  sessile, 
from  oblong  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  veiny :  heads  rather  crowded.  —  From 
Dakota  and  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi  States. 


4.    BRICKELLIA,    Ell. 

Herbs  or  uudershrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  veiny  leaves  and  heads  of 
white,  ochroleucous,  or  even  flesh-colored  flowers. 

*  Heads  30  to  40-Jlowered,  ^  to  f  inch  long:  leaves  slender-petioled,  at  least  the 
lower  ones  opposite :  perennial  herbs. 

1.  B.  grandiflora,  Nutt.     Puberulent  or  almost  glabrous:   stem  2  or 
3  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  :  the  numerous  heads  pauiculate-cymose 
and  drooping :  leaves  broadly  or  narrowly  deltoid-cordate,  coarsely  dentate- 
serrate  and  witli  an  entire  gradually  acuminate  apex,  the  larger  4  inches 
long  :    bracts   papery   and    scarious-margined    when    dried  :    pappus   white, 
inclined  to  be  deciduous.  —  In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  and  Arizona 
to  Montana  and  Oregon. 

Var.  minor,  Gray,  is  a  smaller  form,  with  leaves  only  an  inch  or  two  long, 
heads  proportionally  small,  involucre  fewer-flowered.  —  Clear  Creek,  Colo- 
rado, to  California  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  Arizona. 

*  *  Heads  9  to  25-flowered,  not  over  £  inch  long :  leaves  distinctly  petioled, 
mostly  alternate :  stems  shrubby  at  base. 

2.  B.   Wrightii,   Gray.      Usually  much  branched  from  a  woody  base, 
2  to  4  feet  high,  puberulent :  leaves  broadly  deltoid-ovate  or  rounded-cordate  and 
obtuse,  more  or  less  crenate-dentate,  £  to  l£  inches  long:  heads  glomerate-panicu- 
late, the  clusters  shorter  than  or  little  surpassing  the  subtending  leaves :  in- 
volucre often  purple.  —PI.  Wright,  ii.  72.     From  Colorado  and  Arizona  to 
W.  Texas. 

3.  B.  microphylla,  Gray.     Glandular-puberulent  or  pubescent  and  viscid, 
a  foot  or  two  high  from  a  partly  woody  base,  paniculately  much  branched ;  the 
short  leaf i/  branchlets  terminated  by  1  to  3  heads:    leaves  subcordate  or  ovate  to 
oblong,  when  old  somewhat  scabrous,  sparingly  denticulate  or  nearly  entire, 
the  larger  ^  inch  long,  those  of  flowering  branchlets  a  line  or  two  long:  heads 
nearly  i  inch  long,  about  15-flowered.  —  PL  Wright,  i.  85.    From  S.  W. 
Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon. 


144  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

5.     LI  A  THIS,    Schreb.        BLAZING  STAR. 

Herbs,  with  simple  virgate  very  leafy  stems  from  a  tuberous  or  mostly  glo- 
bose and  corm-like  stock,  bearing  spicate  heads  of  rose-purple  flowers ;  the 
leaves  all  alternate,  narrow,  entire,  rigid,  mostly  glabrous. 

#  Pappus  very  plumose:  heads  16  to  60-JJowered. 

1.  L.  squarrosa,  Willd.     Pubescent  or  partly  glabrous  :  stem  stout,  6  to 
20  inches  high :  leaves  all  linear  and  rigid ;  the  lower  grass-like  :  heads  few, 
or  sometimes  numerous  in  a  leafy  spike  or  raceme,  the  larger  an  inch  or  more 
long:  bracts  of  the  involucre  much  imbricated,  all  herbaceous  and  acuminate, 
or  with  foliaceous  or  herbaceous  lanceolate  rigid  and  somewhat  pungent  tips ; 
these  usually  squarrose-spreadiug  and  prolonged.  —  Within  the  eastern  limit 
of  our  range  and  extending  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  intermedia,  DC.  Heads  narrow :  bracts  of  the  involucre  erect  or 
little  spreading,  less  prolonged.  —  Same  range  as  the  type,  perhaps  extending 
a  little  farther  west. 

*  *  Pappus  plainly  plumose  to  the  naked  eye :  heads  4  to  B-flowered. 

2.  L.  punctata,  Hook.     Stems  a  span  to  30  inches  high  from  a  thick 
and  branching  or  sometimes  globular  stock,  stout :  leaves  all  narrowly  linear, 
as  well  as  bracts  commonly  punctate,  rigid  :  head  oblong  or  cylindraceous, 
thickish,  from  \  to  \  inch  long,  mostly  numerous  and  crowded  in  a  dense 
spike :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  abruptly  or  sometimes  more  gradually 
cuspidate-acuminate,  often  Ian uginous-ciliate.  —  On  the  plains  from  the  Sas- 
katchewan to  Montana  and  southward  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

#  *  *  Pappus  minutely  barbellate,  not  plumose :  heads  25  to  4Q-Jloicered. 

3.  L.  scariosa,  Willd.     Pubescent  or  glabrate  :  stem  stout,  1  to  5  feet 
high :  leaves  spatulate-  or  oblong-lanceolate  and  tapering  into  a  petiole,  4  to  6 
inches  long ;   upper  narrowly  lanceolate ;   uppermost  small,  linear,  sessile : 
heads  racemose  or  spicate,  few  or  numerous  (3  to  50),  about  an  inch  high 
and  wide  or  much  smaller :  iuvolucral  bracts  broadest  and  rounded  at  sum- 
mit, there  either  herbaceous  or  scarious  edged  and  tinged  with  purple  (rarely 
white-scarious).  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  across  the  continent. 
Extremelv  variable. 


6.    GUTIERREZIA,   Lag. 

Ours  is  a  suffruticose  plant,  with  narrow  entire  and  alternate  leaves,  small 
heads  of  yellow  flowers,  and  pappus  of  ray  and  disk  similar,  consisting  of 
chaffy  scales  which  vary  from  narrowly  oblong  to  linear-subulate. 

1.  G.  Euthamise,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Bushy,  from  glabrous  to  puberulent, 
6  to  18  inches  high,  with  mostly  strict  and  fastigiately  polycephalous  branches: 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  verging  to  filiform :  heads  mostly  clavate-oblong,  few 
to  several-flowered,  not  over  2  lines  long,  some  short-pedunculate,  others  3  to  5 
in  a  glomerule:  flowers  of  disk  and  ray  not  numerous:  akenes  sericeous- 
pubescent.  —  From  the  Saskatchewan  and  Montana  to  New  Mexico  and 
California. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  145 

7.    GRIN  DEL  I  A,    Willd.        GUM-PLANT. 

Herbs  of  coarse  habit;  with  sessile  or  partly  clasping  and  usually  ser- 
rate rigid  leaves,  and  rather  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the 
branches ;  the  narrow  rays  numerous,  occasionally  wanting.  Heads  more  or 
less  viscid,  especially  before  blooming,  but  the  herbage  glabrous  (in  ours). 

#  Akenes  squarely  truncate  and  even  at  the  summit,  not  toothed:  pappus-awns 

2  or  3. 

1.  G.  squarrosa,  Dunal.      Commonly  only  a  foot  or  two  high  and 
branched  from  the  base :  leaves  rigid ;  cauline  from  spatulate-  to  linear-oblong 
and  with  half-clasping  base,  acutely  and  often  spinulosely  serrate  or  denticu- 
late ;  sometimes  radical  and  even  cauline  laciniate-pinnatifid :  involucre  strongly 
squarrose  with  the  spreading  and  recurving  short-filiform  tips  of  the  bracts : 
outer  akenes  commonly  corky-thickened  and  with  broad  truncate  summit, 
those  toward  the  centre  narrower  and  thinner-walled.  —  On  the  plains,  from 
the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas  and  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Var.  nuda,  Gray.  Rays  wanting.  —  With  the  radiate  form  in  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 

*  *  Akenes  narrow,  excisely  truncate  or  bidentate  at  summit :  pappus  awns 
mostly  2. 

2.  G.  nana,  Nutt.     Rather  low  and  slender,  6  to  30  inches  high,  the 
larger  plants  corymbosely  and  freely  branched  above :  leaves  thinnish,  lanceo- 
late and  linear,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  entire  or  spinulose  serrate :  heads 
small :  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  slender  and  squarrose  soon  revolute  tips, 
as  in  the  last :  rays  1 6  to  30.  —  From  N.  W.  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington Territory  ;  replacing  G.  squarrosa  in  the  Northwest. 

8.    CHRYSOPSIS,    Nutt.        GOLDEN  ASTER. 

Herbs,  with  pubescence  from  hispid  to  silky,  leaves  entire  or  few-toothed, 
yellow  flowers  in  middle-sized  heads  terminating  the  stem  and  branches. 
Our  single  species  includes  a  multitude  of  forms,  the  more  marked  of  which 
are  given  as  varieties. 

1.  C.  villosa,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, rarely  few-toothed,  usually  cinereous  or  canescently  strigose  or  hirsute 
and  sparsely  hispid  along  the  margins  and  midrib,  an  inch  or  two  long :  heads 
mostly  terminating  leafy  branches,  sometimes  rather  clustered,  naked  at  base 
or  leafy- bracteate  :  involucre  campanulate,  4  or  5  lines  high  ;  its  bracts  com- 
monly strigulose-canescent,  sometimes  almost  smooth,  acute :  akenes  oblong- 
obovate,  villous :  outer  pappus  of  chaffy  bristles.  —  On  open  ground  from 
the  Saskatchewan  to  Alabama  and  westward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  hispida,  Gray.  Small  and  low,  with  hirsute  and  hispid  pubescence, 
not  canescent :  heads  particularly  small :  involucre  not  canescent,  sometimes 
glabrous.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  65.  Saskatchewan  to  W.  Texas  and 
Arizona. 

Var.  discoidea,  Gray.  Heads  destitute  of  rays  :  involucre  somewhat 
canescent :  otherwise  nearly  as  the  last.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  123.  Canons,  W.  Mon- 
tana, Watson. 

10 


146  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  foliosa,  Eaton.  Canescent  with  appressed  sericeous  pubescence, 
mostly  soft  and  destitute  of  hispid  bristles;  but  stem  often  hirsute  or  villous: 
leaves  short,  oblong  or  elliptical :  heads  small,  rather  numerous  and  clustered. 
—  Bot.  King  Exp.  164.  Mountains  of  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

Var  Rutteri,  Rothrock.  Most  like  the  preceding,  equally  sericeous- 
canescent  with  usually  longer  soft  hairs :  heads  of  double  the  size,  fully 
^  inch  high  and  wide,  solitary  or  few  in  a  cluster,  foliose-bracteate :  rays  30 
to  40,  £  inch  long.. —  Wheeler  Rep.  vi.  142.  S.  Arizona ;  also  Colorado,  where 
the  leaves  are  slightly  cauescent. 

9.    APLOPAPPUS,    Cass. 

A  large  and  polymorphous  genus ;  mostly  herbaceous,  some  suffruticose : 
the  flowers  all  yellow,  and  occasionally  rayless,  thus  making  them  undistin- 
guishable  from  the  following  genus. 
*  Involucre  ofjirm  well-imbricated  or  rigid  bracts:  rays  numerous,  several,  or 

wanting:  pappus  commonly  fuscous  or  rufous,  and  more  or  less  rigid. 
•»—  Heads  rayless:  akenes  senccous-canescent :  leaves  coriaceous,  dentate. 

1 .  A.  Nllttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Herbaceous  from  a  woody  stock,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to  almost  lanceolate :  heads  few 
terminating  the  branches,  one  third  inch  high :  involucre  hemispherical ;  the 
bracts  with   slightly  spreading  greenish  tips.  —  From    New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  to  Idaho  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

•<—  -t-  Heads  conspicuously  radiate,  large  and  showy:  rays  very  numerous,  %  to 

1  inch  long:  akenes  wholly  glabrous:  leaves  coriaceous,  entire. 
•»-«•  Stems  equably  and  very  leafy  up  to  the  sessile  or  subsessile  heads. 

2.  A.  Fremonti,  Gray.      A  foot  or  less  high,  simple  or  fastigiately 
branched  above :  leaves  lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  obscurely  3  to  5-nerved ; 
lower  narrowed  and  upper  partly  clasping  at  base:  involucre  (inch  or  less 
high)  broadly  campanulate  ;  its  bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  conspicuously  and 
often  cuspidately  acuminate :  rays  £  inch  long :  akenes  obovate,  strtate-nerved, 
almost  as  long  as  the  rigid  pappus.  — Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  65.    Colorado. 

Var.  "Wardi,  Gray.     Dwarf,    fascicled  stems  only  a  span  high:  leaves 
proportionally   small,  linear-lanceolate,  destitute  of    lateral   nerves :    heads 
one-half  smaller,  2  or  3  in  a  terminal  glomerule :  akenes  double  the  length 
of  the  scanty  pappus.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  128.     Wyoming,  L.  F.  Ward. 
-»H.  +-«.  Stems  simple,  above  with  decreasing  or  sparse  leaves  and  solitary  or  few 

naked  and  usually  pedunculate  heads,  at  base  a  tnft  of  ample  lanceolate-  or 

spatulate-oblong  radical  leaves. 

3.  A.  croceus,  Gray.     Stem  stout  and  erect,  commonly  a  foot  or  two 
high,  and  with  radical  /eaves  afoot  or  less  long  (including  the  petiole)  :  cauliue 
leaves  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  partly  clasping :  head  mostly  solitary :  invo- 
lucre a  full  inch  in  diameter ;  its  bracts  orate,  to  spatulate-oblong,  very  obtuse,  lax, 
inner  with  scarious  erose-denticulate  margins  :    rays  saffron-yellow,  sometimes 
inch  long :  akenes  narrowly  oblong,  nearly  the  length  of  the  pappus.  —  Proc. 
Acad.  Philad.  1863,  65.     Mountains  of  Colorado. 

4.  A.  integrifollUS,  T.  C.  Porter.     Stems  several  from  the  caudex, 
ascending,  a  foot  or  less  high :  radical  leaves  3  to  8  inches  (including  short 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  147 

petiole  or  tapering  base);  cauline  lanceolate,  or  small  uppermost  linear: 
heads  solitary  or  2  or  3  in  axils,  smaller  than  in  foregoing :  iuvolucral  bracts 
narrow!//  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  some  loose  outer  ones  usually  equalling  the 
disk  and  more  foliaceous :  rays  bright  yellow,  half-inch  long :  immature  akenes 
oblong.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  79.  Mountain  meadows,  Wyoming, 
and  Montana. 

t-  •*-  •*-  Heads  conspicuously  radiate,  smaller :  rays  £  to  barely  \  inch  long: 

akenes  silky  pubescent  or  villous. 

++  Mostly  simple  stems  with  a  tuft  of  radical  leaves:  leaves  coriaceous,  entire  or', 
spinulose-serrate,  the  cauline  diminished  upwards:  rajs  20  to  50:  pappus 
pale,  rather  soft  and  fine. 

5.  A.  uniflorus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  a  span  to  barely  a  foot  high, 
ascending  or  erect,  sometimes  5  to  ^-leaved,  sometimes  rather  scapiform  or  upper 
leaves  reduced  and  bract-like,  bearing  a  solitary  head,  rarely  one  or  two  from 
lower  axils  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  sometimes  broader ;    radical  2  or  3  inches 
long  and  usually  petioled  :  involucre  commonly  £  inch  high  and  the  linear  or 
oblong-linear  bracts  all  of  same  length,  rather  loose,  outer  all  foliaceous.  —  A.  uni- 
florus  &  A.  inuloides,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  241.     From  the  Saskatchewan  to 
Montana,  Utah,  and  Colorado. 

6.  A.  lanceolatUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Habit  of  the  preceding:  stems  gen- 
erally more  leafy  and  bearing  3  to  15  heads;  these  when  few  subcorymbose, 
when  more  numerous  racemosely  or  paniculately  disposed  :  involucre  in  the 
type  fully  £  inch  high  ;    its  bracts  rather  closely  imbricated  in  3  or  4  unequal 
series,  lanceolate,  acutish,  with  short  green  tips  and  whitish  coriaceous  base ; 
outer  successively  shorter,  occasionally  some  of  them  longer  and  more  herba- 
ceous.—  Eaton,  Bot.  King  Exp.  160.     From  the   Saskatchewan  to  British 
Columbia  and  N.  Nevada. 

Var.  Vaseyi,  Parry.  Heads  a  third  or  quite  half  smaller,  disposed  to 
be  racemose  and  involucre  closer.  —  Saskatchewan  to  Wyoming,  Utah,  and 
Colorado. 

•M.  -M.  Very  dwarf  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  leafy  up  to  the  small  heads :  leaves 
all  narrow  and  entire  :  rays  7  to  10  :  pappus  scanty,  somewhat  fulvous. 

7.  A.  multicaulis,  Gray.     Very  dwarf,  tufted,  tomentulose,  but  early 
glabrate  and  smooth :  stems  1  to  3  inches  high  from  a  ligneous  caudex,  simple 
or  forked,  bearing  3  or  4  leaves  and  few  heads :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  or  the 
lowest  obscurely  spatulate,  an  inch  long :  bracts  of  the  involucre  large  and 
rather  few  (9  to  14),  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  cuspidate-acuminate, 
marked  with  a  green  spot  below  the  slender  cusp,  or  the  outermost  with  a 
larger  foliaceous  tip.  — Am.  Nat.  viii.  213.     On  rocks,  mountains  of  N.  W. 
Wyoming. 

•w-  -w-  -w-  Branching  and  leafy :  leaves  not  rigid,  dentate  or  pinnatifid,  the  teeth 
and  tips  bristle-tipped:  rays  conspicuous,  15  to  30:  pappus  rather  rigid,  its 
bristles  very  unequal  in  size  and  strength. 

8.  A.  rubiginosus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     One  to  three  feet  high,  viscid-glan- 
dular and  pubescent:    leaves  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  incisely  pinnatifid  or 
dentate  with  salient  narrow  teeth:  heads  somewhat  cymosely  paniculate,  5  or  6 
lines  high,  usually  naked  pedunculate :  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate, 


148  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

with  slender  spreading  green  tips:  rays  deep  golden-yellow.  —  Fl.  ii.  240.    From 
S.  Texas  to  the  plains  of  Colorado  as  far  as  the  mountains. 

9.  A.  SpinuloSUS,  DC.     Canescently  puberulent  or  glabrate :  stems  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  cymosely  branching  at  summit :  leaves  pinnately  and  ihe  lower 
often  bipinnately  parted  into  rather  numerous  lobes ;  lobes  and  teeth,  as  well  as 
appressed  involucral  bracts  setaceous-tipped.  —  Plains,  from  the  Saskatchewan  to 
Texas  and  westward  to  Dakota,  Colorado,  and  Arizona. 

*  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  even  linear,  not  rigid,  all 
of  equal  or  about  equal  length :  rays  several  or  numerous :  pappus  soft  and 
white  or  whitish :  leaves  all  entire. 

H-  Heads  cymose  or  glomerate  at  the  summit  of  a  leafy  stem :  involucre  campanu- 
late:  rays  12  to  20,  small  and  narrow:  akenes  short  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

10.  A.  Parryi,  Gray.     Green  and  almost  glabrous,  puberulent,  and  some- 
what viscid  above :   stems  6  to  1 8  inches  high :  leaves  oblong-obovate  and 
spatulate,  or  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  thinuish,  2  to  4  inches  long :   heads 
nearly  |  inch  high,  rather  numerous :  involucral  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  pale, 
and  in  about  three  moderately  unequal  ranks:  flowers  pale  yellow. — Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  ii.  xxxiii.  10.     Mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  Wahsatch. 

H—  H—  Dwarf:  heads  solitary,  terminating  simple  st<ms  or  branches:  rat/s 

conspicuous. 

•w-  Wholly  herbaceous,  chiefly  alpine,  disposed  to  be  cespitose,  a  span  or  less  in 

height:  leaves  soft,  not  persistent:  involucre  hemispherical :  rays  15  to  20. 

=  Green,  not  woolltj,  mostly  equably  leafy  up  to  the  head. 

11.  A.  pygmaeus,  Gray.     Less  than  a  span  high,  soft-pubescent  or  gla- 
brate, not  viscid  nor  glandular  :    leaves  from  linear-spatulate  to  spatulate- 
oblong :   involucral  bracts  oblong,  outer  ones  foliaceous  and  loose,  very  obtuse, 
equalling  the  thinner  innermost :  akenes  pubescent.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii. 
239.     Alpine  region  of  Colorado  mountains. 

12.  A.   Lyalli,   Gray.       Rather  taller,   larger-leaved,  viscid-puberulent  : 
leaves  obovate-spatulate  to  oblanceolate  :  involucre  glandular  ;  its  bracts  lanceo- 
late, acute,  sometimes  2  or  3  outermost  oblong  and  more  foliaceous  :  akenes 
and  ovaries  glabrous  or  nearly  so. — Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  64.     Alpine 
region  of  Colorado  mountains ;  also  in  Montana,  Oregon,  and  northward. 

=  =  Woolly  or  tomentose,  at  least  the  involucre,  above  less  leafy,  or  head 
pedunculate. 

13.  A.  lanuginosus,  Gray.     Fully  a  span  high  from  creeping  root- 
stocks,  floccose-tomentose :  leaves  soft,  narrowly  spatulate  or  upper  linear,  an 
inch  or  two  long ;  the  sparse  uppermost  almost  filiform :  bracts  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  thin,  nearly  equal,  in  two  series,  outer  barely  greenish : 
akenes  sericeous-canescent.  —  Wilkes  Ex.  Exped.  xvii.  347.     From  Montana, 
Watson,  to  the  mountains  of  Washington  Territory. 

•w-  •«-*•  Depressed-cespitose  from  a  multicipital  woody  caudex,  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lent :  leaves  rigid  and  persistent,  crowded  on  the  crowns  of  the  caudex  or  on 
short  shoots,  a  few  on  the  scapiform  flowering  stems :  rays  6  to  1 5 :  akenes 
canescently  villous. 

14.  A.  acaulis,  Gray.     Leaves  from  spatulate  to  oblanceolate  or  linear, 
mucronate,  more  or  less  3-nerved  and  the  broader  ones  veiny,  commonly  sea- 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  149 

brous  :  scapiform  flowering  stems  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  mostly  monocepha- 
lous  :  brads  of  the  involucre  from  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronateltj  acute  or 
acuminate,  destitute  of  greenish  tips;  the  outer  a  little  shorter  than  the  inner. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  353.  In  the  mountains  from  the  Saskatchewan  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

Var.  glabratus,  Eaton.  Glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so  :  flowering 
stems  disposed  to  be  leafy  above  and  to  branch,  so  bearing  2  or  3  heads.  — 
Bot.  King  Exp.  161.  Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

15.  A.  armerioides,  Gray.     Smooth  and  glabrous  :    flowering  stems 
naked  above  for  1   to  3  inches,  sometimes  nearly  scapiform:    bracts  of  the 
campanulate  involucre  broadly  oval,  rounded-obtuse  or  refuse,  muticous,  of  about 
three  lengths ;  the  outermost  much  shorter,  most  of  them  greenish  at  apex.  — 
Hocks  on  mountains,  from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  S.  Utah. 

*  *  #  Heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating  leafy  branches :  involucre  of  lanceolate 

or  linear  bracts  in  few  ranks  and  of  somewhat  equal  length  ;  outer  with  con- 
spicuous leaf  i/  tips,  or  loose  and  foliaceous,  passing  into  leaves :  rays  few  and 
conspicuous,  or  wanting:  pappus  soft  and  slender:  low  and  many-stemmed 
from  a  sujfrutescent  base :  leaves  soft,  spatulate-oblong  to  broadly  linear,  ses- 
sile, entire. 

16.  A-  SUfifmticosuS,  Gray.     Destitute  oftomentum:  stems  glandular- 
pubescent  or  puberulent:  heads  f  to  £  inch  high:  rays  2  to  5  and  somewhat 
exserted,  or  none  :  disk-flowers  10  to  30.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  542.     Alpine 
or  subalpine,  from  California  to  Oregon  and  N.  Wyoming. 

17.  A.  Macronema,  Gray.     Stems  stouter,   whitened  by  a  dense  and 
close  tomentum  :  head  commonly  larger,  one  inch  long :  rays  always  wanting.  — 
Loc.  cit.    Mountains  of  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  westward. 

10.     BIGELOVIA,    DC.        RAYLESS  GOLDEN-ROD. 

Mostly  suffrutescent  or  more  shrubby  plants,  generally  few-flowered,  but 
grading  easily  into  both  Solidago  and  Aplopappus.  Includes  Linosyris. 

#  Heads  comparatively  large,  at  least  £  inch  long,  but  narrow,  5  to  20flowered  : 

bracts  of  the  involucre  chartaceous  and  acuminate,  some  of  the  outer  prolonged 
into  a  slender  herbaceous  tip ;  when  numerous  the  vertical  ranJcs  are  more  or 
less  apparent:  low  and  suffrutescent,  with  linear  entire  leaves,  not  punctate 
nor  viscid. 

-t-  Style-appendages  conspicuously  exserted:   akenes  pubescent:  stems  and 
branches  whitened  (at  least  when  young)  by  a  close  tomentum. 

1.  B.  Pavryi,  Gray.     Stems  rather  strict,  leafy  to  the  summit:  leaves 
linear,  2  or  3  inches  long,  2  lines  or  less  wide,  obscurely  3-nerved,  glabrous ; 
upper  ones  hardly  diminished  in  size  and  overtopping  all  trfe  heads  of  the 
strict  and  narrow  thyrsi form-virgate  panicle:  heads  10  to  \5-flowered :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  about  12.  —  Parks  of  the  Colorado  mountains. 

2.  B.  Howard!,  Gray.      Low,  rather  tufted,  canescently  tomentulose 
when  young  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  rigid,  an  inch  or  two  long,  barely  a  line 
wide,   obscurely    \-nerved;    upper   mostly  overtopping   the  glomerate  narrow 
heads:  involucre  5-Jlowered  ;  its  bracts  15  to  18. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  641. 
Parks  of  the  Colorado  mountains  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 


150  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

•t-  •*-  Style-appendages  hardly  exserted :  akenes  glabrous:  involucre  15  to  20- 
flowered :  herbage  glabrous  throughout. 

3.  B.  Engelmanni,  Gray.      A  span  or  two  high,  in  tufts  from  a  sub- 
terranean branching   caudex  :   stems   simple,  very  leafy  up  to  the  cymose- 
glomerate  heads :   leaves  all  narrowly  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long,  only  a 
line  wide,  rigid  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated  and  appressed, 
outer  similar  but  short,  all  abruptly  mucronate  or  short-cuspidate,  slightly 
greenish  below  the  tip.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  75.     Plains  of   Colorado  at 
Hugo  Station. 

*  #  Heads  narrow  or  small,  5-fiowered,  mostly  numerous  and  crowded :  involucre 
of  dry  chartaceoas  more  or  less  keeled  bracts  imbricated  so  as  to  form  5  con- 
spicuous vertical  ranks :  shrubby  and  branching,  with  narrow  entire  leaves. 

•«-  Akenes  and  ovaries  glabrous,  4  to  6-angled :  pappus  rigidulous :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  acute  or  acuminate,  numerous  and  strictly  5-ranked,  5  or  6  in  each 
vertical  rank :  herbage  not  punctate,  slightly  or  not  at  all  resinous. 

4.  B.  depressa,  Gray.     Obscurely  puberulent  and  pale,  a  span  or  two  high 
from  a  decumbent  woody  base :  branches  leafy  up  to  the  glomerule  or  fas- 
ciculate cyme  of  few  heads  :  leaves  short,  about  ^  inch  or  less  long,  lanceolate 
or  lowest  rather  spatulate,  rigid,  mucronate-acute,  with  carinate  midrib  and  no 
veins :  heads  £  inch  long :  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate 
into  an  almost  setaceous  tip.  —  Plains  of  S.  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  S. 
Utah. 

5.  B.  pulchella,  Gray.     Glabrous  and  green,  shrubby,  2  or  3  feet  high, 
fastigiately  much  branched,  very  leafy  up  to  fastigiate-cymose  heads :  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  plane,  an  inch  or  less  long,  rather  obtuse,  with  ciliolate-scabrous 
margins  and  midrib  not.  prominent :  heads  f  to  £  inch  long :  involucral  bracts 
rigid-chartaceous,  much  cariuate,  acute  and  cuspidate-mucronafe.  —  W.  Texas 
to  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

6.  B.  Bigelovii,  Gray.     Canescent  with  fine  close  tomentum  when  young, 
glabrate,  shrubby,  a  foot  to  a  yard  high,  fastigiately  much  branched,  rigid  : 
branches  less  leafy,  bearing  a  few  fastigiate-clustered  heads,  £  to  f  inch  high : 
leaves  nearly  filiform :  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  thinnish,  all  pale.  — 
N.  New  Mexico  and  adjacent  Colorado. 

•<-  -i-  Akenes  canescently  pubescent  or  villous  :  herbage  commonly  graveolent  and 

mostly  becoming  more  or  less  resinous  or  viscid. 

++  Leaves  numerous,  filiform  :  involucral  bracts  3  in  each  vertical  rank,  mostly 
with  small  subulate  spreading  or  recurving  tips. 

7.  B.  Greenei,  Gray.     Suffruticose,  about  a  foot  high,  green  and  gla- 
brous, more  or  less  balsamic-viscid :  leaves  very  numerou^  on  the  branches, 
filiform-acerose,  but  flat,  and  margins  minutely  scabrous:  heads  numerous 
and  fastigiate-cymose,  3  or  4  lines  high.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  75.     Colo- 
rado, on  the  Huerfano  Plains  and  near  Twin  Lakes ;  also  in  Utah. 

•4-).  -H.  Leaves  numerous,  from  filiform-linear  to  broadly  linear  or  lanceolate :  bracts 
of  the  involucre  obtuse  or  somewhat  acute. 

8.  B.  graveolens,  Gray.     A  foot  to  a  yard  or  more  high,  bearing  nu- 
merous crowded  heads:  these  £  or  §  inch  high  :  leaves  mostly  fioccnlent-tomen- 
tose  when  young,  often  glabrate  in  age,  not  rigid ;  the  larger  spatulate-linear,  or 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  151 

linear- lanceolate,  2  inches  long  and  2  lines  wide,  obscurely  if  at  all  3-nerved ; 
the  narrowest  almost  filiform,  at  least  when  dry,  and  margins  involute :  invo- 
lucre thin-chartaceous  when  dry ;  corolla-lobes  or  teeth  short,  from  lanceolate 
to  nearly  ovate :  akenes  linear :  pappus  sojl.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  644. 
From  New  Mexico  and  S.  California  to  Dakota  and  British  Columbia.  An 
exceedingly  polymorphous  species,  the  following  varieties  representing  the 
principal  forms  within  our  range. 

Var.  glabrata,  Gray.  Includes  forms  with  the  usually  narrow  leaves 
early  glabrate  or  perhaps  glabrous  from  the  first,  sometimes  balsamic,  some- 
times not.  — Not  rare  in  Colorado,  where  even  the  branches  sometimes  early 
lose  their  light  tomentum. 

Var.  albicaulis,  Gray.  Branches  for  the  most  part  permanently  and 
very  densely  white-tomentose  and  leaves  floccose-tomentose  :  involucre  either 
tomentulose  or  glabrate ;  its  bracts  commonly  acutish  :  corolla-lobes  more  or 
less  lanceolate  and  the  tube  villous-pubescent.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming  to 
British  Columbia ;  also  in  California. 

Var.  latisquamea,  Gray.  Rather  stout,  white-tomentose  or  partly  gla- 
brate :  heads  numerous  in  the  corymbiform  cymes :  bracts  of  the  glabrous 
involucre  mostly  elliptical-oblong,  very  obtuse  :  lobes  or  teeth  of  the  corolla 
short,  somewhat  lanceolate,  the  tube  glabrous.  —  S.  E.  Colorado  to  New 
Mexico  and  S.  Utah. 

9.  B.  Doilglasii,  Gray.     Green,  no  tomentum:  from  6  inches  to  6  feet 
high,  fast  ig  lately  branched,  sometimes  resinous-viscid,  often  slightly  or  not  at  all 
so:  leaves  from  very  narrowly  linear  or  almost  filiform  (but  plane)  to  lanceo- 
late-oblong, mostly  3-nerved :   heads  few  or  numerous  and  fastigiate-cymose  : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  comparatively  few,  only  2  to  4  in  each  vertical  rank, 
from  broadly  to  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  firm-chartaceous :  pappus 
rigidulmu.  —  From  Dakota  to  Washington   Territory  and  southward  into 
California  and  New  Mexico.     Very  variable,  with  the  following  principal 
forms. 

Var.  pumila,  Gray.  A  dwarf  northern  and  mountain  state,  a  span  or 
two  high,  glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent  and  disposed  to  be  viscidulous ;  the 
simple  branches  bearing  very  few  heads  in  a  close  cluster :  outer  involucral 
bracts  either  somewhat  greenish-tipped  or  passing  into  bract-like  leaves.  —  N. 
Montana  to  Washington  Territory  and  mountains  of  Utah. 

Var.  serrulata,  Gray.  Taller  :  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  ser- 
rulate-ciliolate,  sometimes  scabrous  and  rigid.  —  Common  through  the  whole 
dry  interior  region. 

Var.  tortifolia,  Gray.  Leaves  twisted  :  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  — 
Plains  of  Colorado  to  California. 

Var.  lanceolata,  Gray.  Low,  but  bearing  compact  cymes  of  numerous 
(5  to  7-flowered)  heads:  leaves  short,  lanceolate  or  broadly  linear,  puberu- 
leut.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  140. 

4-1-1-  Akenes  and  ovaries  glabrous,  nearly  terete :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
rounded-obtuse :  suffrutescent,  green  and  glabrous. 

10.  B.  Vaseyi,  Gray.    A  span  or  two  high,  somewhat  balsamic-viscid, 
leafy  up  to  the  fastigiate-cymose  cluster  of  heads :  leaves  linear  or  spatulate- 
linear,  obtuse,  plane  :  involucre  3  or  4  lines  long ;  its  bracts  narrowly  oblong, 


152  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

firm-chartaceous,  and  all  but  innermost  with  a  thickened  greenish  spot  at 
the  very  obtuse  apex  :  pappus  fine  and  soft,  rather  short.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xii.  58.  Colorado  mountains,  in  Middle  Park  and  Guunison  Valley;  also  in 
Utah. 

*  *  #  Heads  several  to  man  •] -flower ed :  bracts  of  the  involucre  coriaceous,  and 

usually  somewhat  herbaceous  or  thickened  at  the  obtuse  apex,  all  strictly  ap- 
pressed  and  imbricated,  but  the  vertical  ranks  inconspicuous :  akenes  pubescent : 
leaves  linear,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate :  herbaceous  down  to  the  suffrutescent 
base. 

11.  B.  pluriflora,  Gray.    Leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire  :  heads  15  to  18- 
flowered,  4  lines  high  :  involucre  somewhat  turbiuate,  very  smooth ;  its  thinnish 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute:   otherwise  like  the  next,  of   which  it  is  probably  a 
form.  —  Colorado?  probably  on  the  Arkansas  or  South  Fork  of  the  Platte, 
James  in  Long's  expedition. 

12.  B.  Wrightii,  Gray.     Commonly  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  rather 
strict  and  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  thickish,  narrowly  linear,  entire, 
sometimes  lower  ones  sparingly  laciniate-dentate,  margins  either  smooth  or  spar- 
ingly scabrous:  heads  (4  or  5  lines  high)  7  to  15-Jlowered,  usually  numerous 
and  crowded  in  a  corymbiform  cyme :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oval-oblony  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  obtuse ;  the  back  at  or  near  the  apex  usually  greenish.  — 
W.  Texas  to  S.  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

Var.  hirtella,  Gray.  Leaves  cinereous-hirtellous  or  hirsute-pubescent  and 
roughish,  but  often  glabrate  in  age  or  ouly  ciliolate :  stems  sometimes  pubes- 
cent.—  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  142.  Same  range. 

11.     SO  LID  A  GO,   L.        GOLDEN-ROD. 

Herbs,  with  mostly  strict  stems,  entire  or  serrate  alternate  leaves,  the  cau- 
line  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  radical  tapering  into  margined  petioles :  the  small 
heads  thyrsoid-glomerate,  or  sometimes  cymose,  or  more  commonly  in  raceme- 
like  secund  clusters  :  flowers  yellow. 

§  1.    Receptacle  honeycombed:  rays  generally  fewer  or  not  more  numerous  than 
disk- flowers.  —  VIRGAUREA. 

#  Heads  mostly  large,  4  to  6  lines  long,  many-flowered,  collected  in  thyrsoidal  in- 

florescence which  is  not  at  all  secund  nor  raceme-like:  rays  6  to  14:  akenes 
pubescent:  leaves  veiny  from  a  simple  midrib,  mostly  bright  green  :  stems  low. 
Ours  are  mountain  or  high-latitude  forms. 

1.  S.  EQUltiradiata,  Ait.  Villous-pubescent  above  or  glabrate:  leaves 
minutely  and  sparingly  serrate  above,  sometimes  entire;  cauline  spatulate  to 
lanceolate,  all  tapering  gradually  to  the  base,  or  the  radical  into  a  slender  mar- 
gined petiole :  heads  generally  few  and  glomerate  in  a  single  terminal  roundish 
or  oblong  compact  cluster,  occasionally  with  one  or  two  looser  axillary  clusters 
or  branches :  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute :  rays  numerous 
and  narrow.  —  S.  Virgaurea,  var.  multiradiata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Across  the  con- 
tinent in  high  latitudes  and  extending  southward  along  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  where  the  usual  form  is 

Var.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.  More  glabrous,  3  to  18  inches  high,  commonly 
strict :  heads  when  numerous  in  a  more  open  or  compound  cluster,  mostly 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  153 

smaller:   bracts  of  the  involucre  closer,  shorter,  aud  merely  acute.  —  Proc. 
Am.  A  cad.  xvii.  187. 

2.  S.  humilis,  Pursh.     Glabrous,  disposed  to  be  glutinous,  bright  green : 
stems  strict,  leafy :  upper  leaves  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  entire  ;  lower  and 
radical  becoming  spatulate  with  long  attenuate  base,  sparingly  appressed-ser- 
rate  above  the  middle  :  heads  rather  crowded  in  a  narrow  racemiform  paniculate 
simple  or  sparingly  branched  thyrsus:  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-linear,  obtuse. 
—  S.  Virgaurea,  var.  humilis,  Gray,  Man.     In  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico 
and  Colorado,  and  extending  northward  to  the  British  possessions,  where  it 
ranges  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  nana,  Gray.  A  high  alpine  form,  2  to  5  inches  high,  with  spatulate 
to  obovate  leaves,  and  few  heads  in  a  close  glomerule,  or  more  numerous  in  a 
spike-like  thyrsus.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  148.  S.  Virgaurea,  var.  humilis,  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  389.  S.  Virgaurea,  var.  alpina,  of  Fl.  Colorado  and  Wheeler's 
Report.  High  mountains  of  Colorado  and  in  the  Cascades. 

*  *  Heads  smaller,  2  or  3  (rarely  4)  lines  long,  not  in  a  terminal  cyme,  but  m 
paniculate  or  raceme-like  clusters,  which  when  well  developed  are  collected  in  a 
terminal  compound  panicle  or  panicles ;  when  the  clusters  are  raceme-like  and 
spreading  they  are  apt  to  be  secund :  stems  branching  only  at  summit. 

+- Neither  alpine,  canescently  pubescent,  nor  the  leaves  triple-ribbed:  leaves  entire 

or  little  serrate. 

3.  S.   spectabilis,   Gray.     A  foot  or  two   high :    heads  numerous  and 
crowded  in  a  narrow  or  compound  and  broader  thyrsus :  cauline  leaves  lanceo- 
late, or  the  small  uppermost  becoming  linear,  acute ;  lower  and  radical  spatu- 
late-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acutish  or  obtuse,  often  an  inch  wide  and  obscurely 
triple-ribbed ;  radical  rarely  with  a  few  serratures  :  iuvolucral  bracts  lanceolate 
or  broader,  mostly  obtuse:  rays  8  to  15,  small:  akenes  pubescent.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xvii.  193.     S.  Guiradonis,  var.  spectabilis,  Eaton.    From  the  Eastern 
slopes  of  the  "Front  Range"  in  Colorado  to  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

4.  S.  speciosa,  Nutt.     Commonly  3  to  G  feet  high  and  robust :  leaves 
thicker  and  generally  ample,  oval  or  oblong,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  a 
sessile  base,  or  the  larger  into  a  winged  petiole,  often  4  to  6  inches  long  and 
2  or  3  wide ;  uppermost  small  and  lanceolate  or  oblong ;  primary  veins  spread- 
ing and  obscure:  thyrsus  narrow,  composed  of  numerous  short  or  rarely  elon- 
gated spiciform  clusters,  rigid,  rather  showy :  heads  3  or  4  lines  long :  bracts  of 
the  well-imbricated  involucre  of  firm  texture,  narrowly  oblong,  very  obtuse, 
and  with  a  greenish  midnerve :  rays  conspicuous,  5  or  6 :  akenes  glabrous  or 
nearly  so.  —  Hardly  extending  into  our  range,  but  represented  at  its  eastern 
border  by  the 

Var.  rigidiuscula,  Torr.  &  Gray,  which  is  not  so  tall,  has  smaller  leaves, 
the  lower  being  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  and  only  2  to  4  inches  long  and 
hardly  an  inch  wide,  the  upper  more  rigid  and  rougher-edged,  and  the  thyrsus 
more  simple. 

-t-  •*-  Leaves  more  or  less  triple-ribbed,  or  with  a  pair  of  lateral  veins  continued 

parallel  to  the  midrib. 
•*-«•  Smooth  and  glabrous,  at  least  as  to  the  stem  and  bright  green  leaves ;  in/lores- 


154:  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

cence  when  developed  of  naked  and  secund  commonly  recurving  raceme-like 
clusters  collected  in  a  terminal  panicle. 

5.  S.  Missouriensis,  Nutt.     Low  or  middle-sized :  leaves  thickish,  with 
scabrous  margins,  mostly  tapering  to  both  ends,  and  the  serratures  u'hen  pres- 
ent sharp  and  rigid;   lower  spatulate-lanceolate,  larger  4  to  6  inches  long; 
upper  mostly  linear  and  entire,  acute ;  sometimes  all  entire  :  racemiform  clus- 
ters approximated  in  a  short  and  broad  panicle,  recurving  in  age :  rays  6  to 
13,  small:  bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  ovate.  —  From  the  eastern  slopes  of  the 
mountains  to  the  Mississippi  Valley  States. 

Var.  montana,  Gray.  Dwarf,  6  to  15  inches  high  :  leaves  entire  or  with 
few  small  serratures;  cauline  obscurely  tripliuerved,  an  inch  or  two  long: 
panicle  small  and  compact,  at  most  2  or  3  inches  long ;  its  clusters  short, 
crowded,  seldom  recurved  or  much  secund.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  195. 
From  Idaho  to  Dakota  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

Var.  extraria,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  -high,  robust :  leaves  broader,  the 
largest  sometimes  an  inch  wide,  sparingly  serrate  or  entire :  heads  rather 
larger:  rays  more  conspicuous. —  Loc.  cit.  Dry  ground,  in  the  mountains, 
Colorado  to  S.  Arizona. 

6.  S.  serotina,  Ait.     Stem  stouter  and  taller,  2  to  7  feet  high,  very  smooth 
up  to  or  near  the  ample  panicle,  which  is  sometimes  more  or  less  hairy  :  leaves 
thinner,  lanceolate  or  broader,  sharply  and  saliently  serrate:  rays  7  to  14,  mod- 
erately large  and  conspicuous:  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear.  —  From 
Oregon  to  Texas  and  eastward. 

+*  **  Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrate,  not  cinereous  or  scabrous:  leaves  thinnish,  the 
lateral  ribs  generally  obscure :  panicle  mostly  erect  and  thyrsiform ;  heads  little 
if  at  all  secund :  rays  12  to  18,  small. 

7.  S.  elongata,  Nutt.    One  to  three  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong, 
3  or  4  inches  long,  very  sharply  and  mostly  coarsely  serrate :  thyrsus  rather 
compact,  3  to  8  inches  long,  its  branches  occasionally  spreading  :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  linear,  acutish  or  obtuse.  —  From  California  to  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  to  Montana. 

•H-  -M.  •»•*  Pubescent  (at  least  the  stem),  either  hirsutely  or  canescently:  branches  of 
the  panicle  when  well  developed  secund. 

—  Leaves  tapering  gradually  to  an  acute  or  acuminate  point,  generally  thin  or 
thinnish:  panicle  open,  of  naked  and  secund  mostly  recurving  racemiform  clus- 
ters :  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrow  and  thin :  rays  small  and  short. 

8.  S.  Canadensis,  L.     Stem  2  to  6  feet  high,  from  scabrous-puberulent 
to  hirsute :  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  puberulent,  pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous, 
sharply  serrate  or  the  upper  entire,  veiny,  and  with  lateral  ribs  prolonged  par- 
allel to  the  midrib :  heads  small,  ordinarily  only  2  lines  long :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  small  and  pale,  narrowly  linear,  acutish  or  obtuse:  rays  9  to  16, 
more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers.  —  From  Arizona  to  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  procera,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  less  serrate  or  the  upper  entire,  at 
least  the  lower  face  and  upper  portion  of  the  stem  cinereous-pubescent  with 
very  short  and  fine  pubescence  :  inflorescence  less  open  or  the  branches  ascend- 
ing in  less  developed  or  cultivated  plants :  heads  sometimes  larger.  —  From 
Idaho  to  Texas  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  155 

=  =  Leaves  obtuse  or  abruptly  apiculate,  firm  or  coriaceous:  pubescence  all  close: 
panicle  mostly  naked  and  compact :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadish  and  obtuse, 
of  firm  texture:  rays  fewer  and  larger,  golden  yellow. 

9.  S.  nemoralis,  Ait.     Mostly  low,  with  fine  close  soft  or  (in  age)   sca- 
brous pubescence :  leaves  from  spatulate-obovate  to  oblanceolate  or  linear ; 
radical  and  lower  cauline  sparingly  serrate :  thyrsus  and  its  compact  racemiform 
clusters  secund,  commonly  recurved-spreading :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong- 
linear  or  narrower,  obtuse:  rays  5  to  9.  —  From  Arizona  to  Nevada  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 

Var.  incana,  Gray.  Dwarf,  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
rigid,  canescent,  sometimes  strongly  serrate  and  sometimes  mostly  entire : 
racemiform  clusters  erect  or  the  lower  spreading,  collected  in  a  dense  oblong 
or  conical  thyrsus.  —  From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Montana  to 
Dakota  and  Minnesota. 

10.  S.  nan  a,  Nutt.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  canescent  with  minute  dense 
puberulence,  not  scabrous  in  age :  leaves  mostly  obovate  or  spatulate  and  entire, 
small :  heads  broad,  few  or  rather  numerous  in  an  oblong  or  corymbiform  pani- 
cle, not  at  all  secund :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oval  or  oblong,  very  obtuse:  other- 
wise nearly  as  S.  nemoralis.  —  S.  pumila,  of  Fl.  Colorado.     From  Wyoming 
to  N.  Arizona  and  Nevada. 

*  *  *  Heads  in  a  compact  and  corymbiform  thyrsus  or  cyme :  radical  leaves 

mostly  long-petioled  and  with  prominent  midrib. 

•»-  Leaves  not  3-nerved  or  smooth:  heads  over  3Q-fiowered:  rays  7  to  10,  rather 

large. 

11.  S.  rigida,  L.     Somewhat  cinereous  with  a  short  and  dense,  either  soft 
or  scabrous  pubescence :  stem  stout,  2  to  5  feet  high :  leaves  rigid,  obscurely 
serrate  or  entire;  radical  and  lowest  cauline  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  at  both 
ends  or  acute  at  base,  3  to  7  inches  long ;  upper  cauline  ovate-oblong,  gradu- 
ally smaller  upward,  with  slightly  clasping  or  decurrent  base :  clusters  dense  : 
heads  campanulate :  involucral  bracts  broad  :  akenes  turgid,  12  to  15-nerved. 
—  From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward. 

•»-  H—  Leaves  rigid,  3-nerved,  smooth  and  glabrous :  heads  5  to  8-Jlowered :  rays  1 

to  3,  short. 

12.  S.  pumila,  Torr.  &  Gray.      Dwarf,  a  span  or  more  high,  many- 
stemmed  from  a  woody  cespitose  caudex,  glabrous  throughout,  punctate, 
somewhat  resinous :  radical  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long :  cyme  glomerate-fas- 
tigiate :  heads  narrowly  oblong :  iuvolucral  bracts  rigid,  somewhat  carinate, 
and  with  small  green  tips  :  mature  akenes  flattish  and  5-nerved.  —  From  Texas 
through  S.  Colorado  to  Nevada  and  Idaho. 

§  2.  Receptacle  fimbrillate  or  pilose:  rays  very  small,  almost  always  more  numer- 
ous than  the  disk- flowers  and  never  surpassing  them  in  height:  heads  glomer- 
ately  and  fasciculately  cymose,  small :  leaves  very  numerous,  all  linear,  entire, 
1  to  5-nerved,  sessile :  akenes  villous-pubescent. 

13.  S.  OCCidentalis,  Nutt.     Stems  2  to  6  feet  high;  the  branches  termi- 
nated by  small  clusters  of  mostly  pedicellate  heads:  leaves  usually  3-nerved, 
glabrous  and  smooth  even  on  the  midrib,  and  margins  obscurely  scabrous :  bracts 


156  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

of  the  involucre  rather  narrow:  rays  16  to  20:  disk-flowers  8  to  14.  —  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  226.     From  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  westward. 

14.  S.  lanceolata,  L.  Comparatively  low,  cymosely  much  branched  above 
and  flat-topped,  heads  mostly  glomerate-sessile:  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  dis- 
tinctly 3-nerved  and  the  larger  with  an  additional  outer  pair  of  more  delicate 
nerves,  minutely  scabrous-pubescent  on  the  nerves  beneath:  outer  bracts  of  the 
involucre  ovate  or  oblong  :  rays  15  to  20 :  disk-flowers  8  to  12.  —  From  Mon- 
tana to  Canada  and  Georgia. 

12.    TOWNSENDIA,   Hook. 

Depressed  or  low  many-stemmed  herbs  of  the  Rocky  Mountains:  entire 
leaves  from  linear  to  spatulate :  heads  comparatively  large,  the  numerous  rays 
from  violet  or  rose-purple  to  white:  akeue  commonly  beset  with  hairs  which 
are  forked  or  glochidiate-capitellate  (i.  e.  bidentate  at  apex  and  the  two  lobes 
recurved  or  revolute,  thus  appearing  minutely  capitate). 

*  Bracts  of  the  involucre  conspicuously  attenuate- acuminate :  head  large :  involu- 
cre £  inch  or  more  high,  and  rays  ^  inch  long. 

H-  Caulescent,  somewhat  hirsute-pubescent,  but  the  foliage  at  length  glabrate :  invo- 
lucre naked;  its  bracts  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate :  rays  showy,  bright 
blue  or  violet. 

1.  T.  eximia,  Gray.    Stems  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branching,  6  to  14 
inches  high  :  leaves  spatulate  or  the  upper  lanceolate  :  head  sparingly  leafy- 
bracted  or  naked  at  base :  involucral  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  and  somewhat 
rigidly  cuspidate-acuminate,  whitish-scarious  with  green  centre  :  akenes  broadly 
obovate,  almost  cartilaginous,  glabrate,  sprinkled  with  a  few  short  and  obscure 
glochidiate-tipped  hairs :  pappus  wholly  persistent,  of  2  subulate  at  length  cor- 
neous stout  awns  which  are  rather  shorter  than  the  akene,  and  a  circle  of  rigid 
scales.  —  PI.  Fendl.  70.     Mountain  sides,  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

2.  T.  grandiflora,  Nutt.     Stems  spreading  from  the  base,  sometimes 
divergently  branched  above,  a  span  or  two  high :  upper  leaves  often  linear, 
2  or  more  uppermost  subtending  the  head :  involucre  nearly  of  the  preceding  : 
akenes  narrowly  obovate,  sprinkled  with  glochidiate-capitellate  hairs :  pappus  in 
the  ray  reduced  to  a  crown  of  short  scales,  and  of  the  disk  plurisetose  and 
longer  than  the  akene.  —  Plains  and  hills,  Wyoming  and  W.  Nebraska  to  New 
Mexico. 

3.  T.  Parryi,  Eaton.    Stems  erect,  simple,  stout,  naked  and  pedunculiform 
above,  2  to  6  inches  high:  leaves  mostly  spatulate  :  bracts  of  the  very  broad 
involucre  lanceolate,  thinner,  with  softer  and  less  attenuate  tips,  or  the  outer 
barely  acuminate :  akenes  narrowly  obovate,  canescently  pubescent,  the  hairs  acute 
and  simple  or  many  of  them  1  to  2-dentate  at  tip :  pappus  of  the  ray  plurisetose 
like  that  of  the  disk,  or  somewhat  more  scanty.  —  Am.  Naturalist,  viii.  212. 
"Wyoming,  Montana,  and  E.  Idaho. 

Var.  alpioa,  Gray.  A  dwarf  and  alpine  form,  more  pubescent  and  cine- 
rous :  leaves  very  small,  at  most  £  inch  long :  flowering  stem  about  the  same 
length  or  hardly  any:  involucral  bracts  less  pointed:  "rays  pink."  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvi.  83.  Wyoming  on  the  high  divide  between  the  Stinking  Water 
and  the  Yellowstone,  Parry. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  157 

•(-  -H-  Depressed-stemless  and  monocephalous. 

4.  T.  COndensata,  Parry.     Very  lanuginous  with  long  and  soft  arach- 
noid hairs,  the  spatulate-obovate  leaves  rosulate-crowded  around  the  large  and 
broad  sessile  head,  the  whole  forming  a  globular  or  hemispherical  woolly  tuft, 
an  inch  and  a  half  high  and  surmounting  a  slender  stoloniform  caudex  :  bracts 
of  the  involucre  linear  and  soft,  with  a  weak  attenuate  apex,  all  nearly  equal 
in  length :  rays  100  or  more,  narrow:  pappus  of  ray  and  disk  plurisetose  and 
long. —  Am.  Nat.  viii.  213.     Wyoming,  on  a  high  alpine  peak  of  the  Owl 
Creek  range,  J.  D.  Putnam. 

*  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  prominently  if  at  all  acuminate :  heads  mostly 
smaller  or  narrower :  pappus  of  the  disk  and  often  of  the  ray  plurisetose. 

H-  Hairs  on  the  akene  mostly  copious  and  slender,  simple  or  bifid,  the  lobes  ascend- 
ing or  merely  spreading :  heads  middle-sized,  more  or  less  naked-pedunculate : 
the  pink  or  rarely  white  rays  and  the  involucre  each  from  J  to  \  inch  long. 

5.  T.  florifer,  Gray.     A  span  or  more  high,  cinereous-hirsute :   stems 
rather  slender,  leafy :  leaves  linear  or  the  lowest  lanceolate-spatulate,  acute, 
mostly  apiculate-acuminate  :  involucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  little  unequal. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  84.     Montana  to  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon. 

•«—  •<—  Hairs  on  the  akene  mostly  glochidiate-capitellate. 

•»-*.  Head  large,  f  to  1  inch  long  without  the  rays :  plants  green  and  glabrous, 
depressed-acaulescent :  leaves  large,  much  surpassing  the  head. 

6.  T.  Wilcoxiana,  Wood.      Leaves  linear-spatulate,  elongated,  1   to  3 
inches  long  including  the  petiole-like  base :  head  mostly  solitary,  short-pedun- 
cled  or  subsessile :  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear,  barely  acutish  : 
ray  and  disk  pappus  of  similar  slender  and  elongated  bristles.  —  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 
vi.  163;  Bot.  Gazette.  Hi.  50.     Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Indian  Territory. 

7.  T.  Rothrockii,   Gray.     Leaves  more  broadli/  spatulate  and   shorter, 
an  inch  long  or  less,  rosulatc  around  the  solitary  head  which  is  closely  sessile  at 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  at  length  with  one  or  two  additional  heads  :  invo- 
lucre shorter  and  broader ;    its  bracts  oblong,  mostly  obtuse :  ray-pappus  of 
chaffy  bristles  not  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  akene.  —  Wheeler  Rep.  vi.  148. 
In  the  alpine  regions  of  the  mountains  of  South  Park,  Colorado. 

•*•+  -M.  Heads  from  $to  f  inch  long,  sessile  or  rarely  on  a  very  short  naked  peduncle  : 
plants  sericeous-pubescent,  depressed-acaulescent  or  -caulescent :  ray-pappus 
mostly  plurisetose. 

8.  T.  Sericea,  Hook.     Depressed-acaulescent,  with  closely  sessile  solitary 
or  few  heads  on  the  crown  next  the  ground,  surrounded  and  more  or  less  sur- 
passed by  the  linear  or  linear-spatulate  leaves,  an  inch  or  two  high  :  heads  an 
inch  or  less  long:   involucral  bracts   narrowly  lanceolate,  acute:   rays  white 
or  purplish :  ray  and  disk  of  pappus  mostly  similar.  —  From  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  northward  in  the  mountains  to  British  America.     Exceedingly 
variable. 

Var.  leptotes,  Gray,  has  heads  less  than  -J-  inch  long,  all  but  the  primary 
ones  distinctly  pedunculate,  and  the  leaves  narrowly  linear  with  attenuate 
base.  —  Middle  Park,  Colorado,  Parry. 

9.  T.  incana,  Nutt.      Depressed-caulescent  or  subcaulescent,  an  inch  to 
a  span  high,  branching :   leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate  to  almost  linear ; 


158  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

uppermost  around  the  sessile  (£  inch)  heads  and  seldom  surpassing  them:  invo- 
lucral  bracts  more  obtuse :  pappus  of  the  ray  from  $  to  \  the  length  of  that 
of  the  disk.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 
H-V  HH-  t-i.  Heads  about  J  inch  long :   sessile  among  the  rosulate  leaves :   herbage 
soft-lanate :  pappus  deciduous  in  a  ring. 

10.  T.  spathulata,  Nutt.     Depressed  and  multicipital,  forming  a  tuft  an 
inch  or  so  high  :  leaves  crowded,  spatulate,  densely  villous-lanate ;  the  upper 
about  equalling  the  heads  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  : 
rays  rather  short,  pinkish  :  pappus  of  ray  and  disk  similar,  of  slender  bristles. 
—  Mountains  of  Wyoming. 

.w  -t-t-  -(-)•  -w-  Heads  small,  J  inch  high  (exclusive  of  the  rays),  mosthj  short-pedun- 
culate :  involucre  of  broadly  lanceolate  and  barely  acute  bracts :   caulescent 
and  branching :  pappus  of  the  ray  shorter,  commonly  of  chaffy  bristles. 
=  Green  and  glabrate. 

11.  T.  glabella,  Gray.     An  inch  or  two  high,  nearly  simple,  sparsely 
pilose-pubescent  when  young:   leaves  thickish,  soon  glabrous,  spatulate,  an 
inch  or  less  long,  including  the  usually  slender  petiole ;  the  uppermost  usually 
surpassed  by  the  slender  and  naked  peduncle :   involucre  glabrous.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvi.  86.     S.  W.  Colorado,  Newberry. 

=  =  Cinereous  with  fine  and  close  pubescence,  flowering  from  near  the  ground  at 
first,  but  becoming  taller  (4  to  10  inches  high)  and  loosely  branching. 

12.  T.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Leaves  linear:  bracts  of  the  involucre  unequal, 
in  about  3  ranks,  acute.  — PI.  Fendl.  70.     New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado. 

13.  T.  Strigosa,  Nutt.     Flowering  when  only  £  inch  high,  often  attain- 
ing a  span  in  height :  early  leaves  spatulate ;   later  ones  linear :  heads  rather 
smaller :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broader,  acutish,  in  about  2  ranks,  the  outer 
shorter.  —  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

13.    ASTER,    Tourn.        STARWORT.    ASTER. 

The  largest  and  by  far  the  most  difficult  of  our  genera,  not  naturally  sepa- 
rated from  Erigeron.  All  are  herbs,  mostly  perennial,  and  especially  charac- 
teristic of  North  America.  Includes  Machceranthera  and  Diplopappus. 

§  1.  Involucral  bracts  (at  least  the  outer  ones)  with  green  herbaceous  tips  or 
appendages,  or  wholly  or  partly  foliaceous,  imbricated  or  many-ranked,  their 
margins  not  scarious :  akenes  from  obovate-oblong  to  linear,  3  to  several- 
nerved:  pappus  rather  fine  and  soft  (in  one  or  two  species  more  coarse  and 
rigid),  simple  (with  no  exterior  series).  —  ASTER  proper. 

*  Involucre  well  imbricated:  the  bracts  appressed  and  coriaceous,  with  more  or 
less  spreading  herbaceous  tips:  akenes  narrow,  5  to  10-nerved:  pappus  more 
rigid  than  in  the  following  groups :  rays  showy,  blue  or  violet :  leaves  firm, 
acutely  serrate,  more  or  less  scabrous,  none  of  them  cordate  or  clasping ;  the 
radical  tapering  at  base  into  margined  petioles. 

1.  A.  Sibiricus,  L.  A  span  to  afoot  high,  somewhat  cinereous-pubescent 
or  puberulent,  or  the  foliage  scabrous  :  heads  solitary,  terminating  the  stem 
or  corymbiform  branches  :  leaves  oblong-spatulate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  1  to 
3  inches  long :  involucre  3  lines  high,  shorter  than  the  disk ;  its  bracts  narrowly 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  159 

lanceolate,  with  mostly  acute  and  loose  herbaceous  tips:  rays  3  or  4  lines 
long,  violet :  akenes  pilose-pubescent.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Montana, 
and  far  northward. 

2.  A.  COnspiCUUS,  Lindl.     Scabrous  :  stem  2  feet  high,  stout,  rigid,  bear- 
ing several  or  numerous  corymbosely  cymose  heads :  leaves  rigid,  ovate,  oblong, 
or  the  lower  obovate,  ample,  4  to  6  inches  long :    involucre  about  equalling  the 
disk,  5  to  6  lines  high ;  its  bracts  in  several  series,  minutely  glandular-puberulent, 
lanceolate,  acute,  the  greenish  tips  little  spreading  :  rays  £  inch  long,  violet 
akenes  minutely  pubescent. —  lu  the  mountains,  from  the  Yellowstone  north- 
ward. 

*  *  Involucre  and  usualli/  branchlets  viscidly-glandular,  rather  well  imbricated: 
rays  15  to  40,  showy,  violet  to  purple:  akenes  narrow,  several-nerved:  leaves 
all  entire  or  the  lower  with  few  teeth;  caullne  all  sessile  or  partly  clasping. 
•«-  Stem  simple:  leaves  and  heads  proportionally  large:  alpine  or  subalpine. 

3.  A.  integrifolillS,  Nutt.     Stem  afoot  or  more  high,  stout,  sparsely  leafy, 
villous-pubescent  but  glabrate,  bearing  few  or  several  racemed  or  thyrsoid 
heads:  leaves  firm,  oblong  to  spatulate,  4  to  7  inches  long;  the  smaller  upper 
ones  lanceolate,  half-clasping ;  lowest  tapering  into  a  long  winged  petiole : 
heads  £  inch  high  :    involucre  and  branchlets  viscid-glandular ;    its  bracts 
linear,  not  squarrose :  rays  bluish  purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  Montana  and 
westward. 

4.  A.  Kingii,  Eaton.     A  span  or  less  high,  cespitose:  leaves  mainly  radical, 
spatulate,  entire,  or  with  few  sharp  teeth,  mucronate,  thinnish,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  1  to  3  inches  long:  flowering  stems  pubescent  and  above  glandular, 
bearing  solitary  or  3  to  5  middle-sized  lieads :  involucre  4  or  5  lines  high,  merely 
pnberulent-glandtdar,  hardly  at  all  viscid ;  the  bracts  linear-lanceolate  with  at- 
tenuate and  squarrose-spreading  green  tips:  rays  white  — Bot.  King  Exp.  141. 
In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains. 

•»-  •*-  Stems  branching :  leaves  comparatively  small :  neither  alpine  nor  subalpine. 

•*-«•  Involucre  of  the  small  and  scattered  heads  not  squarrose  ;  the  green  tips  of  the 

bracts  more  or  less  erect :  slender  and  low  species,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  less  high. 

5.  A.  campestris,  Nutt.     Pruinose-puberulent  and  viscidulous,  somewhat 
heavy-scented  :  leaves  linear,  about  an  inch  long,  a  line  or  two  wide,  or  lower 
narrowly  spatulate,  mostly  glabrate,  some  obscurety  3-nerved  :  involucre  3  or  4 
lines  high,  hemispherical,  of  rather  few-ranked  and  little  unequal  linear  acute 
bracts :   rays  3  or  4  lines  long,  light  violet  or  purple.  —  From  Montana  and 
Idaho  to  Washington  Territory  and  California. 

6.  A.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Rigid,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  sparsely  hispidn- 
lous :  the  linear  one-nerved  firm  leaves  hispid-ciliate,  otherwise  usually  smooth 
and  glabrous:    involucre   somewhat  campanulate,  3   lines   high;    o'tter  bracts 
shorter,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  pruinose-glandular :  ray*  vtokt,  4  lines  long.  — 
PL  Fendl.  66.     A.  Nuttallii,  var.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Plains  and  sand-hills,  from 
W.  Kansas  to  S.  Colorado  and  N.  New  Mexico. 

•*H-  •*-*•  Involucre  of  middle-sized  heads  well  imbricated ;   the  unequal  bracts  with 
loose  squarrose-spreading  tips:  leaves  not  rigid,  spreading. 

7.  A.  Novse-AngliaB,  L.     Stem  stout  and  strict,  2  to  Sfeet  high,  very  leafy 
to  the  top,  coarsely  hirsute  or  hispid  with  many-jointed  hairsy  also  with  glandular 


160  COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

pubescence :  leaves  lanceolate  or  broadly  linear,  pubescent,  2  to  5  inches  long, 
entire,  slightly  if  at  all  narrowed  below,  half-clasping  by  a  strongly  auricu- 
late-cordate  base :  heads  crowded :  rays  50  to  60  or  more,  fully  half-inch  long, 
purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward. 

Var.  roseus,  DC.  Rays  rose-colored.  —  Occasionally  with  the  ordinary 
form. 

8.  A.  Oblongifolius,  Nutt.     About  2  feet  high :    stem  hirsute-pubescent, 
very  leafy,  corymbosely  branched:    leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  broadly 
linear,  larger  cauline  2  inches  long,  somewhat  puberulent :  involucre  aromatic- 
scented,  the  linear  bracts  granulose-glandular  and  viscidulous  :  rays  25  to  30, 
bright  violet,  5  or  6  lines  long.     Hardly  within  our  range,  but  represented  in 
Colorado  by 

Var.  rigidulus,  Gray.  Low,  more  fastigiate,  with  more  rigid  and 
hispidulous  scabrous  leaves.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  179. 

*  *  *  Heads  small,  paniculate:  lower  cauline  and  radical  leaves  cordate  and 

petioled:  no  glandular  or  viscid  pubescence :  akenes  compressed,  3  to  5-nerved : 
rays  violet,  purplish,  or  white. 

9.  A.  sagittifolius,  Willd.     Green,  from  glabrous  to  sparsely  pilose- 
pubescent  :  stem  strict,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  oblong-  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
acutely  more  or  less  serrate;  radical  and  lowest  cauline  narrowly  cordate,  on 
naked  petioles ;   upper  subcordate  or  truncate  at  base  and  contracted  into  a 
winged  petiole,  3  to  5  inches  long ;    uppermost  linear-lanceolate  and  sessile : 
heads  densely  thyrsoid-paniculate :  bracts  of  the  involucre  subulate-linear  and 
mostly  attenuate,  the  tips  rather  loose.  —  In  Dakota  within  the  eastern  limit 
of  our  range,  and  extending  eastward. 

*  #  *  *  No  cordate  petioled  leaves ;    radical  leaves  all  acute  or  attenuate  at 

base :  not  glandular  nor  viscid  nor  silky-canescent :  akenes  compressed,  few- 
nerved. 

•i-  Whole  plant  very  smooth  and  glabrous :  heads  rather  large,  showy,  with  firm 
closely  imbricated  appressed  green-tipped  bracts :  leaves  on  flowering  branch- 
lets  mostlt/  reduced  to  rigid  subulate  bracts  :  akenes  glabrous. 

10.  A.  laevis,  L.     Rather  stout,  2  to  4  feet'high,  rigid :  leaves  from  ovate 
or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  4  or  5  inches  long,  decreasing  upward ;  radical  and 
lowest  cauline  contracted  below  into  a  winged  petiole ;  upper  all  with  auricu- 
late  or  subcordate  partly  clasping  base  :   heads  sparsely  thyrsoid-paniculate, 
on  short  and  rigid  branchlets :  involucre  campanulate  or  obscurely  turbinate ; 
the  whitish  coriaceous  bracts  bearing  abrupt  rhomboid  or  deltoid  short  green 
tips :  rays  20  or  30,  broadish,  sky-blue  verging  to  violet.  —  Eastern  slopes  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  Geyeri,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high  :  involucre  broader  and  less 
imbricated ;  its  bracts  of  thinner  texture,  mostly  attenuate-acute,  the  green 
tip  less  definite.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  183.  In  the  mountains  of  Idaho  and  Wyo- 
ming and  northward. 

M-  H-  Heads  rather  small  (3  or  4  lines  high),  thyrsoidly  or  corymbosely  arranged  ; 
bracts  rigid,  narrow,  with  subulate  green  nearly  erect  tips:  rays  numerous, 
bright  white,  4  lines  long:  akenes  minutely  pubescent. 

11.  A.  Porteri,  Gray.    A  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous  and  smooth  (except 
ciliation  of  lowest  leaves),  either  simple  or  branching  above:  leaves  linear  or 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.)  161 

lower  spatulate-linear,  2  to  4  inches  long,  1  to  3  lines  wide ;  radical  spatulate  : 

heads  broad  :  involucral  bracts  linear-subulate ;  outer  little  shorter  than  inner. 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  99.    A.  ericoides,  var.  strictus,  Porter,  Fl.  Colorad.  56. 

Common  in  the  Colorado  Kocky  Mountains. 

.,_  n_  s_  The  numerous  small  heads  racemosely  arranged:  unequal  bracts  well 
imbricated,  with  squarrose  or  at  least  spreading  herbaceous  obtuse  or  merely  mu- 
cronate  tips :  cauline  leaves  small,  linear  and  entire,  scarcely  narrowed  at  the 
abrupt  sessile  or  partly  clasping  base :  akenes  canescent-hirsute :  rays  white, 
rarely  tinged  with  blue  or  purple. 

12.  A.  multiflorus,  Ait.     Low,  a  foot  or  two  high,  bushy-branched, 
cinereous  or  green  :  leaves  rigid,  scabrous-ciliate ;  uppermost  passing  into  in- 
volucral bracts ;  these  mostly  with  obtuse  tips :   heads  in  the  ordinary  forms 
little  over  2  lines  long,  and  with  only  10  to  15  or  20  rays.  —  From  Arizona  to 
British  Columbia  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

13.  A.  COmmutatllS.     A  foot  or  so  high,  with   divergent    branches  : 
heads  more  scattered  and  twice  or  even  thrice  the  size  of  those  of  A.  multiflorus, 
3  or  4  lines  high  and  broad  :  rays  20  to  30 :  otherwise  nearly  as  the  preceding. 
— From  Saskatchewan  and  Dakota  to  Utah  and  E.  Oregon. 

H_  H_  *-  +-  Involucre  in  some  imbricated  and  with  short  close  tips,  in  others  more 
loose  and  herbaceous :  heads  when  numerous  either  thyrsoid  or  open-paniculate 
on  erect  or  ascending  branches. 
•M.  Cauline  leaves  sessile,  but  neither  with  cordate  or  auriculate  base  (with  1  or  2 

exceptions),  nor  with  abrupt  winged  petiole-like  lower  portion. 

=  Herbage  inclined  to  be  glabrous ;  the  branches  often  pubescent  in  lines :  leaves 
(at  least  some  of  them)  serrate  or  denticulate :  stems  branching  and  with  sev- 
eral to  many  heads:  none  alpine  or  subalpine:  Eastern  forms. 
a.    Involucre  close  and  erect ;  its  bracts  imbricated  in  successive  lengths. 

14.  A.  paniculatus,  Lam.     Stem  2  to  8  feet  high,  freely  and  panicu- 
lately  branched  :  leaves  from  elongated  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  mostly 
attenuate-acuminate,  sharply  serrate  or  denticulate,  or  upper  entire,  thin  :  heads 
about  |  inch  high,  in  loose  and  open  mostly  leaf/  panicles :  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre narrowly  linear,  with  tapering  acute  or  acuminate  green  tips :   rays  3  or  4 
lines  long,  white  varying  to  purplish  or  violet.  —  A  very  polymorphous  species, 
including  also  part  of  the  forms  heretofore  included  under  A.  Tradescanti, 
simplex,  tenuifolius,  and  carneus.     From  E.  Montana  to  Louisiana  and  east- 
ward ;  abundant  in  the  Northeastern  States. 

15.  A.  salicifolius,  (Lam  ?)  Ait.     Resembles   the  preceding,  equally 
branching :  leaves  commonly  less  elongated,  less  serrate  or  entire,  of  firmer  tex- 
ture, apt  to  be  scabrous,  and  the  fine  reticulation  of  the  veinlets  manifest: 
involucre  more  imbricated;  its  bracts  firmer,  linear,  with  shorter  and  more  defi- 
nite green  tips,  these  acute  or  obtusish:  heads  disposed  to  be  thi/rsoid  or  racemose- 
glomerate  on  the  ascending  branches  :    rays  purplish  to  violet,  rarelv  white.  — 
Includes  A.  carneus,  in  part.    From  E.  Montana  to  Texas  and  northeastward ; 
most  abundant  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

b.     Involucre  loose,  and  less  imbricated  ;  its  bracts  about  equal. 

16.  A.  junceus,  Ait.     Slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  the  smaller  plants  sim- 
ple-stemmed and  with  few  heads,  smooth  and  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  linear  or 

11 


162  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

nearly  so,  3  to  5  inches  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide,  entire,  or  lower  with  rare  den- 
ticulations :  involucre  3  lines  high ;  its  bracts  all  small,  narrowly  linear  and 
erect,  thiunish,  manifestly  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  and  the  outer  more  or  less 
shorter  (thus  connecting  with  A.  paniculatus  of  the  preceding  subdivision) : 
rays  light  violet-purple,  4  or  5  lines  long. — A.  cestlvus,  Gray,  Man.  mainly. 
Wet  meadows  in  the  mountains  north  to  the  British  possessions,  and  thence 
eastward. 

17.  A.  longifolius,  Lam.    A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
leafy :  leaves  elongated-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  serru- 
late, 3  to  7  inches  long,  tapering  to  both  ends :  involucre  4  or  5  lines  high,  little 
or  not  at  all  imbricated;  its  bracts  all  of  nearly  equal  length:  ravs  3  or  4  lines 
long,  violet  or  purplish,  rarely  almost  white.  —  Low  moist  grounds,  Montana 
to  Labrador,  and  south  to  New  England. 

=  =  Inclined  to  be  pubescent  or  scabrous,  at  least  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  stem, 
which  is  often  monocephalous :  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so :  frequently  alpine  or 
subalpine :  Western  forms. 

a.  Involucre  conspicuously  and  regularly  imbricated,  of  oblong-linear  or  spatu- 
Late  bracts;  outer  bracts  successively  shorter ;  all  loosely  erect  or  little  spread- 
ing, with  mostly  obtuse  and  broadish  tips. 

18.  A.  adscendens,  Lind).     A  span  to  two  feet  high,  rather  rigid,  from 
nearly  glabrous  to  strigulose :    stems  commonly  branching,  bearing  few  or 
rather  numerous  loosely  paniculate  or  subcorymbose  heads  (4  or  5  lines  high) : 
leaves  of  firm  and  thickish  texture,  linear  to  spatulate-lauceolate,  with  mar- 
gins commonly  ciliate  or  scabrous  :    bracts  of  the  hemispherical   involucre 
moderately  unequal  and  in  comparatively  few  ranks  :  rays  3  or  4  lines  long, 
violet  or  purple.  —  From  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  Nevada,  Montana,  and 
the  Saskatchewan. 

b.  Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated  but  looser  ;  the  bracts  all  narrow  (linear  or 
subulate),  thtnnish,  from  moderately  to  hardly  unequal,  loosely  erect,  mostly 
acute,  with  not  at  all  broadened  tips,  nor  with  the  outermost  foliaceous. 

1.    Low,  1  to  2  feet  high  or  less,  with  solitary  or  few  heads:  chiejly  in  the  moun- 
tains and  northward. 

19.  A.  AndinilS,  Nutt.     Dwarf,  with  decumbent  stems  2  or  3  inches  long 
from  filiform  creeping  rootstocks ;  bearing  a  solitary  comparatively  large  head  : 
leaves  %  inch  long;  radical  and  lower  cauline  spatulate;  cauline  (2  or  3)  linear- 
lanceolate  :  heads  4  lines  high :  rays  (35  to  40)  violet.  —  In  the  mountains  of 
Wyoming,  near  perpetual  snow,  Nuttall.     Not  since  found  ;  thought  possibly 
to  be  an  alpine  state  of  the  following. 

20.  A.  Fremonti,  Gray.    A  span  to  afoot  or  more  high,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  :  stem  slender,  erect:  leaves  with  margins  either  quite  naked  and  smooth  or 
obscurely  scabrous;   radical  and  lowest  cauline  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  or 
somewhat  obovate,  inch  or  two  long,  and  tapering  into  a  slender  margined 
petiole ;  cauline  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  commonly  half-clasping  at 
base :  heads  solitary  in  the  smaller  specimens,  several  in  the  larger,  one  third 
to  half  an  inch  high,  somewhat  naked-peduncled  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  nar- 
rowly linear,  some  of  the  outer  shorter. —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  191.     A.  adscendens, 
var.  Fremonti,  Torr.  &  Gray.     In  the  mountains  below  the  alpine  region  from 
Colorado  to  Montana  and  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascades. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  163 

2.    Tall,  3  to  8  feet  high,  paniculately  poh/cephalous :  in  low  grounds  and  to  the 

south. 

21.  A.  hesperius,  Gray.    From  nearly  glabrous  and  smooth  to  scabrous- 
pubescent  :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  the  larger  with  a  few  denticulations, 
2  to  5  inches  long,  3  to  8  lines  wide :  heads  rather  crowded,  4  or  5  lines  high : 
involucre  of  narrowly  linear  or  more  attenuate  erect  bracts,  either  unequal  and 
imbricated,  or  with  some  loose  and  slender  exterior  ones  which  equal  the 
inner:   rays  either  white  or  violet,  3  or  4  lines  long  — Synopt.  Fl.  i.  192. 
S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  Arizona  and  S.  California.     Has  been  taken 
for  A.  longifolius,  Novi-Belgii,  cestivus,  etc. 

c.    Involucre  loose  and  with  conspicuous  foliaceous  outer  bracts,  which  equal  the 
inner,  either  ascending  or  squarrose. 

22.  A.  foliaceus,  Lindl.     Smooth  and  glabrous,  or  upper  part  of  stem 
pubescent :  leaves  from  broadly  lanceolate  to  oblong  and  the  lower  spatulate  ; 
upper  caul ine  very  commonly  with  partly  clasping  and  sometimes  even  sub- 
cordate -auriculate  base :    heads  ^  inch  high :    involucre  with   lanceolate  or 
broadly  linear  outer  bracts  :  rays  violet  or  purple,  in  the  larger  heads  nearly 
-J  inch  long.  —  In  the  Pacific  States  from  California  to  Alaska,  extending 
eastward  into  our  range  under  the  following  forms. 

Var.  frondeus,  Gray.  Stem  simple  or  with  sparing  erect  flowering 
branches,  sparsely  leaved :  leaves  comparatively  ample,  4  or  5  inches  long ; 
lower  tapering  into  winged  petioles,  upper  often  with  clasping  base :  heads 
solitary  or  few,  naked-pedunculate,  broad :  involucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate, 
loose  and  not  imbricated,  all  equalling  the  disk,  occasionally  the  outermost 
broader  and  leaf -life.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  193.  A.  adscendens,  var.  Parryi,  Eaton. 
Subalpiue,  from  the  borders  of  British  Columbia  to  those  of  Colorado. 

Var.  apricus,  Gray.  Like  a  dwarf  state  of  the  preceding  variety,  growing 
in  exposed  places,  somewhat  rigid,  thicker-leaved :  stems  ascending  from 
tufted  rootstocks,  a  span  or  two  high,  bearing  solitary  or  2  to  3  broad  heads : 
involucral  bracts  all  alike,  somewhat  spatulate-linear,  obtuse  or  acutish :  rays 
"  deep  blue-violet  and  reddish-purple  intermixed."  —  Loc.  cit.  High  moun- 
tains of  Colorado,  and  in  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  Parryi,  Gray.  Includes  some  ambiguous  forms,  seemingly  between 
the  preceding  variety  and  A.  Fremonti,  with  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  with 
smooth  and  thickish  rather  large  leaves,  mostly  naked  heads ;  the  involucre 
sometimes  foliaceous-bracteate  in  the  manner  of  the  present  species,  some- 
times wholly  of  the  narrow  and  closer  bracts  of  A.  Fremonti.  —  Loc.  cit. 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  subalpine,  and  S.  Wyoming. 

Var.  Burkei,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  rather  stout,  simple  or  branched 
above,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  thickish,  very  smooth,  ample  ;  upper  cauline 
mostly  oblong,  and  with  broadly  half-clasping  usually  auriculate  insertion : 
heads  solitary  or  several,  very  broad :  involucre  of  oblong  or  spatulate  and 
obtuse  loosely  imbricated  bracts,  the  outer  commonly  shorter,  or  outermost 
sometimes  more  foliaceous  and  equalling  the  disk.  —  Loc.  cit.  Kocky  Moun- 
tains, Burke ;  also  in  Washington  Territory,  the  Wahsatch,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona. 

Var.  Canbyi,  Gray.  Like  the  preceding  form  in  foliage,  apparently  tall 
and  stout  (base  of  stem  and  lower  leaves  wanting),  leafy  throughout  the 


164  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

thyrsoid  panicle  of  numerous  subsessile  heads :  upper  leaves  rather  broadly 
oblong  and  with  broad  half-clasping  base  obscurely  auriculate :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  imbricated,  with  small  and  erect  lanceolate  green  tips,  only  in  some 
heads  a  few  of  the  outermost  loose  and  foliaceous,  but  seldom  equalling  the 
disk.  —  Loc.  cit.  A.  Canbyi,  Vasey.  On  White  River  in  Western  Colorado, 
Vase;). 

Var.  Eatoni,  Gray.  Rather  tall,  2  or  3  feet  high,  branching,  bearing 
numerous  arid  smaller  paniculate  or  glomerate  heads,  and  comparatively  nar- 
row lanceolate  leaves:  involucre  loosely  imbricated;  outer  and  sometimes 
inner  bracts  foliaceous,  either  erect  or  squarrose-spreadiug.  —  Loc.  cit.  194. 
British  Columbia  to  California  and  northeastward  to  Montana. 

•w-  -W-  Base  of  most  of  the  cauline  leaves  auriculate-  or  cordate-clasping. 

23.  A.  puniceus,  L.     Stem  commonly  3  to  7  feet  high,  loosely  branch- 
ing above,  rather  stout,  often  red  or  purple,  hispid  with  spreading  bristles : 
leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  from  coarsely  and 
irregularly  serrate  to  sparingly  denticulate  or  sometimes  entire,  commonly 
scabrous  above  and  often  hispid  along  the  midrib  beneath  :   heads  (4  to  6 
lines  high)  subsessile,  either  sparsely  paniculate  or  thyrsoid-crowded :  invo- 
lucre of  loose  and  thin  soft  and  narrowly  linear  merely  herbaceous  bracts : 
rays  £  inch  long,  violet,  varying  to  purple  or  occasionally  white.  —  Through- 
out the  Eastern  States  and  extending  into  our  range  through  Dakota. 

§2.  Pappus  double:  involucral  bracts  narrow  and  appressed,  well  imbricated: 
rays  10  to  18,  violet:  akenes  narrow,  villous :  low  and  tufted  plants,  with 
rigid  stems  thickly  beset  with  small  linear  or  lanceolate  entire  and  rigid  leaves. 
—  IANTHE. 

*  Head  4  inch  high,  broad,  solitary :  akenes  fiat,  with  strong  nerves. 

24.  A.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.     Puberulent  and  somewhat  cinereous:    stems 
tufted,  rigid,  only  a  span  high,  terminated  by  a  solitary  pedunculate  head : 
leaves  short,  3  to  6  lines  long,  rigid,  from  oblong  to  linear  or  the  lowest  spatulate, 
the  broader  obtuse  with  an  abrupt  mucro,  callous-margined :  involucre  broadly 
campanulate ;  its  bracts  imbricated  in  about  3  series,  scabro-puberulent,  lanceo- 
late :  rays  £  inch  long,  light  violet :  outer  pappus  sometimes  distinctly  chaffy. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  98.     Diplopappus  alpinus,  Nutt.     Mountains  of  Mon- 
tana and  Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  California. 

25.  A.  Stenomeres,  Gray.     More  slender,  6  to  10  inches  high,  green, 
minutely  scabrous :  solitary  naked  pedunculate  head  larger :  leaves  all  linear, 
%  to  1  inch  long,  a  line  wide,  acutely  mucronate,  hardly  margined :  involucre 
broad ;  its  bracts  barely  in  two  moderately  unequal  series,  linear,  thinuish,  often 
pubescent :    rays  pale  violet,  over  ^  inch  long :  outer  pappus  setulose.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvii.  209.  —  Mountains  of  Montana  and  Idaho. 

#  *  Heads  J  to  ±  inch  high,  narrow:  akenes  less  compressed,  lightly  few-nerved: 
outer  pappus  of  few  or  indistinct  unequal  short  bristles. 

26.  A.  ericsefolius,  Rothrock.      About  a  span  high,   canescent  and 
glandular-scabrous,  much  branched  :  branches  erect  or  diffuse,  terminated  by 
somewhat  pedunculate  heads :  leaves  commonly  hispid-ciliate,  erect  or  little 
spreading,  3  to  6  lines  long ;   lowest  spatulate  and  tapering  into  a  petiole ; 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  165 

upper  from  linear  to  nearly  filiform  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  about  3  series, 
lanceolate,  acute  or  apiculate,  thinnish,  scarious-margined :  rays  purple  or 
violet,  sometimes  white.  —  Bot.  Gazette,  ii.  70.  Diplopappus  ericoides,  Torr. 
&  Gray.  From  Kansas  and  Texas  to  Utah,  Arizona,  and  California. 

§  3.  Pappus  simple :  bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated  and  appressed,  destitute 
of  foliaceous  or  herbaceous  tips,  often  scarious-edged  or  more  or  less  dry :  rays 
fertile:  leaves  mostly  entire.  —  ORTHOMERIS. 

*  Involucre  well  imbricated,  of  small  and  narrow  bracts,  greener  than  in  others  of 

this  section :  low  and  slender  herbs,  leafy-stemmed,  branching  above  ;  with  lin- 
ear erect  leaves,  and  several  small  white-rayed  heads :  akenes  not  compressed, 
very  glabrous. 

27.  A.  ptarmicoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Rather  rigid,  6  to  20  inches  high 
in  a  tuft,  from  smooth  to  puberulent,  bearing  a  corymbiform  cyme  of  several 
or  numerous  heads :    leaves  firm,  linear  or  the  lower  spatulate-lanceolate : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  thickish,  rather  rigid :  rays 
2  to  4  lines  long,  broadish :   pappus  white,  of  rather  rigid  bristles,  longer 
ones  manifestly  clavellate  at  tip.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and 
New  England. 

#  *   Involucre  appressed-imbricated  in  several  series  of  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate 

dry  chartaceous  bracts:  akenes  compressed,  more  or  less  pubescent :  stems  leafy, 
bearing  several  or  solitary  pedunculate  heads. 

-i-  Involucral  bracts  thin,  acute,  commonly  tomentose  (at  least  when  young) :  akenes 
hirsute,  becoming  glabrate :  heads  showy,  4  to  6  lines  high. 

28.  A.  Engelmanni,  Gray.     Rather  tall  and  robust,  green,  puberulent  to 
glabrous:  leaves  thin,  ovate-oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  the 
larger  sometimes  with  a  few  small  teeth,  upper  acuminate  :  heads  £  inch  high  : 
involucral  bracts  acute  or  acuminate ;  some  outer  ones  partly  herbaceous,  or  with 
loose  pointed  tips  ;  inner  purplish  :  rays  %  inch  long.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii. 
238.     A.  elegans,  var.  Engelmanni,  Eaton.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
Wyoming,  to  the  Cascades. 

29.  A.  elegans,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  mostly  scabro- 
puberulent :   leaves  thickish,  pale,  lanceolate,  inch  or  two  long,  erect,  the  upper 
apiculate-mucronate :  heads  several  at  summit  of  simple  stem  or  branches, 
comparatively  small  and  few-flowered,  4  or  5  lines  high  :   involucral  bracts  all 
close  and  conspicuously  woolly-ciliate,  barely  acute,  outer  ovate,  none  with  pointed 
tips :  rays  rather  few,  about  4  lines  long.  —  Fl.  ii.  159.    Mountains  of  Wyoming 
and  Montana  to  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

•t-  -i-  Involucral  bracts  firmer,  glabrous,  all  the  outer  obtuse :  akenes  merely 
pubescent :  heads  smaller,  3  lines  high. 

30.  A.  glaUGUS,  Torr.    &   Gray.      Throughout   smooth   and   glabrous, 
glaucescent  or  pale  :   stems  a  foot  high  from  extensively  creeping  filiform 
rootstocks,  branching,  bearing  several  or  numerous  paniculate  heads  :  leaves 
thk'kish,  lanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  i  to  ^  inch  broad,  rather  obtuse  :  invo- 
lucre imbricated  in  about  3  ranks  :  rays  bright  violet,  4  to  6  lines  long.  —  Fl. 
ii.  150.     Mountains  of  Wyoming  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 


166  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

#  *  *  Involucre  less  imbricated,  hemispherical;  the  bracts  partly  greenish,  in  few 

ranks,  with  or  without  scarious  margins  :  low-stemmed  or  acaulescent,  from  a 
thick  rootstock,  with  solitary  or  few  pedunculate  heads,  J  inch  or  more  high : 
leaves  thickish  and  narrow. 

•«—  Heads  terminating  short  leafy  stems  which  arise  from  creeping  and  woody 
rootstocks:  involucral  bracts  acuminate  and  mucronate-tipped :  akenes  oblong, 
very  villous. 

31.  A.  Parryi,  Gray.     Tomentose-pubescent  and  cinereous,  a  span  high: 
leaves  mostly  spatulate  and  obtuse  with  a  mucronate  point,  an  inch  or  more 
long  :  heads  usually  solitary  on  peduncle  surpassing  the  leaves,  very  broad :  bracts 
of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  densely  cinereous-pubescent :  rays  white,  over 
§  inch  long.  —  Am.  Nat.  viii.  212.     Mountains  of  Wyoming. 

32.  A.  Xylorrhiza,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Less  pubescent  and  glabraie,  4  to  8 
inches  high  :  leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate-lanceolate  to  linear,  1  or  2  inches 
long,  1  to  3  lines  wide ;  the  upper  commonly  equalling  the  1  to  3  peduncles :  heads 
smaller :    involucral  bracts  more  attenuate :    rays  "  pale  red  "  or  "  pale  rose- 
color,"  4  lines  long.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming. 

-i-  -i-  Heads  (large  for  the  plant)  solitary  on  simple  and  scapiform  stems,  which 
with  the  cluster  of  narrow  radical  leaves  rise  from  a  thickened  caudcx:  invo- 
lucral bracts  acutish:  akenes  linear,  glabrate:  pappus  strongly  denticulate. 

33.  A.  pulchellus,  Eaton.     Stems  2  to  4  inches  long:   radical  leaves 
from  spatulate  to  narrowly  linear.  1  to  2  inches  long,  obtuse,  in  our  form  only 
a  line  wide  :   akeues  striate.  —  Bot.  King.  Exp.  143.     Alpine  from  Wyoming 
and  Montana  to  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

*  *  *  *  Involucre  little  imbricated,  with  peduncles  and  upper  part  of  stem  viscid- 

glandular  :  heads  %  inch  high,  with  conspicuous  violet  or  purple  rays. 

34.  A.  pauciflorus,  Nutt.     Stem  6  to  20  inches  high  from  a  slender 
creeping  rootstock,  simple  and  bearing  few  heads,  or  branching  above :  leaves 
moderately   fleshy,   linear,   or   radical    subspatulate   or  elongated-lanceolate, 
uppermost  reduced  to  bracts :  bracts  of  short  hemispherical  involucre  rather 
fleshy  and  green,  moderately  unequal  and  rather  loose,  in  only  2  or  3  ranks : 
akenes  narrow,  compressed,  striate-nerved,  appressed-pubescent.  —  In  saline 
soil  from  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  Utah,  and  eastward  to  Dakota  and 
the  Saskatchewan. 

§  4.  Involucre  of  2  or  3  series  of  linear  nearly  equal  bracts ;  the  outer  foliaceous, 
resembling  the  upper  leaves:  ray-Jlowers  with  the  ligule  generally  wanting: 
akenes  narrow,  not  compressed,  appressed-pubescent:  pappus  simple,  very 
soft.  —  CON  YZOPSIS. 

35.  A.  angustus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  branching, 
leafy-stemmed,  nearly  glabrous,  except  that  the  linear  chiefly  entire  leaves 
are  somewhat  ciliate :  numerous  rather  small  heads  disposed  to  be  racemose- 
paniculate  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  acute :  corolla  of  the  ray-flowers  reduced 
to  the  tube  and  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  style.  —  Fl.  ii.  162.     Wet 
saline  soil  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Minnesota. 

§  5.  Involucre  imbricated  in  many  rows;  the  bracts  linear,  coriaceous  below,  with 
foliaceous  spreading  tips:  rays  numerous  and  conspicuous,  violet  or  bluish 
purple:  akenes  narrowed  downward,  compressed:  receptacle  honeycombed: 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  167 

pappus  copious  and  simple,  of  rather  rigid  and  unequal  bristles :  leafy- 
stemmed  and  branching,  the  showy  heads  terminating  the  branches,  the  invo- 
lucre canescent  or  even  viscid,  and  the  leaves  from  dentate  to  bipinnately-parted. 
—  MACH.ERANTHERA. 

*  Involucre  densely  hisptdulous  as  well  as  viscid,  very  squarrose:   akenes  gla- 

brous or  glabrate :  leaves  from  incisely  dentate  to  entire,  the  teeth  hardly  at  all 
bristle-tipped:  rays  bright  violet. 

36.  A.  Patterson!,  Gray.     A  span  or  two  high,  branched  from  the  summit 
of  the  tap-root :  stems  or  branches  with  soft  or  cottony  pubescence  or  glabrate : 
leaves  thickish,  spatulate  or  Ungulate,  entire  or  coarsely  few-toothed,  none  widened 
at  base :   heads  solitary  or  few :    involucral  bracts  lanceolate :  rays  about  30, 
fullv  £  inch  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiii.  272.     JMachieranthera  canescens, 
var"  alpina,  Porter,  Fl.  Colorad.  59.      Moist  ground  along  streams,  Gray's 
Peak,  Colorado. 

37.  A.  Bigelovii,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high,  robust :  stem  leafy,  branch- 
ing above,  roughish-hirsttte  to  glabrate;  the  flowering  branches  or  peduncles  glandu- 
lar-hirsute, terminated   by   showy   large   heads  :    leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
irregularly  and  sometimes  incise!.;/  dentate,  sometimes  entire  ;  radical  lanceolate- 
spatulate ;  cauliue  oblong  to  lanceolate,  usually  with  broad ish  partly  clasping 
base :  involucral  bracts  very  numerous,  linear-attenuate  or  the  prolonged  and 
much  recurved  tips  almost  filiform  :  rays  very  many,  au  inch  or  less  long.  — 
Pacif.  R.  Eep.  iv.  97.     Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

#  #  Involucre  from  nearly  glabrous  to  gland  ular-puberulent,  but  not  litsj>idulous: 
akenes  densely  pubescent  or  villous:  leaves  generally  with  bristle-tipped  teeth. 

•«-  Leaves  at  most  incisely  dentate. 

38.  A.  Coloradoensis,  Gray.     A  span  or  less  high,  forming  a  tuft  of 
short  few-leaved  stems  on  a  strong  tap-root,  canescently  pubescent,  not  at  all 
glandular  :  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  about  an  inch  long,  coarsely  den- 
tate, the  teeth  tipped  with  conspicuous  bristles  :   heads  solitary,  broadly  hemi- 
spherical, £  inch  high  :  involucral  bracts  small  and  numerous,  well  imbricated, 
subulate-lanceolate :  rays  35  to  40,  violet-purple,  barely  £  inch  long :  akenes 
densely  canescent-villous,  £  the  length  of  the  comparatively  rigid  pappus.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  76.     Common  in  South  Park,  Colorado,  and  at  the  San 
Juan  Pass. 

39.  A.  canescens,  Pursh.     Commonly  a  foot  or  two  high  and  loosely 
much  branched,  bearing  numerous  paniculate  heads,  sometimes  dwarf  and  with 
simple  contracted   inflorescence,  pale   and  cinereous-puberulent  or  minutely 
canescent,  or  greener  and  glabrate  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  or  the  lower 
spatulate,  from  entire  to  irregularly  dentate,  or  occasionally  laciniate,  the  rigid 
teeth  mostly  with  mucronate  tip  :    involucre  of  rigid  usually  well-imbricated 
bracts :  rays  violet,  4  or  5  lines  long :  akenes  narrow,  canescent.  —  Fl.  ii.  547. 
Machver  anther  a  canescens  and  M.  pulverulenta  of   the  Western  Reports.     A 
polymorphous  species.     From  Arizona  to  Texas  and  northward  to  British 
Columbia  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

Var.  latifolius,  Gray.  Green,  minutely  soft-pubescent,  2  feet  or  more 
high  :  leaves  thinnish,  nearly  membranaceous,  comparatively  large,  some- 
times spatulate-oblong,  and  over  £  inch  wide :  heads  large  and  few :  involucre 
hemispherical ;  tips  of  its  bracts  mostly  attenuate-subulate  and  squarrose- 


168  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

spreading,  canescent  and  obscurely  glandular.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  206.     Machce- 
ranthera  canescens,  var.  latifolia,  Gray.     New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Colorado. 

Var.  viSGOSUS,  Gray.  Canescent  or  cinereous :  leaves  narrow,  rather 
rigid ;  the  upper  mostly  entire,  the  lower  coarsely  dentate :  involucre  cam- 
panulate  or  turbinate,  squarrose ;  the  prominent  foliaceous  tips  of  the  bracts 
viscid-glandular,  either  spreading  or  recurved.  —  Loc.  cit.  Wyoming  to 
California. 
-i-  •»-  Leaves  1  to  3-pinnately  cleft  or  parted:  involucre  hemispherical,  its  bracts 

mostly  looser:  stem  diffusely  branched. 

40.  A.  tanacetifolius,  HBK.  Pubescent  or  viscid,  very  leafy,  a  foot 
or  two  high :  lowest  leaves  2  to  3-pinnately  parted ;  uppermost  simply  pin- 
natifid  or  on  the  flowering  branchlets  entire  :  heads  ^  inch  high  :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  with  slender  mostly  linear-subulate  spreading 
foliaceous  tips,  or  the  outermost  almost  wholly  foliaceous :  rays  numerous, 
£  inch  long  or  more,  bright  violet:  akenes  rather  broad,  villous.  —  Machce- 
ranthera  tanacetifolia,  Nees.  From  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  westward  to 
Arizona  and  California. 


14.    ERIGERON,    L.        FLEABANE. 

Heads  disposed  to  be  solitary  and  long-pedunculate ;  rays  variously  colored  J 
disk-flowers  yellow,  not  changing  to  purple:  akenes  generally  2-nerved. 

§  1.  Rays  elongated  and  conspicuous,  wanting  in  a  few  species,  occasionally 
abortive  in  one  or  two :  no  rayless  female  flowers  between  the  proper  raij  and 

disk.  —  EUERIGERON. 

*  Commonly  dwarf  from  a  mullicipilal  caudex,  alpine  or  snbafpine,  with  rather 
large  and  mostly  solitary  heads:  involucre  loose  and  spreading,  and  copiously 
lanate:  rays  about  100,  narrow:  leaves  entire. 

1.  E.  unifloniS,  L.     Stems  an  inch  to  a  span  or  two  high,  few-leaved, 
often  naked  and  pedunculiform  at  summit :  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  oblan- 
ceolate,  inch  or  two  long ;  cauline  lanceolate  to  linear  :  involucre  usually  hirsute 
as  well  as  lanate,  occasionally  becoming  naked  ;  the  linear  acute  bracts  rather 
close,  or  merely  the  short  tips  spreading :  rays  purple  or  sometimes  white, 
2  or  3  or  rarely  4  lines  long.  —  Alpine,  from  Colorado  and  California  north- 
ward and  across  the  continent  in  high  latitudes. 

2.  E.  lanatUS,  Hook.     Stems  about  a  span  high,  scapiform  or  few-leaved : 
radical  leaves  spatulate  to  obovate,  about  £  inch  long,  tapering  into  a  narrowed 
base  or  into  a  slender  margined  petiole ;  some  primary  ones  occasionally  pal- 
mately  3-lobed ;  cauline  one  or  two,  small  and  linear,  or  hardly  any :  head 
not  larger  than  that  of  the  last,  and  involucre  similar,  but  densely  soft-lanate : 
rays  rather  broader,  3  lines  long,  ivhite.  —  Alpine  in  Montana  and  British 
Columbia. 

3.  E.  grandiflorus,  Hook.     Stems  a  span  or  two  high,  rather  stout, 
usually  several -leai^ed :  radical  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  an  inch  or  so  long; 
cauline  oblong  to  lanceolate,  usually  £  inch  or  less  long:  heads  larger:  invo- 
lucre £  inch  high,  very  woolly ;  its  linear  and  attenuate-acuminate  bracts  squar- 
rose-spreading  or  the  tips  recurved :  rays  violet  or  purple,  4  to  ^  inch  long.  — 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  169 

Rocky  Mountains,  in  or  near  the  alpine  region,  from  British  Columbia  to 
Colorado. 

Var.  elatior,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  leafy  up  to  the  I  to  4  pedunculate 
heads,  pubescent,  but  hardly  hirsute :  leaves  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2  to 
4  inches  long ;  cauline  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base :  involucre  fully  £  inch 
high :  rays  £  inch  long.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  237.  Subalpine  and  lower, 
in  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

*  *  Perennials  from  a  rootstock  or  caudex,  neither  stoloniferous  nor  flagelliferous : 

involucre  from  hispid  or  villous  to  glabrous,  but  not  lanate. 

•*-  Comparatively  tall  and  large  (afoot  or  more  high),  leafy-stemmed,  glabrous  to 
soft-hirsute:  leaves  rather  large,  entire  or  occasionally  toothed:  heads  rather 
large,  with  numerous  rays:  mountain  forms. 

•»-»•  Rays  50  to  70,  comparatively  broad :  involucre  rather  loose :  heads  solitary  or 
on  larger  plants  few  and  corymbosely  disposed:  pappus  simple. 

4.  E.  salsuginosus,  Gray.     Stem  12  to  20  inches  high,  the  summit  or 
peduncles  more  or  less  pubescent :  no  bristly  or  hirsute  hairs :  leaves  very 
smooth  and  glabrous,  bright  green,  tlnckish  ;  radical  and  lower  cauline  spatulate 
to  nearly  obovate,  with  base  attenuate  into  a  margined  petiole ;  upper  cauline 
ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  sessile,  conspicuously  mucronate ;  uppermost  small 
and  bract-like :  bracts  of  the  involucre  loose  or  even  spreading,  linear-subulate 
or  attenuate,  viscidulous,  at  most  pubenilous :  disk  over  £  inch  in  diameter :  rays 
purple  or  violet,  $  inch  or  more  long. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  93.     Alpine, 
from  New  Mexico  and  California  to  the  far  north. 

Var.  glacialis,  Gray.  A  span  high,  few-leaved,  monocephalous :  leaves 
smaller.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  Pt  2.  209.  Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

5.  E.  Coulteri,  Porter.     Stem  6  to  20  inches  high,  equally  leafy,  bearing 
solitary  or  rarely  2  or  3  slender-pedunculate  heads:  leaves  membranaceous, 
obovate  to  oblong,  either  entire  or  serrate  with  several  sharp  teeth,  pilose-pubes- 
cent to  glabrous,  cauline  hardl//  mucronate:  disk  about  £  inch  wide:  involucre 
less  attenuate  and  spreading,  obscurely  viscidulous  but  hirsute  ivith  spreading 
hairs :  rays  rather  narrowly  linear,  ^  inch  or  more  long,  white,  varying  to  pur- 
plish.—  Fl.  Colorado,  61.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  California. 

•M-  •*-+  Rays  100  or  more  and  narrow:  involucre  closer:  pappus  more  or  less  dou- 
ble, but  the  exterior  minute :  stems  erect,  tufted,  generally  leafy  to  the  summit 
and  bearing  few  to  several  heads :  leaves  entire :  mountain  forms  but  not 
alpine. 

6.  E.  macranthus,  Nutt.     From  hirsute-pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous, 
more  leafy  than  the  next :  stem  10  to  20  inches  high  :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to 
ovate ;  upper  often  reduced  in  size :  involucre  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  but  com- 
monly minutely  glandular :  rays  J  inch  long :  short  outer  pappus  sometimes 
nearly  chaffy.  —  Mountains  from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 

7.  ^E.  glabellus,  Nutt.    From  partly  glabrous  to  copiously  hirsute,  disposed 
to  be  naked  above:  stems  6  to  20  inches  bigh  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowest 
somewhat  spatulate ;  upper  linear-lanceolate  and  gradually  reduced  to  subu- 
late bracts  :  heads  considerably  smaller :  involucre  strigosely  hirsute  or  pubescent : 
rays  violet,  purple,  and  rarely  white,  J  to  %  inch  long :  outer  pappus  setulose.  — 
From  Colorado  and  Utah  northward  and  eastward. 


170  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  mollis,  Gray.     Somewhat  cinereous  with  a  soft  and  short  spreading 
pubescence,  a  foot  or  two  high,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate : 
cinereous  pubescence  of  the   involucre  soft  and  spreading.  —  Proc.  Acad. 
Philad  1863,  64.     Mountains  of  Colorado. 
•»-  *-Low,  rarely  afoot  high,  conspicuously  hispid  or  hirsute  with  spreading  bristly 

hairs:   leaves  entire,  narrow:   involucre  close:   rays  numerous,  occasionally 

wanting:  pappus  conspicuously  double. 
•M-  Sparingly  branched  stems  from  the  crown  of  a  tap-root,  more  or  less  leaf;/  : 

heads  middle-sized :  disk  ^  to  ^  inch  in  diameter :  involucre  hispid :  rays  50 

to  80,  occasionally  wanting  in  the  second  species. 

8.  E.  pumilus,  Nutt.     Radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  from  spatulate- 
linear  to  lanceolate,  a  line  or  two  wide ;  upper  linear :  rays  white,  4  lines 
long :  outer  pappus  of  sJiort  bristles  little  or  not  at  all  thicker  than  the  inner 
ones  and  more  or  less  intermixed  with  them.  —  Dry  plains,  Dakota  to  Colo- 
rado, and  in  the  mountains  to  Utah. 

9.  E.  COncinnus,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Like  the  preceding,  but  usually  with 
more  dense  and  shaggy  hirsuteness  and  less  rigid  leaves  :  stems  not  rarely  some- 
what copiously  branched  :  rays  violet  or  blue,  rarely  white :  outer  pappus  con- 
spicuous and  chaffy.  —  Fl.  ii.  174.     In  arid  regions  from  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  to  Wyoming  and  British  Columbia. 

Var.  aphanactis,  Gray.    Discoid,  the  rays  being  nearly  destitute  of  ligule 
or  wanting.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  540.  —  Colorado  to  Nevada  and  California. 
•*-»•  -w-  More  branched  and  leafy,  over  a  span  high ;  with  smaller  heads,  fewer  rays, 
and  somewhat  naked  involucre  more  imbricated. 

10.  E.  Brandegei,  Gray.     A  very  imperfectly  known  plant,  green, 
sparsely  hispidulous-hirsute  :   radical  leaves  spat ulate-li near ;   cauline  linear 
and  small,  or  upper  minute :  bracts  of  involucre  short-linear,  almost  naked  : 
rays  30  or  more,  white :  outer  pappus  of  coriaceous  chaffy  scales,  which  are 
commonly  confluent  with  the  scanty  bristles  of  the  inner.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i. 
Pt.  2.  210.     Adobe  plains,  S.  W.  Colorado,  on  the  borders  of  New  Mexico, 
Brandegee. 

H-  •»-  H-  Dwarf,  cespitose  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  with  monocephalous  flower- 
ing stems:  radical  leaves  dissected:  pappus  simple. 

11.  E.  compositUS,  Pursh.     From  hirsute  to  glabrate,  with  slender 
margined  petiole  setose-ciliate  :  radical  leaves  much  crowded  on  the  crowns  of 
the  caudex,  usually  1  to  3-ternately  parted  into  linear  or  short  and  narrow 
spatulate  lobes,  the  few  on  the  erect  flowering  stems  3-lobed  or  entire  and 
linear  :  involucre  3  or  4  lines  high,  sparsely  hirsute :  rays  from  40  to  60,  not 
very  narrow,  white,  purple,  or  violet,  mostly  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Alpine  re- 
gions, from  S.  Colorado  and  California  to  British  Columbia  and  northward. 

Var.  discoideus,  Gray.  Rays  wanting  or  abortive :  head  commonly 
smaller.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  237.  —  Same  range  as  the  type. 

Var.  trifidus,  Gray.  Small  blade  of  leaves  simply  3  to  5-fid :  the  lobes 
from  oblong  to  obovate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  90.  E.  trifidus,  Hook. 
Mountains,  N.  Colorado  to  British  Columbia. 

Var.  pinnatisectus,  Gray.  Usually  a  large  form  :  numerous  violet- 
purple  rays  5  lines  long  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  9  to  1 1  linear  and  entire 
or  rarely  2  to  3-cleft  divisions.  — Loc.  cit.  Mountains  of  Colorado. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  171 

•»-•«--»-•«-  Dwarf  or  low  species,  alpine,  entire-leaved,  cespilose  from  a  multi- 
cipital  caudex,  no  fine  pubescence,  monocephalous :  leaves  few  on  the  simple 
stems,  at  least  the  radical  broader  than  linear :  rays  numerous  and  not  very 
narrow:  pappus  simple  or  nearly  so. 

•«-».  Involucre  glabrous  but  pruinose-glandular,  brownish  purple :  smooth  and  green. 

12.  E.  leiomerus,  Gray.      A  span  high,  smooth   and  very  glabrous: 
leaves  bright  green,  mainly  radical  and  spatulate,  very  obtuse,  from  2  to  6 
lines  wide ;    cauline  only  2  or  3  and  smaller  •  involucre  3  lines  high,  close ; 
the  bracts  lanceolate  and  not  attenuate :  rays  about  40,  linear,  violet,  3  or  4 
lines  long.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  211.     Aster  glacialis  in  Bot.  King  Exp.     Moun- 
tains of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Nevada. 

•w-  -w-  Involucre  hirsute  or  pubescent,  greenish. 

13.  E.  ursinus,  Eaton.     A  span  or  two  high,  loosely  cespitose:  leaves 
duller  green,  mostly  smooth  and  glabrous,  but  their  margins  more  or  less  hir- 
sute-ciliate,  spatulate  to  narrowly  oblanceolate ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate  or  linear 
and  acute:  involucre  (3  lines  high)  and  naked  summit  of  flowering  stem  hirsute- 
pubescent:  rays  40  or  50,  purple,  narrowly  linear,  3  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King 
Exp.  148.     Alpine  and  subalpiue,  mountains  of  Wyoming  to  S.  Colorado, 
Utah,  and  California. 

14.  E.  radicatus,  Hook.     A  span  high  or  less,  densely  tufted:  leaves  all 
spatulate-hnear  or  somewhat  wider,   broadest  a  line  or  two  wide,  hirsute  or 
hirsutely  ci/iate,  or  sometimes  almost  naked,  then  glabrous ;  no  glandular  rough- 
ness: involucre  more  or  less  villous-pubescent,  barely  3  lines  high:  rays  white 
or  purple,  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  Alpine  or  subalpine,  from  British  America  to 
Wyoming,  S.  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

15.  E.  glandulosus,  Porter.     Cespitose  from  a  stout  caudex,  a  span  to 
a  foot  high,  rigid,  granu/ose-g/andu/ar  or  glandular-scabrous,  and  with  sparse 
or  hispid  hairs,  especially  on  the  margins  of  the  leaves:   leaves  thickish, 
spatulate  to  linear-oblanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long :  head  4  or  5  lines  high : 
involucre  glandular  or  viscid  as  well  as  pubescent:   rays  40  or  50,  violet  or 
purple,  4  to  6  lines  long.  —  Fl.  Colorado,  GO.     Mountains  of  Colorado. 

•i-  •*-•»-  M-  H-  None  truly  alpine ;  with  entire  leaves,  not  hispidly  hirsute :  invo- 
lucre close,  disposed  to  be  imbricated  and  rigid:  rays  not  very  numerous  or 
wanting. 

++  A  span  or  two  high :  leaves  only  few  and  narrow  on  the  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  steins ;  but  radical  ones  with  obovate  or  spatulate  blade  |  inch  long : 
rays  IS  to  30,  pale  violet  or  purple:  akenes  compressed,  2  to  3-nerved:  pappus 
nearly  simple. 

16.  E.  tener,  Gray.     Canescent  with  very  fine  pubescence :  stems  several 
from  a  caudex,  weak  and  ascending,  bearing  single  or  2  or  3  heads  :  involucre 
minutely  canesceut ;  its  narrow  and  close  bracts  unequal,  somewhat  in  2  or  3 
ranks  :  rays  25  to  30.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  91.     High  mountains  of  Utah 
and  California  to  those  of  Wind  River,  Montana. 

•w.  -w.  A  span  to  near  a  foot  high,  cespitose,  silvery-canescent,  with  simple  and 
monocephalous  stems:  leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate  to  linear:  rays  40  or 


172  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

50,  white  or  purple  changing  to  white :  akenes  slender  and  nearly  terete,  8  to 
10-nerved  or  striate:  pappus  double;  the  outer  subulate  and  conspicuous. 

17.  E.  canus,  Gray.     Silvery  appressecl  pubescence  obviously  strigulose 
under  a  lens,  that  of  the  involucre  loose  and  spreading :  stems  4  to  9  inches 
high,  leafy  :    linear  cauliue  leaves  gradually  diminishing  upward ;    radical 
spatulate-lanceolate  or  narrower :   head  4  lines  high  :    rays  narrow,  3  lines 
long :  akenes  glabrous.  —  PI.  Fendl.  67.     N.  New  Mexico  and  Colorado ;  also 
on  the  Platte  in  Wyoming. 

•*-*•  •*-»•  •*-»•  Either  low  or  comparatively  tall,  leafy -stemmed  or  somewhat  scape-like: 

akenes  compressed,  2  or  3-nerved. 

=  Leaves  all  narrowly  linear  to  filiform,  the  broadest  not  over  a  line  wide  : 
involucre  3  or  4  lines  high,  of  equal  bracts. 

18.  E.  OChroleuGUS,  Nutt.     Low,  a  span  or  two  high,  somewhat  cespi- 
tose,  from  pubescent  to  glabrate:  stems  usually  simple,  naked  above  and 
mostly  monocephalous :  leaves  rather  rigid,  the  radical  2  or  3  inches  long : 
involucre  hirsute-pubescent :  rays  40  to  60,  "  ochroleucous,"  white  or  purplish : 
outer  pappus  setulose.  —  Gravelly  soil,  N.  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  Idaho. 

=  =  Leaves  from  narrowly  linear  to  oblong. 

a.     Stems  naked  above,  mostly  simple  and  monocephalous,  a  span  or  two  high : 
pappus  simple. 

19.  E.  Eatoni,  Gray.     Stems  several  from  the  crown  of  a  strong  tap 
root,  slender  and  weak,  diffuse,  3  to  9  inches  long,  simple  or  with  2  or  3 
monocephalous  branches:   leaves   all  linear,  thickish,  minutely  pubescent; 
radical  about  2  inches  long  and  the  broadest  2  lines  wide :  heads  only  3  lines 
high :  bracts  of  the  sparsely  hirsute  involucre  little  unequal  :    rays  seldom 
over  20,  at  most  3  lines  long,  white  or  purplish. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  91. 
E.  ochroleucus,  Eaton,  Bot.  King  Exp.  152.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  Wyo- 
ming, and  Utah. 

b.     Steins  more  leafy  and  disposed  to  branch,  but  sometimes  monocephalous: 
pubescence  cinereous :  outer  pappus  setulose,  sometimes  obscure  or  none. 

20.  E.  CSBSpitOSUS,  Nutt.      Low,  a  span  to  rarely  a  foot  high,  many- 
stemmed  and  ascending  or  spreading  from  a  stout  caudex,  from  cinereous  to 
canescent  with  dense  and  fine  short  pubescence :   stems  of  smaller  plants 
monocephalous :  radical  leaves  spatulate  to  lanceolate,  and  cauliue  lanceolate- 
oblong  to  linear,  £  to  2  inches  long :  heads  short-peduncled,  3  or  4  lines  high : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  rather  unequal :  rays  40  or  50,  linear,  3  or  4  lines  long, 
ivhite,  sometimes  tinged  with  rose-color.  —  From  the  Saskatchewan  to  New 
Mexico  and  westward. 

21.  E.  COrymboSUS,  Nutt.     Taller,  oflen  a  foot  or  two  high,  erect  from 
creeping  rootstocks,  soft-cinereous  with  mostly  spreading  short  pubescence  : 
radical  leaves  narroAv-lanceolate  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  largest  3  or  4  inches 
long  and  3  or  4  lines  wide,  3-nerved ;  cauline  linear  and  narrow :  heads  some- 
times solitary,  usually  several  and  cort/mbosely  disposed  on  short  slender  pedun- 
cles:  involucre  3  lines  high,  canescently  pubescent:  rays  30  to  50,  mostly 
narrow  and  3  to  5  lines  long,  blue  or  violet,  apparently  sometimes  white. — 
Mountains  of  Montana  to  those  of  Washington  Territory  and  California. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  173 


c.     Stems  leafy,  mostly  branched  above  and  bearing  few  or  several  heads:  pubes- 
cence not  cinereous  nor  spreading,  either  strigose  or  none  :  pappus  simple. 

22.  E.  decumbens,  Nutt.     Slender,  commonly  low  or  spreading,  6  to 
18  inches  high,  strigulose-pubescent  or  puberulent,  or  glabrate:  leaves  linear 
or  sometimes  linear-spatulate  (radical  not  rarely  4  to  6  inches  long  and  only 
a  line  or  two  wide) :   involucre  minutely  hirsute  or  pubescent :  rays  15  to  40, 
white,  purplish,  or  violet-tinged  —  Mountains,  from  Montana  and  Utah  to 
Oregon  and  California. 

*  *  *  Perennial  by  sloloniform  creeping  rootstocks,  or  creeping  leafy  stems  or 

stolons:  rays  very  numerous  (100  or  more)  and  narrow:  low  ground  forms. 

23.  E.  PhiladelphicUS,  L.     Soft  hirsute,  a  foot  or  two  high,  spreading 
hy  rosulate  offsets  borne  on  apex  of  stoloniform  creeping  rootstocks :  stem  striate- 
anyled,  erect,  corymbosely  branching  above  and  bearing  several  small  heads : 
leaves  oblong,  or  lowest  spatulate;  upper  cauline  half-clasping,  obtuse,  spar- 
ingly and  coarsely  serrate  or  entire :  peduncles  thickened  under  the  head :  rays 
pink,  almost  filiform  :  pappus  simple.  —  Across  the  continent. 

24.  E.  flagellaris,  Gray.     More  or  less  cinereous  with  appressed  pubescence : 
stems  slender,  diffusely  decumbent  and  flagelliform  but  leafy,  some  prostrate, 
many  at  length  rooting  at  the  apex  and  proliferous:  leaves  small,  entire;  radical 
spatulate  and   petioled ;    those   of    the   branches   becoming  linear :  solitary 
peduncles  2  to  5  inches  long:  rays  white  or  purplish:   pappus  double.  —  PL 
Feudl.  69.     From  the  Upper  Platte  to  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  W.  Texas. 

*  *  *  *  Mostly  cinereous-pubescent  or  strigose  annuals,  leafy-stemmed  and  very 

branching,  often  diffusely :  heads  conspicuously  radiate  and  mostly  paniculate : 
low  grounds  and  plains. 

•»-  Akenes  narrow,  little  compressed,  with  a  broad  and  whitish  truncate  apex  and  a 
simple  capillary  pappus :  rays  40  to  70  :  leaves  always  entire. 

25.  E.  Bellidiastrum,  Nutt.    Diffusely  or  loosely  branched,  a  span  or 
two  high,  cinereous-pubescent :  leaves  spatulate-linear  or  the  lowest  hroader, 
an  inch  or  less  long :  heads  paniculate,  short-peduncled  :  rays  light  purple.  — 
Nebraska  to  New  Mexico. 

•*-  H-  Akenes  compressed,  2-nerved:  pappus  double:  inner  often  fragile  or  decidu- 
ous :  rays  mostly  more  numerous :  leaves  sometimes  toothed  or  lobed. 

26.  E.  diver  gens,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Diffusely  branched  and  spreading,  a 
foot  or  less  high,  cinereous-pubescent  or  hirsute :    leaves  linear-spatulate  or  the 
upper  linear  and  lowest  broader  and  sometimes  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed: 
heads  2  or  3  lines  high :  rays  white  or  purplish,  very  numerous :  involucre  hir- 
sute :  inner  pappus  of  rather  scanty  bristles ;  outer  of  short  subulate  scales.  — 
M.  ii.  175.    From  Nebraska  to  W.  Texas  and  westward  to  the  coast. 

27.  E.  StrigOSUS,  Muhl.     Pubescence  appressed,  often  strigose :  stem  erect, 
seldom  over  2  feet  high,  leafy,  branched  above,  bearing  cymose  or  paniculate 
heads  :  leaves  lanceolate  and  the  upper  entire ;  lower  from  spatulate-lanceolate 
to  oblong,  often  serrate :  rays  mostly  white,  not  excessively  numerous  nor  very 
narrow  :  involucre  with  few  or  no  bristly  hairs  :  outer  pappus  a  shwt  crown  of  dis- 
tinct or  partly  united  slender  scales,  persistent  after  the  fragile  inner  pappus 
has  fallen.  —  From  Canada  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Texas,  and  westward  to 
Oregon  and  California. 


174  COMPOSITES.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  Beyrichii,  Gray.  A  slender  form,  with  minute  or  even  cinereous 
pubescence,  smaller  heads,  and  rays  from  white  to  pale  rose-color.  —  Synopt. 
Fl.  i.  219.  Within  the  eastern  limits  of  our  range. 

§  2.  Rays  inconspicuous  or  slender,  numerous,  sometimes  not  exceeding  the  disk : 
within  them  a  series  of  rat/less  Jiliform  female  Jbwen  (commonly  none  in  No. 
29) :  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so:  /jappus  simple.  —  TRI MORPHIA. 

28.  E.  acris,  L.     More  or  less  hirsute  pubescent,  varying  towards  glabrous 
(not  glandular)  :  cauline  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  the  lower  and  radical  spatu- 
late :  involucre  hirsute :   rays  slender,  equalling  or  moderately  surpassing  the 
disk  and  pappus,  purple:  Jiliform  female  flowers  numerous.  —  In  the  mountains 
of  Colorado  and  northward  to  British  Columbia,  thence  across  the  continent. 

Var.  DrOBbachensiS,  Blytt.  Somewhat  glabrous,  or  even  quite  so: 
involucre  also  green,  naked,  at  most  hirsute  only  at  the  base,  often  minutely 
viscidulous  :  slender  rays  somewhat  slightly  exserted,  sometimes  minute  and 
filiform  and  shorter  than  the  pappus.  —  Same  range  as  the  type. 

Var.  debilis,  Gray.  Sparsely  pilose :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  slender, 
1  to  3-cephalous :  leaves  bright  green  ;  radical  obovate  or  oblong ;  cauline 
spatulate  to  lanceolate,  short :  involucre  sparsely  hirsute  or  upper  part 
glabrate,  the  attenuate  tips  of  the  bracts  spreading :  rays  in  flower  rather 
conspicuously  surpassing  the  disk.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  220.  Mountains  of  N. 
Montana,  northward  and  eastward. 

29.  E.  armeriaefolius,  Turcz.     Sparsely  hispid-hirsute  or  the  leaves  gla- 
brous and  most   of   the   narrowly  linear  and  elongated  cauline   bristly-ciliate: 
inflorescence  more  racemose  and  strict :  involucre  sparsely  hirsute :  rays  filiform, 
extremely  numerous,  slightly  surpassing  the  disk,  whitish,  no  Jiliform  rayless 
flowers  seen.  —  From  the  mountains  of  California  and  Colorado  to  the  Sas- 
katchewan. 


§  3.    Rays  of  the  small  (2  lines  high)  and  narrow  seemingly  discoid  (and 

thyrsoid-paniculate)  heads  inconspicuous,  little  if  at  all  surpassing  the  disk  or 
pappus :  leaves  more  or  less  hispid-ciliate.  —  C^NOTUS,  in  part. 

30.  E.  Canadensis,  L.    From  sparsely  hispid  to  almost  glabrous  :  stem 
strict,  1  to  4  feet  high,  with  numerous  narrowly  paniculate  heads,  or  in  depauper- 
ate plants  only  a  few  inches  high  and  with  few  scattered  heads  :  leaves  linear, 
entire,  or  the  lowest  spatulate  and  incised  or  few-toothed  :  rays  white,  usually  a 
little  exserted  and  surpassing  the  style-branches.  —  Waste  grounds,  throughout 
the  continent. 

31.  E.  divaricatus,  Michx.     Low,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  diffusely  much 
branched,  somewhat  f astigiate :  leaves  all  narrowly  linear  or  subulate,  entire : 
rays  purplish,  rarely  surpassing  the  style-branches  of  the  pappus.  —  Fl.  ii.  123. 
Open  grounds  from  Colorado  to  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

15.    CONYZA,   Less. 

1.  C.  Coulterir  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  commonly  branched,  bearing 
numerous  small  heads  in  a  mostly  crowded  thyrsoid  leafy  panicle,  viscidly 
pubescent  or  partly  hirsute  :  cauline  leaves  linear-oblong,  the  lower  spatulate- 
oblong  and  with  partly  clasping  base,  from  dentate  to  laciniate-pinnatifid,  an 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  175 

inch  or  two  long  :  involucre  1  or  2  lines  high,  hirsute  with  rather  soft  spread- 
ing hairs,  considerably  shorter  than  the  soft  pappus  :  flowers  whitish.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  355.  W.  Texas  and  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  California. 

16.    BACCHARIS,   L. 

More  or  less  shrubby :  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  the  branches  striate, 
bearing  small  heads  of  white  or  yellowish  flowers. 

1.  B.  Wrightii,  Gray.     Herbaceous  from  a  woody  base,  very  smooth  and 
glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,   diffusely  branching,   sparsely   leaved :    slender 
branches  terminated  by  solitary  heads :  leaves  linear,  small ;  uppermost  linear- 
subulate:  involucre  campanulate,  4  or  5  lines  high;  Its  bracts  lanceolate,  gradu- 
ally acuminate,  conspicuously  scarious-margined,  with  a  green  back :  pappus 
very  copious  and  pluriserial,  soft,  elongating  in  fruit,  fulvous  or  purplish,  four 
times  the  length  of  the  scabrous-glandular  8  to  10-nerved  akene.  —  PL  Wright, 
i.  101.     W.  Texas  to  S.  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

2.  B.  salicina,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Branching  shrubs,  3  to  12  feet  high,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  usually  viscous,  with  a  resinous  exudation:  leaves  mostly 
subsessile,//w/z  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed,  rarely  entire  :  heads 
or  glomerules  pedunculate :  involucre  campanulate,  about  3  lines  high  ;  its  bracts 
ovate  and  acutish  :  pappus  more  or  less  copious,  but  mostly  unisenal,  conspicu- 
ously elongating  in  fruit,  white,  soft  and  flaccid:  akenes  10-nerved.  —  Fl.  ii.  258. 
Colorado  to  Texas. 

3.  B.  glutinosa,  Pers.     Stems  herbaceous  above  but  woody  toward  the 
base,  3  to  10 feet  high:  branches  somewhat  striate-angled :  leaves  elongated-lan- 
ceolate, serrate  with  few  or  several  scattered  teeth  on  each  side,  more  or  less 
distinctly  3-uerved  from  near  the  base,  3  or  4  and  the  larger  5  or  6  inches 
long  :  heads  mostlv  3  lines  long,  numerous  and  corymbosely  cymose  at  the  summit 
of  comparatively  simple  stems  or  branches  :  involucre  stramineous :  pappus  not 
very  copious,  nor  flaccid,  and  elongated  hardly  at  all  in  fruit:  akene  5-nerved. — 
From  S.  California  to  S.  Colorado  and  Texas. 

17.    EVAX,    Gartn. 

Dwarf  and  depressed  annuals,  floccose-woolly.  In  ours  the  heads  are  small 
and  aggregated  in  terminal  foliose-involucrate  glomerules. 

1.  E.  prolifera,  Nutt.  Rather  stout:  stem  often  a  span  high,  simple 
and  erect,  or  with  ascending  branches  from  the  base,  bearing  numerous  small 
spatulate  leaves  and  a  capituliform  glomerule,  half  an  inch  in  diameter;  whence 
proceed  1  to  3  nearly  leafless  branches  similarly  terminated,  sometimes  again 
proliferous  :  fructiferous  bracts  scarious,  oval  or  oblong,  mainly  naked  ;  those 
embracing  staminate  flowers  more  herbaceous  and  woolly-tipped,  of  firmer 
or  more  herbaceous  texture  :  staminate  flowers  each  on  a  filiform  stipe  repre- 
senting an  abortive  ovary.  —  Diaperia  prolifera,  Nutt.  Dry  ground,  Colorado 
to  Dakota  and  Texas. 

18.    ANTENNA  HI  A,    Gartn.       EVEBLASTING. 

Mostly  low,  canescently  and  often  floccosely  woolly  herbs,  with  whitish  or 
purplish  flowers :  bracts  of  the  involucre  pearly  white,  rose-color,  or  brownish, 
never  yellow. 


176  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

§  1.    Bristles  of  the  male  pappus  hardly  at  all  thickened  but  minutely  barbellate 

near  the  apex:  akenes pul>erulent :  bracts  of  the  involucre  brownish. 
1.  A.  dimorpha,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Depressed,  cespitose  from  a  stout  mul- 
ticipital  caudex,  bearing  rosulate  clusters  of  spatulate  leaves  :  heads  solitary 
and  subsessile  at  the  crown,  or  raised  on  a  sparsely-leaved  stem  of  an  inch  or 
less  in  height:  male  head  4  lines  high,  with  broad  and  obtuse  involucral 
bracts ;  female  becoming  i  to  £  inch  long,  the  inner  bracts  narrow  and  long- 
attenuate  into  a  hyaline  acuminate  tip :  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  of  long 
and  fine  smooth  bristles.  — Fl.  ii.  431.  Dry  hills,  from  Wyoming  to  California 
and  British  Columbia. 

§  2.    Bristles  of  the  male  pappus  stouter,  with  thickish  and  clavate  or  scarious- 

dilated  tips. 

*  Not  surculose-stolomferous :  stems  simple  from  the  subterranean  branching  cau- 
dex, leaf  t/,  naked  at  summit,  and  bearing  a  cluster  of  broad  heads :  inner 
bracts  of  the  male  involucre  all  with  conspicuous  ivory-white  papery  obtuse  tips  ; 
those  of  the  female  with  hardly  any  tips  and  more  scarious :  herbage  silver y- 
lanate. 

2  A.  luzuloides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Closely  silky-woolly :  stems  slender,  a 
span  to  a  foot  high  ;  leaves  all  narrowly  linear,  or  some  of  the  lowest  narrowly 
lanceolate-spatulate,  small  uppermost  linear-subulate  :  heads  small  (2  lines,  or 
the  female  barely  3  lines  long),  several  or  numerous  :  involucre  glabrous  nearly 
or  quite  to  the  base  ;  the  inner  bracts  in  the  female  heads  obtuse  :  akenes  gland- 
ular :  the  spatulate  and  as  it  were  petaloid  tips  of  the  male  pappus  obtuse. 
—  Fl.  ii.  430.  From  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  British  Columbia. 

3.  A.  Carpathica,  R.  Br.     Floccosely  white-ivoolly,  rather  stout :  lower 
leaves  spatulate-lanceolate  and  the  upper  linear  :  heads  broad,  3  or  4  lines  long  : 
involucre  conspicuously  woolly  at  base,  more  or  less  livid,  except  the  white  tips: 
to  the  bracts  of  the  male ;  the  inner  bracts  of  the  female  commonly  acutish 
and   thin-scarious :    akenes  smooth  and  glabrous.  —  In   the   Northern   Rocky 
Mountains,  and  extending  south  to  Oregon ;  represented  in  the  lower  Rocky 
Mountains  as  far  south  as  New  Mexico,  by  the 

Var.  pulcherrima,  Hook.  Stems  6  to  18  inches  high:  leaves  mostly 
larger,  the  radical  often  half  an  inch  or  even  almost  an  inch  wide  :  heads  more 
numerous,  often  in  a  compound  cyme :  bristles  of  the  male  pappus  with  more 
strongly  and  abruptly  or  even  scariously  dilated  tips. 

#   *  Surculose-proliferous  by  either  subterranean  or  leafy  shoots  or  stolons. 
•i-  Heads  in  a  ci/mose  cluster,  sometimes  solitary :  involucre  woolly  at  base. 

4.  A.  alpina,  Gaertn.     Somewhat  cespitose  :   radical,  shoots  few  and  short  : 
flowering  stems  1  to  4  inches  high,  bearing  2  to  5  heads,  sometimes  a  single 
head :  radical  leaves  spatulate,  •£  inch  long :  involucre  3  lines  high,  livid-broicn- 
ish;  the  inner  of  the  male  heads  with   whitish  oblong  tips,  of  the  female 
tvholly  livid  and  scarious  and  from  acutish  to  acuminate :  akenes  glandular. — 
High  mountains  of  Colorado  and  California,  and  far  northward. 

5.  A.  dioica,  Gsertn.     Freely  surculose  and  forming  broad  mats :  flowering 
stems  2  to  8  or  even  12  inches  high,  bearing  few  or  numerous  heads :   radical 
leaves  from  obovate  to  spatulate,  half  -inch  to  nearly  an  inch  long,  rarely  glabrate 
above :  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  both  sexes  with  colored  (white  or  rose-colored) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  177 

and  obtuse  papery  tips :  akenes  smooth  and  glabrous  or  sometimes  minutely 
glandular.  —  Throughout  the  mountain  region  at  all  elevations  and  north- 
ward, thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  congesta,  DC.,  has  heads  sessile  in  a  rosulate  tuft  of  leaves  termi- 
nating depressed  stems,  like  the  sterile  creeping  ones.  —  Alpine  on  Sierra 
Blanca,  S.  Colorado,  and  similar  but  taller  forms  from  the  mountains  of 
Wyoming,  etc. 

6.  A.  plantaginifolia,   Hook.     Freely  surculose  by  long  and  slender 
sparsely  leafy  stolons  :  flowering  stems  more  scapiform,  6  to  18  inches  hiyh,  bear- 
ing small  linear  or  lanceolate  leaves  and  a  cluster  of  several  heads :  radical, 
leaves  from  roundish  ovate  to  obovate  and  spatulate,  the  larger  an  inch  or  two 
long,  soon  glabrate  and  green  above,  silvery-canescent  beneath  with  a  com- 
pletely pannose  coating,  3  to  5-uerved :   invo'iicre  very  woolly  at  base ;  inner 
bracts  of  the  male  heads  with  oval  or  oblong  obtuse  ivory-white  tips,  of  the 
larger  (4  to  6  lines  long)  female  heads  with  white  or  whitish  narrow  and  acute 
tips :  akenes  minutely  glandukr.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Washington  Terri- 
tory and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

•+--  •*—  Heads  Jooseli/  paniculate :  involucre  almost  glabrous. 

7.  A.  racemosa,   Hook.      Stoloniferous  as  in  the  last,  lightly  woolly, 
becoming  glabrate :  flowering  steins  G  to  20  inches  high,  slender,  sparsely 
leafy,  bearing  few  or  numerous  raceinosely  or  paniculately  disposed  heads : 
leaves  thin  ;  the  radical  broadly  oval,  an  incli  or  two  long ;  lower  cauline  ob- 
long ;  upper  small  and  lanceolate :  involucre  scarious,  brownish ;  the  male 
2  or  3  lines  long,  of  obtuse  bracts,  the  inner  white-tipped  ;  female  3  or  4  lines 
long,  of  narrow  and  mostly  acute  bracts  :  akenes  glabrous.  —  From  the  moun- 
tains of  Wyoming  to  the  Cascades  and  the  British  border. 

19.    ANAPHALIS,    DC.        EVERLASTING. 

1.  A.  margaritacea,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Commonly  afoot  or  two  high,  in 
tufts,  very  leafy,  the  white  floccose  wool  rarely  becoming  tawny  :  leaves  2  to 
5  inches  long,  from  rather  broadly  to  linear-lanceolate,  soon  glabrate  and 
green  above,  the  broader  ones  indistinctly  3-nerved  :  heads  numerous,  corym- 
bosely  cymose:  bracts  of  the  involucre  very  numerous,  almost  wholly  pearly 
white,  radiating  in  age.  —  Antennaria  margaritacea,  R.  Br.  Higher  moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  California  and  far  northward ;  across  the  continent  in 
its  cooler  portions. 

20.     GNAPHALIUM,    L.        CUDWEED.    EVERLASTING. 

Floccose  woolly  herbs :  with  sessile  and  sometimes  decurrent  entire  leaves, 

and  cymosely  clustered  or  glomerate  heads  of  whitish  or  yellowish  flowers. 

Ours  belong  to  the  section  in  which  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  are  not  united, 

but  fall  separately. 

*  Involucre  woolly  only  at  base,  the  scarious  bracts  from  white  to  brownish  straw- 
color  :  more  or  less  fragrant  herbs,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high :  akenes  smooth 
and  glabrous. 
I-   Or.  Sprengelii,  Hook.  &  Am.     Stems  usually  stout,  6  to  30  inches 

high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  densely  white-woolly, 

12 


178  COMPOSITES.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

or  sometimes  thinly  floccose,  the  short  decurrent  bases  or  adnate  auricles  rather 
broad,  slightly  if  at  all  glandular  or  heavy-scented:  heads  in  single  or  few  close 
glomerules  terminating  the  stem  or  branches :  involucre  hemispherical,  white 
or  yellowish,  becoming  rusty -tinged. —  G.  luteo-album,  var.  Sprengelii,  Eaton. 
From  Texas  and  Colorado  to  S.  California  and  N.  Oregon. 

2.  G.  decurrens,  Ives.      Stem   stout,  2  or  3   feet   high,  corymbosely 
branched  above  and  bearing  cymosely  crowded  glomerules  of  broad  heads :  leaves 
very  numerous,  lanceolate  or  the  upper  linear,  obviously  adnate-decurrent,  the 
upper  face  becoming  naked  and  green  in  age  and  with  the  stem  glandular-pubes- 
cent or  viscid,  white-woolly  beneath,  strongly  balsamic-scented:  involucre  cam- 
panulate,  white,  becoming  rusty-tinged.  — Am.  Jour.  Sci.  i.  380.    From  Texas 
and  New  Mexico  to  Washington  Territory  and  British  Columbia,  and  eastward 
to  New  England. 

#  *  Involucre  less  imbricated,  more  involved  in  wool,  the  scarious  tips  of  the  nearly 
equal  bracts  inconspicuous  and  dull-colored:  heads  glomerate  and  feafy-bracte- 
ate,  only  a  line  or  so  in  length :  low  and  branching  annuals,  a  few  inches  or 
rarely  a  foot  high :  akenes  either  smooth  or  scabrous. 

3.  G.  paluatre,  Nutt.     Loosely  floccose  with  long  wool,  erect,  at  length 
diffuse  or  weak  :  leaves  3  to  5  lines  wide,  spatulate  or  the  uppermost  oblong  or 
lanceolate :    tips  of  the  linear   involucral  bracts  white,  obtuse.  —  In  moist 
grounds  from  New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward. 

4.  G.  strictum,  Gray.     Appressed-woolly :  stem  strict  and  simple,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  sometimes  branching  or  with  ascending  stems  from  the  base  : 
leaves  all  linear,  seldom  a  line  wide :  heads  in  spicately  disposed  glomerules  in 
the  axils  or  on  short  lateral  branches :  involucral  bracts  with  brownish  or  some- 
what  whitish  tips,  obtuse. —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  110.     Rocky  Mountain  region, 
from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

21.    MELAMPODIUM,   L. 

Branching  herbs,  with  opposite  mostly  sessile  leaves,  and  pedunculate  heads 
terminating  the  branches  or  in  the  forks.  In  our  species  the  rays  are  con- 
spicuously exserted  and  white,  and  the  fructiferous  bracts  hooded. 

1.  M.  cinereum,  DC.  Branched  from  the  base,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 
cinereous  or  even  silvery-canescent  with  a  close  pubescence,  or  greener  :  leaves 
linear  or  the  lower  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  entire  or  undulate,  or  even  sinuate- 
pinnatifid:  ligules  5  to  9,  cuneate-oblong,  2  to  3-lobed  at  apex,  3  to  6  lines 
long :  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate,  appressed,  slightly  united  at  base :  fruc- 
tiferous bracts  nearly  terete,  somewhat  incurved,  muricate  with  sharp  tubercles ; 
its  hood  about  the  length  of  the  body  and  very  much  wider,  nearly  smooth, 
its  truncate  and  usually  even  margin  commonly  incurved.  —  From  S.  and  E. 
Colorado  to  Arizona,  Texas,  and  W.  Arkansas. 

22.    SILPHIUM,  L.       ROSIN-WEED. 

Tall  and  coarse  perennials :  with  resinous  juice,  large  leaves,  and  ample 
pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Our  species  is  the  "  Compass-Plant," 
with  alternate  deeply  pinnatifld  or  bipinnatifid  leaves,  and  large  heads  (sessile 
or  nearly  so)  racemosely  disposed  along  the  naked  summit,  and  very  rough 
herbage. 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  179 

1.  S.  laciniatum,  L.  Stem  3  to  6  and  even  12  feet  high  :  radical  leaves 
a  foot  or  two  long,  loiig-petioled,  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  or  below 
divided,  the  divisions  and  lobes  lanceolate  to  linear ;  cauline  with  petiole  sim- 
ply dilated  at  base,  or  with  stipuliform  and  sometimes  palmatifid  appendages ; 
upper  sessile  and  reduced  to  bracts :  involucre  inch  or  more  high  and  broad  : 
rays  numerous,  inch  or  two  long,  bright  yellow.  —  Prairies,  from  Dakota  to 
Texas  and  eastward  to  Wisconsin  and  Alabama. 

23.    PARTHENIUM,   L. 

Ours  is  an  acaulescent  cespitose  perennial,  with  the  ligule  wanting. 

1.  P.  alpinum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Densely  tufted  on  a  thick  branching  cau- 
dex,  depressed,  rising  only  1  or  2  inches :  leaves  crowded,  silvery-canescent  with 
a  fine  appressed  pubescence,  and  villous  in  the  axils,  spatulate-linear,  barely  an 
inch  long,  entire  :  heads  solitary  and  nearly  fe^sile  among  the  leaves  :  pappus 
a  pair  of  oblong-lanceolate  membranaceous  scales.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming. 

24.    PARTHENICE,    Gray. 

Allied  to  both  Parthenium  and  fva. 

1.  P.  mollis,  Gray.  Annual,  with  odor  of  Artemisia,  4  to  6  feet  high, 
paniculately  branched,  minutely  cinereous  throughout,  wholly  destitute  of  any 
coarser  pubescence:  leaves  all  alternate,  ovate,  some  of  the  larger  (10  or  12 
inches  long)  subcordate,  acuminate,  irregularly  or  doubly  dentate,  long-peti- 
oled :  heads  small,  2  lines  broad,  numerous  in  loose  axillary  and  terminal 
somewhat  leafy  panicles  :  flowers  greenish-white.  —  S.  Colorado  to  Arizona. 

25.    IV  A,    L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs .  with  entire  or  serrate  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones  oppo- 
site, and  small  spicatety  or  racemosely  or  paniculately  disposed  or  scattered 
and  commonly  nodding  heads. 

*  Heads  crowded  in  narrow  spike-like  clusters  which  are  aggregated  in  a  naked 

panicle :  leaves  lomj-petioled. 

1.  I.  xanthiifolia,  Nutt.    Tall  and  coarse,  3  to  5  feet  high,  pubescent,  at 
least  when  young :  leaves  mainly  opposite,  broadly  ovate,  ample,  coarsely  or 
incisely  serrate,  acuminate,  3-ribbed  at  base,  puberulently  scabrous  above: 
panicles  axillary  and  terminal :  outer  involucral  bracts  5,  broadly  ovate  and 
herbaceous ;   inner  of  as  many  membranaceous  dilated-obovate  or  truncate 
ones,  which  are  strongly  concave  at  maturity  and  half  embrace  the  obovate- 
pyriform  aud  glabrate  akenes.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Idaho  and  the  Sas- 
katchewan. 

*  *  Heads  spicately  or  racemosely  disposed  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  foliaceous 

bracts,  and  nodding. 

2.  I.  Ciliata,  Willd.     Rather  stout,  2  to  6  feet  high,  strigose  and  hispid  : 
leaves  nearly  all  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  sparsely  serrate,  the  base  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  hispid  petiole  :  spikes  strict,  3  to  S  inches  long  ,•  their  bracts 
lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  surpassing  the  at  length  deflexed 
heads,  hispid-ciliate,  as  are  the  3  or  4  herbaceous  and  unequal  distinct  or  partly 
united  bracts  of  the  involucre  — From  New  Mexico  to  Nebraska  and  eastward. 


180  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

3.  I.  axillaris,  Pursh.  Stems  or  branches  nearly  simple,  ascending,  a 
foot  or  tico  Iiiyh :  leaves  from  obovate  or  oblong  to  nearly  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  ses- 
sile, rarely  over  an  inch  long,  even  the  uppermost  usually  much  surpassing 
the  mostly  solitary  heads  in  their  axils ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  connate  into  a 
4  or  5-lobed  or  sometimes  parted,  or  merely  crenate  cup.  —  From  New  Mexico 
to  Dakota  and  the  Saskatchewan,  and  westward. 

26.    OXYTENIA,    Nutt. 

Shrubby  species,  with  Artemisia-like  habit. 

1.  O.  acerosa,  Nutt.  Shrubby,  but  soft-woody,  3  to  5  feet  high,  canes- 
cent,  with  erect  branches  sometimes  leafless  and  rush-like  :  leaves  when  present 
alternate,  pinnately  3  to  5-parted  into  long  filiform  divisions,  or  uppermost 
entire :  heads  numerous,  2  lines  long,  in  dense  panicles.  —  Dry  plains,  S.  W. 
Colorado  to  S.  E.  California. 

27.    DIG  OKI  A,    Torr.  &  Gray. 

1.  D.  Brandegei,  Gray.  Strigulose-canescent,  diffusely  and  alternately 
branched  leaves,  of  the  branches  oblong-lanceolate  or  partly  spatulate,  ob- 
tuse, mostly  entire,  an  inch  or  less  long  and  with  slender  petiole :  heads 
sparse,  racemose-paniculate ;  fertile  flower  solitary  ;  its  dilated-cuneate  hyaline 
subtending  bract  hardly  surpassing  the  outer  involucre :  akene  naked  and 
exserted,  bordered  with  pectinate  callous  teeth  connected  by  an  indistinct  sca- 
rious  margin.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  76.  Sandy  bottoms  of  the  San  Juan, 
near  the  boundary  between  Colorado  and  Utah. 

28.    AMBROSIA,    Tourn.        RAGWEED. 

Coarse  herbs .  with  mostly  lobed  or  dissected  opposite  and  alternate  leaves, 
and  dull  inconspicuous  flowers :  sterile  heads  racemose  or  spicate  and  with 
no  bracts :  fertile  flowers  usually  glomerate  in  axils  below. 

#  Involucre  of  sterile  heads  3-ribbed :  no  chaff  on  the  receptacle  :  leaves  palmate! y 

cleft,  ample,  petioled. 

1.  A.  trifida,  L.     Tall  and   stout,  3  to  12  feet  high  or  more,  roughish 
hispid  or  almost  glabrous  :  leaves  all  opposite,  very  deeply  3-lobed  or  the  lower 
5-lobed ;  the  lobes  acuminate,  serrate  :  sterile  racemes  long  and  dense :  fertile 
heads  clustered  and  as  if  involucrate  by  short  bracts :  fruit  very  thick,  with  5 
to  7  strong  ribs  or  angles  terminating  above  in  spiuous  tubercles  around  the 
base  of  the  conical  beak.  —  From  the  plains  of  Colorado  eastward  across  the 
continent. 

*  #  Involucre  of  sterile  heads  not  ribbed :  receptacle  ivith  some  chaff :  leaves  most!// 

1  to  3-pinnatiJid  or  dissected. 

2.  A.  artemisiajfolia,  L.     Variously  pubescent  or  hirsute,  paniculately 
branched,  a  foot  or  tico  hiyh,  or  taller  :  leaves  thirmish,  bipinnaiifid  or  pinnately 
parted  with  the  divisions  irregularly  pinnatijid  or  sometimes  nearly  entire,  on 
the  flowering  branches  often  undivided  :  sterile  heads  pedicelled  :  fruit  short- 
beaked,  armed  with  4  to  6  short  acute  teeth  or  spines.  —  A  weed  in  waste  and 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  181 

cultivated  grounds  across  the  continent,  known  variously  as  "  Roman  Worm- 
wood," "Ragweed,"  and  "  Bitter- weed." 

3.  A.  psilostachya,  DC.  From  slender  running  rootstocks,  stouter,  2 
to  (jfeet  high,  with  strigose  and  some  loose  hirsute  pubescence  :  leaves  thickish; 
upper  simply  and  lower  twice  pinnatijid ;  the  lobes  mostly  lanceolate  and  acute : 
sterile  heads  commonly  short-pedicelled  :  fruit  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils 
below,  rugose-reticulated,  obtusely  short-pointed,  either  wholly  unarmed  or  with 
four  short  either  blunt  or  acute  tubercles.  —  From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas 
and  westward  across  the  continent. 


29.    FRANSERIA,    Cav. 

Ours  are  herbaceous,  with  chiefly  alternate  leaves,  and  the  spines  of  the 
fruiting  and  1  to  2-flowered  involucre  comparatively  few. 

#  Fruiting  involucre  seldom  over  a,  line  long,  in  the  same  plant  bearing  either 
1  or  2  flowers. 

1 .  F.  tenuifolia,  Gray.     Erect,  1  to  5  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  hispid, 
variously  pubescent,  or  glabrate :  leaves  mostly  2  to  3-pinnately  parted  or  dis- 
sected into  narrowly  oblong  or  linear  lobes,  the  terminal  elongated :  sterile 
racemes  commonly  elongated  and  paniculate :  fertile  heads  in  numerous  glom- 
erules  below,  in  fruit  minutely  glandular,  usually  2-flowered,  armed  with  6 
to  18  short  and  stout  incurving  spines,  their  tips  almost  always  hooked,  and 
an  excavated  cartilaginously  bordered  areola  above  each.  —  PI.  Fendl.  80. 
From  Colorado  to  California,  Texas,  and  southward. 

*   *  Fruiting  involucre  3  or  4  lines  long  at  maturity,  and  longer  stout  or  broad 
spines :  stems  low. 

2.  F.  Hookeriana,  Nutt.    Diffusely  spreading  from  an  annual  root,  freely 
branched,  hirsute-pubescent  or  hispid :  leaves  of  ovate  or  roundish  outline,  1  to 
3  inches  broad,  and  bipinnatiftd,  or  the  upper  oblong  and  pinnatifid:   sterile 
racemes  solitary  or  paniculate :  fruiting  involucre  armed  with  fiat  and  thin 
lanceolate-subulate  smooth  and  glabrous  long  and  straight  spines,  \-fiowered. — 
From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas  and  westward  across  the  continent. 

3.  F.  discolor,  Nutt.     A  foot  or  less  high,  erect  from  perennial  slender 
creeping  root-stocks :  leaves  canescently  tomentose  beneath,  green  and  glabrate  above. 
interruptedli/-pinnat(fid,  oblong  in  outline,  comparatively  large,  the  lowest  often 
6  inches  long ;  the  lobes  usually  short  and  broad  :  sterile  racemes  commonly 
solitary :  fruiting  involucre  2-flowered,  canescent,  armed  with  rather  short  conical- 
subulate  very  acute  and  straight  spines.  — Plains,  Nebraska  to  Wyoming,  Colo- 
rado, and  New  Mexico. 

4.  F.  tomentosa,  Gray.     A  foot  high,  rather  stout,  erect,  from  an  appar- 
ently perennial  base,  canescent  with  a  dense  sericeous  tomentum:  leaves  very  white 
beneath,  cinereous  above,  pinnate/ 1/ 3  to  5-cIeft  or  parted;  the  terminal  division 
large,  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  upper  lateral  similar  but  smaller  ; 
lowest  commonly  very  small  and  entire:  fruiting  involucre  3  lines  long,  2- 
fiowered,  nearly  glabrous  ;  the  short  spines  conical -subulate,    very  acute,  and  the 
very  tip  usually  uncinate-incurved.  —  PI.  Feudl.  80.     Along  streams  or  river- 
beds, Kansas  and  E.  Colorado. 


182  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

30.    XANTHIUM,    Tourn.        COCKLE-BUR.    CLOT-BUR. 

Coarse  annuals :  with  branching  stems,  alternate  and  usually  lobed  or 
toothed  leaves,  and  mostly  clustered  heads,  botli  sexes  in  terminal  and  larger 
axillary  clusters,  the  male  uppermost ;  the  lower  axillary  clusters  of  few  or 
solitary  female  heads. 

1.  X.  Canadense,  Mill.  Stem  often  punctate  with  brown  spots:  leaves 
cordate  or  ovate,  3-ribbed  from  the  base,  with  dentate  margins  and  often  in- 
cised or  lobed,  on  long  petioles :  fruiting  involucre  about  an  inch  long,  densely 
beset  with  rather  long  prickles,  the  two  stout  beaks  at  maturity  usually  hooked 
or  incurved,  the  surface  and  base  of  the  prickles  more  or  less  hispid. — 
X.  strumarium,  var.  Canadense,  Torr.  &  Gray.  From  Texas  to  the  Saskatche- 
wan and  westward. 

31.    ZI1TNIA,   L. 

With  opposite  and  mostly  entire  sessile  leaves,  single  heads  terminating  the 
branches,  and  showy  flowers.  In  ours  the  leaves  are  narrow  and  rigid,  connate- 
sessile  and  crowded,  and  the  nkenes  2  to  4-aristate. 

1.  Z.  grandiflora,  Nutt.  Scabrous:  stems  or  branches  a  span  or  more 
high  from  a  stout  woody  base :  leaves  linear,  3-nerved  at  base :  involucre  nar- 
row, 4  lines  long :  ligules  4  or  5,  at  maturity  5  to  8  lines  long,  dilated-obovate 
or  roundish,  light  yellow  or  sulphur-color,  becoming  white.  —  Plains  and  bluffs, 
E.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

32.    HELIOPSIS,    Pers. 

With  loosely  branching  stems,  veiny  and  mostly  serrate  3-ribbed  leaves  on 
naked  petioles,  and  pedunculate  showy  heads  with  numerous  yellow  rays. 

1.  H.  lajvis,  Pers.  Smooth  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout,  3  or  4 
feet  high :  leaves  bright  green,  thinnish,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  from 
a  truncate  or  slightly  cuneate-decurrent  base,  acuminate,  coarsely  and  sharply 
serrate  with  numerous  teeth,  3  to  5  inches  long  :  heads  somewhat  corymbose : 
rays  broadly  linear,  an  inch  long :  akenes  wholly  glabrous  and  smooth.  — 
Near  Canon  City,  Colorado,  Brandegee ;  chiefly  a  form  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

33.    ECHINACEA,    Moanch. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  rather  stout  erect  stems,  undivided  leaves,  the  lower 
long-petioled,  and  solitary  large  heads  on  long  peduncles  terminating  the  stem 
and  few  branches.  Rays  from  flesh-color  to  rose-purple,  much  elongating 
with  age. 

1.  E.  angustifolia,  DC.  Hispid,  a  foot  01  two  high,  mostly  simple: 
leaves  from  broadly  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  entire,  3-nerved,  all  attenuate 
at  base,  the  lower  into  slender  petioles  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  only  about 
2  series.  —  Within  the  eastern  limit  of  our  range  and  extending  eastward. 

34.    RUDBECKIA,    L.        CONEFLOWER. 

With  alternate  leaves,  either  simple  or  compound,  and  showy  pedunculate 
heads  terminating  stem  and  branches  :  rays  yellow,  even  sometimes  wanting, 
the  lisk  from  fuscous  to  purplish  black. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  183 

*  Disk  from  hemispherical  to  ovoid,  black  or  dull  brown :  akenes  small,  quadran- 

gular, wholly  destitute  of  pappus :  leaves  undivided :  involucre  soon  reflexed. 

1.  R.  hirta,  L.     Rather  stout,  1  to  3  feet  high,  rough-hispid  and  hirsute: 
leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  2  to  5 
inches  long,  the  lower  narrowed  into  margined  petioles :  rays  when  well  devel- 
oped an  inch  or  two  long,  golden  yellow,  sometimes  deeper  colored  toward 
the  hase:  disk  at  first  nearly  black,  in  age  dull  brown,  becoming  ovoid  in 
fruit.  —  Dry  and  open  ground,  from  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 

#  #  Disk  from  r/Iobular  to  cylindrical,  yellowish  or  brownish :  akenes  comparatively 

large,  somewhat  compressed,  with  a  crown-like  pappus:  involucre  loose  and 
foliaceous  but  not  usually  rejlexed. 

H-  Rays  few  or  several,  inch  or  two  long,  drooping,  pure  yellow :  disk  dull  yellowish  ; 
the  tip  of  the  chaffy  bracts  canescent :  pappus  a  short  4-toothed  or  nearly  entire 
crown:  nearly  all  the  leaves  cleft  or  divided:  stems  branching. 

2.  R.  laciniata,  L.    Glabrous  and  smooth,  sometimes  minutely  scabrous, 
at  least  on  the  margins  and  upper  face  of  the  leaves :  stem  2  to  7  feet  high, 
branching  above :  leaves  veiny,  broad,  incisely  and  sparsely  serrate ;  radical 
commonly  piunately  5  to  7-foliolate  or  nearly  so,  and  divisions  often  lacini- 
ately  2  to  3-cleft ;  lower  cauline  3  to  5-parted,  upper  3-cleft,  and  those  of  the 
branches  few-toothed  or  entire — Moist  ground,  from  Montana  to  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

t-  -t-  Rays  wanting :  disk  brownish  ;  the  tip  of  the  chaffy  bracts  puberufent :  re- 
ceptacle bodkin-shaped :  scarious  cup-shaped  pappus  very  conspicuous :  stems 
stout,  simple. 

3.  R.  OCCidentalis,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous  and  smooth,  or  somewhat 
scabrous-puberulent :   leaves  undivided,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
entire,  or  irregularly  and  sparingly  dentate,  4  to  8  inches  long ;  upper  sessile  by  a 
rounded  or  subcordate  base ;  lower  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  winged 
petiole,  rarely  a  pair  of  obscure  lateral  lobes:  disk  in  age  becoming  l£  inch 
long,  and  akenes  2  lines  long.  —  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii.  355.     Mountains 
of  Wyoming  to  Idaho  and  Oregon. 

4.  R.  montana,  Gray.      Smoother,  somewhat  glaucous,  tall  and  very 
stout:  leaves  8  to  12  inches  long,  pinnately  parted  into  3  to  9  oblong-lanceolate 
divisions,  or  the  lanceolate  uppermost  cauline  with  2  to  4  narrow  lateral  lobes : 
disk  cylindraceous  or  cylindrical,  at  length  often  3  inches  long  and  an  inch  in 
diameter :  akenes  with  the  deep  coroniform  pappus  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xvii.  217.     Mountains  of  Colorado. 

35.    LEPACHYS,    Raf. 

Herbs,  with  piunately  parted  leaves,  and  terminal  long-peduncled  showy 
heads,  the  drooping  rays  yellow  or  partly  brown-purple  :  truncate  inflexed  tips 
of  the  chaff  pubescent :  disk  yellowish,  becoming  darker. 

1  L.  columnaris,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Scabrous,  1  or  2  feet  high,  branching 
from  the  base :  divisions  of  the  cauline  leaves  5  to  9,  from  oblong  to  narrowly 
linear,  sometimes  2  to  3-cleft :  rays  commonly  an  inch  or  more  long,  normally 


184  COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

all  yellow :  disk  at  length  columnar,  an  inch  or  more  long.  —  Plains,  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Texas. 

Var.  pulcherrima,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  part  or  even  the  whole  upper  face 
of  the  ray  brown-purple.  —  From  Arizona  to  Texas  and  Nebraska. 

36.    BALSAMORBHIZA,    Hook. 

Low;  with  thick,  deep  and  balsamic  roots  ;  a  tuft  of  radical  leaves  mostly 
on  long  petioles ;  and  short  simple  few-leaved  flowering  stems  or  naked  scapes, 
bearing  large  and  mostly  solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

*  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so;  the  principal  ones  cordate  or  with  cordate  base  and 

long-pet ioled. 

1.  B.  sagittata,  Nutt.    Silvery-canescent,  and  the  involucre  white-woolly : 
radical  leaves  from  cordate-oblong  to  hastate,  4  to  9  inches  long,  the  base  2  to 
G  inches  wide,  on  petioles  of  greater  length  ;  the  few  and  inconspicuous  cauline 
from  linear  to  spatulate :  scape  at  length  a  foot  or  more  high  :  rays  1  to  2 
inches  long.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  Montana  and  British   Columbia. 
Used  for  food  by  the  Indians. 

*  *  Leaves  neither  entire  nor  cordate,  varying  from  Jacinialely  dentate  to  bipin- 

nately  divided:  heads  solitary  on  a  naked  scape  or  one  bearing  a  pair  of  small 
opposite  leaves  towards  the  base. 

2.  B.  macrophylla,  Nutt.     Green,  not  at  all  canescent,  glabrate,  except 
the   ciliate   margins   of  the   leaves,  usually  minutely  glandular-viscidulous : 
leaves  ample,  ovate  or  oblong  in  outline,  a  span  to  a  foot  long,  some  with  only  one 
or  two  lobes  or  coarse  teeth,  most  of  them  pinnate! y  parted  into  broad  1 1/  lanceo- 
late and  commonly  entire  lobes :  scapes  a  foot  or  two  high  :  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre from  narrowly  lanceolate  to  spatulate  and  foliaceous,  an  inch  or  two 
long,  nearly  equal,  either  half  or  fully  the  length  of  the  rays.  —  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.  vii.  350.     Rocky  and  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Wyoming  to  Utah. 

3.  B.  Hookeri,  Nutt.     Canescent  with  fine  sericeous  or  more  tomentose  pu- 
bescence, but  not  at  all  hirsute :  scapes  and  leaves  a  span  to  a  foot  high  ;  the 
latter  lanceolate  or  elongated-oblong  in  outline,  pinnately  or  bipinnateli/  parted  into 
lanceolate  or  linear  divisions  or  lobes,  or  some  of  them  only  pinnatifid  or  incised  : 
involucre  from  canescently  puberulent  to  lanate;  its  bracts  from  linear-  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  either  unequal  and  well  imbricated  or  sometimes  the  outer- 
most foliaceous  and  enlarged.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  301 .    West  of  our  range, 
but  represented  by 

Var.  incana,  Gray.  Densely  whife-tomentose :  leaves  often  of  broader  out- 
line.—  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  266.  D.  incana,  Nutt.  Wyoming  and  Montana  to 
N.  California. 

37.    WYETHIA,    Nutt. 

Stout  and  mostly  low ;  with  ample  undivided  pinnately  veined  alternate 
leaves  (mostly  entire),  and  large  heads  of  mostly  yellow  flowers. 

#  Rays  from  pale  yellow  or  dull  straw-color  to  white. 

1.  W.  helianthoides,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  simple 
and  Avith  a  single  large  head,  or  rarely  3  or  4,  hirsute :  leaves  from  oval  to 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  185 

broadly  lanceolate,  denticulate  or  entire,  4  to  8  inches  long,  mostly  narrowed 
at  base  into  a  short  margined  petiole :  heads  an  inch  high  :  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre narrowly  lanceolate,  numerous  :  rays  nearly  2  inches  long :  akenes  4 
lines  long,  either  prismatic-quadrangular  or  flattish,  12-nerved:  pappus  some- 
times minute,  chaffy  coroniform  and  cleft  into  few  or  several  teeth.  —  Northern 
Rocky  Mountains,  in  moist  valleys,  S.  W.  Montana  to  E.  Oregon. 

*  *  Rays  bright  yellow. 

•t-  Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  usually  balsamic-viscid:  leaves  lanceolate  to 

oblong. 

2.  W.  amplexicaulis,  Nutt.    A  foot  or  two  high,  robust :  leaves  mostly 
lanceolate-oblong,  entire  or  denticulate ;  radical  often  a  foot  or  more  long ; 
upper  cauline  partly  clasping  by  a  rounded  or  somewhat  narrowed  base  :  heads 
solitary  or  several,  short  peduncled  :  involucral  bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  one  or 
two  outer  ones  occasionally  foliaceous  and  larger :  rays  l£  inches  long:  akenes 
with  a  conspicuous  crown  cleft  into  acute  teeth,  and  sometimes  a  small  awn. 
—  From  Colorado  to  Montana  and  British  Columbia.    Called  "  Pe-ik  "  by  the 
Indians. 

•t-  •»-  Hirsuteltj  pubescent  or  scabrous :  leaves  elongated-lanceolate  or  linear. 

3.  W.  Arizonica,  Gray.     Hirsutely  pubescent,  a  foot  high,  bearing  a  sin- 
gle or  few  heads :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  or  the  upper 
and  sessile  cauline  broader:  involucre  of  rather  foliaceous  and  erect  bracts: 
rays  8  to  12:  pappus  a  ver y  narrow  crown,  extended  into  3  or  4  stout  subulate 
teeth,  or  into  1  or  2  short  awns.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  655.     S.  Colorado  to 
S.  Utah  and  Arizona. 

4.  W.  SCabra,  Hook.     Very  scabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  rigid :  cauline 
leaves  linear,  thick,  4  to  6  inches  long,  £  inch  wide,  sessile,  attenuate-acute : 
involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series,  all  the  outer  with  an  appressed 
base,  which  is  acuminate  into  a  longer  subulate  filiform  spreading  \iery  hispid- 
scabrous  appendage :  rays  several,  £  inch  long :  akenes  acutely  angled,  the  3  or 
4  angles  extended  into  a  pappus  of  as  many  short  blunt  teeth,  which  are  barely 
confluent  at  base.  —  New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

38.    GYMNOLOMIA,   HBK. 

With  erect  branching  stems,  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  heads  of  yellow 
flowers ;  resembling  small-flowered  species  of  Helianthus. 

1.  G.  multiflora,  Benth.  &  Hook.  A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  pubescent  or 
scabrous,  sometimes  also  hispid,  often  much  branched :  leaves  from  narrowly 
linear  to  lanceolate,  either  alternate  or  mainly  opposite,  entire  or  obscurely 
denticulate:  rays  10  to  15,  golden  yellow:  disk  hemispherical,  in  age  little 
more  elevated  and  receptacle  obtusely  conical ;  its  bracts  linear,  obtuse  or  the 
inner  acute :  akenes  smooth.  —  Heliomeris  multiflora,  Nutt.  Very  polymor- 
phous. From  Arizona  to  Wyoming  and  W.  Texas. 

39.    HELIANTHUS,    L.        SUNFLOWER. 

Usually  tall  or  coarse ;  with  a  part  or  all  the  leaves  opposite  and  simple ; 
heads  peduncled  and  terminating  the  stems  or  branches,  with  yellow  rays, 
and  either  yellow  or  purple  disk-flowers. 


186  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

§  1.  Annuals:  receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so:  all  but  the  lower  leaves  usually  alter- 
nate, pet  ioled,  3-ribbed:  involucre  spreading  ;  its  bracts  attenuate  :  disk  brown- 
ish or  dark  purple. 

1.  H.  annuus,  L.     Robust,  when  well  developed  tall,  hispid,  hispidulous, 
or  scabrous :  stem  often  spotted  or  mottled :  leaves  ovate  and  the  lower  cordate, 
serrate,  the  larger  6  to  12  inches  long,  the  blade  of  the  cauliue  ones  longer  than 
their  petiole :  bracts  of  the  involucre  from  broadly  ovate  to  oblong,  aristiform- 
acuminate,  below  hispidly  ciliate :  disk  in  the  wild  plant  commonly  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter.  —  Includes  H.  lenticularis,  Dougl.,  and  many  other  forms. 
From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Texas  and  westward.    The  "  Common  Sunflower," 
extensively  cultivated  everywhere  and  thus  becoming  very  tall  and  with  enor- 
mous heads.     Fruit  used  by  the  Indians  for  food  and  oil. 

2.  H.  petiolaris,  Nutt.     A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  more  slender,  loosely 
branching,  strigose-hispidulous,  rarely  hirsute :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate,  I  to  3  inches  long,  cuneately  attenuate 
or  the  lower  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  and  slender  petiole :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate  or  oblong- lanceolate,  with  acute  and  mucronate  or  some- 
times more  attenuate  tips,  seldom  at  all  ciliate:  disk  \  inch  or  more  in  diame- 
ter. —  About  the  same  range  as  the  last. 

§  2.    Perennials :  receptacle  convex,  or  at  length  low-conical :  lower  leaves  almost 
always  opposite. 

*  Involucre  loose,  becoming  more  or  less  squarrose;  its  bracts  almost  equal,  Jilif or  in- 

attenuate  :  disk  usually  dark  purple  or  turning  brownish :  all  but  the  lower  leaves 
long-linear  or  filiform. 

3.  H.  orgyalis,  DC.     Stem  smooth  and  glabrous,  often  10  feet  high, 
very  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  mostly  alternate,  from  long-linear,  8  to  16  inches 
long,  commonly  2  to  4  lines  wide,  or  the  lowest  lanceolate,  to  almost  filiform, 
slightly  papillose-scabrous,  the  lower  narrowed  into  a  petiole  and  sometimes 
serrulate :  bracts  of  the  involucre  filiform-attenuate,  those  of  the  receptacle 
entire :  akenes  oblong-obovate  with  a  rounded  summit,  3  lines  long.  —  Dry 
plains,  Nebraska  to  Texas,  west  to  S.  E.  Colorado. 

#  #  Involucre  closer,  of  more  imbricated  and  unequal  ovate  or  oblong  but  not  folia- 

ceous  bracts:  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate:  herbage  not  tomentose  nor  con- 
spicuously cinereous. 

4.  H.  rigidus,  Desf.    A  foot  or  two  (rarely  6  to  8  feet)  high,  rigid,  spar- 
ingly branched  :   leaves  very  firm-coriaceous  and  thick,  both  sides  hispiduloits- 
scabrous,  shagreen-like,  entire  or  serrate ;  lower  oblong  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
attenuate  at  base  into  short  winged  petioles ;  upper  mostly  lanceolate :  heads 
comparatively  large,  showi/ ;  disk  f  inch  high,  dark  purple  or  brownish :  invo- 
lucre pluriserially  imbricated ;  its  bracts  mainly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  rigid, 
appressed,  densely  and  minutely  ciliate.  —  Plains  and  prairies  from  Michigan 
to  Texas  and  west  to  E.  Colorado. 

5.  H.  pumilus,  Nutt.     Hispid  and  scabrous  throughout :  stems  simple,  a 
foot  or  two  high,  bearing  5  to  1  pairs  of  leaves  and  a  few  rather  short- peduncled 
heads :  leaves  mostly  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  nearly  so,  1^  to  4  inches 
long,  rigid,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  margined  petiole :  invo- 
lucre less  than  half-inch  high,  white  hirsute  or  scabro-hfspidulous ;  its  bracts 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  187 

imbricated  in  about  3  series,  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish:  disk  yellow.  —  Eastern 

Rocky  Mountains  and  adjacent  plains,  from  Wyoming  to  Colorado. 

*  #  *  Involucre  looser  and  the  bracts  disposed  to  be  more  taper-pointed,  or  folia- 

ceous:  dish  i/elloiv  or  yellowish. 

•«-  Stems  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous:  leaves  mostly  lanceolate  or  narrower: 
involucral  bracts  linear-subulate,  loose  or  soon  squarrose-spreading. 

6.  H.  grosse-SerratUS,  Martens.     Stem  veri/  smooth  and  glabrous,  com- 
monli/  glaucous,  6  to  10  feet  high,  bearing  numerous  rather  cymosely  disposed 
and  short-peduncled  heads  :   leaves  slender-petioled,  thinnish,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  narrower,  or  some  of  the  cauline  almost  deltoid-lanceolate,  gradually  acu- 
minate, sharply  serrate,  or  upper  merely  denticulate,  slightly  scabrous  above, 
whit'sh  and  sojl-puberulent  beneath  ;  larger  cauline  commonly  8  to  10  inches  and 
the  petiole  an  inch  or  two  long:  deep  yellow  oblong  rays  over  an  inch  long. 
—  Dry  plains,  from  Texas  to  Dakota  and  as  far  east  as  Ohio. 

7.  H.  Maximilian!,  Schrader.     Hispidnlous-scabrous:  stem  stout,  2  or  3 
(and  even  10  to  12)  feet  high,  below  mostly  rough-hispid :  leaves  almost  all  alter- 
nate, thickish,  becoming  rigid,  very  scabrous  above,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  mostly  subsessile,  all  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate :  involucre  of 
more  rigid  bracts :  rays  numerous,  often  inch  and  a  half  long,  golden  yel- 
low.—  Prairies  and  plains  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  from  the  Saskatchewan 
to  Texas. 

8.  H.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Stem  slender,  2  to  4  feet  high,  commonly 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  upper  linear,  3  to  6  inches 
long,  3  to  9  lines  wide,  short-petioled  or  subsessile,  serrulate  or  entire :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  naked  or  somewhat  hirsute  at  base :  palese  of  the  pappus  long 
and  narrow.  —  Fl.  ii.  324.     In  wet  soil,  W.  Wyoming  and  Utah  to  Oregon, 
Washington  Territory,  and  British  Columbia. 

•i-  •»-  Stems  pubescent  or  hirsute :  leaves  ovate  or  subcordate :  involucral  bracts 
lanceolate,  loose,  hirsute-ciliate. 

9.  H.  tuberOSUS,  L.     Stem  5  to  10  feet  high,  branching  at  summit: 
leaves  mostly  alternate  on  the  branches,  acuminate,  dull  green,  minutely  pu- 
bescent and  occasionally  cinereous  beneath,  soon  scabrous  above :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  attenuate-acuminate  :  rays  often  inch  and  a  half  long,  12  to  20  : 
bracts  of  the  receptacle  hirsute-pubescent  on  the  back :  akenes  more  or  less 
pubescent  at  summit  and  margins,  mostly  long  and  slender.  —  The  "Jerusa- 
lem Artichoke,"  widely  cultivated  for  its  fleshy  tubers,  and  found  under  various 
forms,  especially  in  the  E.  United  States.    An  indigenous  form  coming  within 
our  range  is 

Var.  SUbcanescens,  Gray.  Mostly  dwarf,  about  2  feet  high,  compara- 
tively small-leaved,  rough-hispidulous  or  scabrous,  but  the  lower  face  of  the 
leaves  whitish  with  soft  and  fine  pubescence.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  280.  Plains 
of  Minnesota,  Dakota,  etc. 

40.    HELIANTHELLA,    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Leafy-stemmed  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  with  tapering  base,  opposite  or 
alternate :  rays  broad,  yellow :  disk  yellow  or  purplish-brown :  akenes  flat, 
from  cuneate-obovate  and  emarginate  to  slightly  obcordate. 


188  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  Chaffy  bracts  of  the  receptacle  soft  and  scarious :  akenes  with  some  long  villous 

hairs  on  the  margins  and  sometimes  on  the  faces. 
••-  Heads  showy,  large  or  middle-sized,  solitary,  or  some  later  ones  axillary :  bracts 

of  the  involucre  loose  and  lanceolate-attenuate  or  linear,  more  or  less  foliaceous, 

conspicuously  hirsute- dilate, :  disk  yellowish. 

1.  H.  quinquenervis,  Gray.     Somewhat  hirsutely  pubescent  or  almost 
glabrous :  stems  solitary  or  scattered,  2  to  4  feet  high :  leaves  mostly  opposite, 
oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  4  to  9  inches  long,  uppermost  sessile,  lower 
ones  tapering  into  margined  petioles,  and  the  lowest  (a  foot  or  more  long)  into 
longer  petioles :   head  mostly  long-peduncled,  ample,  the  disk  a  full  inch  in 
diameter:  rays  15  to  20,  pale  yellow,  commonly  inch  and  a  half  long:  pappus 
of  2  slender  awns,  of  half  the  length  of  the  akene,  and  nearly  thrice  the  length  of 
the  squamellve,  which  form  a  conspicuous  finely  dissected  fringe.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xix.  10.    H.  unifiora  of  the  Fl.  Colorado  and  Bot.  King's  Exp.     Moun- 
tains from  Dakota  and  Montana  to  S.  Colorado. 

2.  H.  Parryi,  Gray.     Hispidukms-hirsute :  stems  numerous  from  a  thick- 
ened root,  a  foot  high,  rather  slender :  leaves  mostly  alternate,  more  rigid,  lanceo- 
late and  an  inch  or  two  long,  or  the  lowest  and  radical  oblong- spatulate  and  of 
double  the  size :  heads  and  rays  barely  half  the  size  of  the  preceding :  pappus  of 
fimbriately  dissected  squamellm  only,  or  with  a  pair  of  slender  awns  not  surpass- 
ing these.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  68.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

H-  H-  Heads  small :  involucre  more  imbricated :  rays  few  and  hardly  surpassing 
the  dark  purple  disk. 

3.  H.  micro cephala,  Gray.      Hispidulous-scabrous :    stems  numerous 
from  a  greatly  thickened  root,  a  foot  or  less  high,  slender,  somewhat  panicu- 
lately  or  corymbosely  branched  at  summit  and  bearing  several  heads  :  leaves 
rigid,  all  but  the  lower  alternate ;  radical  lanceolate-spatulate ;  upper  cauline 
nearly  linear  and  sessile,  an  inch  long  :  involucral  bracts  linear-oblong,  mostly 
obtuse :  rays  not  over  3  lines  long  :  pappus  of  several  slender  squamell*  inter- 
mixed with  the  long  hairs,  two  marginal  ones  often  extended  and  awn-like.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xix.  10.    Borders  of  Colorado  and  adjacent  New  Mexico  and 
Utah. 

*  *  Ghaffij  bracts  of  the  receptacle  Jirm-chartaceous :  stems  afoot  or  two  high. 

4.  H.  uniflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrate :  leaves 
more  commonly  opposite,  sometimes  all  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  2  to  5 
inches  long ;   lower  short-petioled :  involucre  pubescent  or  slightly  hirsute : 
rays  a  full  inch  long :  akenes  more  or  less  ciliate :  pappus  a  pair  of  long  awns 
and  rather  conspicuous  squamellae.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  10.   H.  multi- 
caulis  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.    Mountains  of  Montana  and  E.  Idaho  to  S.  Utah. 

41.    VERBESINA,    L. 

Flowers  yellow  or  rarely  white.  Ours  belongs  to  §  Ximenesia,  in  which  the 
heads  are  broad,  the  involucre  of  spreading  linear  and  foliaceous  equal  bracts, 
and  the  disk  and  receptacle  merely  convex :  the  rays  are  numerous  and  con- 
spicuous. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  189 

1.  V.  encelioides,  Benth.  &  Hook.  A  foot  or  two  high,  freely  branch- 
ing, pale  and  cinereous  or  sometimes  canescent :  leaves  mostly  alternate,  and 
the  upper  face  green,  from  ovate  or  cordate  to  deltoid-lanceolate,  variously 
serrate  or  laciniate-dentate,  most  with  winged  petioles,  and  commonly  with 
auriculate-dilated  appendage  at  base:  disk  three  fourths  inch  in  diameter: 
rays  12  to  15,  an  inch  long,  deeply  3-cleft  at  summit:  akenes  obovate,  mostly 
broadly  winged  and  with  short  awns. — Ximenesia  encelioides,  Cav.  From 
S.  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  Texas. 

42.    COREOPSIS,   L.        TICKSEED. 

Pedunculate  heads  terminating  the  branches :  rays  mostly  showy,  yellow, 
party-colored,  or  rose-colored.  In  ours  the  akene  is  wingless. 

1.  C.  tinctoria,  Nutt.     Glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high:  leaves  opposite  and 
all  1  to  2-pinnately  divided  into  lanceolate  or  linear  divisions:  outer  involucre 
short  and  close:  rays  £  to  f  inch  long,  either  yellow  with  crimson-brown  base  or 
nearli/  all  crimson  brown:  disk-flowers  dork  purple  or  brown :  akenes  moderately 
incurved :  pappus  none  or  an  obscure  border.  —  From  Colorado  and  Arizona  to 
the  Saskatchewan  and  Texas. 

2.  C.  involucrata,  Nutt.     Somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous,  1  to  3  feet 
high:  leaves  opposite  and  all  pinnately  3  to  7-divided  or  parted  ;  the  divisions 
serrate,  incised,  or  again  cleft :  bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  1 2  to  20,  mostly 
surpassing  the  inner,  slender,  hispid  on  the  back  and  margins  :  rays  sometimes 
an  inch  long,  golden  yellow:  disk-flowers  dull  yellow:  akenes  straight,  with  2 
short  acute  teeth.  —  Plains  of  E.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  W.  Illinois. 

43.    B I  DENS,    Tourn.        BUR-MARIGOLD. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple  or  compound :  heads  of  mostly  yellow  flowers  soli- 
tary or  paniculate. 

§  1.    Akenes  flat,  from  obovate  to  cuneiform,  not  at  all  contracted  at  summit,  2  to  4- 
awned:  outer  involucre  fol iaceous  and  spreading. 

*  Heads  erect,  rayless,  or  rarely  with  1  to  5  small  rat/s :  disk  greenish  yellow :  leaves 

mostly  petioled  and  divided. 

1.  B.  frondosa,  L.     Glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy,  branching,  2  to  6  feet 
high  :  leaves  except  the  uppermost  pinnately  3  to  5-divided  into  lanceolate  or 
broader  sharply  serrate  petiolulate  leaflets :  outer  involucre  often  very  leafy  : 
akenes  obovate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  hairy,  2-awned.  —  Shady  or  moist  rich 
ground,  common  everywhere.     The  common  "  Stick-tight." 

*  *  Heads  commonly  with  conspicuous  rays:  leaves  all  sessile  and  undivided; 

upper  pairs  somewhat  connate  round  the  stem :  margins  of  the  cuneate  akenes 
and  the  rigid  awns  retrorsely  hispid. 

2.  B.  cernua,  L.    Stem  glabrous  or  setulose  hispid,  from  a  span  to  a  yard 
high :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  and  irregularly  sharply  serrate :  heads 
conspicuously  nodding  after  anthesis,  commonly  surpassed  by  the  foliaceous 
outer  involucre  :  rays  ovate  or  oval,  little  surpassing  the  disk  or  wanting:  akenes 
usually  4  awned. —  Across  the  continent,  especially  in  the  more  northern  lati- 
tudes.    In  wet  grounds. 


190  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

3.  B.  chrysanthemoides,  Michx.    Glabrous,  often  decumbent  at  base, 
a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  lanceolate,  rather  minutely  and  evenly  serrate:  heads 
rather  large,  little  or  not  at  all  nodding :  outer  involucre  seldom  surpassing  the 
inner,  conspicuously  surpassed  by  the  oval  or  broadly  oblong  rays :  akeues  2  to 
4-awned.  —  Wet  grounds,  across  the  continent ;  on  the  plains  around  Denver. 

§  2.  Akenes  narrow,  linear-tetragonal ;  the  outer  shorter  and  more  truncate  than 
the  inner,  which  generally  taper  upward :  outer  involucre  seldom  foliaceous  or 
enlarged :  leaves  (in  ours)  all  once  to  thrice  3  to  5-nately  parted  or  divided,  and 
the  rays  inconspicuous  or  none. 

4.  B.   bipinnata,  L.     Primary  and  secondary  divisions   of  the  leaves 
rather  ovate  or  deltoid-lanceolate  in  circumscription,  and  the  lobes  mostly  acute : 
akenes  oil  slender,  the  inner  ones  5  to  9  lines  long,  outermost  moderately  shorter 
and  thicker  :   awns  3  or  4,  sometimes  only  2.  —  A  common  weed  in  waste 
ground  throughout  the  continent.     Commonly  known  as  "  Spanish  Needles." 

5.  B.  tenuisecta,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high,  branched  from  the  base, 
sparsely  hirsute  or  glabrous :  leaves  2  to  3-ternately  or  pinnately  dissected  into 
narrow  linear  lobes :  heads  on  naked  rather  long  and  stout  peduncles,  many- 
flowered,  4  or  5  lines  high  in  flower :  akenes  glabrous,  2-atvned ;  inner  5  lines 
long,  with  tapering  summit ;  outermost  3  lines  long,  stouter  and  with  broad 
summit  and  usually  short  awns :   rays  yellow,  mostly  surpassing  the  disk.  — 
PI.  Feudl.  86.     Along  water-courses,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 


44.    THELESPERMA,    Less. 

Smooth  and  glabrous  perennials:   with  opposite  usually  finely  dissected 
leaves,  and  pedunculate  heads  :  the  rays  golden  yellow. 

*  Lobes  of  the  disk-corollas  linear  or  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  throat :  pappus 
evident:  chaff  of  receptacle  falling  with  and  partly  embracing  the  akenes. 

1.  T.  ambiguum,  Gray.     A  foot  high,  spreading  by  creeping  rootstocks, 
rather  rigid  and  naked  above :  leaves  bipinnately  divided  into  narrowly  linear 
or  filiform  lobes :  bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  8,  subulate-linear,  almost  equalling 
or  half  the  length  of  the  inner,  which  are  connate  to  or  above  the  middle :  rays 
broad,  over  %  inch  long,  rarely  wanting :  disk  usually  purple  turning  brownish  : 
outer  akenes  becoming  coarsely  papillose ;  the  stout  pappus-scales  not  longer  than 
the  width  of  the  akvne. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  16.     T.  jttifolium  of  most  of 
the  Western  Reports.     From  Montana  to  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  W. 
Texas. 

2.  T.  gracile,  Gray.     More  rigid,  a  foot  or  two  high,  from  a  deep  root, 
less  branched,  naked  above :  leaves  once  or  twice  3  to  5-nately  divided  or 
parted  into  filiform-linear  or  broader  lobes,  or  some  upper  ones  filiform  and 
entire:    bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  4  to  6,  very  short,  ovate  or  oblong;  of  the 
inner  one  connate  to  above  the  middle,  the  edges  of  their  lobes  slightly  scari- 
ous :  disk  mostly  yellow,  scarcely  brownish  after  anthesis :  akenes  less  papillose 
or  roughened,  the  breadth  of  the  summit  exceeded  by  the  subulate  awns :  rays  itsu- 
ally  none,  rarely  present  and  2  or  3  lines  long,  —  Loc.  cit.     Plains,  Nebraska 
and  Wyoming  to  W.  Texas  and  Arizona. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  191 

*  *  Lobes  of  disk-corollas  ovate  or  oblong,  decidedly  shorter  than  the  throat : 
pappus  shorter  and  coroniform  or  obsolete :  very  leafy  below,  sending  up  long 
and  naked  peduncles :  outer  involucre  short. 

3.  T.  subnudum,  Gray.  Rather  stout :  leaves  thickish  and  rigid,  once 
or  twice  ternately  parted  into  linear  or  lanceolate  lobes:  peduncles  4  to  10 
inches  long :  head  £  inch  high  :  rays  sometimes  none,  sometimes  ample :  pap- 
pus a  minute  4  to  5-toothed  naked  crown,  or  obsolete.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x. 
72.  Green  River,  Wyoming,  Parr// ;  mainly  in  New  Mexico,  N.  Arizona,  and 
S.  Utah. 

45.     MADIA,   Molina.        TARWEED. 

Glandular  and  viscid  herbs,  mostly  heavy-scented :  with  entire  or  merely 
toothed  leaves,  some  or  all  of  them  alternate :  heads  axillary  and  terminal. 
Ours  belongs  to  the  §  Eumadia,  in  which  the  rays  are  few  and  inconspicuous 
or  none  and  the  pappus  none. 

1.  M.  glomerata,  Hook.  A  foot  or  so  high,  rigid,  very  leafy,  hirsute, 
glandular  only  toward  the  inflorescence :  leaves  narrowly  linear :  heads  glom- 
erate :  rays  2  to  5  or  sometimes  none,  not  surpassing  the  about  equal  number 
of  disk-flowers :  akenes  narrow,  those  of  the  disk  4  to  5-angled  ;  of  the  ray 
somewhat  curved  and  1-nerved  on  each  face.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  to 
the  Saskatchewan,  the  Sierras  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Washington  Ter- 
ritory. 

46.    LAYIA,    Hook.  &  Arn. 

Branches  terminated  by  showy  heads  of  (in  ours)  white  flowers  :  pappus  of 
10  to  20  stout  bristles,  which  are  plumose  below  the  middle  :  herbage  hispid 
or  hirsute,  somewhat  viscid,  above  beset  with  scattered  stipitate  blackish 
glands. 

1.  L.  glandulosa,  Hook.  &  Am.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  dif- 
fusely branched :  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  laciniate-pinnatifid  or 
incised,  upper  narrow  and  entire  :  rays  8  to  13,  large  and  conspicuous  (bright 
white  or  tinged  with  rose),  £  to  £  inch  long,  3-lobed:  villous  hairs  of  the  pap- 
pus bristles  copious,  the  outer  straight  and  erect,  the  inner  soon  crisped  and 
interlaced  into  a  woolly  mass.  —  Barren  ground,  from  New  Mexico  through 
S.  W.  Colorado  to  Idaho,  and  westward. 


47.    RIDDELLIA,  Nutt. 

Low  and  corymbosely  branched  woolly  herbs  :  with  alternate  and  spatulate 
or  linear  leaves,  the  cauline  entire :  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers :  bracts 
of  the  involucre  distinct,  but  connected  by  the  intricate  wool  so  as  to  seem 
connate. 

1.  R.  tagetina,  Nutt.  Loosely  or  somewhat  villosely  lanate,  sometimes 
glabrate  in  age,  rather  widely  branched  :  radical  and  even  lower  cauline  leaves 
often  laciniate-pinuatifid :  heads  numerous,  mostly  cymosely  clustered  and 
short-peduncled  :  scales  of  the  pappus  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  usually  obtuse, 
£  or  f  the  length  of  the  disk-corolla.  —  W.  Texas  to  E.  Colorado  and  Arizona. 


192  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

48.    PEBICOME,    Gray. 

The  name  refers  to  the  coma  of  long  hairs  all  round  the  margin  of  the 
akenes. 

1.  P.  caudata,  Gray.  Rather  tall,  widely  branching,  strong-scented,  very 
minutely  puberuleut :  leaves  opposite,  long-petioled,  green  and  minutely  some- 
what resinous-atomiferous,  triangular-hastate,  2  to  5  inches  long,  with  sparingly 
crenate-dentate  or  entire  margins,  caudately  long-acuminate,  as  also  in  less 
degree  are  the  basal  angles :  heads  numerous  in  terminal  corymbiform  cymes, 
half-inch  or  less  high ;  flowers  golden  yellow,  conspicuously  longer  than  the 
glabrous  involucre:  pappus  a  crown  of  hyaline  scales  which  are  more  or  less 
connate  and  fimbriate-lacerate  at  summit,  the  fringe  dissected  into  bristles  or 
hairs  somewhat  simulating  those  of  the  margin  of  the  akene.  —  PL  Wright,  ii. 
82.  Rocky  canons,  etc.,  S.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

49.    EBIOPHYLLUM,   Lag. 

Mostly  floccose  herbs :  with  alternate  or  partly  opposite  leaves,  and  pedun- 
cled  heads :  flowers  golden  yellow.  In  ours  the  heads  are  mostly  solitary  or 
scattered  and  conspicuously  pedunculate. 

1.  E.  csespitosum,  Dougl.  Floccosely  white-woolly,  many-stemmed 
from  the  root :  leaves  in  age  with  upper  face  often  jrlabrate ;  lower  ones  from 
spatulate  or  cuneate  to  roundish  in  outline,  from  incisely  3  to  5-lobed  to  pin- 
nately  parted  or  the  upper  varying  to  linear  and  entire  :  involucral  bracts  8 
to  12,  oblong  or  oval :  tube  of  disk-corollas  mostly  hirsute-glandular  and 
longer  than  the  pappus,  which  is  variable,  sometimes  very  short,  sometimes 
obsolete.  —  Bahia  lanata,  DC.  Common  from  Montana  to  British  Columbia 
and  thence  southward.  Very  variable,  one  form  within  our  range  being 

Var.  integrifolium,  Gray.  Low,  often  dwarf,  cespitose-tufted,  3  to  10 
inches  high :  leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  and  entire  to 
more  dilated  and  3-lobed  at  summit,  or  at  base  and  on  sterile  shoots  cuneate 
and  incisely  lobed:  involucre  of  6  bracts:  pappus  about  equalling  the  very 
glandular  but  not  hirsute  corolla-tube.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  25.  Bahia 
integrifolia,  DC.  Mountains  of  Wyoming,  Montana,  and  westward. 

50.    BAHIA,  Lag. 

Sometimes  canescent  but  not  woolly :  with  opposite  or  sometimes  alternate 
leaves,  and  rather  small  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the 
branches. 

*  Scales  of  the  pappus  4  to  8,  obovate  or  spatulate,  with  rounded  or  truncate  scari- 
ous  summit:  leaves  dissected  or  cleft,  mostly  opposite. 

1.  B.  oppositifolia,  Nutt.  A  span  or  two  high,  fastigiately  branched 
and  many-stemmed,  very  leafy  up  to  the  short-peduncled  heads,  cinereous  with 
fine  close  pubescence:  leaves  petioled,  palmately  or  pedately  3  to  5-parted 
into  linear  divisions  little  broader  than  the  margined  petiole :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  oblong  or  oval,  comparatively  close :  rays  5  or  6,  oval,  hardly  sur- 
passing the  disk-flowers :  akenes  slender,  glandular :  pappus  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla-tube.  —  Sterile  hills  and  plains,  Nebraska  to  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  193 

*  *  Scales  of  the  pappus  about  10,  linear-lanceolate,  and  with  a  distinct  rib: 

leaves  all  alternate  and  entire. 

2.  B.  nudicaulis,  Gray.    Cinereous-puberulent  and  glabrate,  upper  part 
of  the  scapiform  stem  and  involucre  minutely  glandular,  a  span  or  two  high : 
leaves  nearly  all  radical,  oval  or  spatulate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  slender  peti- 
ole :  heads  solitary  or  few  and  somewhat  corymbosely  paniculate,  nearly  £  inch 
high:  involucre  of  about  10  oblong  bracts:  rays  6  to  9,  oblong:  pappus  fully 
half  the  length  of  the  cuneate-linear  sparsely  hairy  akene;  the  thin  margins  of 
the  palea  of  the  pappus  erose.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  27.     Wind  River 
Mountains,  N.  W.  Wyoming,  Parry. 

3.  B.  oblongifolia,  Gray.     Smaller:  stems  sparsely  leafy  almost  to  the 
3-cepha/ous  naked  inflorescence :   leaves  narrowly  oblong :  head  only  4  lines  high, 
narrow:  palese  of  the  pappus  firmer,  smoother,  and  with  entire  edges,  little 
shorter  than  the  glabrate  akene  —  Loc.  cit.    On  the  San  Juan  and  Rio  Colorado, 
S.  E.  Utah  or  adjacent  Colorado. 

*  *  *  Leaves  once  or  twice  palmate) y  or  pedately  divided :  akenes  mostly  hirsute 

along  the  slender  attenuate  base. 
+-  Leaves  mainly  opposite :  ray?  none  •  pappus  of  broad  and  very  obtuse  scales. 

4.  B.  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray.     A  span  or  more  high,  minutely  puberu- 
lent :  leaves  3  to  "-parted  into  narrow  linear  divisions ;  uppermost  little  shorter 
than  the  slender  peduncles:  involucre  of  about  10  sparingly  pubescent  spatu- 
late  bracts .  disk-corollas  small,  with  glandular  tube,  almost  equalled  by  the 
obovate  scales  of  the  pappus,  which  are  much  thickened  at  and  near  the  base. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  27.     New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado. 

-i-  *-  Leaves  mainly  alternate:   rays   16  to  20,  obovate-obhnq,  yellow:  pappus 

none. 

5.  B.  chrysanthemoides,  Gray.     Taller  and  stouter,  1  to  4  feet  high, 
puberulent  or  below  glabrous,  above  with  the  flowering  branches  and  short 
peduncles  glandular  pubescent  and  viscid :  leaves  1  to  3-ternately  divided  or 
parted  ;  the  lobes  from  oblong  and  obtuse  to  nearly  linear :  heads  5  or  6  lines 
high  and  broad  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  16  to  20,  crowded,  from  oblong-lan- 
ceolate to  obovate-oblong,  most  of  them  conspicuously  acuminate.  —  Proc. 
Am    Acad.  xix.  28.     Villanova  chrysanthemoides,  Gray.      Along   mountain- 
water-courses,  Colorado  to  S  Arizona. 


51.    HYMENOPAPPTJS,  L'Her. 

Mostly  floccose-tomentose  and  with  sulcate-angled  erect  stems,  alternate 
mostly  1  to  2-pinnatifid  or  parted  leaves,  and  cymose  or  solitary  pedunculate 
heads  of  white  or  yellow  flowers. 

*  Flowers  white ;  the  tube  long  and  slender  and  stamens  much  exserted :  pappus 
of  very  small  scales  forming  a  crown,  or  obsolete :  akenes  puberulent :  involucre 
of  partly  white-petal oid  bracts. 

1  •  H.  COrymbosus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Slender  and  glabrate,  naked  above : 
lower  leaves  2-pinnately  and  the  small  upper  ones  mostly  simply  parted  into 
narrowly  linear  acute  divisions  and  lobes  :  heads  3  or  4  lines  high  :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  shorter  than  the  flowers,  obovate-oblong,  the  petaloid  summit 

13 


191  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

only  greenish  white:  akenes  puberulent.  —  Fl.  ii.  372.  Prairies,  Nebraska 
to  Arkansas  and  Texas,  extending  westward  to  within  the  eastern  limits  of 
our  range. 

*  #  Flowers  dull  white  to  yellow :  pappus  conspicuous,  of  spatulate  or  narrow 
scales  which  have  a  manifest  rib  :  akenes  villous :  involucre  greener,  less  peta- 
hid. 

2.  H.  tenuifolius,  Pursh.    Lightly  tomentose,  or  soon  glabrate  and  green, 
leafy :  leaves  rather  rigid,  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  very  narrowly 
linear  or  filiform  divisions,  their  margins  soon  revolute :  heads  only  3  or  4 
lines  high,  numerous  and  cymose :  involucre  rather  erect  and  close ;  its  bracts 
oblong-obovate,  greenish  with  whitish   apex  and  margins :   corolla  dull  white : 
akenes  long-villous.  —  Fl.  ii.  742.    Plains,  from  Nebraska  to  Arkansas,  Texas, 
and  Utah. 

3.  H.  filifolius,  Hook.     Tomentose- canescent,  or  somewhat  denudate  and 
glabrate,  naket  above :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  sometimes  scapiform  :  leaves 
nearly  as  in  the  last,  or  of  more  filiform  rigid  divisions :  heads  a  third  to  half 
inch  high,  few  or  solitary  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  or  obovate-oblong, 
largely  green  or  else  white-woolly,  the  tips  whitish  or  purplish-tinged :  corolla  yel- 
lowish white  or  sometimes  clear  yellow:  akenes  very  long-villous.  —  Probably  the 
//.  tenuifolius  of  Fl.  Colorado  as  well  as  of  Bot.  King's  Exp.     From  Nebraska 
and  Montana  to  New  Mexico  and  S.  California. 

52.    POLYPTERIS,    Nntt. 

Herbs  more  or  less  scabrous-pubescent :  with  undivided  and  mostly  entire 
petiolate  leaves,  all  or  the  upper  alternate :  loosely  cymose  or  paniculate  and 
pedunculate  heads  of  rose-purple  flowers.  In  ours  the  rays  are  palmately 
3-cleft. 

1.  P.  Hookeriana,  Gray.  Stout,  I  to  4  feet  high,  above  glandular- 
pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid  :  leaves  from  narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate  : 
involucre  many-flowered,  broad,  ^  inch  or  more  high,  of  12  to  16  lanceolate 
bracts  in  two  series,  the  outer  looser  and  often  wholly  herbaceous,  inner  with 
purplish  tips  :  ray-flowers  8  to  10,  the  rose-red  rays  \  inch  long,  but  sometimes 
reduced  or  abortive  :  pappus  of  the  disk  of  thin  scales  attenuate  at  apex  into 
a  slender  point  or  short  awn,  nearly  the  length  of  the  akene.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xix.  30.  Sandy  plains,  from  Nebraska  to  Texas,  and  extending  within 
the  eastern  limits  of  our  range. 

53.    CH^SNACTIS,    DC. 

With  alternate  mostly  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  pedunculate  solitary  or 
cymose  heads  of  yellow  or  (in  ours)  white  or  flesh-colored  flowers,  and  pappus 
mostly  of  entire  or  merely  erose  persistent  scales  (in  ours  8  to  14). 

1.  C.  Douglasii,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Canescent  with  a  fine  somewhat  floccose 
tomentum,  or  sometimes  glabrate,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high :  leaves  mostly 
of  broad  outline  and  bipinnately  parted  into  crowded  short  and  very  obtuse 
divisions  and  lobes :  heads  from  ^  to  f  inch  long,  in  larger  plants  several  or 
numerous  and  corymbosely  cymose :  scales  of  the  pappus  from  linear-ligulate 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  195 

to  narrowly  oblong  and  from  ^  to  f  the  length  of  the  corolla.  —  From  Mon- 
tana to  New  Mexico  and  westward. 

Var.  alpina,  Gray.  Dwarf,  3  to  5  inches  high,  consisting  of  a  rosette  or 
thick  tuft  of  leaves  with  very  approximate  divisions,  and  naked  or  scapiform 
stems,  bearing  mostly  solitary  heads,  surmounting  the  subterranean  branches 
of  a  multicipital  perennial  caudex  or  rootstock. —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  341.  Alpine 
region  of  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  California,  and  north  to 
Washington  Territory. 

54.    ACTINELLA,    Pers.,  Nutt. 

Low  mostly  herbaceous  plants  :  with  punctate  and  often  resinous-atomifer- 
ous,  aromatic  herbage :  leaves  all  alternate  and  narrow  or  with  narrow  lobes  : 
the  heads  of  yellow  flowers  commonly  slender-pedunculate. 

§  1 .  Involucre  of  numerous  herbaceous  or  nearly  membranous  nearly  equal  and 
similar  bracts,  distinct  to  thz  base:  heads  mostly  solitary  on  long  or  scapiform 
peduncles,  rarely  sessile  in  the  cluster  of  leaves. 

*  Leaves  mostly  quite  entire,  all  on  the  crowns  of  the  caudex,  which  bear  a  simple 

scapiform  peduncle  (or  none):  involucre  villous-lanate :  scales  of  the  pappus 
usually  produced  at  apex  into  an  awn. 

1.  A.  scaposa,  Nutt.    Loosely  villous  and  glabrate,  rather  sparsely  cespitose, 
the  branches  of  the  caudex  being  slender  and  often  ascending :  scape  a  span 
to  afoot  high,  occasionally  leafy  along  the  base:  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate  or 
some  of  the  earlier  ones  spatulate,  not  rarely  laciniate-lobed.  —  From  Texas 
and  New  Mexico,  but  extending  into  Colorado  under  the  foUowing  form : 

Var.  linearis,  Nutt.     Leaves  all  narrowly  linear  and  entire,  more  rigid. 

2.  A.  acaulis,  Nutt.     Densely  cespitose,  the  branches  of  the  caudex  short, 
thick,  and  crowded,  cancscently  villous  or  sericeous,  sometimes  more  naked  : 
leaves  thickish,  all  entire,  from  spatulate  to  nearly  linear,  commonly  short, 
\  inch  to  2  inches  long,  densely  crowded  on  the  caudex :  scape  %  inch  to  6 
inches  high:  rays  3  to  5  inches  long  (rarely  wanting). —  Mountains  and  the 
bordering  plains  and  hills,  Dakota  to  Montana,  and  south  to  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

Var.  glabra,  Gray.  Leaves  green,  spatulate-linear,  from  sparingly  villous 
or  glabrate  to  nearly  glabrous,  even  to  the  base  and  axils.  —  Man.  363.  Rocky 
hills  and  bluffs,  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 

3.  A.    depressa,    Torr.    &   Gray.      Pulvinate-cespitose :    leaves   densely 
crowded  on  the  very  thick  dense  branches  of  the  caudex,  spatulate-linear, 
£  inch  long,  either  sericeous-canescent  or  glabrate :  head  strictly  sessile,  im- 
mersed among  the  lonq-villous  bases  of  the  leaves.  —  PI.  Fendl.  ]  00.     Mountains 
of  W.  Colorado  or  E.  Utah. 

*  *  Leaves  all  quite  entire,  crowded  on  the  caude,;  also  scattered  along  the  sim- 

ple or  sparingly  branched  stems:  peduncles  slender:  heads,  etc.,  as  in  the  last 
group. 

4.  A.  leptoclada,  Gray.     A  span  or  two  high,  slender,  sparsely  and 
loosely  silky-villoiis,  glabrate,  the  linear  leaves  and  lower  part  of  the  stems 
not  rarely  glabrous.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.iv.  107.    New  Mexico  and  S.  W.  Colo- 
rado. 


196  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Leaves  mostly  parted  or  dissected  into  narrow  linear  lobes,  crowded  on  the 

thick  comparatively  simple  caudez  and  scattered  on  the  short  flowering  stems  : 
heads  large  :  involucre  very  woolly :  scales  of  the  pappus  attenuate  into  a  subu- 
late but  hardly  awned  point. 

5.  A.  Brandegei,  Porter.     Leaves  glabrate,  with  2  or  3  lobes  toward  the 
upper  part,  or  some  entire,  narrowly  linear,  only  2  or  3  on  the  somewhat  scapiform 
simple  flowering  stem  (a  span  or  more  in  height)  :  head  therefore  conspicuously 
pedunculate,  $  inch  high  and  wide :  involucral  bracts  lanceolate :  rays  \2  to  16,  3  or 
4  lines  long.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiii.  373.     A.  grand! flora,  var.  glabrata, 
Porter,  Fl.  Colorad.  76.     Alpine  region  of  the  mountains  of  S.  Colorado. 

6.  A.  grandifiora,  Torr.  &  Gray.     A  span  or  two  high,  very  stout,  Jloc- 
cose-woolly,  somewhat  glabrate  in  age  :  stem  simple  or  branching  below,  leafy : 
leaves  with  petiole  scarious-dilated  at  base,  lower  ones  2  to  3-ternately  or  guinately 
parted,  upper  with  3  to  5  simple  lobes :  involucre  about  an  inch  broad,  very 
woolly;  its  bracts  linear:  rays  30  or  more,  over  ^  inch  long.  —  Alpiue  regions, 
from  Montana  to  Colorado. 

§  2.    Involucre  double  or  of  two  distinct  series  of  coriaceous  or  rigid  oppressed 

bracts,  the  outer  connate  at  base :  leafy-stemmed  and  branching. 
1.  A.  Richardsonii,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  in  tufts  from  a  mul- 
ticipital  caudex,  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  woolly  in  the  axils  of  radical 
leaves,  polycephalous :  upper  leaves  mostly  once  and  lower  twice  ternately 
parted  into  long  and  simple  filiform-linear  lobe?,  rather  rigid  :  involucre  2  or 
3  lines  high,  6  to  9-angled ;  the  6  to  9  bracts  of  the  outer  strongly  carinate, 
united  for  the  lower  quarter  or  third :  rays  broadly  or  sometimes  narrowly 
cuneate,  2  to  4  lines  long.  —  Plains,  Saskatchewan  and  E.  Oregon  to  Utah 
and  New  Mexico. 

55.     HELENIUM,    L.         SNEEZE-WEED. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  commonly  resinous-atomiferous  and 
punctate,  and  with  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

*  Leaves  not  decurrent,  entire :  rays  long  and  narrow :  bracts  of  the  involucre 

numerous  in  two  series,  tardily  reflexed  in  fruit :  heads  comparatively  few  and 
large. 

1.  H.  Hoopesii,  Gray.     Slightly  tomentose  or  pubescent  when  young, 
soon  glabrate  :  stem  stout,  1  to  3  feet  high,  leafy,  bearing  several  or  sometimes 
solitary  large  heads :  leaves  thickish,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate 
with  long  tapering  base :  rays  becoming  an  inch  long,  tardily  reflexed  :  disk 
^  to  f  inch  high,  hemispherical :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceolate,  long 
attenuate-acuminate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  65.     Mountains  of  Montana  to  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  California. 

*  *  Stem  winged  by  the  decurrent  serrate  or  denticulate  leaves :  rays  cuneate  or 

oblong,  soon  drooping :  involucre  small  and  simple,  of  linear  or  subulate  bracts, 
soon  re  flexed:  heads  more  numerous  (corymbose)  and  smaller. 

2.  H.  autumnale,  L.      Nearly  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent :   stem 
very  leafy,  narrowly  winged,  2  to  6  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
oblong  :  heads  about  \  inch  in  diameter,  usually  equalled  by  the  rays :  pappus 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  197 

commonly  £  or  §  the  length  of  disk-corolla.  —  From  Arizona  to  British 
Columbia  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

56.    GAILLARDIA,    Fougeroux. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  ample  showy  heads  on  terminal  peduncles. 
Ours  are  more  or  less  pubescent  or  hirsute  and  leafy-stemmed,  with  yellow 
rays  and  disk-flowers  apt  to  turn  brown,  villous  akenes,  and  scales  of  the  pap- 
pus slender-awned. 

1.  G.  aristata,  Pursh.     More  or  less  hirsute,  often  2  feet  or  more  high  : 
leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  or  lower  spatulate,  from  entire  to  laciniate-dentate  or 
sinuate-pinnatifid :  rays  in  the  largest  heads  l£  inches  long :  lobes  of  disk-corolla 
subulate-acute  and  tipped  with  a  cusp:  pappus  aristate. —  From  New  Mexico 
and  S.  Colorado  to  Oregon,  British  Columbia,  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

2.  G.  pinnatiflda,  Torr.      Cinereous-pubescent:   peduncles  scapiform  or 
from  short  leafy  stems,  5  to  10  inches  long:  some  or  even  all  the  leaves  pinna- 
tifid,  sometimes  linear  or  with  linear  lobes,  sometimes  spatulate  and  sinuate 
or  even  entire :  teeth  of  the  disk-corolla  short  and  broad,  obtuse,  pointless:  pappus- 
scales  lanceolate.  —  On  the  plains,  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  W.  Texas. 

57.    FLAVERIA,    Juss. 

Glabrous  herbs ;  with  small  and  fascicled  or  glomerate  heads  of  yellowish 
or  yellow  flowers,  and  opposite  sessile  leaves;  akenes  mostly  smooth  and 
glabrous. 

1.  F.  angustifolia,  Pers.  Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  from  linear 
to  lanceolate,  serrulate  or  entire,  sessile  by  broadish  or  little  contracted  base : 
heads  in  subsessile  or  short-pedunculate  or  leafy-involucrate  chiefly  terminal 
glomerules:  involucre  of  mostly  3  bracts,  3  to  5-flowered  or  some  only  2- 
flowered.  —  Alkaline  soil,  E.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  W.  Texas. 

58.    DYSODIA,    Cav.        FETID  MARIGOLD. 

Herbs,  mostly  strong-scented,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  solitary 
or  somewhat  paniculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Ours  has  an  involucre  with 
accessory  bracts,  pubescent  akenes,  and  opposite  pinnately  divided  leaves. 

1.  D.  chrysanthemoides,  Lag.  Much-branched  and  ill-scented  annual, 
leafy  up  to  the  subsessile  or  short-pedunculate  small  heads :  leaves  1  to  2-pin- 
nately  parted  into  linear  lobes :  involucre  purplish-tinged  or  greenish,  of  8  or 
10  scarious-tipped  oblong  bracts,  and  some  linear  loose  accessory  ones :  rays 
few  and  inconspicuous,  not  surpassing  the  disk.  —  From  Arizona  and  Colorado 
to  Minnesota  and  Louisiana,  and  now  spreading  eastward  to  the  Atlantic 
States. 

59.    HYMENATHERUM,    Cass. 

Low  herbs,  mostly  pleasant-scented ;  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and 
rather  small  radiate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Our  species  is  wholly  glabrous. 

1.  H.  aureum,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  erect  or  diffuse,  much 
branched,  bearing  numerous  short-ped uncled  heads :  leaves  mostly  alternate, 


198  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

pinnately  parted  into  7  to  9  linear-filiform  pointless  divisions :  involucre  3  lines 
high  :  rays  about  12,  oblong,  3  lines  long:  pappus  of  6  or  8  quadrate  or  oblong 
and  erose-truncate  scales,  in  length  little  exceeding  the  breadth  of  the  akene. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  42.  Plains  of  Colorado  to  W.  Texas. 


0.    PECTIS,    L. 

Mostly  low  and  spreading  herbs,  usually  glabrous  and  scented ;  with  narrow 
opposite  leaves  conspicuously  dotted  with  round  oil-glands;  small  heads  of 
yellow  flowers ;  and  slender  rigid  bristles  fringing  at  least  the  base  of  the 
leaves. 

1.  P.  angustifolia,  Torr.  A  span  or  two  high,  lemon-scented:  leaves 
narrow-linear :  heads  subsessile  or  short-peduncled,  fastigiate  or  cymose  at 
the  end  of  the  branches :  bracts  of  the  involucre  about  8,  linear,  at  length 
with  involute  margins :  pappus  a  crown  of  4  or  5  mostly  connate  scales,  and 
not  rarely  one  or  two  slender  usually  short  awns.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  214. 
Dry  ground,  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  Texas. 

61.    LEUCAMPYX,    Gray. 

Named  from  the  circle  of  bracts  of  the  head  being  white-bordered. 

1.  L.  Newberryi,  Gray.  Perennial  herb,  a  foot  or  two  high,  flocculent- 
woolly,  glabrate  in  age :  leaves  2  to  3-pinnately  parted  into  filiform-linear  seg- 
ments :  heads  few  or  several  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  :  involucre 
nearly  |  inch  broad :  rays  £  inch  long,  obscurely  3-lobed  at  summit,  at  first 
yellow,  soon  changing  to  cream-color  or  white :  akenes  2  lines  long,  turning 
black.  —  FL  Colorado,  77.  S.  W.  Colorado,  and  W.  New  Mexico. 


62.    ACHILLEA,1  Vaill.        YARROW. 

Herbs ;  with  small  and  corymbosely  cymose  heads  of  white,  yellow,  or  even 
rose-colored  flowers ;  disk  commonly  yellow. 

1.  A.  Millefolium,  L.  From  villous-lanate  to  glabrate:  stems  simple, 
a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  elongated  and  narrow  in  outline,  sessile,  bipinnately 
dissected  into  numerous  small  and  linear  to  setaceous-subulate  divisions : 
heads  numerous,  crowded  in  a  fastigiate  cyme :  involucre  oblong ;  its  bracts 
pale  or  sometimes  fuscous-margined,  or  even  wholly  brownish :  rays  4  or  5, 
about  the  length  of  the  involucre,  white,  occasionally  rose-color.  —  Common 
throughout  the  Northern  hemisphere.  Called  either  "  Yarrow  "  or  "  Milfoil." 
Exceedingly  variable. 

1  The  Old- World  genus  Anthemis  has  several  species  naturalized  in  this  country,  one  of 
which  is  an  excessively  common  weed  at  the  East,  and  becoming  abundant  within  our  range. 
It  may  be  characterized  as  follows :  — 

A.  Cotula,  L.  Stem  rather  low :  herbage  unpleasantly  strong-scented :  leaves  finely 
3-pinnately  dissected :  receptacle  conical :  rays  mostly  neutral  and  white  or  abortive  :  akenes 
10-ribbed,  rugose  or  tuberculate.  —  Known  as  "Mayweed"  or  "Dog-FenneL"  Maruta 
Cotula,  DC. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  199 

63.    MATBICARIA,1    Toura.,  L. 

Herbs,  with  finely  once  or  thrice  dissected  leaves,  and  pedunculate  heads, 
the  rays  white  (or  wanting)  and  the  disk-flowers  yellow. 

1.  M.  discoidea,  DC.  Annual,  somewhat  aromatic,  glabrous,  a  span  to 
a  foot  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  2  to  3-pinuately  dissected  into  short  and  narrow 
linear  lobes :  heads  all  short-peduncled  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  oval, 
white-scarious  with  greenish  centre,  hardly  half  the  length  of  the  well-devel- 
oped greenish-yellow  ovoid  disk :  akenes  oblong,  somewhat  angled,  with  an 
obscure  coroniform  margin  at  summit,  this  occasionally  produced  into  one  or 
two  conspicuous  oblique  auricles  of  coriaceous  texture.  —  From  W.  California 
to  Montana  and  far  northward ;  becoming  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

64.    TANACETUM,    Touru.        TANSY. 

Strong-scented,  alternate-leaved,  yellow-flowered  perennials.  Ours  are  low, 
with  stems  rather  slender  and  naked  above,  bearing  rather  small  (2  lines 
broad)  globular  heads,  and  leaves  simply  or  pedately  3  to  5-cleft. 

1 .  T.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Silvery-canescent,  loosely  cespitose,  a  span 
high :  leaves  short,  mostly  broad-cuneate  with  tapering  base,  obtusely  3  to  5- 
lobed  at  the  broad  summit ;  those  of  the  flowering  stems  usually  oblong  or 
linear  and  entire :  heads  few,  somewhat  paniculate  or  loosely  clustered,  some  of 
them  slender-pedunculate:    involucre  very  scarious.  —  Fl.  ii.  415.    Mountains 
of  N.  Wyoming. 

2.  T.  capitatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Silvery-canescent,  densely  cespitose,  a 
span  high :  leaves  simply  or  pedately  3  to  5-parted  into  linear  lobes,  or  some 
of  them  only  3-cleft  at  summit :  flowering  stems  scapiform  or  2  to  4-leaved  : 
heads  10  or  more,  sessile  in  a  globose  glomerule.  —  Loc.  cit.     Mountains  of 
N.  Wyoming. 

65.    ARTEMISIA,   Tourn.,  L.        WORMWOOD.    SAGE-BRUSH. 

Herbs  and  low  shrubs,  bitter-aromatic;  with  alternate  leaves  and  small 
paniculate  heads,  commonly  nodding ;  the  flowers  yellow  or  whitish,  usually 
sprinkled  Avith  resinous  globules. 

§  1.    Heads  heterogamous ;  the  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite  but  sterile,  their  ovary 

abortive,  and  style  mostly  entire :  receptacle  not  hairy.  —  DRACUNCULUS. 
*  Akenes  and  /lowers  beset  with  long  cobwebby  and  crisped  hairs :  spinescent 

under  shrub. 

1.  A.  spinescens,  Eaton.  Stout  and  densely  branched,  rigid,  4  to  18 
inches  high,  villous-tomentose :  leaves  small,  pedately  5-parted  and  the  divis- 

1  The  following  species  of  the  Old- World  genus  Chrysanthemum  has  become  extensively 
naturalized,  its  broad  heads  and  conspicuous  white  rays  making  it  very  prominent.  It 
may  be  characterized  as  follows  :  — 

C.  Leucanthemum,  L.  Glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  :  cau- 
line  leaves  spatulate,  and  the  upper  gradually  narrower,  becoming  small  and  linear,  pinnately 
dentate  or  incised,  partly  clasping  at  base ;  radical  broader,  petioled :  head  broad  and  flat : 
rays  inch  long :  pappus  none.  —  Known  as  "  Ox-eye  Daisy  "  or  "  Whiteweed."  Leucanthe- 
mum vulgare,  Lam. 


200  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

ions  3-lobed ;  lobes  spatulate :  heads  globose,  racemosely  glomerate  on  short 
and  leafy  branchlets,  which  persist  as  slender  spines :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
5  or  6,  broadly  obovate  :  female  flowers  1  to  4  ;  hermaphrodite-sterile  flowers 
4  to  8.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  180.  Whole  desert  region  of  Wyoming,  Utah, 
Nevada,  and  Idaho. 

*  *  Akenes  nearly  glabrous :  no  spines. 
•*-  Leaves  dissected. 

2.  A.  Canadensis,  Michx.     A  foot  or  two  high:  glabrous  or  mostly  with 
at  least  the  radical  and  sometimes  all  the  leaves  either  sparsely  or  canescently 
silky-pubescent :  leaves  mostly  2-p  innately  divided  into  narrow  linear  or  almost 
filiform  but  plane  lobes,  of  thickish  texture :  heads  1  or  2  lines  long,  very  nu- 
merous in  a  compound  oblong  or  pyramidal  virgate  panicle :  involucre  greenish, 
glabrous  or  rarely  pubescent.  —  Across  the  continent  to  the  north,  and  extend- 
ing southward  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

3.  A.  borealis,  Pall.     A  s/*zn  or  two  high  from  a  stout  caudex :  stems 
simple  :  leaves  silky-pubescent  or  silky-villous ;  radical  and  lower  1  to  2-ternateli/ 
or  pinnately  divided  into  linear  lobes  ;  uppermost  linear  and  entire  or  3-parted  : 
heads  2  lines  broad,  comparatively  few,  crowded  in  a  narrow  (rarely  compound) 
spiciform  thyrsus  with  leaves  interspersed:  involucre  pilose  or  glabrate,  pale- 
fuscous  to  brownish.  —  In  the  alpine  region  of  Colorado,  and  far  northward 
across  the  continent. 

4.  A.  pedatifida,  Nutt.     Cespitose,  with  a  stout  lignescent  caudex,  very 
dwarf,  canescent  throughout  with  a  fine  and  close   pubescence  :   leaves  chiefly 
crowded  in  radical  tufts  and  on  the  base  of  the  (inch  or  two  high)  rather  naked 
flowering  stems,  once  or  twice  3-parted  into  narrowly  spatulate  or  nearly  linear 
obtuse  entire  divisions:  heads  (hardly  2  lines  broad)  few,  loosely  spicately  or 
racemosely  disposed,  canescently  pubescent.  —  Dry  ground,  in  the  mountains 
of  Wyoming,  Montana,  and  Idaho. 

-•-  4-  Leaves  entire  or  3-cleft  or  -parted :  the  whole  plant  or  at  least  the  base  some- 
what woody. 

5.  A.  dracunouloides,  Pursh.     Glabrous:  stems  2  to  4  feet  high,  either 
virgately  or  paniculately  branched  :  leaves  mostly  entire,  narrowly  or  sometimes 
more  broadly  linear,  some  3-cleft :  heads  very  numerous  in  a  compound  and 
crowded  or  open  and  diffuse  panicle,  many -flowered.  —  On  plains,  from  Sas- 
katchewan to  Texas,  and  westward  across  the  continent. 

6.  A.  filifolia,  Torr.     Minutely  canescent,  even  to  the  3  to  ^-flowered  invo- 
lucre, 1  to  3  feet  high,  with  virgate  rigid  branches,  very  leafy :  leaves  all  slender 
filiform,  commonly  3-parted ;  the  upper  and  those  in  axillary  fascicles  entire : 
heads  very  small,  crowded  in  an  elongated  leafy  panicle.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii. 
211.    Plains,  from  Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas. 

§  2.  Heads  heterogamous ;  the  dislc-ftowers  hermaphrodite  and  fertile,  with  2-cleft 
style.  —  EUARTEMISIA.  Ours  have  the  akenes  obovoid  or  oblong  and  wholly 
destitute  of  pappus. 

*  Receptacle  beset  with  long  woolly  hairs. 

7.  A.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.     Herbaceous,  a  span  or  two  high  from  a  stout 
multicipital  caudex,  silky-canescent :  stems  simple,  bearing  3  to  12  spicately  or 
racemosely  disposed  hemispherical  (rarely  solitary)  heads :  radical  and  few  lower 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  201 

caullne  leaves  pinnately  5  to  ^-divided,  and  divisions  3-parted  into  spatulate-linear 
lobes;  uppermost  simply  3  to  5-parted  or  entire  :  involucre  2  lines  broad,  vil- 
loits ;  its  bracts  brown-margined :  corollas  hirsute  at  summit.  —  Proc.  Acad. 
Philad.  1863,  66.  Alpine  region,  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming. 

8.  A.  frigida,  Willd.     Herbaceous  from  a  suffrutescent  base,  silky-canes- 
cent  and  silvery,  about  a  foot  high :  stems  simple  or  branching,  bearing  numerous 
racemosely  disposed  heads  in  an  open  panicle  :  leaves  mainly  twice  ternateiy  or 
quinateli/  divided  or  parted  into  linear  crowded  lobes,  and  usually  a  pair  of  sim- 
ple or  3-parted  stipuliform  divisions  at  base  of  the  petiole :  heads  globular, 
barely  2  lines  in  diameter :  involucre  pale,  canesc.ent,  its  outer  bracts  narrow 
and   herbaceous  :    corollas  glabrous.  —  From    Minnesota  to  Texas  and  west- 
ward to  New  Mexico,  Nevada,  and  Idaho. 

*  *  Receptacle  not  r,'ilous. 
•*-  Annual  and  biennial. 

9.  A.  biennis,  Willd.     Wholly  glabrous,  inodorous  and  nearly  insipid : 
stem  strict,  1  to  3  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  close  glomerules  of  small 
heads  in  the  axils  from  toward  the  base  of  the  stem  to  the  somewhat  naked 
and  spiciform  summit :    leaves   1   to  2-piunately  parted   into  lanceolate  or 
broadly  linear  laciniate  or  incisely  toothed  lobes;  or  the  uppermost  small, 
sparingly  pinnatifid  and  less  toothed.  —  Open  grounds  from  California  and 
Oregon  to  Hudson's  Bay;  also  now  spreading  to  the  eastern  seaboard  farther 
south. 

-t-  •(-  Perennials. 

•w-  Heads  many- flowered,  broad  (2  to  5  lines),  several  or  numerous  and  loosely 
racemose  or  paniculate  on  mostly  simple  stems :  alpine  and  subalpine,  with  dis- 
sected leaves  and  no  cottony  tomentum. 

10.  A.  Norvegica,  Fries.    Rather  stout,  5  to  25  inches  high,  from  villous 
or  pubescent  to  glabrate :  leaves  twice  3  to  1 -parted  into  linear  or  lanceolate  or 
more  dilated  segments :  heads  4  or  5  lines  broad,  loosely  racemose  or  racemose- 
paniculate,  most  of  them  long-peduncled :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  brown- 
margined  :  corollas  loosely  pilose,  rarely  almost  glabrous.  —  Mostly  A.  arctica 
of  the  Western  Reports.     From  the  high  mountains  of  S.  Colorado  and 
S.  California  far  northward. 

11.  A.  Parryi,  Gray.     Rather  stout,  a  foot  or  less  high,  wholly  glabrous, 
leafy  up  to  the  loosely  paniculate  inflorescence  of  numerous  short-peduncled 
heads  :  leaves  2  to  3-pinnate!'/  parted  into  mostly  linear  thickish  lobes  :  involucre 
2  or  3  lines  broad,  its  bracts  greenish  with  brownish  margins  and  with  the 
corollas  glabrous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  361.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  at 
Saugre  de  Cristo  Pass. 

**  •»•+  Heads  comparatively  small  (1  to  3  lines  high  and  broad),  12  to  many- 
flowered,  variously  paniculate :  flowers  glabrous :  herbs,  mostly  whitened  (at 
least  when  young  and  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves)  with  cottony  tomentum. 

=  Tall,  with  numerous  amply  paniculate  heads,  strict  stems,  and  undivided  elon- 
gated-lanceolate or  linear  leaves,  3  to  7  inches  long. 

12.  A.  serrata,  Nutt.     Sfems  6  to  9  feet  high,  very  leafy :  leaves  green  and 
glabrous  above,  white-tornentose  beneath,  lanceolate  or  uppermost  linear,  all 
serrate  with  sharp  narrow  teeth,  pinnately  veined,  the  earliest  sometimes  pin- 


202  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

nately  incised :  heads  rather  few-flowered,  less  than  2  lines  long,  greenish, 
hardly  pubescent.  —  Prairies,  Dakota  to  Illinois. 

13.  A.  longifolia,  Nutt.     Stem  2  to  5  feet  high:  leaves  entire,  at  first  to- 
mentulose,  but  usually  glabrate  above,  white-tomentose  beneath,  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate  (1  to  5  lines  wide)  :  heads  usually  canescent,  2  or  3  lines 
long.  —  Minnesota  and  Nebraska  to  Montana. 

=  =s  Not  BO  tall :  leaves  more  or  less  cleft  or  divided,  or  when  entire  compara- 
tively short,  not  filiform  nor  narrowly  linear. 
a.    Involucre  from  canescent  to  woolly,  1 2  to  20-Jlowercd. 

14.  A.  LudOViCiana,  Nutt.    A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  simple  or  U'ith  virgate 
branches,  sometimes  paniculate,  completely  and  somewhat  jlocculently  white-tomen- 
tose, or  upper  face  of  leaves  sometimes  early  glabrate  and  green :  leaves  from 
linear-lanceolate  to  oblong,  sometimes  nearly  all  undivided  and  entire ;  com- 
monly the  lower  with  a  few  coarse  teeth  or  incisions,  or  2  to  3-cleft,  or  irregularly 
3  to  5-parted  into  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  lobes  :  heads  glomerately  paniculate, 
not  over  2  lines  long :  involucre  icoollij-tomentose.  —  Including  also  var.  gnapha- 
lodes,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Across  the  continent  from  the  west  to  Michigan  and 
Illinois. 

15.  A.  Mexicana,  Willd.     Paniculately  branched,  2  to  4  feet  high,  less 
tomentose:  leaves  narrow-lanceolate  to  linear,  commonly  attenuate,  some  3  to 
5-cleft  or  parted  ;  radical  cuneate,  incisely  pinnatifid  or  trifid :  heads  very  nu- 
merous in  an  ample  loose  panicle,  many  pedicellate,  1  to  2  lines  long  :  involucre 
arachnoid-canescent  or  glabrate,  largely  scarious.  —  A.  Ludoviciana,  var.  Mexi- 
cana, Gray.    Dry  plains,  from  S.  Nevada,  S.  Colorado,  and  Arizona  to  Texas 
and  Arkansas. 

b.    Involucre  glabrous,  20  to  W-fiowered. 

16.  A.  franserioideS,  Greene.     Glabrous  throughout,  or  minutely  and 
obscurely  puberulent :  stem  rather  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  compara- 
tively ample,  green  above, pale  and  barely  cinereous  beneath;  lower  bipinnately 
and  upper  simply  pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate-oblong  obtuse  entire  or  2  to  3- 
cleft  divisions  and  lobes :  heads  numerous,  loosely  racemose  on  the  branches  of  the 
leafy  elongated  panicle,  2  or  3  lines  broad.  —  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  x.  42.     Moun- 
tains of  S.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

17.  A.  discolor,  Dougl.    A  foot  high,  mostly  slender,  glabrous  or  gla- 
brate except  the  lower  face  of  the  leaves :  these  white  with  close  cottony  tomen- 
tum,  1  to  2-pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  or  lanceolate  entire  or  sparingly 
laciniate  divisions  and  lobes :  heads  glomerate  in  an  interrupted  spiciform  or  virgate 
panicle,  1  or  2  lines  high.  —  Mountains  of  British  Columbia  and  Montana  to 
Utah,  Nevada,  and  California. 

Var.  incompta,  Gray.  Stouter,  with  coarser  or  less  dissected  leaves, 
having  mostly  broader  lobes,  or  the  upper  entire.  —  Synopt.  M.  i.  373.  A.  in- 
compta, Nutt.  Mountains  from  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  California  and 
Washington  Territory. 

=  ====  Rather  low:  leaf-divisions  narrowly  linear  or  filiform :  heads  15  to  20- 
fiowered,  in  a  narrow  thyrsoid  or  spiciform  panicle. 

18.  A.  Wright!!,  Gray.    Cinereous  or  canescent,  or  radical  shoots  some- 
times white-tomentose,  10  to  20  inches  high,  very  leafy  up  to  the  panicle: 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  208 

leaves  pinnately  5  to  7-parted  into  very  narrow  linear  and  by  revolution  fili- 
form entire  divisions :  involucre  minutely  cinereous-canescent,  becoming 
glabrate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  48.  Plains  of  Southern  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

•w.  -w.  •*-».  Heads  small  and  narrow,  very  few-flowered :  flowers  glabrous :  stems 
woody  at  base. 

19.  A.  Bigelovii,  Gray.      Silvery-canescent  throughout,  a  foot  high: 
leaves  from  oblong-  to  linear-cuneate,  mostly  3-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex, 
about  \  inch  long :  heads  very  numerous  and  crowded  in  the  oblong  or  virgate 
thyrsiform  panicle,  tomentose-canescent,  containing  only  one  or  two  hermaph- 
rodite and  as  many  female  flowers,  all  fertile.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  110.    Rocky 
banks,  Colorado,  on  the  Upper  Canadian  and  Arkansas. 

§  3.  Heads  homogamous,  the  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and  fertile:  receptacle  not 
hairy.  —  SERIPHIDIUM.  Ours  are  the  true  "  Sage-brushes"  being  rather 
shrubby,  canescent  or  silvery  with  a  fine  or  close  tomentum,  and  heads  not 
nodding. 

20.  A.  arbllSCllla,  Nutt.     Dwarf,  a  span  or  rarely  a  foot  high,  with  a 
stout  base  and  slender  flowering  branches :  leaves  short,  cuneate  or  flabelliform, 
3-lobed  or  parted,  with  the  lobes  obovate  to  spatulate-linear,  sometimes  again  2-lobed  ; 
those  subtending  the  heads  usually  entire  and  narrow :  panicle  strict  and  com- 
paratively simple  and  naked,  often  spiciform  and  reduced  to  few  rather  scat- 
tered sessile  heads  :  involucre  5  to  9-flowered.  —  High  mountains  and  elevated 
plains,  from  Wyoming  and  Utah  to  Idaho  and  California. 

21.  A.  tridentata,  Nutt.     Larger,  I   to  &  (or  even  12)  feet  high,  much 
branched  :  leaves  cuneate,  obtusely  3-toothed  or  3-lobed,  or  even  4  to  7-toothed,  at  the 
truncate  summit,  uppermost  cuneate-linear :   heads  densely  paniculate:   involucre 
5  to  8-flowered,  its  outer  or  accessory  tomentose-canescent  bracts  short  and 
ovate.  —  From  Montana  to  Colorado  and  westward.    Immensely  abundant ;  the 
characteristic  "  Sage-brush,"  or  "  Sage-wood." 

22.  A.   trifida,   Nutt.     A  foot  or  two  high,  sometimes  lower,  much 
branched  :  leaves  3-cleft  and  3-parted ;  the  lobes  and  the  entire  upper  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear  or  slightly  spatulate-dilated :  heads  numerous  in  the  contracted 
leafy  panicle,  or  spicately  disposed  on  its  branches :  involucre  3  to  5-flowered, 
rarely  6  to  9-flowered,  its  outer  or  accessory  bracts  oblong  to  short-linear  or 
lanceolate.  —  Wyoming  and  Utah  to  Washington  Territory  and  California. 

23.  A.  cana,  Pursh.     A  foot  or  two  high,  freely  branched,  silvery  canes- 
cent  :  leaves  lanceolate-linear  or  narrower,  somewhat  tapering  to  both  ends,  an  inch 
or  two  long,  entire,  rarely  with  2  or  3  acute  teeth  or  lobes,  margins  not  revolute : 
heads  glomerate  in  a  leafy  contracted  panicle,  6  to  S-flowered,  rarely  5-flowered, 
usually  with  one  or  two  linear  subulate  accessory  bracts.  —  Plains,  Saskatche- 
wan to  Montana,  Dakota,  and  Colorado. 

66.    PETASITES,   Tourn.        BUTTER-BUR.    SWEET  COLTSFOOT. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  thickish  and  creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up  scapiform 
simple  flowering  stems  and  ample  radical  leaves  on  strong  petioles,  cottony- 
tomentose  or  glabrate ;  the  flowers  whitish  or  purplish. 


204  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  sagittata,  Gray.  Leaves  from  deltoid-oblong  to  reniform-hastate, 
from  acute  to  rounded-obtuse,  repand-dentate,  very  white-tomentose  beneath, 
when  full  grown  7  to  10  inches  long :  heads  short-racemose  becoming  corym- 
bose.—  Bot.  Calif,  i  407.  Wet  ground,  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and 
northward ;  across  the  continent  in  northern  latitudes. 

67.    HAPLOESTHES,    Gray. 

The  name  refers  to  the  few  (4  or  5)  bracts  of  the  involucre. 

1.  H.  Greggii,  Gray.  Somewhat  fleshy,  herbaceous  or  suffrutcscent,  a 
foot  or  two  high,  fastigiately  branched,  glabrous,  leafy  up  to  the  loose  cymes 
of  a  few  slender-pedunculate  naked  heads  :  leaves  all  opposite,  very  narrowly 
linear  or  filiform,  entire  ;  the  lower  connate  at  base  :  heads  2  or  3  lines  high : 
flowers  yellow :  ligules  1  or  2  lines  long.  —  PI.  Feudl.  109.  Saline  soil,  S.  E. 
Colorado  to  W.  Texas. 

68.    TETRADYMIA,   DC. 

Low  and  rigid  shrubs,  sometimes  spinescent,  canescently  tomentose ;  with 
alternate  and  sometimes  fascicled  narrow  and  entire  leaves,  cymose  or  clus- 
tered heads  of  yellow  flowers,  and  a  copious  white  pappus. 
#  Involucre  4-flowered,  of  4  or  5  bracts :  pappus  extremely  copious :  afcenes  either 
vert/  villous  or  glabrous :  undershrubs,  a  foot  or  two  high. 

1.  T.  Canescens,  DC.    Permanently  canescent  with  a  dense  close  tomentum, 
unarmed,  fastigiately  branched  :  leaves  from  narrowly  linear  to  spatulate-lancco- 
latc,  an  inch  or  less  long :  heads  ^  to  f  inch  long,  most  of  them  short-pedun- 
culate. —  Hills  and  plains,  N.  Wyoming  and  British  Columbia  to  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  and  California. 

Var.  inermis,  Gray.  A  form  with  shorter  and  crowded  branches,  shorter 
leaves  more  inclined  to  spatulate  and  lanceolate,  and  smaller  heads. — Bot. 
Calif,  i.  408.  The  commonest  form. 

2.  T.  glabrata,  Gray.      Whitened  with  looser  at  length  deciduous  tomentum, 
unarmed:   branches  more  slender,  spreading:    leaves  at  length  naked  and 
green,  primary  ones  slender-subulate,  cuspidate,  on  young  shoots  oppressed,  half- 
inch  long ;  those  of  fascicles  in  their  axils  spatulate-linear,  fleshy,  pointless : 
heads  mostly  short-pedunculate:  involucre  often  glabrate.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii. 
122.     From  Colorado  and  Utah  to  California  and  Oregon. 

3.  T.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Pubescence  and  foliage  of  T.  canescens, 
var.  inermis,  bearing  rigid  divergent  spines  in  place  of  primary  leaves :  leaves  of 
the  axillary  fascicles  mostly  spatulate:  heads  more  glomerate.  —  Fl.  ii.  447. 
Utah  and  Wyoming. 

#  #  Involucre  5  to  9-Jlowered,  of  5  or  6  broader  bracts :  proper  pappus  less  copi- 
ous, reduced  nearly  or  quite  to  a  single  series  of  bristles,  which  are  covered  by  a 
false  pappus  of  extremely  long  very  soft  and  white  woolly  hairs  which  densely 
clothe  the  akene :  shrubs  2  to  4  feet  high,  at  least  the  branches  densely  white- 
tomentose. 

4.  T.  spinosa,  Hook.  &  Am.     Branches  divaricate,  rigid,  bearing  rigid 
and  straight  or  recurved  spines  in  place  of  primary  leaves  :  secondary  leaves 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  205 

fascicled  in  the  axils,  small,  fleshy,  linear-clavate,  glabrous  or  glabrate :  heads 
scattered,  pedunculate,  fully  £  inch  long :  pappus  of  comparatively  rigid  capil- 
lary bristles,  a  little  surpassing  the  wool  of  the  akene.  —  From  S.  Wyoming 
to  Arizona,  S.  E.  California,  and  E.  Oregon. 

69.    ARNICA,   L. 

Perennial  herbs;  with  erect  stems,  simple  or  branching,  opposite  leaves, 
and  comparatively  large  long-pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

*  Radical  leaves  cordate  at  base,  on  slender  or  sometimes  winged  petioles ;  cauline 
all  opposite,  in  1  to  3  pairs,  dentate  or  denticulate. 

1.  A.  COrdifolia,  Hook.     A  foot  or  two,  or  when  alpine  a  span  or  two 
high,  pubescent,  or  the  stems  hirsute  and  peduncles  villous :  lower  cauline  as 
well  as  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  deeply  cordate,  yet  sometimes  only  ovate ; 
upper  cauline  small,  sessile  :   heads  few,  in  smaller  plants  solitary :  involucre 
§  inch  long,  pubescent  or  villous :  rays  commonly  an  inch  long  :  akenes  more 
or  less  hirsute.  —  From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  those  of  California  and 
British  Columbia. 

Var.  eradiata,  Gray.  An  ambiguous  form;  with  smaller  and  rayless 
heads,  and  oblong-ovate  at  most  subcordate  leaves.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  381. 
Montana  and  E.  Oregon. 

2.  A.  latifolia,  Bong.     Minutely  pubescent  or  commonly  glabrous,  with 
smaller  heads  than  the  preceding :  only  radical  leaves  cordate  or  subcordate  and 
petioled  ;  cauline  2  or  3  pairs,  equal,  ovate  or  oval,  usually  sharply  dentate,  closely 
sessile  by  a  broad  base,  or  lowest  with  contracted  base :  akenes  commonly  gla- 
brate or  glabrous.  —  Pine  woods,  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Oregon, 
British  Columbia,  and  Alaska. 

*  *    No  cordate  leaves ;  radical  leaves  petioled,  tapering  or  abrupt  at  base. 

-i-  Leafy  to  the  top:  cauline  leaves  seldom  less  than  4  pairs,  and  the  upper  not 

conspicuously  diminished. 

3.  A.  Chamissonis,  Less.     From  tomentose  or  villous-pubescent  to  nearly 
glabrous:  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  denticulate  or  dentate,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse ;  lowest  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole,  upper  broad  at  base  and  somewhat 
clasping:  akenes  hirsute-pubescent. — Including  A.  mollis,  Hook.;  also  A.  lati- 
folia in  part,  of  the  Western  Reports.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  to 
those  of  California  and  far  northward. 

4.  A.  longifolia,  Eaton.     Many-stemmed  in  a  tiift,  minutely  puberulent: 
cauline  leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  entire  or  denticulate, 
somewhat  nervose,  3  to  6  inches  long,  lower  with  narrowed  bases  connate-vagi- 
nate :  heads  corymbosely  disposed,  short-peduncled  :  akenes  minutely  glandu- 
lar, not  hairy.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  186.     Wahsatch  Mountains  and  westward. 

5.  A.  foliosa,  Nutt.     Tornentose-pubescent,  strict :  leaves  lanceolate,  denticu- 
late, nervose ;  upper  partly  clasping  by  narrowish  base,  lower  with  tapering  bases 
connate :  heads  short-peduncled,  rarely  solitary :  akenes  hirsute-pubescent  or 
glabrate. — A.  Chamissonis  of  the  Western  Reports,  in  part.     From  the  Sas- 
katchewan to  Oregon  and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  N.  California 
and  Colorado. 


206  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

•<-  •«-  Less  leafy:  cauline  leaves  I  or  2  (rarely  3)  pairs,  and  the  upper  mostly 

small. 

6.  A.  Parry i,  Gray.     A  foot  or  less  high,  slender,  simple,  somewhat  hir- 
sutely  pubescent  and  above  glandular :  leaves  membranaceous,  commonly  den- 
ticulate ;  radical  oval  to  ovate-oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long,  abruptly  or  cuneately 
contracted  at  base  into  a  short  margined  petiole  ;  cauline  remote  :  involucre  hir- 
sute and  glandular,  £  inch  or  less  high :  heads  rayless,  occasionally  some 
outermost  corollas  ampliate  :  akenes  glabrous  or  with  a  few  sparse  hairs.  — 
Am.  Nat.  viii.  213.     A.  angustifolia,  var.  eradiata,  Gray.     Mountains  from 
Colorado  to  Wyoming  and  westward. 

7.  A.  alpina,  Olin.     A  span  to  18  inches  high,  pubescent,  hirsute,  or  at 
summit  villous,  strict,  simple  and  monocephalous,  occasionally  3-cephalous : 
leaves  thickish,  from  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  or  the  radical  oblong -spatulate 
and  small  uppermost  linear,  entire  or  denticulate,  3-nerved ;  bases  of  the  cau- 
liue  hardly  at  all  connate :  heads  conspicuously  radiate :  akenes  hirsute-pubescent, 
rarely  glabrate.  —  A.  angustifolia,  Vahl.     In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and 
California;  across  the  continent  in  high  latitudes. 

70.    SENECIO,    Tourn.        GROUNDSEL. 

A  very  large  genus;  with  alternate  leaves  aud  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 
Ours  all  belong  to  the  section  of  perennials  having  the  pubescence  (if  any)  of 
a  tomentose  or  floccose  kind  and  never  viscid  nor  hirsute. 

*  Heads  an  inch  or  distinctly  over  £  inch  high,  very  many-flowered. 
H-  Heads  radiate. 
•«-*•  Alpine  species. 

1.  S.  Soldanella,  Gray.     Apparently  glabrous  from  the  first,  a  span  high, 
somewhat  succulent:  leaves  mostly  radical  and  long-petioled,  from  round-reni- 
form  to  spatulate-obovate,  denticulate  or  entire  ;  cauline  one  or  two  or  none :  head 
solitary,  erect,  two  thirds  to  nearly  a  full  inch  high :   involucral  bracts  lan- 
ceolate and  a  very  few  calyculate  ones:  rays  6  to  10,  oblong,  a  quarter-inch 
long.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  67.      High  alpine,  in   the   mountains   of 
Colorado. 

2.  S.  amplectens,  Gray.     Lightly  floccose-woolly  at  first,  soon  glabrate, 
a  foot  or  so  high,  few  to  several-leaved,  terminated  by  one  or  two  long-pedun- 
culate nodding  heads :  leaves  thinner  than  in  the  foregoing,  from  denticulate  to 
conspicuously  and  sharply  dentate ;  radical  obovate  to  spatulate,  tapering  into  a 
winged  petiole ;  cauline  as  large  or  larger,  oblong  or  narrower,  half-clasping 
or  more,  the  upper  by  a  broad  base :  involucre  over  half-inch  high,  of  linear 
bracts  and  a  few  loose  calyculate  ones  :  ra>/s  linear,  inch  long  or  more,  acute  or 
acutely  2  to  3-toothed  at  tip.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  240.     Alpine  and 
subalpine  region,  mountains  of  Colorado. 

Var.  taraxacoides,  Gray.  Only  a  span  or  two  high,  with  fewer  and 
smaller  cauline  leaves ;  these  and  the  radical  commonly  spatulate  and  with 
tapering  base,  not  rarely  laciniately  subpinnatifid :  head  smaller,  even  down 
to  half-inch,  and  with  rays  of  only  the  same  length.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  67.  High  alpine,  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Nevada. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  207 

•»•+  -M-  Not  alpine,  with  leafy  stems  afoot  or  so  high. 

3.  S.  megacephalus,  Nutt.     About  a  foot  high,  loosely  floccose-woolly, 
tardily  glabrate,  leafy :  leaves  entire,  lanceolate,  or  the  radical  spatulate-lan- 
ceolate  and  tapering  into  a  petiole,  and  uppermost  cauline  attenuate,  thickish : 
heads  1  to  3,  short-ped uncled,  8  lines  to  an  inch  high :  involucre  calyculate  by 
some  very  loose  and  subulate  elongated  accessory  bracts :  rays  over  £  inch 
long.  —  From  the  mountains  of  Idaho  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  near  the  Brit- 
ish boundary. 

-i-  +-  Heads  rayless,  nodding :  some  sparse  crisped  hairs  in  place  oftomentum. 

4.  S.  Bigelovii,  Gray.     Robust,  2  or  3  feet  high,  leafy  up  to  near  the 
racemiform  or  simply  paniculate  inflorescence,  at  length  glabrate :  leaves  from 
elongated-oblong  to  lanceolate,  denticulate  or  dentate,  acute  or  acuminate; 
radical  and  lower  cauline  3  to  6  inches  long,  abrupt  at  base  and  naked-peti- 
oled,  or  tapering  into  a  winged  petiole  or  partly  clasping  base ;  upper  lanceo- 
late with  partly  clasping  base  :  heads  in  small  plants  few  or  solitary.  —  Pacif. 
R.  Rep.  iv.  111.     Includes  also  var.  Hallii,  Gray.     Mountains  of  Colorado, 
New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

*  #  Heads  middle-sized  or  small,  half-inch  or  less, 
•*-  Nodding,  rayless:  leafy-stemmed. 

5.  S.  ceriums,  Gray.    Quite  glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate 
or  the  larger  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  denticulate,  rarely  with  a  few  scattered 
coarser  teeth,  all  tapering  at  base  into  a  barely  margined  petiole,  or  upper 
into  a  narrowed  not  clasping  base :  heads  (4  to  almost  6  lines  long)  several 
or  numerous  in  the  panicle,  most  of  them  decidedly  nodding:  flowers  pale 
yellow.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  10.    Mountains  of  Colorado,  wholly  below 
the  alpine  region. 

-i-  •«-  Heads  erect,  mostly  radiate. 

+*  Stems  numerously  and  nearly  equably  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  from  entire  to 
laf.iniate-dentate,  never  divided  or  dissected,  nor  narrowly  linear :  glabrous  or 
very  early  glabrate. 

=  Low,  alpine:  heads  subsolitary,  radiate. 

6.  S.  Fremonti,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Many-stemmed  from  a  thickish  caudex, 
a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  thickish,  from  rounded-obovate  or  spatulate  to 
oblong,  1  to  2  inches  long,  obtuse,  obtusely  or  acutely  dentate,  sometimes  even 
pinnatifid-dentate ;  lower  abruptly  contracted  into  a  winged  petiole ;  upper- 
most sessile  by  broadish  base  :  heads  |  inch  high :  rays  3  to  5  inches  long.  — 
Fl.  ii.  445.     Alpine  regions,  from  the  British  boundary  to  S.  Colorado,  Utah, 
and  California. 

Var.  OCCidentalis,  Gray.  More  slender,  with  rounder  leaves  and  heads 
longer-peduncled  ;  in  high  alpine  stations  becoming  very  dwarf,  and  flowering 
almost  from  the  ground.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  618.  Mountains  of  N.  Wyoming, 
Montana,  and  California. 

=  =  Rather  low,  with  numerous  cymosely  paniculate  and  small  heads,  always 

rayless. 

7.  S.  rapifolius,  Nutt.      About  a  foot  high:   leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
throughout  very  sharply  and  unequally  dentate,  rather  fleshy ;  radical  tapering 


208  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

into  a  petiole,  cauline  mostly  clasping  by  a  broad  subcordate  base :  beads  3 
lines  high,  about  15-flowered:  involucral  bracts  8  to  10,  narrowly  oblong. — 
Rocky  Mountains,  Wyoming,  about  the  sources  of  the  Platte. 

=  ====  Tall,  with  corymbosely  cymose  and  radiate  heads :  leaves  nearly  mern- 

branaceous. 

8.  S.  triangularis,  Hook.     Rather  stout :  stem  simple,  2  to  5  feet  high, 
bearing  several  or  somewhat  numerous  heads  in  a  corymbiform  open  cyme : 
leaves  all  more  or  less  petioled  and  thickly  dentate  with  more  or  less  salient 
teeth,  deltoid-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  triangular-hastate  or  deltoid-cordate,  and 
uppermost  lanceolate  with  cuneate  base:  rays  6  to  12.  —  From  the  Saskatche- 
wan to  Washington  Territory  and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado 
and  California. 

9.  S.  serra,  Hook.     Strict,  2  to  4  feet  high,  very  leafy,  sometimes  simple 
and  bearing  rather  few  heads,  commonly  branching  at  summit,  then  bearing 
numerous  corymbosely  paniculate  smaller  heads :  leaves  4  to  6  inches  long, 
all  lanceolate  and  tapering  to  both  ends,  sessile  by  a  narrow  base,  or  the  lowest 
oblong- spatulate  and  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  tisttaUy  with  the  whole  margin 
thickly  serrate  or  serrulate  with  very  acute  salient  teeth  :  rays  5  to  8.  —  In  the 
Western  Reports  principally  under  the  name  of  S.  Andinus.     Mountains  of 
Colorado  to  Idaho  and  Wyoming. 

Var.  integriusculus,  Gray.  Heads  smaller,  3  or  4  lines  high,  and  nar- 
rower, fewer-flowered :  leaves  minutely  serrate  or  denticulate,  or  the  upper 
entire,  sometimes  all  entire  or  nearly  so,  generally  shorter  and  smaller,  or 
broader  and  not  acuminate.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  387.  S.  Andinus,  Nutt.  From 
Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  California. 

•«-*•  •*•+  Stem  not  numerously  but  somewhat  equably  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence : 
leaves  all  entire  or  denticulate :  involucre  fleshy-thickened. 

10.  S.  CrassulllS,  Gray.     A  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous:   stem  5  to  7- 
leaved,  bearing  3  to  8  pedunculate  rather  large  and  thick  heads :  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate, apiculate-acute,  2  to  5  inches  long ;  radical  and  lowest  cauline 
spatulate  or  obovate-oblong,  narrowed  into  a  short  winged  petiole ;  upper 
sessile  by  partly  clasping  or  decurrent  base  :  involucre  40  to  50-flowered,  of  12 
fleshy-thickened  but  thin-edged  bracts,  the  base  also  thickened,  the  whole 
becoming  conical  and  multangular  in  fruit :  rays  about  8.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xix.  54.    S.  integerrimus,  Gray,  in  part ;  S.  lugens,  var.  Hookeri,  Eaton,  in  part. 
Subalpine,  mountains  of  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

•w-  -w-  -M.  Stems  either  Jew-leaved  or  with  the  upper  leaves  reduced  in  size ;  the  inflo- 
rescence therefore  naked :  none  with  narrow  linear  leaves, 

—  Tall  and  simple-stemmed,  with  a  flbrous  cluster  of  roots :  leaves  fleshy  coria- 
ceous, all  entire  or  barely  denticulate. 

11.  S.  hydrophilus,  Nutt.    Very  glabrous  or  smooth  :  stem  robust,  2  to 
4  feet  high,  strict :   leaves  lanceolate  ;  radical  oblanceolate  and  stout-petioled, 
sometimes  a  foot  long;  upper  CMuline  sessile  or  partly  clasping :  heads  numer- 
ous in  a  branching  cyme:   bracts  8  to  12:  disk-flowers  15  to  30;  rays  3  to  6 
and  small,  or  none. — In  water  or  very  wet  ground,  from  Colorado  and  Cali- 
fornia to  Montana  and  British  Columbia. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  209 

=  =  Plants  mostly  in  clumps  or  tufts,  or  from  tufted  or  creeping  rootstocks. 

a.  Stems  mostly  robust,  generally  a  foot  to  3  or  5  feet  high,  bearing  numerous 
heads  in  a  cyme :  rays  8  to  12,  conspicuous  :  leaves  from  entire  to  dentate,  none 
really  cordate  nor  with  permanent  tomentum.     None  truly  alpine. 

12.  S.  integerrimus,  Nutt.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  radical  elon- 
gated-oblong, quite  entire  or  denticulate;  upper  ones  reduced  and   bract-like, 
attenuate-subulate  from  a  dilated  base :  heads  several,  umbellately  cymose,  com- 
monly £  inch  high :  involucral  bracts  narrow,  acute  or  acuminate.  —  Dakota 
to  Wyoming  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

13.  S.  lugens,  Richards.      Lightly  floccose-woolly  when  young,  iu  the 
typical  form  early  glabrate  and  bright  green  :  stem  6  inches  to  2  feet  high, 
few-  and  small-leaved  and  naked  above,  terminated  by  a  cyme  of  several  or 
rather  numerous  heads  :  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  spatulate,  varying  to 
oval  or  oblong,  either  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  winged  or 
margined  short  petiole,  usually  repand-  or  callous-denticulate ;  upper  cauline  lan- 
ceolate or  reduced  and  bract-like  :   bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  with 
obtuse  or  acutish  commonly  blackish  tips:  rays  10  or  12,  conspicuous.  —  In- 
cludes var.  Hookeri  and  var.  Parryi.    Through  the  whole  Rocky  Mountains  to 
New  Mexico  and  westward  to  California. 

Var.  foliosus,  Gray.  Floccose  wool  usually  persistent  up  to  flowering, 
and  vestiges  remaining  to  near  maturity :  stem  seldom  over  a  foot  high, 
stouter,  more  leafy  to  near  the  inflorescence:  leaves  comparatively  large, 
oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate :  heads  often  very  numerous  and  crowded  in  the 
corymbiform  cyme,  then  narrower:  tips  of  involucral  bracts  conspicuously 
blackish.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  413.  S.  lugens,  var.  exaltatus,  Eaton.  Mountains  of 
Colorado  and  Utah. 

Var.  exaltatus,  Gray.  Lightly  floccose  when  young,  and  not  rarely  with 
looser  and  more  persistent  scattered  hairs :  stem  stout,  1  to  3  or  even  4  or  5 
feet  high  :  leaves  thickish ;  radical  longer-petioled,  from  spatulate-lanceolate 
to  obovate  or  ovate,  the  broader  ones  abrupt  and  sometimes  even  subcor- 
date  at  base ;  cauline  occasionally  laciniate-deutate :  heads  mostly  numer- 
ous in  the  cyme.  —  Loc.  cit.  S.  exaltatus,  Nutt.  Wet  ground,  British 
Columbia  and  Idaho  to  California,  extending  within  the  western  limits  of 
our  range. 

b.  Stems  low,  only  2  to  6  inches  high,  scap/form :  leaves  clustered  on  the  rootstock 
or  caudex,  entire  or  crenate ;  those  of  the  scape  reduced  to  mere  bracts.    Chiefly 
alpine  or  subalpine. 

1 .  Leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  crowded  on  the  multicipital 

caudex. 

14.  S.  wernerisefolius,  Gray.  Woolly  and  canescent,  tardily  glabrate  : 
leaves  quite  entire,  erect  or  ascending,  from  spatulate-linear  (2  or  3  inches  long, 
including  the  petiole-like  base)  to  elongated-oblong  and  short-petioled,  the  mar- 
gins sometimes  revolute :  scape  a  span  high,  rather  stout,  bearing  2  to  8  heads ; 
these  4  or  5  lines  high  :  rays  10  or  12,  oblong,  2  lines  long,  rarely  few  or  want- 
ing. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  54.  S.  aureus,  var.  wernericefolius,  Gray.  Moun- 
tains of  Colorado,  alpine. 

14 


210  COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

15.  S.  petrjBUS,  Klatt.     Glabrous  or  early  glabrate:  leaves  from  orbicular- 
obovate  or  oval  (J  to  |  inch  long)  to  cuneate-oblong,  entire  or  3  to  7 -crenate-toothed 
at  the  broad  summit,  abruptly  petioled :  scapes  1  to  3  inches  high,  bearing  solitary 
or  several  clustered  heads ;  these  4  or  5  lines  high  :  rays  6  to  10,  golden  yellow, 
3  lines  long.  —  S.  aureus,  var.  alpinus,  Gray.     Alpine  region  of  the  mountains 
of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  California. 

2.    Leaves  round-cordate,  crenate,  purple-tinged  beneath,  slender-petioled,  more  or 
less  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  scape :  plants  very  glabrous. 

16.  S.  renifolius,  Porter.    Two  inches  high  from  filiform  creeping  root- 
stocks  :  leaves  thickish,  resembling  those  of  Ranunculus  Cymbalaria,  rounded- 
subcordate  or  reniform,  only  about  £  inch  wide,  coarsely  5  to  7-crenate :  scape 
or  peduncle  little  surpassing  the  leaves,  bearing  a  solitary  comparatively  large 
(£  inch  long)  head:  rays  about  8,  oblong,  4  lines  long.  —  Fl.  Colorad.  83. 
High  alpine  region  on  Whitehouse  Mountain,  in  Central  Colorado,  at  13,000 
feet,  J.  M.  Coulter. 

C.    Stems  afoot  or  two  high  or  less,  bearing  some  leaves  and  corymbosely  cijmose 

heads.     Mostly  not  alpine :  usually  some  floccose  tomentum. 

1.   Leaves  from  entire  or  serrate  to  pinnati fid  in  the  same  species,  none  pinnateli/ 
divided :  rays  sometimes  wanting. 

17.  S.  canus,  Hook.     Permanently  tomentose-canescent,  or  at  length  floccu- 
lent,  but  rarely  at  all  glabrate  :  stems  from  a  span  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  some- 
times all  undivided  or  even  entire,  the  radical  and  lower  from  spatulate  to  oblong, 
%  to  l£  inches  in  length,  slender-petioled,  sometimes  laciniate-toothed  or  pin- 
natifid:  akenes  very  glabrous. — From  Dakota  to  Colorado  and  west  to  Cali- 
fornia and  British  Columbia. 

18.  S.  aureus,  L.      Very  early  glabrate,  usually  quite  free  from  wool  at 
flowering  and  a  foot  or  two  high  from  small  rootstocks  :  radical  leaves  mostly 
rounded  and  undivided,  and  cauline  lanceolate  and  pinnatijid  or  facilitate :  most 
polymorphous  species,  of  which  the  typical  form  is  bright  green,  1  to  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  thin  ;  principal  radical  ones  roundish,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base, 
crenate-dentate,  1  to  3  inches  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  petioles;  lower 
cauline  similar,  with  2  or  3  lobes  on  the  petiole,  or  lyrately  divided  or  lobed ; 
others  more  laciniate-pinnatifid  and  lobes  often  incised  ;  uppermost  sparse 
and  small,  with  closely  sessile  or  auriculate-dilated  incised  base :   akenes  quite 
glabrous.  —  Very  abundant,  across   the   continent.      The   following   are   the 
principal  forms  within  our  range. 

Var.  BalsamitaJ,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Less  glabrate,  not  rarely  holding  more 
or  less  wool  until  fruiting:  depauperate  steins  a  span  or  two,  larger  fully 
2  feet  high  :  principal  or  earliest  radical  leaves  oblong,  sometimes  oval,  com- 
monly verging  to  lanceolate,  inch  or  two  long,  serrate,  contracted 'into  slender 
petioles;  the  succeeding  lyrately  pinnatijid:  heads  usually  rather  small  and 
numerous  :  akenes  almost  always  hispudulous-pubescent  on  the  angles.  — From 
Texas  to  Colorado  and  British  Columbia  and  eastward  to  Canada. 

Var.  COmpactUS,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  in  close  tufts,  rather  rigid, 
when  young  whitened  with  fine  tomentum,  glabrate  in  age :  radical  leaves 
oblanceolate  or  attenuate-spatulate,  entire  or  3-toothed  at  apex,  or  pinnatijid-den- 
tate,  an  inch  or  more  long,  thick  and  firm  at  maturity ;  cauline  lanceolate  or 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  211 

linear,  entire  or  pinnatifid:  heads  rather  numerous  and  crowded  in  the  cyme, 
rather  small :  ovaries  papillose-hispid ulous  on  the  angles  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  391. 
From  Colorado  to  N.  W.  Texas ;  mostly  in  saline  soil. 

Var.  borealis,  Torr  &.  Gray.  A  foot  down  to  a  span  high,  at  summit 
bearing  either  numerous  or  few  heads ;  these  not  rarely  rayless :  leaves  thick- 
ish ;  radical,  from  roundish  with  abrupt  or  even  truncate  base  to  cuneate-obovate 
and  cuneate-spatulate,  %  to  1  inch  long,  slender-petioled  ;  cauline  seldom  much 
pinnatifid  :  akenes  glabrous.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  California,  and  north- 
ward, where  it  extends  across  the  continent. 

Var.  croceus,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  two  high,  glabrous  or  early 
glabrate :  leaves  somewhat  succulent ;  radical  oblong  to  roundish,  sometimes 
It/rate ;  cauline  very  various :  heads  usually  numerous  in  the  cyme :  flowers 
saffron-colored  or  orange,  at  least  the  ravs,  or  these  sometimes  wanting.  — 
Proc.  Acad.  Philacl.  1863,  68.  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  Montana,  Nevada, 
and  California. 

Var.  subnudus,  Gray.  Wholly  glabrous  or  glabrate,  slender,  a  span  or 
two  high,  bearing  2  or  3  small  cauline  leaves  and  a  solitary  head,  or  riot  rarely  a 
pair:  radical  leaves  few,  spatulate  or  obovate,  sometimes  roundish,  half-inch 
or  less  long,  occasionally  lyrate ;  cauliue  incised  or  sparingly  pinnatifid  :  rays 
conspicuous.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  391.  Wyoming  to  British  Columbia  and  Cali- 
fornia. 

19.  S.  Fendleri,  Gray.     Very  canescent  with  floccose  wool,  in  age  tardily 
glabrate:  stems  rather  stout,  5  to  15  inches  high,  leafy,  the  larger  plants 
branching :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrower ;  radical  sometimes  almost  entire, 
more  commonly  like  the  cauline  sinuatelij  pectinate-pinnatijid  or  even  pinnately 
parted,  the  short  oblong  divisions  incisely  2  to  4-lobed  :  akenes  glabrous.  —  PI. 
Fendl.  108.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

2.   Leaves  mostly  once  pinnately  divided  or  parted  and  again  lobed  or  incised. 

20.  S.  eremophilus,  Richards.     Stems  freely  branching,  leafy  up  to  the 
inflorescence:  leaves  mostly  oblong  in  outline,  laciniately-pinnatifid  or  pin- 
nately parted,  the  lobes  usually  incised  or  dentate :  heads  in  corymbiform 
cymes,  short-ped  uncled  :  bracts  commonly  purple-tipped :  rays  7  to  9  :  akenes 
minutely  papillose  or  glabrous.  —  In  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  New  Mexico 
to  the  Mackenzie  River. 

-M.  -M.  .w  4H-  Stems  leaf  i/,  numerously  or  somewhat  equably  so  up  to  the  top:  leaves 
all  pinnately  lobed  or  parted  or  entire,  their  divisions  (or  the  whole  leaf)  linear 
to  filiform. 

21.  S.  Douglasii,  DC.     Lignescent  and  sometimes  decidedly  shrubby 
at  base,  many-stemmed,  a  foot  or  two  or  even  5  or  6  feet  high,  either  white- 
tomentose  or  glabrate  and  green  :    leaves  thickish,  sometimes  all  entire  and 
elongated-linear,  more  commonly  pinnately  parted  into  3  to  7  linear  or  nearly 
filiform  entire  divisions :  heads  several  or  numerous  and  cymose,  from  |  to  £ 
inch  high  :  rays  8  to  18 :  akenes  canescent  with  a  fine  strigulose  pubescence.  — 
S.  longilobiis,  Benth. ;  S.  filifolius,  Nutt.    Plains  and  hills,  Nebraska  to  Texas 
and  westward  to  California. 


212  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


71.     C  NIC  US,1    Tourn.,  L.,  partly.        PLUMED  THISTLE. 

Stout  herbs;  with  sessile  leaves,  commonly  with  prickly  teeth  and  tips, 
and  large  or  middle-sized  heads :  the  flowers  red  or  purple,  rarely  white  or 
yellowish. — Cirsium,  DC. 

*  Bracts  of  the  ovoid  or  hemispherical  involucre  appressed-imbricated  and  the 

outer  successively  shorter,  all  with  loose  and  dilated  fimbriate  or  lacerate  white- 
scarious  tips. 

1.  C.  AmericaiTllS,   Gray.     A   foot   or  two   high,   branching   above: 
branches  bearing  solitary  or  scattered  naked  heads :  leaves  white-tomentose 
beneath,  lanceolate  or  broader,  sinuately  piunatifid,  or  some  merely  dentate, 
others  pinnately  parted,  weakly  prickly :  heads  erect,  an  inch  high  :  principal 
bracts  of  the  involucre  naked-edged  or  merely  fimbriate-ciliate  below,  and  the 
dilated  scarious  apex  as  broad  as  long,  fimbriate-lacerate,  tipped  with  a  barely 
exserted  cusp ;  innermost  with  lanceolate  nearly  entire  scarious  tips :   flow- 
ers ochroleucous :   stronger  pappus-bristles  dilated-clavellate  at  tip.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xix.  56.     Lower  mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to 
California. 

*  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  loose,  not  appressed-imbricated  nor  rigid,  taper- 

ing gradually  from  a  narrow  base  to  a  slender-prickly  or  muticous  apex ;  outer 
not  very  much  shorter  than  the  inner,  wholly  destitute  of  dorsal  glandular  ridge 
or  spot :  pappus-bristles  not  clavellate-tipped. 

2.  C.  Pavryi,  Gray.     Green,  lightly  arachnoid  and  villous  when  young, 
2  feet  or  so  high :    leaves  lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate.,  not  decurrent,  moderately 
prickly:  heads  several  and  spicately  glomerate  or  more  racemosely  panicu- 
late, more  or  less  bracteose-leafy  at  base :  accessory  and  outer  proper  bracts  or 
some  of  them  pectinately  Jimbriate-ciliate  down  the  sides,  innermost  ivith  more  or 
less  dilated  or  margined  mostly  lacerate-fimbriate  tips :    corollas  pale  yellow ; 
the  lobes  longer  than  the  throat :  pappus  of  fine  soft  bristles,  none  of  them 
obviously  clavellate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  47.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and 
Utah. 

3.  C.  eriocephalllS,  Gray.     Loosely  arachnoid-woolly  and  partly  gla- 
brate,  very  leafy :  leaves  pinnalifid  into  very  numerous  and  crowded  and  numer- 
ously prickly  short  lobes,  the  base  decurrent  on  the  stern  into  prickly  wings :  heads 
several,  sessile,  and  crowded  in  a  leaf-subtended  at  first  nodding  glomerule ; 
the  subtending  leaves  and  the  involucral  bracts  densely  long-woolly,  all  very  slender- 
prickly :  corollas  light  yellow  or  yellowish.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky 
mountains  of  Colorado. 

*  *  £  Bracts  of  the  involucre  moderately  unequal  or  the  lower  not  rarely  about 

equalling  the  upper,  more  rigid  and  imbricated  at  base,  but  most  of  them  with 

1  The  naturalized  genus  Arctium,  "  Burdock,"  may  be  known  by  the  hooked  tips  of  its 
involucral  bracts  forming  a  bur,  otherwise  unarmed ;  large  mostly  cordate  leaves ;  and 
rather  small  heads  of  pink  or  purplish  flowers.  The  species  is 

A.  Lappa,  L.,  and  is  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  cymose  heads,  leaves  green  and  glabrous  above 
but  whitish  with  cottony  down  beneath,  and  in  the  larger  forms  with  the  bur  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter,  its  bracts  all  spreading  and  glabrous. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  213 

more  or  less  herbaceous  spinescent-tipped  spreading  upper  portion,  and  no 
glandular  dorsal  ridge. 

4.  C.  Eatoni,  Gray.     A  foot  or  so  high,  mostly  simple,  loosely  arachnoid- 
woolly  or  glabrate  :    leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted  into  short  lobes, 
mostly  very  prickly,  either  green  and  glabrate,  or  remaining  whitish-woolly 
beneath  :  heads  an  inch  high,  few  or  several  and  sessile  in  a  terminal  cluster: 
involucre  from  arachnoid-ciliate  to  glabrate  or  apparently  glabrous  ;  its  principal 
bracts  erect,  with  broadish  appressed  base,  abruptly  attenuate  into  the  subu- 
late-acerose  slightly  herbaceous  spinesceut  portion,  outermost  little  shorter 
than  the  inner:  corolla  whitish.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  56.     Cirsium  folio- 
sum  and  C.  Drummondu  in  part,  of  the  Western  Reports.    Mountains  of  Colo- 
rado, Utah,  and  Nevada. 

5.  C.  Neo-MexicamiS,  Gray.      Stout,  2  to  4  feet  high,-  herbage  and 
commonly    squarrose    involucre    copiously   while-woolly :    leaves   from   sinuate- 
dentate  to  pinnatifid,  not  very  prickly:  heads  solitary,  terminating  the  stem 
or  branches,  often  2  inches  high  and  broad:  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre 
with  spinescent  rigid  tips  %  to  1  inch  long:  corolla  from  white  to  pale-pur- 
ple. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  45.    Plains  of   S.  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona. 

*  *  #  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  regularly  and  chiefly  oppressed-imbricated  in 
numerous  ranks ;  the  outer  successively  shorter,  not  herbaceous-tipped  or 
appendaged. 

-»-  Flowers  from  rose-purple  to  white :  involucre  glabrous  or  early  glabrate,  the 
light  arachnoid  wool  caducous ;  its  bracts  coriaceous,  not  at  all  glandular  on 
the  back,  outer  tipped  with  a  short  weak  prickle  or  cusp,  innermost  wholly 
unarmed. 

6.  C.  Drummondii,  Gray.     Green  and  somewhat   vilhus-pubescent,  or 
when  young  lightly  arachnoid-woolly,  either  stemless  and  bearing  sessile  heads 
in  a  cluster  on  the  crown,  or  caulescent  and  even  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  solitary 
or  several  loosely  disposed  heads :  leaves  from  sinuate  or  almost  entire  to  pinnately 
parted,  moderately  prickly :  larger  heads  fully  2  inches  high :  involucral  bracts 
weak-prickly  pointed,  innermost  with  more  scarious  and  sometimes  obviously 
dilated  and  erose-fimbriate   tips  :    corollas   either  white  or  sometimes  rose- 
purple.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  40.     From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and 
California  to  the  far  north. 

Var.  acaulescens,  Gray.  Smaller,  with  heads  (solitary  or  several  on 
the  crown,  encircled  by  the  radical  leaves)  only  inch  and  a  half  long,  or  less, 
and  proportionally  narrow :  outer  involucral  bracts  with  a  longer  but  rather 
weak  prickle.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  California. 

7.  C.  SCariosus,  Gray.      White  with  cottony  tomentum,  at  least  the  lower 
face  of  the  leaves:  stem  about  a  foot  high  :  leaves  of  lanceolate  outline,  mostly 
pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate  long-prickly  lobes ;  upper  face  sometimes  villous, 
sometimes  only  cottony  and  early  glabrate :  heads  2  or  3  in  a  sessile  cluster, 
or  solitary  on  short  leafy  branches :  innermost  bracts  of  involucre  commonly 
with  more  conspicuous  erose  or  entire  scarious  tips  :  corollas  pale  or  white.  — 
Synopt.  Fl.  i.  402.    Mountain  plains,  Wyoming  and  Utah. 


214  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

•t-  -i-  Flowers  usually  rose  or  flesh-colored :  involucral  bracts  closely  oppressed, 
coriaceous,  commonly  ivit/i  a  glandular  or  viscid  ridge,  short  line  or  a  broader 
spot  on  the  back  near  the  summit :  heads  naked,  solitary  or  scattered. 

=  Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  and  linear  mostly  entire  divisions. 

8.  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.     A  foot  or  two  high,  with  herbage  persistently 
white-tomentose  throughout :  lower  leaves  a  foot  or  so  long,  with  divisions 
either  entire  or  some  again  pinnately  parted  into  shorter  lobes,  weakly  prickly- 
tipped  ;  the  winged  rhachis  not  wider  than  the  divisions :  heads  few  or  soli- 
tary, 2  inches  high  :  involucre  glabrate ;  the  bracts  rather  small,  viscid  down 
the  back,  tipped  with  small  short  prickle :  corollas  ochroleucous.  —  Extending 
into  Dakota  and  the  northeastern  limit  of  our  range  from  the  shores  of  the 
Great  Lakes. 

=  —  Leaves  from  undivided  to  pinnately  parted,  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  broader, 
disposed  to  be  white-Lornentose  above  as  well  as  below:  prickle  on  cusp  of  invo- 
lucral bracts  more  or  less  rigid. 

9.  C.  OChrocentrus,  Gray.     Resembles  the  next,  usually  taller,  even  to 
6  or  8  feet  high,  the  white  tomeutum  mostly  persistent :  leaves  commonly  but 
not  always  deeply  pinnat ijid  and  armed  with  long  yellowish  prickles:  heads  1  or 
2  inches  high :  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  broader  and  flatter,  the  viscid 
line  on  the  back  narrow  or  not  rarely  obsolete,  tipped  with  a  prominent  spreading 
yellowish  prickle:  corollas  purple,  rarely  white.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  57. 
Plains,  W.  Texas  to  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

10.  C.  undulatus,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high,  persistently  white-tomen- 
tose: leaves  rarely  pinnately  parted,  moderately  prickly :  heads  commonly  l^inch 
high :  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  thickened  on  the  back  by  the 
broader  glandular-viscid  ridge,  comparatively  small  and  narrow,  tipped  icith  an 
evident  spreading  short  prickle :  corollas  rose-color,  pale  purple,  or  rarely  white. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  42.     Plains,  from  Oregon  to  the  Great  Lakes  and 
southward  to  New  Mexico. 

Var.  canescens,  Gray,  is  a  form  with  smaller  heads,  sometimes  not  over 
an  inch  high,  the  leaves  varying  from  ciliately  spinulose-dentate  to  deeply 
pinnatifid.  —  New  Mexico  and  S.  Utah  to  Minnesota. 

=  =  =  Leaves  in  the  same  species  from  undivided  to  pinnately  parted,  the  lobes 
from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  upper  face  soon  glabrate  and  green :  involucral  bracts 
tipped  with  weak  prickles  or  sometimes  hardly  any. 

11.  C.  altissimus,  Willd.     Stem  branching,  3  to  10  feet  high  :  leaves  in 
the  typical  form  ovate-oblong  or  narrower,  sometimes  with  merely  spinulose- 
ciliate  slightly  toothed  margins,  sometimes  laciuiate-cleft  or  sinuate,  or  lower 
ones  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  weakly  prickly  :  heads  l^  to  2  inches  high:  invo- 
lucral bracts  firm-coriaceous,  abruptly  tipped  with  a  spreading  setiform  prickle, 
the  short  outermost  ovate  or  oblong :  roots  fascicled  and  not  rarely  tuberous- 
thickened  below  the  middle,  in  the  manner  of  Dahlia.  —  East  of  our  range, 
but  represented  by 

V:ir.  filipendulus,  Gray.  Smaller,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  roots  tuberiferous : 
leaves  commonly  deeply  pinnatifid:  heads  few,  only  1|  inch  high.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xix.  56.  Prairies  and  thickets,  Texas  and  Colorado. 


COMPOSITE.      (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.)  215 

12.  C.  Virginianus,  Pursh.  Stem  slender,  2  or  3  feet  high,  simple  or 
branching :  leaves  narrow,  varying  as  in  the  last :  heads  more  naked-peduncu- 
late, only  an  inch  long:  involucral  bracts  small  and  narrow,  thinner,  tapering 
into  a  very  weak  short  spreading  bristle-like  prickle,  sometimes  hardly  any :  flowers 
rose-purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Virginia. 


72.    KRIGIA,    Schreb. 

Low  herbs ;  with  rather  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  slender 
naked  peduncles  or  scapes.  Ours  belongs  to  the  §  Cynthia,  in  which  the 
involucral  bracts  are  9  to  18  and  thin,  and  pappus  of  10  to  15  oblong  scales 
and  15  or  20  slender  capillary  bristles. 

1.  K.  amplexicaulis,  Nutt.  Caulescent,  not  tuberiferous,  glaucous: 
stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  1  to  3-leaved,  bearing  one  or  two  or  few  somewhat 
umbellate  heads  on  moderately  long  peduncles :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse, 
entire,  repand  and  denticulate,  or  radical  somewhat  lyrately  lobed;  these 
contracted  into  winged  petioles;  cauline  partly  clasping  by  a  broad  base. — 
Cynthia  VHrginica,  Don.  From  Colorado  to  New  York  and  Georgia. 


73.    STEPHANOMERIA,   Nutt. 

Mostly  smooth  and  glabrous ;  with  branching  or  rarely  virgate  and  often 
rigid  or  rush-like  stems,  small  or  merely  scale-like  leaves  on  the  flowering 
branches,  and  usually  paniculate  heads  of  rose-colored  or  flesh-colored  flowers. 
In  ours  the  heads  are  ^  to  J  inch  high,  mostly  5-flowered  and  with  about  the 
same  number  of  involucral  bracts. 

#  Perennials,  paniculately  branched  from  thick  and  tortuous  roots,  with  striate  and 

rush-like  branches,  small-leaved  or  nearly  leafless  above :  pappus  bristles  not  at 
all  dilated  at  base,  but  plumose  below  the  middle. 

1.  S.  runcinata,  Nutt.     Comparatively  stout  and  rigid,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
with  spreading  branches:  heads  mostly  4  or  5  lines  high  and  scattered  along 
the  branches :  lower  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  commonly  lanceolate ;  upper 
linear  or  reduced  to  scales :  pappus  dull  white,  plumose  only  to  near  the  base. 
—  Plains,  from  Nebraska  and  Wyoming  to  Texas,  Arizona,  and  California. 

2.  S.  minor,  Nutt.     More  slender  and  with  ascending  branches  bearing  usu- 
ally terminal  and  smaller  heads:  cauline  leaves  all  slender,  often  filiform :  pappus 
white,  very  plumose  down  to  base. —  Plains  and  mountains,  from  the  borders 
of  British  America  to  those  of  Mexico. 

*  *  Annuals  or  biennials :  bristles  of  the  ichite  or  whitish  pappus  plumose  above 

but  naked  below  the  middle,  at  base  more  or  less  dilated. 

3.  S.  exigua,  Nutt.    A  foot  or  two  high,  with  slender  branches  and 
branchlets  :  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid,  those 
of  the  branches  mainly  reduced  to  short  scales :  bristles  of  the  pappus  9  to 
18,  their  more  or  less  dilated  or  chaffy  bases  commonly  a  little  connate. — 
From  Wyoming  to  Texas  and  westward  to  Nevada  and  E.  California. 


216  COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

74.    MICBOSERIS,    Don. 

Glabrous  or  merely  puberulent,  acaulescent  or  stibcaulescent ;  with  heads  of 
yellow  flowers  terminating  naked  scapes  or  elongated  simple  peduncles. 

*  Pappus  of  15  to  20  white  and  soft  plumose  bristles  with  chaffy  base:  akenes 

linear-columnar,  of  same  diameter  from  base  to  summit :  stems  more  or  less 
branching  and  leaf-bearing. 

1.  M.  nutans,  Gray.     Slender,  a  foot  or  so  high :  fusiform  roots  either 
fascicled  or  solitary  :  leaves  from  entire  and  spatulate-obovate  to  pinuately 
parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes :  heads  8  to  20-flowered,  slender-peduncled  : 
involucre  of  8  to  10  linear-lanceolate  gradually  acuminate  principal  bracts: 
bristles  of  pappus  several  times  longer  than  the  oblong  scale  at  the  base.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  208.     From  British  Columbia  and  Montana  to  S.  W. 
Colorado  and  California. 

*  *  Pappus  of  20  to  24  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  silvery-white  scales,  occupying 

two  or  more  series,  very  gradually  attenuate  into  a  slender  awn :  akenes  attenu- 
ate-fusiform. 

2.  M.  troximoides,  Gray.     Acaulescent  or  nearly  so :  leaves  tufted  on 
the  caudex,  rather  fleshy,  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  undulate,  4  to 
6  inches  long :  scapes  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  involucre  £  inch  high :  pappus 
^  inch  or  more  long,  its  almost  setiform  scales  \  line  wide  below.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  ix.  211.    Hills  and  open  plains,  Montana  and  Idaho  to  Washington  Ter- 
ritory and  California. 

75.    MALACOTHRIX,    DC. 

Leafy -stemmed  or  scapose ;  with  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  or  white 
flowers,  sometimes  becoming  purplish  tinged.  In  ours  the  involucre  is  of 
narrow  bracts  and  short-peduncled  on  the  leafy  spreading  branches. 

1.  M.  sonchoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high  :  lower  leaves 
oblong,  piunatifid,  with  short  and  dentate  lobes,  rhachis  of  the  principal  leaves 
also  dentate:  akenes  linear-oblong,  15-striate-ribbed,  somewhat  angled  by  5 
moderately  stronger  ribs,  the  summit  with  a  1 5-denticulate  white  border. — 
Fl.  ii.  486.  Plains  of  W.  Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  westward. 

76.     HIERACIUM,    Tourn.         HAWKWEED. 

Perennial  herbs :  often  with  toothed  but  never  deeply  lobed  leaves :  heads 
paniculate,  rarely  solitary :  flowers  yellow,  or  white  in  one  species. 

§  1.    Involucre  of  the  comparatively  large  heads  irregularly  more  or  less  imbri- 
cated :   pappus  of  copious  and  unequal  bristles :    akenes  columnar,  truncate. 
In  ours  the  stems  are  leafy  to  the  top,  the  cauline  /cares  all  closely  sessile, 
1.   H.  limbellatum,  L.     A  foot  or  two  high,  strict,  bearing  a  few  some- 
what umbellately  disposed  heads:  leaves  narrowly  or  sometimes  broadly  lanceo- 
late, nearly  entire,  sparsely  denticulate,  occasionally  laciniate-dentate,  all  narrow 
at  base :  involucre  usually  livid,  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  outermost  bracts  loose 
or  spreading.  —  From  Lake  Superior  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  northward. 


COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  217 

2.  H.  Canadense,  Michx.     Taller,  robust,  with  corymbosely  or  panicu- 
lately  cymose  heads:  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute,  sparsely 
and  acutely  dentate  or  even  laciniate,  at  least  the  upper  partly  clasping  and  broad 
or  broad  ish  at  base :  involucre  usually  pubescent  when  young,  glabrate,  occa- 
sionally glandular ;  the  narrow  outermost  bracts  loose :  pappus  sordid.  —  Across 
the  continent  near  the  British  boundary  and  northward. 

§  2.  Involucre  a  series  of  equal  bracts  and  a  few  short  ones :  pappus  of  more  or 
less  scanty  equal  bristles:  akenes  in  some  species  slender  or  tapering  to  the 
summit. 

*  Hirsute  with  long  and  whitish  or  yellowish  shaggy  denticulate  hairs  commonlt/ 

from  a  small  papilla,  commonly  but  not  always  on  the  involucre  also:  flowers 
yellow. 

3.  H.  longipilum,  Torr.    Stout,  leafy  to  near  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
and  with  linear-lanceolate  or  subulate  bracts  up  to  the  narrow  panicle :  pubes- 
cence mainly  glandular-setose  and  most  abundant ,    the  bristles  upright,  com- 
monly \  to  1  inch  long,  fulvous  or  rufous :  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  upper 
lanceolate,  thickish,  the  radical  commonly  present  in  a  tuft  at  flowering  time  : 
involucre  20  to  30-flowered,  and  with  short  peduncles  more  or  less  tomentu- 
lose  as  well  as  glandular,  in  a  narrow  almost  virgate  panicle :  akenes  fusiform : 
pappus  at  maturity  fuscous.  —  Woods  and  prairies,  from  Nebraska  to  Texas, 
within  the  eastern  limit  of  our  range,  and  eastward  to  Michigan. 

4.  H.  Scouleri,  Hook.     Robust,  a  foot  or  two  high:  hairs  long  and  soft 
setose,  whitish  or  yellowish:  leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  3  to  6 
inches  long :  panicle  irregular  or  branching :  involucre  somewhat  furfuraceous 
and  glandular,  also  sparsely  or  copiously  beset  with  long  bristly  hairs :  akenes 
columnar  and  short :  pappus  whitish.  —  From  Montana  to  Oregon  and  south  to 
the  Wahsatch. 

*  *  Dark-hirsute  and  somewhat  glandular  (also  whitish  with  short  tomentum)  on 

the  involucre:  leaves  and  lower  part  ofscapiform  stems  not  even  pilose :  Jlowers 
yellow :  pappus  sordid. 

5.  H  gracile,  Hook.    Pale  green,  in  tufts :  leaves  nearly  all  in  radical 
clusters,  obovate-  to  oblong-spatulate  and   attenuate  into  petioles,  entire  or 
repand-denticulate :   stems  or  scapes  slender,  8  to  18  inches  high,  cinereous 
above,   bearing  few  or  several  racemosely  disposed  livid  heads,  the  lower 
linear-bracteate :  involucre  usually  blackish-hairy  at  base :  akenes  short  co- 
lumnar. —  Includes  //.  triste,  mostly,  of  the  Western  Reports.     Mountains  of 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward. 

Var.  detonsum,  Gray.  A  span  to  nearly  a  foot  high,  with  rather  smaller 
heads :  dark  hirsute  hairs  wholly  wanting,  or  only  some  smaller  ones  on  the 
involucre.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  427.  H.  triste,  var.  detonsum,  Gray.  Mountains 
of  Colorado  and  California  to  those  of  British  Columbia. 

*  *  *  Not  bristly  (occasionally  scattered  bristles  on  the  involucre  and  panicle), 

but  at  least  the  radical  leaves  and  base  of  stem  sparsely  or  thickly  setose-hirsute 
with  long  spreading  hairs. 

•+-  Flowers  white :  stems  leafy :  akenes  linear-columnar,  not  at  all  narrowed 
upward :  pappus  sordid :  leaves  entire  or  denticulate. 

6.  H.  albiflorum,  Hook.     A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  smaller  plants  with 


218  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

simple  and  larger  with  compound  open  cyme :  leaves  oblong,  thin,  upper 
with  usually  narrowed  sessile  base,  lower  tapering  into  petiole :  involucre  of 
linear-lanceolate  bracts,  pale  or  livid,  mostly  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  not  rarely 
a  few  bristly  hairs.  —  From  Colorado  and  Utah  to  California  and  British 
Columbia. 

•i-  -i-  Flowers  yellow:  stems  rather  scapose  (2  to  several-leaved):  leaves  entire  or 
slightly  denticulate. 

7.  H.  cynoglossoides,  Arvet.     Stem  a  foot  or  less  high  (either  from 
naked  base  or  more  commonly  a  radical  tuft  of  leaves),  simple,  2  to  several- 
leaved,  bearing  few  or  several  cymosely  disposed  heads,  setose-hirsute  or 
hispid  at  base :  leaves  lanceolate  to  spatulate-oblong,  at  least  the  lower  con- 
spicuously setose-hirsute ;  upper  sometimes  glabrous :  involucre  glandular,  some- 
times as  also  peduncles  glandular-hispidulous :  akenes  rather  short-columnar: 
pappus  whitish.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  68.    If.  Scouleri,  Hooker,  partly. 
N.  W.  Wyoming  and  Montana  to  Oregon  and  California. 

8.  H.  Fendleri,  Schultz  Bip.     Subscapose,  not  rarely  one  or  two  leaves 
toward  base  of    the  simple  or  paniculately  branching  stem,  sparsely  setose- 
hirsute  :    radical  leaves  spatulate  or  broader ;  cauline  verging  to  lanceolate, 
reduced  above  to  linear  bracts  :  heads  few  and  racemiform-paniculate,  or  more 
numerous  and  corvmbosely  disposed  :  involucre  puberulent  or  glabrate,  with  or 
without  scattered  setose  hairs :  akenes  tapering  from  near  the  base  to  summit, 
sometimes  reddish,  at  length  commonly  blackish :  pappus  copious,  soft,  sordid- 
whitish.  —  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 


77.    CBEPIS,    L. 

Annuals  or  (ours)  perennials,  with  soft  white  pappus  and  narrow-necked 
or  beaked  akenes  (some  truncate  or  merely  tapering  upwards)  :  leaves  entire 
or  inclined  to  be  pinnatifid :  flowers  all  yellow. 

*  Low  or  depressed,  branched  from  the  base,  wholly  glabrous,  bearing  numerous 

clustered  heads:  involucre  of  narrowly  linear  obtuse  equal  bracts:  akenes  nar- 
row, 10-striate,  having  at  summit  a  disk  bearing  the  pappus. 

1.  C.  nana,  Richards.      Forming  depressed  tufts  on  creeping  rootstocks : 
leaves  chiefly  radical,  obovate  to  spatulate,  entire,  repand-dentate,  or  lyrate, 
commonly  equalling  the  clustered  scapes  or  stems :    heads  in  fruit  nearly 
^  inch  high  :    akenes   linear,  unequally  ribbed,  obscurely  contracted  under  the 
moderately  dilated  pappiferous  disk.  —  Alpine  mountain  summits  in  Colorado 
and  California,  thence  far  northward. 

2.  C.  elegans,  Hook.     Many-stemmed  from  a  tap-root,  diffusely  branched  : 
leaves  entire  or  nearly  so ;  radical  spatulate,  cauline  from  lanceolate  to  linear : 
heads  smaller :  akenes  linear-fusiform,  minutely  scabrous  on  the  equal  narrow 
ribs,  attenuate  into  a  short  slender  beak,  which  is  discoid-dilated  at  summit.  — 
From  Montana  and  Dakota  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  *  More  robust  and  taller,  with  scapiform  or  few-leaved  stems  and  larger  heads: 

akenes  thicker,  not  dilated-discoid  at  the  insertion  of  the  pappus. 
•*-  No  canescent  putrescence:  foliage  mostly  glabrous:  involucre  many-flowered; 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  219 

its   bracts  narrow,  acute,  little  thickened  below  after  flowering:   pappus  not 
remarkably  copious:    leaves  mostly  radical. 

3.  C   glauca,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Usually  scapose,  1  to  2  feet  high,  glances- 
cent  or  glaucous :    radical  leaves  from  obovate-spatulate  to  lanceolate,  from 
entire  to  laciniate-pinnatijid :    involucre  4  lines  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  as 
also  the  peduncles :   akenes  oblong,  with  slightly  narrowed  summit,  strongly 
and  evenly  10-ribbed.  —  Fl.  ii.  438.     Moist  ground,  from  the  Saskatchewan 
and  Nebraska  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

4.  C.  runcinata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Not,  glaucous  or  slightly  so,  1  to  2  feet 
high:  radical  leaves  obovate-obloug  to  oblong-lanceolate,  from  repand  to  run- 
cinatR-pinnatiJid  with  short  lobes  or  teeth ;  cauline  none,  or  small  and  narrow 
at  the  forks  :    involucre  -£  inch  high  or  smaller,  pubescent,  often  hirsute,  some- 
times (with  peduncles  and  upper  part  of  scape)  glandular-hispidulous :  akenes 
narrowly  oblong,  moderately  narrowed  upward,  somewhat  evenly  10-ribbed. — 
Loc.  cit.     In  subalpine  swamps,  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Montana  and  the 
Saskatchewan. 

t-  -i-  Cinereous-pubescent,  at  least  the  foliage :  bracts  of  the  involucre  at  length 
with  more  or  less  thickened  or  keeled  midrib,  at  least  at  base :  leaves  usually 
laciniate-pinnatijid. 

•w.  Principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  and  flowers  5  t  o  8 :  no  hirsute  pubescence: 
pappus  moderately  copious  and  soft. 

5.  C.  acuminata,  Nutt.     Minutely  cinereous  below,  but  green  :   stem 
slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  1  to  3-leaved,  bearing  a  fastigiate  or  corymbiform 
cyme  of   numerous  small  heads :    leaves   elongated,  slender-petioled,  oblong- 
lanceolate   in   outline,  laciniate-pinnatifid,  tapering   to  both  ends,  the  apex 
usually  into  a  lanceolate  or  linear  tail-like  prolongation :  involucre  i  to  ^  inch 
long,  rarely  over  6-flowered,  smooth  and  glabrous:  akenes  at  maturity  fusi- 
form, considerably  longer  than  the  pappus,  lightly  striate-costate,  moderately 
attenuate  at  summit.  —  Dry  ground,  Montana  and  Wyoming  to  E.  Oregon, 
Utah,  and  California. 

6.  C.   intermedia,  Gray.     Habit  and  foliage  of  the  preceding,  or  less 
tall,  more  ciuereous-puberulent,  usually  with  fewer  heads:  involucre  \  inch  or 
more  long,  cancscentltj  puberulent ;  its  bracts  in  age   more  carinate  by  thick- 
ened midrib:    akenes  acutely  10  costate  at  maturity,  oblong-fusiform,  slightly 
attenuate  upward,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  pappus.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i.  432. 
C.  acuminata,  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  partly.     Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado  to  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  California,  and  north  to  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  gracilis,  Gray.  A  very  slender  form,  with  rhachis  and  apical  pro- 
longation as  well  as  lobes  of  the  leaves  attenuate-linear.  —  Loc.  cit.  C.  occi- 
dentalis,  var.  gracilis,  Eaton. 

•w  .M.  Principal  bracts  of  involucre  9  to  24  and  flowers  10  to  30 :  pappus  exceed- 
ingly copious  and  harsher. 

7.  C.  OCCidentalis,  Nutt.     Often   hirsute  as  well  as  canescent,  rather 
robust,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  commonly  leafy-stemmed  and  branching : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  broader  in  outline,  variously  laciniate-pinnatifid  or 
incised,  apex  seldom  much  prolonged  :  involucre  ^  to  §  inch  high,  canescent  : 
akenes  longer  than  the  pappus,  usually  with  tapering  summit  and  acute  ribs. 


220  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

—  Plains  of  Nebraska  and  Wyoming  to  Washington  Territory,  and  south  to 
the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  California. 


78.    PRENANTHES,   Vaill. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  loosely  paniculate  heads,  few-nerved  akenes,  and  soft 
bright  white  pappus.  Ours  belong  to  the  subgenus  Nabalus,  with  more  con- 
tracted inflorescence,  dull-colored  flowers,  more  nerved  akenes,  and  stiffer 
sordid  pappus. 

1.  P.  racemosa,  Michx.     Stems  simple,  1  to  5  feet  high,  leafy  up  to  the 
inflorescence,  with  the  leaves  glabrous  and  glaucous:  leaves  ordinarily  only 
denticulate;  radical  and  lower  leaves  spatulate-oblong  to  obovate,  tapering  into 
winged  petioles ;  upper  cauline  lanceolate  to  ovate,  partly  clasping,  the  broader 
ones  by  a  cordate  or  auriculate  base :  heads  not  at  all  drooping,  crowded  in  an 
elongated  thyrsus,  a  span  to  2  feet  long :  involucre  loosely  hirsute :  flowers  pur- 
plish: akeues  about  15-nerved,  somewhat  angled  by  4  or  5  of  the  stronger 
nerves.  —  Nabalus   racemosus,   DC.      From   Colorado   to   the   Saskatchewan, 
thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  P.  alata,  Gray.    A  foot  or  two  high,  the  larger  plants  branching  :  leaves 
hastate-deltoid,  sharply  and  irregularly  dentate,  abruptly  contracted  or  some  of  tbe 
upper  cuneately  decurrent  into  winged  petioles,  or  small  uppermost  narrower 
and  sessile  by  a  tapering  base :  heads  someivhat  pendulous,  loosely  and  somewhat 
corymbosely  paniculate:  involuere  of  8  to  10  greenish  bracts  :  flowers  purplish  : 
akenes  slender,  at  lea?t  sometimes  with  a  tapering  summit.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  i. 
435.     Nabalus  alatus,  Hook.     From  the  far  north  to  Oregon,  represented  in 
the  mountains  of  N.  Montana  by 

Var.  sagittata,  Gray.  Leaves  sagittate  or  hastate,  with  basal  lobes 
mostly  slender  and  prolonged :  heads  in  a  virgate  panicle :  involucre  pale 
green,  very  glabrous :  immature  akenes  not  tapering  to  the  summit.  — 
Loc.  cit. 

79.    LYGODESMIA,    Don. 

Mostly  smooth  and  glabrous  ;  with  usually  rush  like  rigid  or  tough  stems, 
linear  or  scale-like  leaves,  and  terminal  or  scattered  heads  which  are  always 
erect :  the  flowers  pink  or  rose-color. 

#  Erect  perennials,  with  striate-angfed  junciform  stems  and  branches,  and  terminal 
solitary  heads:  akenes  slender,  terete,  almost  filiform,  slightly  taper inq  to  sum- 
mit :  pappus  soft  and  copious,  whitish  or  sordid. 

1.  L.  juncea,  Don.     Fastigiately  much  branched  from  the  deep-rooted  base, 
about  afoot  high:  leaves  persistent,  small,  somewhat  nervose;  lower  lancfo- 
late-linear  from  a  broadish  base,  inch  or  two  long ;  upper  reduced  to  small  subu- 
late scales :  involucre  at  most  ^  inch  long,  5-flowered  :  ligules  j  or  \  inch  long. 
—  Plains  of  the  Saskatchewan  and  Minnesota  to  New  Mexico  and  Nevada. 

2.  L.  grandiflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  separate  or  few  from  the  root, 
simple  below,  a  span  to  a  foot  high ;  tbe  larger  plants  leafy,  corymbosely 
branched  above,  and  bearing  few  or  numerous  short-pedunculate  heads :  leaves 
all  entire,  of  firm  and  thickish  texture,  linear-attenuate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  only 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  221 

the  very  uppermost  reduced  to  scales:  involucre  fully  f  inch  long,  5  to  10- 
flowered:  ligules  of  equal  length,  showy,  rose-red.  —  Fl.  ii.  485.  Gravelly  hills, 
W.  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

*  #  Paniculately  branched  annuals:  pappus  white  and  soft. 
3.  L.  rostrata,  Gray.  Stem  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  striate,  leafy,  corym- 
bose-paniculate :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  attenuate  to  both  ends,  entire,  ob- 
scurely 3-nerved ;  cauline  3  to  7  inches  long,  barely  2  lines  wide ;  uppermost 
slender-subulate :  heads  numerous,  on  scaly-bracteolate  erect  peduncles :  invo- 
lucre 8  to  9-flowered,  of  as  many  very  narrowly  linear  bracts  :  rays  small  and 
narrow,  probably  purplish  :  akenes  slender-fusiform,  distinctly  attenuate  at 
summit,  longer  than  the  soft  rather  dull-white  pappus.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix. 
217.  L.juncea,  var.  rostrata,  Gray.  Plains,  from  the  Saskatchewan  to  Wyo- 
ming and  Colorado. 

80.    TROXIMON,    Nutt. 

Acaulescent  or  nearly  so;  with  a  cluster  of  sessile  or  subsessile  radical 
leaves,  and  simple  scapes  bearing  a  head  of  yellow  or  rarely  purple  flowers. 
Includes  both  Troximon  and  Macrorhynchus  of  the  Western  Reports. 

§  1.  Akenes  beakless,  or  tapering  gradually  into  a  short  and  thicJcish  beak,  on 
winch  the  nerves  or  ribs  of  the  body  are  prolonged  to  the  apex:  pappus  some- 
what rigid.  —  EUTROXIMON. 

1.  T.  cuspid atum,  Pursh.      Glaucescent,   somewhat  tomentose  when 
young,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  entire,  elongated  linear-lanceolate  and  up- 
wardly linear-attenuate,  mostly  ciliate :  involucre  about  an  inch  high ;  its  bracts 
in  2  or  3  series,  all  tapering  to  a  slender  acumination,  glabrous :  akenes  becoming 
3  or  4  lines  long,  rather  shorter  than  the  unequal  pappus,  beakless.  —  Prairies, 
from  Dakota  to  Wisconsin  and  W.  Illinois. 

2.  T.  glaucum,  Nutt.     Usually  a  foot  or  two  high,  rather  stout,  pale  or 
glaucous,  either  glabrous  or  with  loose  pubescence :  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate, 
from  entire  to  sparingly  dentate  or  sometimes  laciniate,  4  to  12  inches  long:  invo- 
lucre commonly  an  inch  high   and   many-flowered ;    its   bracts  lanceolate  or 
broader;  outer  series  shorter,  often  pubescent  or  even  villous:  akenes  with  the 
stout  nerved  beak  5  or  6  lines  long,  longer  than  the  pappus.  —  Macrorhi/nchus 
glaucus,  Eaton.    Grassy  plains,  Saskatchewan  and  Dakota  to  British  Columbia, 
and  mountains  of  Utah  and  Colorado. 

Var.  parviflorum,  Gray.  A  small  and  slender  form :  leaves  only  2  to  6 
inches  long :  scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  head  smaller  and  narrower.  — 
Synopt.  Fl.  i.  437.  T.  parciflorum,  Nutt.  Plains  of  Nebraska  and  Wyoming 
to  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico. 

Var.  laciniatum,  Gray.  Dwarf  (a  span  or  two  high),  with  the  small 
heads  of  the  preceding  variety,  varying  to  larger,  glabrous  or  glabrate,  when 
young  often  cinereous-pubescent  throughout :  rays  sometimes  purplish  exter- 
nally or  in  fading  :  leaves  mostly  of  lanceolate  outline  and  laciniate-pinnatifid. 
—  Bot.  Calif,  i.  437.  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  California. 

Var.  dasycepliaru.nl,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Commonly  robust,  with  large  and 
broad  heads :  the  involucre  inch  broad  as  well  as  high,  and  from  villous  to 
cinereous-pubescent,  sometimes  early  glabrate :  receptacle  not  rarely  bearing 


222  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

a  few  chaffy  bracts  among  the  flowers :  leaves  from  elongated-lanceolate  to 
oblong-spatulate,  from  entire  to  laciniate  or  rarely  pinuatifid :  scape  from  a 
span  to  2  feet  high.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Wash- 
ington Territory,  northeastward  to  Dakota  and  the  Arctic  regions. 

§  2.     AJcenes  with  a  slender  and  mostly  filiform  nerveless  beak  and  soft  pap- 
pus. —  MACRORHYNCHUS. 

3.  T.  aurantiacum,  Hook.    Loosely  soft-pubescent  and  glabrate  :  leaves 
from  linear-lanceolate  to  spatulate,  thinnish,  entire,  or  sparingly  laciniate-den- 
tate,  occasionally  pinnatijid :  scape  from  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high :  invo- 
lucre 7  to  9  lines  high ;  its  bracts  from  broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate  and 
acute,  or  outer  and  looser  ones  oblong  and  obtuse :  flowers  orange,  commonly 
changing  to  brownish  red  or  purple :  akenes  thickish,  3  or  4  lines  long,  and 
the  jftrm   beak  only  2  or  3  lines  long:   pappus  somewhat   rigidulous.  —  Macro- 
rhynchus  troximoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Northern  Rocky  Mountains  to  British 
Columbia  and  Oregon,  and  mountains  of  Colorado. 

Var.  purpureum,  Gray.  Leaves  apparently  thickish,  laciniate,  and  with 
the  purple-tinged  involucre  very  glabrous  or  glabrate :  "  flowers  purple."  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  72.  New  Mexico,  and  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

4.  T.  gracilens,  Gray.     Resembles  slender  forms  of  preceding :  leaves 
mostly  entire,  flaccid,  from  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  or  some  narrowly  spatu- 
late: scape  10  to  18  inches  high:  head  and  iuvolucral  bracts  narrow:  flowers 
deep  orange :  akenes  fusiform-linear,  3  or  4  lines  long ;  the  very  slender  beak  4 
or  5  lines  long:  pappus  soft,  but  not  flaccid.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  71.    Moun- 
tains in  N.  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 


81.    TARAXACUM,    HaJler.        DANDELION. 

Perennials,  sending  up  in  the  spring,  from  a  rosulate  cluster  of  runcinate- 
pinnatifid  or  lyrate  radical  leaves,  naked  fistulous  scapes,  which  elongate  with 
and  after  the  blooming  of  the  showy  head  of  yellow  flowers :  involucre  re- 
flexed  at  maturity :  fruit,  with  the  expanded  pappus  raised  on  the  elongated 
beak,  displayed  in  a  globose  body. 

1.  T.  officinale,  Weber.  Root  vertical:  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to 
lanceolate,  from  irregularly  dentate  to  runcinate-pinnatifid  :  akenes  oblong- 
obovate  or  narrower,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  conical  or  pyramidal  apex, 
which  is  prolonged  into  a  filiform  beak  of  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the 
iikene.  In  the  ordinary  form  of  the  fields  the  involucral  bracts  are  obscurely 
or  not  at  all  corniculate,  and  the  calyculate  bracts  are  linear,  elongated,  and 
recurved  ;  leaves  usually  lobed.  —  T.  Dens-leonis,  Desf.  Common  everywhere 
in  fields  and  yards. 

Var.  alpinum,  Koch.  Outer  involucral  bracts  ovate  to  broadly  lanceo- 
late, spreading,  none  conspicuously  corniculate.  —  Labrador  to  British  Colum- 
bia, and  southward  along  higher  mountains  to  Colorado  and  California. 

Var.  lividum,  Koch.  Outer  involucral  bracts  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
all  apt  to  be  dark-colored  in  drying,  obscurely  or  not  at  all  corniculate :  leaves 
from  denticulate  to  ruucinate-dentate,  sometimes  pinnatifid.  —  T.  palustre,  DC. 
Rocky  Mountains,  from  New  Mexico  to  the  Arctic  coast. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  223 

Var.  scopulorum,  Gray.  Minute :  leaves  and  scape  an  inch  or  less  long : 
head  3  or  in  fruit  even  5  lines  high,  narrow,  few-flowered :  outer  involucral 
bracts  lanceolate,  rather  loose ;  inner  somewhat  corniculate.  —  T.  kevigatum, 
Gray.  Highest  alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado. 

82.    PYRRHOPAPPUS,  DC. 

With  leafy  or  (in  ours)  scapiforra  stems,  undivided  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and 
rather  large  slender  pedunculate  heads  of  golden  yellow  flowers.  Our  species 
is  monocephalous. 

1.  P.  scaposus,  DC.  Hirsutulous-pubescent,  low  and  simple:  globular 
tuber  sending  up  a  slender  caudex,  bearing  at  the  surface  of  the  ground  a 
cluster  of  pinnatifid  leaves  and  scapes  of  a  span  or  two  high:  the  latter  sim- 
ple and  naked,  sometimes  a  bract  or  small  leaf  near  the  base  :  head  seldom  an 
inch  high  in  fruit :  calyculate  bracts  of  involucre  short  and  small,  subulate ; 
principal  ones  obscurely  corniculate  at  tip:  flowers  citron-yellow:  pappus 
fulvous.  —  P.  grandijlorus,  Nutt.  Prairies  of  Arkansas  to  E.  Colorado. 

83.    LACTTJCA,1   Tourn.        LETTUCE. 

Mostly  tall  herbs,  with  milky  juice,  leafy  stems,  and  paniculate  heads  of 
yellow,  blue,  or  whitish  flowers:  involucre  glabrous  and  smooth.  Includes 
Mulgedium. 

*  Akenes  fiat,  orbicular  to  oblong,  abruptly  produced  into  a  filiform  beak  of  softer 

texture. 

1.  L.  Ludoviciana,  DC.    Glabrous,  leafy  to  the  open  panicle,  2  to  5  feet 
high :  leaves  all  oblong  and  auriculate-clasptng,  3  or  4  inches  long,  sinuate-pin- 
natifid,  somewhat  spinulosely  dentate,  more  or  less  bnstly-ciliate,  more  or  less 
hispidulous-setose  on  the  midrib  beneath :  flowers  yellow :  akcnes  oblong-oval, 
about  equalled  by  the  filiform  beak.  —  From  Dakota  and  Wyoming  to  Iowa  and 
Texas. 

2.  L.  pulchella,  DC.     A  foot  or  two  high,  very  glabrous,  glaucescent, 
leafy  up  to  the  open  panicle :  leaves  from  linear-lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong, 
entire  or  runcinate-dentate,  or  some  lower  ones  pinnatifid ;  cauline  sessile,  with 

1  The  Old  World  genus  Sonchus,  Tourn.,  ("  Sow-Thistle,")  with  leafy  stems,  yellow 
flmvers,  and  white  pappus,  has  become  extensively  naturalized  in  the  east,  and  the  follow- 
ing species  have  appeared  within  our  range :  — 

*  Coarse  annuals  ;  with  nmcinately  or  lyrately  pinnatifid  leaves,  beset  with  soft  spinulose 

serratures;  upper  cauline  auriculate-clasping :   heads  corymbose-paniculate :  akenes 
flat,  thin-edged,  oblong-obovate 

S.  oleraceus,  L.,  has  leaves  with  soft  and  hardly  spinulose  teeth  ;  auricles  of  the  cauline 
ones  acute  ;  akenes  striate-nerved  and  transversely  rugulose-scabrous. 

S.  asper,  Vill. ,  has  teeth  of  the  leaves  longer  and  more  prickly ;  auricles  of  the  clasp- 
Ing  base  rounded  ;  and  akenes  smooth,  8-nerved  on  each  side. 

*  *  Strong-rooted  perennial,  with  deep  yellow  flowers,  and  thickish  akenes. 
S.  arvensis,  L.,  has  stems  2  feet  high  and  naked  at  the  summit ;  leaves  as  before,  den- 
ticulate-spinulose,  cauline  partly  clasping ;  peduncles  and  involucre  more  or  less  glandular- 
bristly  ;  heads  almost  twice  as  long  (1  inch  high) ;  akenes  oblong,  about  10-ribbed  and 
rugulose  on  the  ribs. 


224  LOBELIACE.E.      (LOBELIA   FAMILY.) 

base  not  auriculate-clasping :  flowers  bright  blue  or  violet-purple :  akenes  lanceolate- 
oblong,  barely  2  Hues  long,  striate-nervose  ;  the  tip  of  short  (no  longer  than  the 
breadth  of  the  body)   beak  soft  and  usually  whitish.  —  Mulgedium  pulchellum, 
Nutt.     From  New  Mexico  to  California,  British  Columbia,  and  eastward. 
*  *  Akenes  thickish,  oblong,  with  some  strong  ribs  and  nerves,  contracted  at  the 

summit  into  a  short  but  manifest  neck. 

3.  L.  leUGOphsea,  Gray.  Stem  3  to  12  feet  high,  stout,  leafy  up  to  the 
pyramidal  rather  crowded  panicle  :  leaves  ample,  sinuately  or  runcinately 
pinnatifid,  coarsely  and  irregularly  or  doubly  dentate ;  upper  cauline  sessile 
by  a  mostly  narrowed  but  auriculate  or  partly  clasping  base  :  involucre  oblong, 
5  lines  high :  flowers  bluish  to  yellowish  or  whitish  :  pappus  sordid  or  fus- 
cous. —  Mulgedium  leucophazum,  DC.  Across  the  continent  from  Oregon  to  the 
mountains  of  Carolina  and  northward. 


ORDER  43.    LOBE  LI  AC  E^.     (LOBELIA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  scattered  flowers,  irregular 
5-lobed  corolla,  and  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla  and  united 
into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  filaments  and  always  by  their  an- 
thers. Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  2-celled,  many-seeded  capsule: 
style  one. 

1.  Lobelia.     Corolla  open  down  to  the  base  on  one  side. 

2.  Laurentia.    Corolla  with  a  closed  tube.     Capsule  wholly  inferior. 


1.    LOBELIA,   L. 

Calyx-tube  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  and 
somewhat  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  of  2  rather  erect  lobes,  the  lower  lip  spread- 
ing and  3-cleft.  Capsule  2-celled,  opening  at  the  top.  —  Flowers  axillary  or 
chiefly  in  bracted  racemes. 

1.  L.  cardinalis,  L.     Stem  tall,  simple,  2  to  4  feet  high,  smoothish: 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed:  raceme  elongated,  rather  one-sided: 
flowers  large,  deep  red ;  the  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaf-like  bracts.  — 
Colorado,  and  throughout  the  States  eastward.     The  intense  red  of  the  flower 
varies  to  rose-color  and  even  white.     Known  as  "  Cardinal  Flower." 

2.  L.  syphilitica,  L.     Stems  simple,  2  to  3  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top, 
somewhat  hairy  :  leaves  thin,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
irregularly  serrate:  flowers  in  a  long  spike-like  raceme,  light  blue,  rarely  white: 
sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  deflexed  auricles.  —  From  Colorado  to  Dakota  and 
throughout  the  States  eastward. 

2.    LAURENTIA,    Micheli. 

Calyx-tube  turbinate  or  oblong.  Corolla  with  its  tube  as  long  as  the  limb, 
which  is  like  that  of  Lobelia.  Capsule  short,  2-valved  at  the  summit.  —  Low 
herbs,  resembling  small  species  of  Lobelia,  excepting  the  closed  tube  of  the 
corolla.  Flowers  blue. 


CAMPANULACEJ3.      (CAMPANULA   FAMILY.)          225 

1.  L.  carnosula,  Benth.  Annual,  rooting  in  the  mud,  glabrous,  1  to  5 
inches  high  :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  £  to  £  inch 
long  :  flowers  axillary  and  above  corymbose  or  racemose,  long-pedicelled.  — 
Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  444.  Portcrella  carnulosa,  Torr.,  of  Hayd.  Rep.  1872,  488. 
Muddy  borders  of  ponds  and  streams  from  the  Californian  Sierras  to  Utah 
and  Wyoming. 


ORDER  44.    CAIWPANULACEJE.     (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.) 

Like  the  Lobeliacete,  but  the  corolla  regular  bell-shaped,  the  stamens 
usually  distinct  and  the  capsule  (in  ours)  3-celled.  —  Flowers  generally 
blue  and  showy. 

1.  Specularia.    Calyx-tube  more  or  less  elongated  and  narrow.    Corolla  short  and  broad, 

rotate  when  expanded.     Capsule  prismatic  or  elongated. 

2.  Campanula.    Calyx-tube  short  and  broad.     Corolla  generally  bell-shaped.    Capsule 

mostly  short. 

1.    SPECULARIA,    Heister.        VENUS'S  LOOKING-GLASS. 

Flowers  dimorphous  ;  the  earlier  ones  smaller,  with  undeveloped  corolla, 
and  a  3  or  4-lobed  calyx.  The  calyx-lobes  of  the  later  corolliferous  flowers  5. 
Capsule  with  valvular  openings  either  near  the  summit  or  near  the  middle.  — 
Annuals,  with  leafy  slender  stems,  and  sessile  flowers.  Corolla  blue  or 
purplish. 

1.  S.  leptocarpa,  Gray.     Minutely  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous:  stems  a 
span  or  two  high,  virgate,  mostly  simple  or  branched  from  the  base  :  leaves 
lanceolate  :  capsule  nearly  cylindrical,  ^  to  f  inch  long,  inclined  to  curve  and 
rarely  to  twist,  opening  by  one  or  two  uplifted  valves  near  the  summit;  the  low- 
est also  often  splitting  longitudinally  from  the  summit:   seeds  oblong.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  82.     Arkansas  to  W.  Texas  and  Colorado. 

2.  S.  perfoliata,  A.  DC.     Stems  8  to  20  inches  high,  very  leafy  through- 
out, hirsute  or  hispid  on  the  angles  :  leaves  round-cordate  and  clasping,  mostly 
crenate,  veiny  :    flowers  single  or  clustered  in  the  axils  :   capsule  oblong  or 
somewhat  obconical  ;  the  2  or  3  valvular  openings  at  or  below  the  middle  ;  the 
capsule  not  disposed  to  split:  seeds  lenticular.  —  From  Colorado  to  Utah  and 
Oregon,  also  throughout  the  States  eastward. 

2.    CAMPANULA,    Tourn.        BELL-FLOWER,  HAREBELL. 

Flowers  all  alike  and  corolliferous.     Filaments  dilated  at  base.     Capsule 
opening  on  the  sides  or  near  the  base  by  3  to  5  small  uplifted  valves  or  per- 
forations. —  Flowers  blue  or  white.     Ours  have  naked  sinuses  to  the  calyx. 
#  Capsule  opening  near  or  at  the  summit,  erect:  low  and  usually  \-flowered  alpine. 
or  subalpine  plants. 

1.  C.  Uniflora,  L.  Chiefly  glabrous,  1  to  4  inches  high,  from  a  stout 
several-headed  rootstock:  leaves  small,  an  inch  or  less  long,  thickish,  entire  or 
nearly  so  ;  the  lowest  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse  ;  uppermost  linear  :  flowers 
4  to  6  lines  in  length,  mostly  horizontal  :  calyx-tube  nearly  as  long  as  the  lobes, 

15 


226  ERTCACE^l.      (HEATH   FAMILY.) 

which  are  from  half  to  fully  as  long  as  the  deeply  campanulate  bluish  corolla : 
capsule  cylindraceous  or  clavate,  ^  inch  long.  —  On  bare  alpine  slopes  in  the 
Colorado  Rocky  Mountains,  and  extending  into  the  arctic  regions. 

2.  C.  planiflora,  Eugelm.     Glabrous,  from  a  few  inches  to  a  span  high, 
from  a  filiform  rootstock  bearing  similar  subterranean  stolons :  leaves  1  to  2 
inches  long,  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  ones  sometimes  broader, 
all  more  or  less  dentate  or  denticulate :  /lowers  larger,  erect :  calyx-lobes  several 
times  longer  than  the  tube  and  exceeding  the  tube  of  the  shallow,  wide  open, 
reddish-purple  corolla :  capsule  ovate  or  turbinate,  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes 
or  shorter.  —  Bot.   Gaz.  vii.  5.     C.  Langsdorffiana  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Floras.    C.  Scheuchzeri,  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.,  as  to  Colorado  forms.     In  subalpine 
meadows,  Colorado.    The  large  shallow  corolla  is  four  times  wider  than  deep. 
#  *  Capsule  opening  near  or  at  the  base :  taller,  usually  several  to  many-flowered, 

and  in  lower  ground :  rootstocks  filifoi-m. 

3.  C.  rotundifolia,  L.     Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  a  foot  or  two  long,  1  to 
9-flowered,  smooth :  radical  leaves  slender-petioled,  orbicular  or  cordate ;  cauline 
leaves  linear :  /lower-buds  erect :   calyx~lobes  setaceous-subulate :    corolla   bright 
blue,  campanulate,  i  to  1  inch  long:  capsule  nodding.  —  A  subarctic  species, 
ranging  southward  in  the  mountains  to  Mexico. 

4.  C.  aparinoides,  Pursh.     Stem  almost  filiform,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
equally  leafy  to  the  top,  its  sharp  angles  rough  with  short  retrorse  bristles :  so 
also  the  midrib  beneath  and  the  margins  of  the  lanceolate  or  linear  sessile  leaves: 
floirer-buds  drooping:  calyx-lobes  triangular:  corolla  pale  blue  or  whitish,  deeply 
cleft,  the  lobes  2  lines  long  or  less:  capsule  erect.  —  Wet  grassy  grounds  from 
Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward. 


ORDER  45.    ERICACEAE.    (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  sometimes  herbs,  with  the  flowers  regular  or  nearly  so,  the 
stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  4  to  5  lobes  or  petals  of  the 
corolla,  free  or  nearly  free  from  it,  anthers  2-celled,  commonly  appen- 
daged  or  opening  by  terminal  chinks  or  pores,  style  one,  ovary  3  to 
10-celled. 

SUBORDER  I.     VACCINIE.E. 

Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  which  forms  a  berry  crowned 
with  the  calyx-teeth.  Corolla  always  gamopetalous  and  epigynous.  — 
Shrubby  or  suffrutescent,  with  scaly  buds  and  alternate  leaves. 

1.  Vaccinium.  Ovary  4  to  5-celled,  or  by  false  partitions  from  the  back  of  these  cells  8  to 

10-celled,  wholly  inferior:  ovules  numerous.    Anther-cells  tapering  upward  into  a 
tube. 

SUBORDER  II.    ERICINEJE. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  gamopetalous  or  rarely  polypeta- 
lous,  hypogynous.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

*  Fruit  fleshy,  either  a  berry  or  drupe. 

2.  Arctostaphylog.    Corolla  urn-shaped.    Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes, 

included.    Drupe  berry«like,  5  to  10-seeded. 


ERICACEAE.    (HEATH  FAMILY.)  227 

*  *  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule,  5-celled  and  many-seeded.     (In  ours  the  calyx  becomes 
fleshy  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  small  capsules,  and  hence  the  fruit  resembles  a  berry.) 

3.  Gaultheria.    Calyx  5-cleft,  its  lobes  imbricated.     Corolla  ovate,  urn-shaped  to  cam- 

panulate.  Stamens  10  •  filaments  dilated  towards  the  base  :  anthers  usually  awned. 
Capsule  deeply  umbilicate. 

*  #  *  Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule  :  anthers  destitute  of  awns  or  appendages. 
••-  Corolla  gamopetalous :  flowers  not  from  scaly  buds,  the  bracts  being  leaf-like  or  coria- 
ceous :  capsule  globular. 

4.  Bryanthus.     Corolla  from  campanulate  to  ovoid,  4  to  6-lobed.     Stamens  8  to  10, 

straight.     Leaves  heath-like,  alternate  but  crowded. 

5.  Kalmia.    Corolla  crateriform  or  saucer-shaped,  5-lobed,  with  10  pouches  below  the 

limb.  Stamens  10 :  the  short  anthers  lodged  in  the  corolla  pouches  in  bud,  so  that 
in  blooming  the  filaments  are  strongly  recurved.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or 
whorled,  flat. 

+-  *-  Corolla  polypetalous  or  very  nearly  so :  flowers  from  large  scaly  buds,  the  scales  of 
bracts  caducous  :  capsule  oval  or  oblong. 

6.  Ledum.    Calyx  5-lobed  or  parted,  small.     Petals  oval  or  obovate,  widely  spreading. 

Stamens  5  to  10.     Leaves  evergreen. 

SUBORDER  III.     PVROLINEJE. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  polypetalous,  hypogynous. 
Anthers  erect  and  extrorse  in  bud,  with  an  ernarginate  or  2-horaed 
base,  where  each  cell  opens  by  a  pore ;  but  inverted  in  anthesis  so  that 
the  real  base  with  its  pores  becomes  apical.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule. 
—  Ours  are  herbs  or  nearly  so,  with  broad  evergreen  leaves  and  a  scape 
naked  or  nearly  so. 

7.  Moneses.    Flowers  solitary,  4  or  5-merous.    Petals  widely  spreading,  orbicular.     Sta- 

mens 8  or  10  :  anthers  conspicuously  2-horned.  Style  straight.  Valves  of  the  capsule 
not  woolly  on  the  edges. 

8.  Pyrola.    Flowers  in  a  raceme,  5-merous.    Petals  concave  or  incurved  and  more  or  less 

converging.  Stamens  10,  often  declined.  Style  often  declined  or  turned  downward. 
Valves  of  the  capsule  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 

SUBORDER  IV.    HIONOTROPE-flE. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Suborders  II.  and  III.,  but  the  plants  herba- 
ceous, root-parasitic,  scaly,  entirely  destitute  of  green  foliage. 

9.   Pterospora.    Corolla  gamopetalous,  5-toothed.     Anthers  2-celled,  2-awned  on  the 

back,  opening  lengthwise. 

10.   Monotropa.     Corolla  of  4  or  5  separate  narrow  petals.    Anthers  kidney-shaped,  the 
cells  more  or  less  confluent,  opening  across  the  top. 


1.    VACCINIUM,    L.        BLUEBERRY.    BILBERRY. 

Ours  all  belong  to  §  EUVACCINIUM,  which  has  a  corolla  from  ovate  to 
globular  and  more  or  less  urn-shaped,  4  to  5-toothed,  rose-color  or  nearly 
white  :  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back,  included  :  ovary  and  berry  4  to  5-celled, 
with  no  false  partitions:  leaves  deciduous:  flowers  on  drooping  pedicels, 
solitary  or  2  to  4  together,  developing  with  or  soon  after  the  leaves. 


228  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

*  Flowers  solitary  or  2  to  4  in  a  fascicle,  from  a  distinct  scaly  bud,  more  com- 

monly 4-merous  and  S-androus :   leaves  entire,  sessile  or  nearly  so:  limb  of  the 
calyx  deeply  4  to  5-parted:  berries  blackish-blue  with  a  bloom. 

1.  V.  occidental©,  Gray.    A  foot  or  more  high,  glabrous  :  leaves  glau- 
cescent,  obscurely  veiny,  from  oval  to  obovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse 
or  acutish  :    flower  mostly  solitary  from  the  scaly  bud :  berry  small,  barely 
3  lines  in  diameter.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  451.     In  the  Uinta  Mountains  and  west- 
ward in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary  in  the  earliest  axils,  usually  5-merous  and  10-androus:  calyx 

less  or  very  slightly  lobed. 
•*-•  Dwarf  and  cespitose :  branches  not  angled. 

2.  V.  csespitosum,  Michx.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3  to  6  inches  high : 
leaves  from  obovate  to  cuueate-oblong,  thickly  serrulate,  bright  green  both 

v  sides,  reticulate-veiny  (f  to  1  inch  long)  :  berry  proportionally  large,  blue 
with  a  bloom,  sweet.- — From  the  Colorado  mountains  to  Alaska,  and  east- 
ward in  Labrador  and  the  White  Mountains. 

Var.  CUneifolium,  Nutt.     A  span  to  near  a  foot  high,  bushy :  leaves 
spatulate-cuneate  and  with  rounded  apex,  passing  in  one  form  to  spatulate- 
lanceolate  and  acute ;  the  earliest  not  rarely  entire.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado 
.    to  California,  British  Columbia,  and  Lake  Superior. 

•*-  •>-  Low :  branches  sharply  angled  and  green :  leaves  small. 

3.  V.  Myrtillus,  L.     A  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous  :   leaves  ovate  or 
'  oval,  thin,  shining,  serrate,  conspicuously  reticulated-veiny,  and  with  a  promi- 
nent narrow  midrib  (^  to  $-  inch  long) :  limb  of  calyx  almost  entire:  corolla 
globular-ovate :  berries  black,  nodding.  —  From  Colorado  and  Utah  north- 
ward to  Alaska.     Known  as  "  Whortleberry  "  or  "  Bilberry." 

Var.  microphyllura,  Hook.  A  diminutive  form,  3  to  6  inches  high  : 
leaves  2  to  4  lines  long :  corolla  proportionally  small,  a  line  long :  berries  at 
first  "light  red."  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and  in  the  Sierras  and  northward. 

2.   ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Adans.      BEARBEERY.   MANZANITA. 

Shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  mostly  white  or  rose-colored  flowers 
variously  clustered. 

1.  A.  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.  Depressed-trailing  or  creeping,  green:  leaves 
coriaceous  and  evergreen,  oblong-spatulate,  retuse,  an  inch  or  less  long,  taper- 
ing into  a  petiole :  flowers  rather  few  in  simple  small  clusters,  2  lines  long : 
ovary  and  reddish  fruit  glabrous  :  nutlets  1 -nerved  on  the  back.  —  From  New 
Mexico  to  Pennsylvania,  California,  and  northward.  Often  called  "  Kinni- 
kinnick,"  as  .well  as  "  Bearberry." 

3.    GAULTHERIA,    Kalm.        AROMATIC  WINTERGREEN. 

Shrubs  or  almost  herbaceous ;  with  broad  evergreen  leaves,  shining  above, 
and  usually  spicy-aromatic  in  flavor,  axillary  white  or  rose-colored  nodding 
flowers  in  early  summer. 

1.  G.  Myrsinites,  Hook.  Cespitose-procumbent  or  depressed,  a  few 
Cinches  high  :  leaves  orbicular  or  ovate,  denticulate  with  minute  bristle-tipped 


ERICACEJE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  229 


teeth  (|  to  l£  inches  long)  :  pedicels  solitary  in  the  axils,  very  short :  corolla 
depressed-campanulate,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  apex  of  anthers  obscurely 
4-pointed :  fruit  scarlet,  with  pine-apple  flavor.  —  In  the  mountains  from 
Colorado  and  Utah  to  British  America  and  westward. 

4.    BRYANTHUS,    Steller,  Gmelin. 

Heath-like  alpine  evergreens ;  with  much  crowded  linear-obtuse  leaves 
(|  inch  or  less  long).  In  ours  the  flowers  are  racemose-clustered  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  branches,  the  pedicels  glandular  and  subtended  by  foliaceous  and 
rigid  bracts,  and  the  almost  smooth  leaves  have  strongly  revolute  thickened 
margins. 

1.  B.  empetriformis,  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high:  pedicels  some- 
what umbellate :  corolla  rose-color,  2  or  3  lines  long,  campanulate,  barely 
5-lobed ;  the  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube :  stamens  included  :  style 
either  included  or  exserted.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  377.  Mountains  of  W. 
Wyoming,  Montana,  and  northwestward. 

5.    KALMIA,    L.        AMERICAN  LAUREL. 

Leaves  evergreen  and  entire :  the  showy  flowers  umbellate-clustered,  rose- 
colored,  purple  or  white  :  limb  of  the  corolla  in  bud  strongly  10-keeled  from 
the  pouches  upward,  the  salient  keels  running  to  the  apex  of  the  lobes  and 
to  the  sinuses. 

1.  K.  glauca,  Ait.  Shrub  1  or  2  feet  high,  glabrous,  mostly  glaucous, 
branchlets  2-edged  :  leaves  all  opposite  or  rarely  in  threes,  almost  sessile,  ob-  *- 
long  or  linear-oblong,  or  appearing  narrower  by  the  usual  strong  revolution 
of  the  edges,  glaucous-white  beneath :  flowers  in  spring  in  a  simple  terminal 
umbel  or  corymb,  lilac-purple,  ^  to  §  inch  in  diameter.  —  Bogs,  Colorado 
and  northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent.  The  forms  extending 
southward  into  the  Colorado  mountains  are  depauperate  alpine  forms  a  span 
high  and  with  leaves  barely  i  inch  long  (var.  microphylla,  Hook.). 

6.    LEDUM,    L.        LABRADOR  TEA. 

Low  shrubs,  with  alternate  persistent  leaves,  which  are  entire  and  more  or 
less  resinous-dotted,  slightly  fragrant  when  bruised :  flowers  white,  devel- 
oped in  early  summer  from  terminal  or  sometimes  lateral  buds ;  pedicels 
recurved  in  fruit. 

1.  L.  glandulosum,  Nutt.  Shrub  2  to  6  feet  high,  stout :  leaves  oblong 
or  oval,  or  approaching  lanceolate  (1  or  2  inches  long),  glabrous  both  sides, 
pale  or  whitish  and  minutely  resinous-atomiferous  beneath :  infloj-escence  often 
compound  and  crowded  :  capsules  oval,  retuse.  —  From  California  northward 
and  eastward  into  British  America,  occurring  in  the  northwestern  border  of 
our  range. 

7.    MONESES,    Salisb. 

Cells  of  the  anther  oblong,  abruptly  constricted  under  the  orifice  into  a 
conspicuous  short-tubular  neck. 


230  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

1.  M.  uniflora,  Gray.  Herb  with  1-flowered  scape  2  to  4  inches  high,  a 
cluster  of  roundish  and  serrulate  thin  leaves  at  base,  on  a  short  stem  or  the 
ascending  summit  of  a  filiform  rootstock  :  corolla  white  or  tinged  with  rose- 
color,  about  §  inch  in  diameter.  —  Deep  moist  woods,  Colorado  and  Utah  to 
Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  and  northward. 

8.    PYR.OLA,    Tourn.        WINTERGREEN.     SHIN-LEAF. 

Acaulescent  evergreens ;  with  a  cluster  of  round  or  roundish  leaves,  and 
some  scarions  scales  on  the  ascending  summit  of  slender  subterranean  root- 
stocks  :  scape  more  or  less  scaly-bracted,  bearing  a  raceme  of  white,  greenish, 
or  purplish  nodding  flowers,  in  summer. 

*  Style  straight,  much  narrower  than  the  expanded  depressed  5-rayed  stigma : 
anthers  not  narrowed  below  the  openings. 

1.  P.  minor,  L.     Leaves  orbicular,  thiunish,  obscurely  serrulate  or  creuu- 
late,  an  inch  or  less  long  :  scape  a  span  high,  7  to  15-flowered :  petals  white  or 
flesh-colored,  orbicular,  naked  at  the  base,  globose-connivent :  stigma  peltate, 
large,  obscurely  5-lobed  :  hypogynous  disk  none.  —  Mountains  from  New  Mexico 
to  Oregon  and  northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  P.  secunda,  L.     Inclined  to  be  caulescent  from  a  branching  base : 
leaves  thin,  ovate,  serrulate  or  crenate,  1  or  2  inches  long :  scape  a  span  long, 
bearing  numerous  flowers  in  a  secund  spike-like  raceme :  petals  greenish  white, 
oblong,  each  with  a  pair  of  tubercles  on  the  Itase,  equally  connivent :  stigma  pel- 
tate, large,  5-lobed  :  hypogynous  disk  10-lobed. —  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Cali- 
fornia, and  far  northward  and  eastward. 

*  *  Style  strongly  declined  or  decurved  and  toward  the  apex  more  or  less  curved 
upward,  longer  than  the  concave  somewhat  campanulate-connivent  or  partly 
spreading  petals :  stigma  much  narrower  than  the  truncate  and  usually  exca- 
vated apex  of  the  style,  which  forms  a  ring  or  collar :  anthers  more  or  less 
contracted  under  the  terminal  orifices. 

3.  P.  chlorantha,  Swartz.     Leaves  small   (^  to  1   inch  in  diameter), 
orbicular  or  nearly  so,  coriaceous,  not  shining,  shorter  than  the  petiole:  scape  4  to 
8  inches  high,  3  to  10-flowered :  calyx-lobes  very  short  and  obtuse  or  rounded, 
appressed  to  the  greenish-white  corolla :  anther-cells  with  distinctly  beaked  tips. 
—  Mountains  of  Colorado,  northward  and  eastward. 

4.  P.  elliptica,  Nutt.     Leaves  oval  or  broadly  oblong,  1|  to  2£  inches  long, 
membranaceous,  acute  or  merely  roundish  at  base,  longer  than  their  petioles,  pli- 
cately  serrulate:  scape  a  span  or  more  high,  loosely  several  to  many-flowered  : 
calyx-lobes  ovate  and  acute,  short :  corolla  greenish  ichite :  anther-tips  hardly  at 
all  beaked.  —  Mountains  of  New  Mexico  to  British  Columbia,  the  N.  Atlantic 
States,  and  Canada. 

5.  P.  rotundifolia,  L.     Leaves  generally  orbicular  or  broadly  oval,  1^  to 
2  inches  long,  obscurely  crenulate  or  entire,  coriaceous,  shining  above,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  slender  petioles:  scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  several  to  many- 
flowered,  scaly-bracteate :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  £  or 
$  the  length  of  the  white  or  flesh-colored  petals.  —  Dry  woods,  from  California, 
New  Mexico,  and  Georgia,  northward  to  the  arctic  regions. 


ERICACEAE.    (HEATH  FAMILY.)  231 

Var.  uliginosa,  Gray.  Calyx-lobes  shorter,  usually  broadly  ovate,  some- 
times obtuse  *  leaves  from  subcordate  to  obovate,  generally  dull :  flowers  rose- 
colored  or  purple.  —  Cold  bogs,  nearly  across  the  continent  to  the  north. 

6.  P.  picta,  Smith.  Leaves  firm-coriaceous,  dull,  commonly  veined  or 
blotched  with  white  above,  pale  or  sometimes  purplish  beneath,  1  to  2£  inches 
long,  from  broadly  ovate  to  spatulate  or  narrowly  oblong,  all  longer  than  the 
petiole,  the  margins  quite  entire  or  rarely  remotely  denticulate :  scapes  a  span 
or  more  high,  7  to  15-flowered :  bracts  few  and  short :  calyx-lobes  ovate,  not 
half  the  length  of  the  greenish-white  petals.  —  Wyoming  and  S.  Utah  to 
California  and  northward. 

9.    PTEROSPORA,   Nutt.        PINE-DROPS. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  globular  urn-shaped.  Stamens  10,  in- 
cluded. Disk  none.  Stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule  depressed-globular,  5-lobed. 
Seeds  innumerable,  broadly  winged  from  the  apex. 

1.  P.  andromedea,  Nutt.  A  chestnut-colored  or  purplish  herb,  glandu- 
lar and  clammy-pubescent :  simple  stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  bearing  small  and 
scattered  lanceolate  scales :  raceme  long  and  many-flowered :  corolla  white, 
i  inch  long,  somewhat  viscid.  —  Under  pines  and  oaks  from  Colorado  to  Cali- 
fornia northward,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 


10.    MO  NOT  HO  PA,  L.        INDIAN  PIPE.    PINE-SAP. 

Sepals  of  2  to  5  lanceolate  bract-like  scales.  Petals  scale-like  and  fleshy, 
gibbous  or  saccate  at  base.  Stamens  8  to  12.  Disk  8  to  12-toothed,  the 
teeth  deflexed.  Stigma  funnelform,  with  obscurely  crenate  margin.  Cap- 
sule ovoid.  —  White,  tawny,  or  reddish  scaly  and  fleshy  herbs,  the  clustered 
stems  rising  from  a  thick  and  matted  mass  of  fibrous  rootlets,  one  to  several- 
flowered. 

*  Plant  inodorous,  one-flowered :  scales  passing  into  an  imperfect  or  irregular  calyx 

of  2  to  4  loose  sepals  or  perhaps  bracts:  anthers  opening  af  flrst  bi/  2  transverse 
chinks,  at  length  2-valved ;  the  valves  almost  equal  and  equally  spreading: 
edge  of  the  stigma  naked. 

1.  M.  uniflora,  L.     Smooth,  a  span  or  so  high,  waxy-white  (blackish  in 
drying),  rarely  flesh  color:  flower  nodding,  §  inch  long:  petals  5,  rarely  6. — 
Damp  woods,  nearly  throughout  the  continent.     "Indian  Pipe." 

*  *  Plant  often  scented,  commonly  pubescent,  at  least  above,  raccmosety  3  to 

several-flowered :  terminal  flower  earliest  and  usually  5-merous  and  the  lateral 
3  to  4-merous :  sepals  less  bract-like,  as  many  as  the  petals;  the  latter  saccate 
at  base :  anthers  more  remform ;  the  cells  completely  confluent  into  one,  which 
opens  by  very  unequal  valves,  the  larger  broad  and  spreading,  the  other  remain- 
ing erect  and  contracted :  stigma  glandular  or  hairy  on  the  margin. 

2.  M.  Hypopitys,  L.     A  span  or  at  length  a  foot  high,  tawny  or  flesh- 
colored  :  scales  and  bracts  entire  or  slightly  erose :  flowers  less  than  £  inch 
long ;  the  lateral  4-petalous  and  8-androus.  —  Under  coniferous  trees  from 
Oregon  to  Canada  and  Florida.      '  Pine-sap." 


232  PKIMULACE^S.       (PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 


ORDER  46.    PRIUIITl^ACEJE.     (PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  simple  leaves  and  regular  perfect  flowers,  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  gamopetalous  corolla  and  inserted  opposite 
them,  a  one-celled  ovary  with  a  free  central  placenta  rising  from  the 
base,  bearing  several  or  many  seeds.  Style  and  stigma  one. 

*  Ovary  wholly  free. 

•i-  With  scapes  or  tufted :  flowers  chiefly  5-merous,  umbellate  or  solitary  :  capsule  dehiscent 
by  valves  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

•H-  Stamens  exserted,  connivent  in  a  cone,  monadelphous. 

1.  Dodecatheon.    Corolla  5-parted,  with  very  short  tube  and  dilated  thickened  throat, 

the  long  and  narrow  divisions  reflexed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla : 
anthers  lanceolate  or  linear. 

++  ++  Stamens  included,  distinct,  with  short  filaments  and  short  blunt  anthers :  corolla 
salverform  or  funnelform. 

2.  Primula.    Corolla  with  tube  surpassing  or  at  least  equalling  the  calyx,  and  spreading 

mostly  obcordate  or  emarginate  lobes.     Capsule  many-seeded.     Leaves  all  radical 

3.  Douglasia.    Corolla  with  tube  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx,  somewhat  inflated 

above  ;  lobes  entire.  Ovary  5-ovuled.  Capsule  1  or  2-seeded.  Leaves  imbricated  or 
crowded  on  tufted  stems. 

4.  Androsace.    Corolla  with  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  the  throat  constricted.    Ovules 

and  seeds  numerous  or  few.    Flowers  small. 
••-  i-  Leafy-stemmed :  corolla  (wanting  in  Glaux)  rotate  or  somewhat  so,  and  the  divisions 

convolute  or  sometimes  involute  in  the  bud  :  leaves  entire. 
«+  Capsule  dehiscent  vertically  by  valves  or  irregularly,  mostly  globose  :  flowers  5-merous. 

5.  Steironema.    Corolla  rotate,  with  no  proper  tube,  deeply  parted    the  divisions  ovate, 

cuspidate-pointed,  erose-denticulate  above,  each  separately  involute  or  convolute 
around  its  stamen.  Filaments  distinct  or  nearly  so  on  the  ring  at  the  base  of  the 
corolla:  anthers  linear  and  arcuate  in  age:  sterile  filaments  5,  interposed  between  the 
fertile  ones.  Capsule  10  to  20-seeded.  Flowers  nodding  on  slender  peduncles.  Leaves 
opposite,  without  dots. 

6.  Glaux.    Corolla  none.     Calyx  with  5  petaloid  lobes.     Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  calyx, 

alternate  with  its  lobes  :  filaments  slender  :  anthers  cordate-ovate.  Capsule  5-valved 
at  apex,  few-seeded.  Leafy  throughout :  leaves  mainly  opposite.  Flowers  solitary, 
axillary,  nearly  sessile. 

•H-  .H-  Capsule  circumscissile,  globose :  seeds  numerous. 

7.  Centunculus.    Corolla  with  a  globular  tube  and  a  4  to  5-lobed  limb,  shorter  than  the 

calyx  ;  lobes  acute.  Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla:  filaments  short  and  subu- 
late :  anthers  ovate  or  cordate. 

*  *  Ovary  connate  at  base  with  the  calyx. 

8.  Samolus.     Flowers  5-merous.    Corolla  perigynous,  nearly  campanulate.     Fertile  sta- 

mens 5,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  with  short  filaments  and  cordate  anthers.  Sterile 
filaments  5  in  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  ovate  or  globular,  5-valved  at  the 
apex,  many-seeded.  Caulescent,  alternate-leaved,  with  racemose  flowers. 


1.    DODECATHEON,    L.        SHOOTING-STAR.    AMERICAN 
COWSLIP. 

Flowers  few  or  numerous  in  an  umbel  terminating  a  naked  scape :  corolla 
from  pink-purple  to  white.  Calyx  erect  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  lower  part  of 
the  capsule. 


PRIMULACE.E.       (PRIMROSE   FAMILY.)  233 

1.  D.  Meadia,  L.  Leaves  crowded  on  a  thickish  crown,  generally  -spatu- 
late-oblong  or  oblauceolate  and  entire  or  nearly  so,  sometimes  repand,  obtuse, 
below  tapering  into  a  more  or  less  margined  petiole :  scape  from  a  span  to 
2  feet  high  :  flowers  few  to  many  in  an  umbel ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear 
or  subulate,  small;  pedicels  slender  and  nodding  with  the  flowers,  erect  in 
fruit.  —  Throughout  the  continent  and  exceedingly  variable,  especially  west- 
ward. 

Var.  alpinum,  Gray.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  £  to  l£  inch  long, 
entire,  mucronate  :  scape  2  to  10  inches  long,  1  to  4-flowered.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii. 
57.  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Sierras. 

Var.  frigidum,  Gray.  Leaves  from  obovate  to  oblong,  very  obtuse, 
mostly  entire,  1  to  2  inches  long,  with  a  slender  petiole :  scape  a  span  or  two 
high,  few  to  several-flowered :  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  tube,  from 
broadly  lanceolate  to  almost  ovate,  shorter  than  the  capsule.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii. 
57.  Rocky  Mountains,  Sierras,  and  far  northward. 

Var.  latilobum,  Gray.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  or  oval,  repand  or  undulate- 
toothed,  long-petioled  :  scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  one  to  several-flowered : 
calyx-lobes  not  longer  than  the  tube,  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  capsule.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  58.  Wahsatch  Mountains  to  Wash- 
ington and  British  Columbia. 

2.    PRIMULA,    L.    PRIMROSE. 

Flowers  sometimes  dimorphous.  Perennial  plants,  mostly  with  fibrous  roots 
from  a  short  crown,  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

*  Flowers  small ;  tube  of  the  salver  form  corolla  not  over  2  or  3  lines  long  and  little 
surpassing  the  calyx  ;  throat  with  more  or  less  of  a  callous  ring  or  processes. 

1.  P.  farinosa,  L.     More  or  less  white  mealy  on  the  leaves,  calyx,  etc., 
at  least  when  young:   leaves  from  cuneate-lanceolate  to  obovate-oblong  or 
spatulate,  denticulate,  an  inch  or  less  lon^,  tapering  into  a  short  margined 
petiole  :  scape  3  to  9  inches  high  :  umbel  few  to  several-flowered,  close  :  corolla 
from  flesh-color  to  lilac,  with  yellowish  eye ;  the  lobes  cuneate-obcordate,  rather 
distant  at  base.  —  From  Colorado  northward,  thence  eastward  to  Maine  and 
Labrador. 

*  *  Flowers  larger ;  tube  of  the  corolla  from  3  to  6  lines  long ;  throat  open  and 

unappendaged :  leaves  clustered  on  the  short  erect  subterranean  crown. 

2.  P.  angUStifolia,  Torr.     Small:  scape  \-fowered,  1  or  2  inches  high, 
equalling  the  lanceolate-spatulate  obtuse  entire  short-petioled  leaves:  involucre 
of  1  or  2  minute  bracts :  lobes  of  the  lilac-purple  corolla  obovate,  emarginate 
(3  or  4  lines  long) ;  the  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  narrow  teeth  of  the  oblong 
calyx.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  34.     Alpine  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  P.  Parryi,  Gray.     Large :  leaves  rather  succulent,  spatulate-oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  4  to  12  inches  long,  often  denticulate:  scape  a  span  to  afoot  high,  5  to 
\2-flowered:  bracts  of  the  involucre  subulate  :  calyx  ovoid-campanulate,  gland- 
ular, commonly  reddish;  the  lanceolate-subulate  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube: 
corolla  crimson-purple  with  yf-llow  eye;  the  round  obovate  lobes  (5  lines  long) 
emarginate  or  obcordate.  —  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiv.  257.     Along  alpine 
brooks  from  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Nevada.   ' 


234  PRIMULACE^E.      (PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

3.    DOUGLASIA,   Lindl. 

Depressed  and  tufted  herbs  :  the  stems  branching,  persistent :  the  leaves 
small,  linear,  imbricated  or  rosulate  on  the  branches,  or  some  of  them  scat- 
tered and  alternate.  In  ours  the  flowers  are  solitary,  terminating  the  leafy 
shoots,  and  the  tube  of  the  corolla  barely  equals  the  calyx. 

1.  D.  montana,  Gray.  Pulvinate-cespitose,  1  or  2  inches  high,  nearly 
glabrous :  leaves  subulate,  minutely  somewhat  ciliate,  2  lines  long,  somewhat 
interruptedly  imbricate-clustered :  pedicel  1  to  2-bracteolate  near  the  calyx : 
corolla-lobes  cuueate-obovate,  2  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  371.  Moun- 
tains about  Helena,  Montana,  and  Owl  Creek  Mountains,  Wyoming. 


4.    ANDBOSACE,    Tourn. 

Small  annuals  or  perennials  of  various  habit :  flowers  umbellate,  white. 

#  Perennials,  proliferous! y  branched  at  base  and  cespitose:  leaves  rosulate-imbri- 

cated  at  the  base  of  the  many -flowered  scapes:  capsule  usually  feiv-seeded. 

1.  A.  Chamsejasme,  Host.    Leaves  in  more  or  less  open  rosulate  tufts, 
from  lanceolate  to  oblong-spatulate  or  ovate,  carinate  1 -nerved,  their  margins 
(at  least),  the  scape  (1  to  3  inches  high)  and  the  somewhat  capitate  umbel 
villous  with  many- jointed  hairs :   corolla  white  with  yellowish  eye.  —  Alpine 
from  Colorado  and  northward  to  the  Arctic  coast. 

*  #  Annuals,  acaulescent,  with  slender  root,  an  open  rosulate  circle  of  leaves,  and 

naked  scapes,  bearing  an  involucrate  umbel :  capsule  many-seeded, 

•*-  Calyx-tube  obpyramidal  in  fruit,  ivhitish  with  conspicuous  green  teeth,  which 

mostly  surpass  the  capsule. 

2.  A.  OCCidentalis,  Pursh.     Minutely  pubescent,  not  over  3  inches  high: 
radical  leaves  and  those  of  the  conspicuous  involucre  oblong-ovate  or  spatulate, 
entire,  sessile :  scapes  diffuse :  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  oblong :  lobes  of 
the  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  shorter  than  the 
calyx.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  head-waters  of  the  Missouri  and  eastward 
to  the  Mississippi. 

3.  A.  septentrionallS,  L.     Almost  glabrous :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base,  from    irregidarly   denticulate  to  laciniate-toothcd : 
scapes  erect,  2  to  1 0  inches  high  :  bracts  of  the  small  involucre  subulate  :  lobes  of 
the  calyx  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube :  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  rather 
longer  than  the  calyx.  —  High  alpine  to  much  lower,  from  New  Mexico  and 
Nevada  to  the  Arctic  coast. 

Var.  SUbulifera,  Gray.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  slender-subulate,  as  long  as  the 
tube,  surpassing  the  corolla.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  60.  Mountains  near  Boulder 
City,  Colorado,  and  San  Bernardino,  California. 

•»-  •«-  Calyx-tube  hemispherical  in  fruit ;  the  short  teeth  barely  greenish  and  rather 
shorter  than  the  capsule. 

4.  A.  filiformis,  Retz.    Glabrous  :  leaves  and  scapes  (1  to  4  inches  high) 
nearly  as  in  the  preceding  or  more  capillary :  flowers  less  than  a  line  and 
globose  capsule  only  a  line  long  :  calyx-teeth  broadly  triangular,  shorter  than 
the  very  small  corolla  —  Mountains  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Wyoming. 


PRIMULACE^E.      (PRIMROSE  FAMILY.)  285 

5.    STEIRONEMA,    Raf. 

Perennials,  glabrous  except  the  ciliate  petioles:   leaves  all  opposite,  but 
mostly  in  seeming  whorls  on  the  flowering  branches :  flowers  yellow. 

1.  S.  ciliatum,  Raf.     Stem  erect,  2  to  4  feet  high,  mostly  simple:  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  gradually  acuminate,  2  to  5  inches  long,  and 
mostly  with  a  rounded  or  snbcordate  base,  minutely  ciliate ;  the  long  petioles  hir- 
sutely  ciliate.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  62.     Lysimachia  ciliata,  L.     New 
Mexico  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  S.  lanceolatum,  Gray.    Stem  erect,  1  to  2  feet  high,  simple  or  panicu- 
lately  branched,  somewhat  angled  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  1  to  2  inches  long, 
tapering  info  a  short  and  margined  ciliate  petiole  or  attenuated  base ;  the  radical 
and  sometimes  lowest  cauline  from  oblong  to  orbicular,  small :  divisions  of  the 
corolhi  conspicuously  erose  and  cuspidate-acuminate. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii. 
62.    Lysimachia  lanceolata,  Walt.     Dakota  and  Nebraska  to  Louisiana  and 
eastward. 

Var.  hybridum,  Gray.     Cauline  leaves  mostly  petioled,  from  oblong  to 
broadly  linear.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  62.     The  commoner  form  westward. 


6.     GLAUX,    Tourn.        SEA-MILKVVORT. 

Flowers  dimorphous.     A  low  and  leafy  fleshy  perennial. 

1.   G.  maritima,  L.    Glabrous  and  glaucous  or  pale,  perennial  by  slender 
running  rootstocks  :  stems  a  span  or  less  high,  erect  or  spreading :   leaves 
from  oval  to  oblong-linear,  i  to  ^  inch  long,  entire,  sessile:  calyx-lobes  oval,         **" 
purplish  or  white.  —  Salt  marshes  along  both  sea-coasts ;  also  in  subsaline  soil 
in  the  interior  west  of  the  Mississippi. 


7.    CENTUNCULUS,   Dill.        CHAFPWEBD. 

Very  small  glabrous  annuals,  with  mainly  alternate  leaves,  and  solitary  in- 
conspicuous flowers  in  their  axils. 

1.  C.  minimus,  L.  Stems  ascending,  2  to  6  inches  long:  leaves  ovate, 
obovate,  or  spatulate-obloug,  contracted  or  tapering  at  base,  all  but  the  lowest 
sessile:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate.  —  From  Illinois  to  Texas  and  west- 
ward to  Oregon. 

8.    SAMOLUS,    Tourn.        BROOKWEED.    WATER  PIMPERNEL. 

Low  and  glabrous  herbs;  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in 
simple  or  panicled  racemes. 

1-  S.  Valerandi,  L.,  var.  Americanus,  Gray.  Stem  erect,  slender, 
leafy,  becoming  diffusely  branched  :  leaves  obovate :  racemes  often  panicled ; 
bracts  none;  bractlets  on  the  middle  of  the  slender,  spreading  pedicels. — 
Wet  places,  across  the  continent. 


236  OLEACE^E.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  47.    OLEACE^E.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  almost  herbaceous,  with  mostly  opposite  and 
pinnate  or  simple  leaves,  usually  a  4-cleft  (or  sometimes  obsolete)  calyx, 
a  regular  4-cleft  or  nearly  or  quite  4-petalous  corolla,  sometimes  apeta- 
lous ;  the  stamens  generally  2,  rarely  3  or  4 ;  the  ovary  2-celled,  with 
one  or  two  pairs  of  ovules  in  each  cell. 

*  Fruit  entire,  dry,  indehiscent,  winged  (a  samara):  seed  suspended  :  leaves  pinnate. 

1.  Fraximis.    Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  sometimes  perfect.    Calyx  very  small, 

4-cleft  or  irregularly  toothed,  or  entire,  or  wanting.  Petals  none,  or  4  and  either 
separate  or  united  in  pairs  at  the  very  base.  Fruit  by  abortion  mostly  1-celled  and 
1-seeded  ;  the  wing  mainly  terminal. 

*  *  Fruit  fleshy  and  indehiscent  (a  drupe),  not  lobed :  seed  suspended  or  pendulous  : 

leaves  simple. 

2.  Forestiera.    Flowers  apetalous,  dioecious  or  polygamous.     Calyx  minute,  4-parted  or 

toothed,  sometimes  wanting.    Drupe  1-seeded. 

*  *  *  Fruit  a  didyinous  or  2-parted  at  length  membranaceous  capsule,  circumscissile  at  or 

near  the  middle :  seeds  ascending  or  erect :  leaves  mostly  alternate  and  entire. 

3.  Menodora.    Calyx  5  to  15-cleft,  persistent;  the  lobes  mostly  linear.     Corolla  from 

rotate  to  salverform  ;  limb  5  to  6-parted.  Ovary  emarginate,  with  4  ovules  in  each 
celL  Seeds  usually  a  pair  in  each  cell,  large,  with  a  thickened  and  spongy  outer  coat. 

1.    FRAXINUS,    Tourn.        ASH. 

Trees,  with  rather  light  tougli  wood,  petioled  odd-pinnate  leaves  of  3  to  15 
toothed  or  entire  leaflets,  and  small  flowers  in  crowded  panicles,  which  in  ours 
are  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  The  oblong  seed  fills  the  cell  of  the 
samara  or  key-fruit.  Ours  are  apetalous  and  dioecious,  with  a  minute  calyx 
or  none,  and  the  fruit  winged  only  from  the  summit  or  upper  part  of  the 
terete  body,  which  tapers  gradually  from  summit  to  base  and  is  more  or  less 
margined  upward  by  the  decurrent  wing. 

1.  F.  pubescens,  Lam.     (RED  ASH.)     Tree  of  middle  or  large  size: 
inner  face  of  the  outer  bark  of  the  branches  red  or  cinnamon-color  when  fresh  : 
young  parts  velvety-pubescent,  commonly  permanently  so :  leaflets  1  to  9,  from 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  entire  or  sparsely  serrate  or 
denticulate,  the  lower  face  pale  or  whitish,  and  with  the  petioles  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent: fruit  1-J  to  2  inches  long;  its  body  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
linear  or  spatulate  wing.  —  From  Dakota  to  Canada  and  southward ;  quite 
rare  within  our  range. 

2.  F.  viridis,  Michx.  f.     (GREEN  ASH.)     Small  or  middle-sized  tree, 
glabrous :  leaflets  5  to  9,  like  the  last,  but  smaller,  sometimes  more  sharply 
serrate  and  bright  green  both  sides,  or  barely  pale  beneath :  fruit  nearly  as  in 
the  last  or  with  a  rather  more  decurrent  wing. — From  Dakota  and  Canada 
to  Florida  and  Texas. 

2.    FORESTIERA,  Poir. 

Shrubs,  with  inconspicuous  flowers,  in  early  spring,  from  imbricated-scaly 
axillary  buds,  and  small  dark-colored  drupes.  Fascicles  or  panicles  very 


APOCYNACE.E.      (DOGBANE  FAMILY.)  237 

short,  few-flowered ;  the  staminate  sessile  and  in  a  sessile  globular  scaly  glom- 
erule.     Branches  minutely  warty. 

1.  P.  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray.  Shrub  6  to  10  feet  high,  glabrous  :  leaves 
spatulate- oblong,  obtuse  or  obtusely  acuminate,  short-petioled,  obtusely  or 
obsoletely  serrulate,  an  inch  long  •  fertile  flowers  in  sessile  fascicles :  drupe  ob- 
tuse, short-oblong  or  ovoid.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  63.  S.  Colorado  to  New 
Mexico  and  Texas. 

3.    MENODORA,    Humb.  &  Bonpl. 

Low  shrubby  or  nearly  herbaceous  plants,  with  conspicuous  yellow  flowers 
terminating  the  branches,  or  becoming  lateral.  In  ours  the  corolla  is  nearly 
rotate,  with  a  bearded  throat. 

1.  M.  scabra,  Gray.  Herbaceous  from  a  woody  branching  base,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  flax-like,  whole  herbage  or  at  least  the  lower  part  puberulent- 
scabrous  :  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblong,  chiefly  entire,  4  to  10  lines  long : 
flowers  rather  numerous  :  calyx-lobes  7  to  15,  slender,  linear  or  subulate :  lobes 
of  the  bright  yellow  corolla  obovate,  much  longer  than  the  tube.  —  Am.  Jour, 
ci.  ii.  xiv.  43.  W.  Texas  to  S.  Colorado  and  Arizona. 


ORDER  48.    APOCYNACE^E.     ("DOGBANE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  milky  or  acrid  juice,  entire  (mostly  opposite)  leaves,  reg- 
ular 5-merous  and  5-androus  flowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute 
and  twisted  in  the  bud,  and  the  filaments  distinct  and  inserted  on  the 
corolla.  In  ours  the  anther-cells  are  produced  into  a  sterile  appendage 
at  base,  connivent  around  the  stigma  and  adherent  to  it  by  a  point  at 
the  base  of  the  polliniferous  portion ;  the  ovaries  are  2  and  united  only 
by  the  common  style  or  stigma,  in  fruit  becoming  follicles  containing 
comose  seeds. 

1.    APOCYNUM,    Tourn.        DOGBANE.    INDIAN  HEMP. 

Calyx  small,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  tube  by  means  of  a  thickish  disk  adnate  to 
the  back  of  the  ovaries  below.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed,  toward  the 
base  bearing  5  small  triangular-subulate  appendages  alternate  with  the  sta- 
mens. Filaments  very  short  smd  broad  :  anthers  sagittate.  Follicles  slender, 
terete.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  long  coma  at  apex.  —  Pale  perennial  herbs, 
with  very  tough-fibrous  bark  and  opposite  mucronate-tipped  leaves  :  flowers 
small,  in  terminal  cymes,  white  or  rose-color :  follicles  2  to  7  inches  long. 

1.  A.  androsaemifolium,  L.     One  to  three  feet  high,  glabrous,  or 
rarely  sof t-tomentose,  branched  above  ;  brandies  widely  spreading :  leaves  ovate 
or  roundish,  distinctly  petioled :  cymes  loose,  spreading :  corolla  flesh-color,  open- 
campanulate  with  revolute  lobes ;  the  tube  exceeding  the  ovate  acute  cali/x-lobes.  — 
Across  the  continent. 

2.  A.  cannabinum,  L.     Erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  sometimes 
soft-pubescent :  branches  ascending,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  from  oval  to  oblong 


238  ASCLEPIADACEJH}.      (MILKWEED  FAMILY.) 

and  even  lanceolate,  from  short-petioled  to  sessile,  icith  a  rounded  or  obscurely  cor- 
date base :  cymes  erect,  densely  flowered :  corolla  greenish-white  or  slightly 
flesh-color,  smaller  than  in  the  former,  with  almost  erect  lobes  and  tube  not 
longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes.  —  Same  range  as  last.  Exceedingly 
variable. 


ORDER  49.    ASCMEPIADACE^E.     (MILKWEED  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  milky  juice,  and  opposite  or  whorled  (rarely  scattered) 
entire  leaves  ;  general  structure  of  flowers  and  fruit  as  in  Apocynacete ; 
but  differing  in  the  connection  of  the  anthers  with  the  stigma,  the  co- 
hesion of  the  pollen  into  wax-like  or  granular  masses,  etc.  A  corona 
(crown),  of  5  parts  or  lobes,  between  the  corolla  and  filaments,  is  adnate 
either  to  the  one  or  the  other.  The  tube  of  monadelphous  filaments 
is  called  the  column.  Ours  all  belong  to  the  CynanchefE,  which  have 
anthers  tipped  with  an  inflexed  or  sometimes  erect  scarious  membrane ; 
the  polliniferous  cells  lower  than  the  top  of  the  stigma ;  and  the  pol- 
linia  suspended,  attached  in  pairs  (one  of  each  adjacent  cell  of  different 
anthers)  to  the  corpuscle  or  gland. 

*  Hoods  (the  cucullate  or  hollowed  nectariferous  appendages  of  the  crown)  cristate-  or 
corniculate-appendaged  within. 

1.  Asclepiodora.    Corolla  rotate-spreading  in  an  thesis.     Hoods  basilar,  inserted  over 

the  whole  very  short  column,  spreading  and  arcuate-assurgent,  little  surpassing  the 
anthers,  slipper-shaped  and  the  rounded  apex  fornicate,  hollow  and  with  a  thickish 
fleshy  back,  traversed  by  a  salient  crest  which  near  the  apex  divides  the  cavity. 
Anther-wings  narrowed  at  base,  angulate  above  the  middle  if  at  all.  Leaves  com- 
monly alternate. 

2.  Asclepias.    Corolla  almost  always  reflexed  in  anthesis.     Hoods  involute  or  compli- 

cate, not  fornicate,  bearing  a  horn  or  crest-like  process  from  the  back  or  toward  the 
base  within,  either  sessile  next  the  corolla  or  elevated  on  a  column  which  is  shorter 
than  the  anthers.  Anther-wings  widening  down  to  the  base,  usually  triangular,  the 
salient  base  being  truncate  or  semi-hastate,  or  broadly  rounded.  Leaves  opposite  or 
varying  to  alternate  or  vcrticillate. 

*  *  Hoods  wholly  destitute  of  crest  or  appendage  within. 

3.  Acerates.     Hoods    involute-concave    or    somewhat    pitcher-shaped.      Anther-wings 

widened  or  augulate  if  at  all  near  or  above  the  middle,  thence  narrowed  to  the  base. 
Otherwise  as  Asclepias.  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered. 

1.    ASCLEPIODORA,    Gray. 

Low  and  stout  perennial  herbs,  often  decumbent:  flowers  large:  corolla 
lobes  ovate,  greenish :  follicles  usually  bearing  some  scattered  soft-spirmlose 
projections,  on  recurved  or  sigmoid  pedicels.  Distinguished  from  Asclepias 
by  the  hood  bearing  a  crest  instead  of  a  horn.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  66. 

1.  A.  decumbens,  Gray.  Scabrous-puberulent :  leaves  from  lanceolate 
to  linear,  tapering  to  the  apex  :  umbel  solitary  :  corolla  depressed-globular  in 
bud,  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  yellowish  or  dark-purplish  hoods,  which 
overtop  the  somewhat  depressed  anther-column  :  anther-wings  salient,  espe- 


ASULEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  239 

cially  at  the  broader  and  strongly  angulate  upper  portion:  pollinia  pear- 
s'.iaped,  short-caudicled.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  66.  Acerates  decumbens, 
Decaisue.  From  Utah  through  S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  Texas  and 
Arkansas. 


2.    ASCLEPIAS,    L.        MILKWEED.     SILKWEED. 

Herbs,  from  deep  and  thickish  perennial  roots :  flowers  umbellate ;  the 
peduncles  terminal  and  lateral,  usually  between  the  petioles:  follicles  soft- 
echinate,  warty  or  naked. 

§  1.    Hoods  sessile,  not  attenuate  at  base;  the  horn  or  crest  conspicuous:  anther- 
wings  broadest  and  usually  angulate-truncate  and  salient  at  base. 

*  Corolla  and  hoods  orange-color:  follicles  naked,  erect  on  a  de flexed  pedicel: 

leaves  mostly  irregularly  alternate,  seldom  opposite:  juice  of  stem  not  milky. 

1.  A.  tuberosa,  L.     Hirsute  or  roughish-pubescent,  1  or  2  feet  high, 
very  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  from  lanceolate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  ses- 
sile or  slightly  petioled  :   umbels  several  and  mostly  cymose  at  the  summit  of 
the  stem :  hoods  narrowly  oblong,  erect,  deep  bright  orange,  much  surpassing 
the  anthers,  almost  as  long  as  the  purplish-  or  slightly  greenish-orange  oblong 
corolla  lobes,  nearly  equalled  by  the  filiform-subulate  horn  :  follicles  cinereous- 
pubescent.  —  From  S.  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  Texas,  thence  eastward  to 
Florida  and  Canada.     Known  commonly  as  "  Butterfly-weed  "  or  "  Pleurisy- 
root." 

*  *  Corolla  and  crown  greenish,  yellowish,  white,  or  merely  purplish-tinged :  leaves 

opposite  or  sometimes  whorled,  or  the  upper  rarely  alternate  or  scattered. 
•*-  Follicles  echinate  with  soft  spinous  processes  and  densely  tomentose,  large  (3  to 
5  inches  long)  and  ventricose,  erect  on  dejlexed  pedicels:  leaves  large  and  broad, 
short-petioled,  transversely  veined:  stems  stout  and  simple,  2  to  5  feet  high. 

2.  A.  Speciosa,  Torr.     Finely  canescent-tomentose :   leaves  from  sub- 
cordate-oval  to  oblong,  thickish :   pedicels  of  the  many-floAvered  dense  umbel 
and  the   calyx   densely   tomeutose :    flowers   purplish,    large :   corolla-lobes 
ovate-oblong :  hoods  spreading,  the  dilated  body  and  its  short  inflexed  horn 
not  surpassing  the  anthers,  but  the  centre  of  its  truncate  summit  abruptly 
produced  into  a  lanceolate-ligulate  thrice  longer  termination :  column  hardly 
any :    wings   of   the  anthers  notched  and  obscurely  corniculate  at  base.  — 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  218.     From  Nebraska  and  Arkansas  westward  across  the 
continent. 

•*-  •»—  Follicles  wholly  unarmed  and  smooth  throughout,  either  glabrous  or 

tomentulose-pubescent. 

•w-  Erect  or  ascending  on  dejlexed  or  decurved  pedicels. 

=  Umbel  solitary  on  the  perfectly  simple  strict  stem,  elevated  on  a  naked  terminal 
peduncle  :   leaves  all  closely  sessile,  broad,  transversel1/  veined. 

3.  A.  Obtusifolia,  Michx.     Glabrous  and  pale  or  glaucous,  2  or  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  undulate,  oblong  or  elliptical,  3  to  5  inches  long,  with  rounded 
or  retuse  apex  and  cordate-clasping  base:    peduncle  2  to  12  inches  long: 


240  ASCLEPIADACE^E.      (MILKWEED  FAMILY.) 

umbel  loosely  many-flowered  :  corolla  dull  greenish-purple  :  column  as  high 
as  broad :  hoods  flesh-color,  erosely  truncate  and  somewhat  toothed  at  the 
broad  summit,  hardly  exceeding  the  anthers,  shorter  than  the  falcate-subulate 
incurved  horn  :  anther-wings  bicorniculate  at  base.  —  From  Dakota  to  Texas 
and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

=  =  Umbels  mostly  more  than  one :  peduncle  not  overtopping  the  leaves,  some- 
times none. 

a.  Leaves  broad  (from  orbicular  to  oblong-lanceolate),  large:  hoods  broad,  little 

if  at  all  overtopping  the  anthers :  stems  stout,  a  foot  or  more  in  height. 

4.  A.  Jamesii,  Torr.     Puberulent  when  young,  soon  green  and  glabrous : 
leaves  about  5  pairs,  approximate,  very  thick  and  large,  orbicular  or  broadly  oval, 
often  emarginate  and  with  a  mucro,  subcordate  at  base,  nearly  sessile,  copi- 
ously transversely  veined :  umbels  2  or  3,  all  or  mostly  lateral,  densely  many- 
flowered  :    flowers  greenish :   column  very  short   but   distinct :    hoods   barely 
equalling  the  anthers,  broad,  with  a  truncate  entire  summit,  which  is  equalled  by 
the  upper  margin  of  the  falciform  triangular  crest,  the  apex  of  which  extends 
into  a  short  subulate  horn  partly  over  the  top  of  the  sligmatic  disk.  —  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  162.     Plains  of  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

5.  A.  arenaria,  Torr.     Lanuginous-tomentose,  in  age  glabrate :   stems 
thickly  leaved :  leaves  smaller,  coriaceous  when  old,  obovate  or  oval  and  retuse 
or  the  lower  ovate,  with  rounded  or  subcordate  base,  somewhat  undulate,  dis- 
tinctly petioled :   umbels  all  lateral,  rather  densely  many-flowered :   corolla 
greenish  white :  column  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  anthers :  huods  about  as 
broad  as  high,  surpassing  the  anthers,  truncate  at  base  and  summit,  the  latter 
oblique  and  notched  on  each  side  near  the  inner  angle,  which  forms  an  obtuse  tooth  ; 
horn  with  included  ascending  portion  or  crest  broadly  semilunate  as  high  as  the 
hood;  the  abruptly  incurved  apex  subulate-beaked,  horizontally  exserted,  or  the 
slender  termination  ascending.  —  Bot.   Mex.  Bound.  162.     On  sandbanks, 
S.  E.  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

b.  Leaves  narrow  (lanceolate  or  linear),  green,  and  nearly  glabrous,  the  veins 
oblique :  stems  branching,  a  span  or  two  high :  hoods  obtuse :  column  hardly 
any :  follicles  when  young  tomentose-canescent. 

6.  A.  brachystephana,  Engelm.     Stems  6  to  10  inches  high,  very  leafy, 
cinereous-puberulent  or  tomentose  when  young,  the  inflorescence  more  floccose- 
tomentose :  leaves  from  lanceolate  with  a  broader  rounded   base  to  linear, 
short-petioled,  very  much  surpassing  the  (3  to  8)  few-flowered  umbels :  flowers 
lurid-purplish :  hoods  only  half  the  length  of  the  anthers,  erect,  strongly  angulate- 
toothed  at  the  front ;  the  tip  of  the  erect  subulate  horn  exserted.  —  Torr.  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  163.     Dry  sandy  soil,  from  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Arizona 
and  Texas. 

7.  A.  uncialis,  E.  L.  Greene.    Stems  an  inch  or  two  high :  flowers  like  the 
last,  but  the  hoods  only  a  little  shorter  than  the  anthers,  the  back  rounder,  and 
the  triangular  anterior  lobes  or  auricles  not  projecting,  while  a  short  Jleshy  process 
takes  the  place  of  the  subulate  horn.  —  Bot.  Gazette,  v.  64.     Wyoming,  Colo- 
rado, and  New  Mexico. 

c.  Leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  pubescent  or  puberulent :  stems  a  foot  or 
more  high :  hoods  obtuse,  2  or  3  times  the  length  of  the  anthers,  not  tapering  to 


ASCLEP1ADACE.E.      (MILKWEED   FAMILY.)  241 

base,  entire  at  summit,  involute-concave;  the  falcate  or  subulate  horn  free  at 
or  below  the  middle  of  the  horn,  and  incurved  or  inflexed  over  the  stigmatic 
disk. 

8.  A.  OValifolia,  Decaisne.     Tomentulose-pubescent :  stem  rather  slender  : 
leaves  thinnish,  from  ovate  or  oval  to  ovate  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  rounded 
at  base,  distinctly  petioled,  the  midrib  and  veins  slender,  the  veinlets  reticulated : 
umbels  few,  loosely  10  to  1 8-flowered,  on  peduncles  which  seldom  equal  the  pedi- 
cels: corolla  greenish-white  with  purplish  outside :  hoods  oval  or  broadly  oblong 
in  outline,  not  auriculate  at  base,  the  inner  margins  below  the  middle  extended  into 
a  large  acute  tooth  or  lobe  ;  the  horn  broad  and  rather  short :  anther-wings  rounded 
and  mostly  entire.  —  From  Dakota  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  N.  Illinois. 

9.  A.  Hallii,  Gray.    Puberulent-glabrate:  stem  stout:  leaves  thickish,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  with  rounded  base  and  rather  acute  apex, 
short-petioled,  the  stout  midrib  and  straight  veins  prominent  underneath :  umbels 
few  and  corymbose,  many-flowered,  on  peduncles  somewhat  longer  than  the  pedi- 
cels :  corolla  greenish-white  and  purplish :   hoods  elongated-oblong  in  outline, 
entire,  kastately  2-gibbous  above  the  narrower  base,  a  little  surpassing  the  sickle- 
shaped  horn :  anther-wings  unappendaged  at  base.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  69. 
A.  ovalifolia  of  Fl.  Colorado,  114.     Colorado. 

•w-  -M-  Follicles  erect  on  erect  pedicels :  leaves  usuallij  verticillate,  filiform, 

glabrous. 

10.  A.  verticillata,  L.     Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  slender,  very  leafy  : 
leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  3  to  6,  or  some  scattered,  filiform-linear,  with  revo- 
lute  margins :  umbels  numerous,  small,  many-flowered,  on  peduncles  longer 
than  the  pedicels:   corolla  greenish- white :   hoods  white,  broadly  ovate   and 
entire,  with  somewhat  auriculate  involute  base,  barely  equalling  the  anthers, 
much  shorter  than  their  elongated-subulate  falcate-incurved  horn.  —  In  dry 
soil,  from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Nebraska,  and  eastward  across  the 
continent. 

Var.  pumila,  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high,  many -stemmed  from  a  fasci- 
cled root :  leaves  much  crowded,  filiform  :  peduncles  seldom  longer  than  the 
pedicels.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  71.  From  New  Mexico  to  Nebraska  and 
Kansas. 

§  2.  Anther-wings  widening  to  the  broadly  rounded  base  and  conspicuously  au- 
riculate-notched  just  above  it:  hoods  sessile,  ivith  a  narrow  wholly  adnate  inter- 
nal crest  terminating  in  a  minute  horn :  pollinia  shoii,  and  thick,  arcuate-obovate. 

11.  A.  Stenophylla,  Gray.     Puberulent,  but  foliage  glabrous:    stems 
slender,  1  or  2  feet  high,  simple :  leaves  long  and  narrowly  linear,  with  sca- 
brous and  more  or  less  revolute  margins  and  a  strong  midrib;  the  upper 
alternate  and  the  lower  opposite:  umbels  several,  10  to  15  flowered:  flowers 
greenish :  hoods  whitish,  erect,  equalling  the  anthers,  conduplicate-concave, 
the  base  of  each  inner  margin  appendaged  by  a  cuneate  erosely  truncate  lobe, 
the  apex  2-lobed  and  the  narrow  internal  crest  exserted  in  the  sinus  in  the 
form  of  an  intermediate  tooth  :  interior  crown  of  5  very  small  2-lobed  pro- 
cesses between  the  bases  of  the  anthers:  follicles  long-acuminate,  erect  on 
the  ascending   pedicel.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  72.      Acerates  angustifolia, 
Decaisne.     From  Colorado  and  N.  Texas  to  Nebraska  and  W.  Arkansas. 

16 


242  GENTIANACE^E.      (GENTIAN  FAMILY.) 

3.    ACERATES,    Ell.        GREEN  MILKWEED. 

Perennial  herbs,  resembling  Asdepias,  but  distinguished  by  the  total  absence 
of  horn  or  crest  to  the  hoods.  Flowers  small,  greenish  or  barely  tinged  with 
purple. 

*  Mass  of  anthers  and  stigma  globular,  not  equalled  by  the  hoods:  column  below 

the  hoods  evident :  leaves  mainly  alternate-scattered,  vert/  numerous. 

1.  A.  auriculata,  Engelm.     Glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence  :  stem  2  or 
3  feet  high,  slender :  leaves  linear-filiform,  with  scabrous  margins :  umbels 
several,  lateral :  column  below  the  hoods  very  short :  hoods  oval  or  quadrate, 
emarginately  or  sometimes  3-crenately  truncate,  the  involute  margins  at  base 
appendaged  with  a  pair  of  remarkably  large  and  broad  auricles :  anther-wings 
narrow  and  of  equal  breadth  from  top  to  bottom.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1 60. 
From  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  S.  Texas. 

*  *  Mass  of  anthers  and  stigma  longer  than  broad,  almost  equalled  by  the  hoods, 

the  short  insertion  of  which  covers  tJte  very  short  column  :  leaves  often  opposite, 
mostly  broader. 

2.  A.  viridiflora,  Ell.     Tomentose-puberulent :  stem  1  or  2  feet  high : 
leaves  oval  or  oblong  and  obtuse  or  retuse,  or  sometimes  narrower  and  acute : 
umbels  2  to  5  or  sometimes  solitary,  dense,  mostli/  lateral  and  subsexsife :  pedicels 
little  over  twice  the  length  of  the  reflexed  narrowly  oblong  lobes  of  the  greenish 
corolla :  hoods  somewhat  fleshy,  with  small  auricles  at  base  much  involute  and 
concealed,  alternated  by  as  many  short  and  roundish  or  gland-like  small  internal 
teeth  :   anther-icings  semi-rhomboid  above,  with  a  much  longer  tarring  base.  — 
From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

3.  A.  lanuginosa,  Decaisne.     Hirsute  rather  than  woolly :  stems  a  span 
or  two  high,  terminated  bi/  a  single  pedunculate  umbel:  leaves  frequently  alter- 
nate or  scattered,  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  with  roundish  base:  pedi- 
cels 3  or  4  times  t/ie  length  of  the  oblong  lobes  of  tJie  greenish  corolla :  hoods 
purplish,  obtuse  and  entire,  involute  auricles  at  base  obscure  if  any :  the  alter- 
nating internal  teeth  or  lobes  small  and  emarginate:  antlier-wings  broadest  and 
obtusely  angulate  below  the  middle. — From  the  head- waters  of  the  Missouri  to 
Wisconsin  and  N.  Illinois. 


ORDER  50.    GFNTIANACE^E.     (GENTIAN  FAMILY.) 

Smooth  herbs,  with  a  colorless  bitter  juice,  opposite  and  sessile  entire 
and  simple  leaves  without  stipules,  regular  flowers  with  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  a  one-celled  ovary  with  two  parietal 
placentse,  or  nearly  the  whole  ovary  wall  ovuliferous  ;  the  fruit  a  many- 
seeded  capsule.  Flowers  cymose  or  simply  terminal.  In  all  ours  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla  are  convolute  in  the  bud. 

*  Style  distinct  and  slender,  deciduous  :  anthers  twisting  in  age. 

1.  Erythrsea.  Parts  of  the  flower  5  or  4.  Corolla  salverform.  Anthers  oblong  or  linear, 
commonly  exserted,  twisting  spirally  iu  one  or  two  turns  after  antbesis.  Capsule 
from  oblong-ovate  to  fusiform. 


GENTIANACE2E.      (GENTIAN  FAMILY.)  243 

*  *  Style  short  and  persistent,  or  none :  anthers  remaining  straight. 
•t-  Corolla  without  nectariferous  pits  or  large  glands. 

2.  Gentiana.     Calyx  commonly  with  a  membranous  tube.     Corolla  furmelform,  campanu- 

late,  or  salverform  ;  the  sinuses  with  or  without  plaits  or  appendages.  Stamens  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style  very  short  or  none.  Seeds  very  numerous,  not  rarely 
covering  the  inner  wall  of  the  ovary. 

3.  Pleurogyne.     Calyx  deeply  4  to  5-parted.     Corolla  rotate,  4  to  5-parted  ;  the  divisions 

acute,  a  pair  of  scale-like  appendages  on  their  base.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla.  Style  none  :  stigmas  decurrent  down  the  sutures.  Seeds  extremely  numer- 
ous, near  the  two  sutures. 

+-  +-  Corolla  with  one  or  two  nectariferous  pits,  spots  (glands),  or  an  adnate  scale  to  each 
lobe  :  calyx  4  to  5-parted. 

4.  Swertia.    Corolla  rotate,  5-  (rarely  4-)  parted.    Style  none  or  very  short     Capsule 

ovate.    Leaves  sometimes  alternate. 

5.  Frasera.    Corolla  rotate,  4-parted  ;  the  lobes  bearing  a  single  or  double  fringed  gland, 

and  sometimes  a  fimbriate  crown  at  base.  Stamens  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla: 
filaments  often  monadelphous  at  base.  Capsule  coriaceous,  commonly  flattened. 
Leaves  verticillate  or  opposite. 

1.    ERYTHR-ZEA,    Kenealm.        CENTAURY. 

Low  herbs  :  the  flowers  usually  small  and  with  broad  stigmas. 

1.  E.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  loosely  and 
paniculately  branched,  usually  sparsely  flowered  :  leaves  from  oblong  to  linear, 
mostly  acute  :  flowers  all  on  strict  and  slender  peduncles  or  pedicels :  lobes  of 
the  pink  corolla  oblong,  obtuse,  at  most  2  lines  long,  nearly  half  the  length 
of  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  480.  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  westward  to  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon. 

2.     GENTIANA,    Tourn.        GENTIAN. 

Herbs,  with  conspicuous  flowers  of  various  colors,  in  summer  or  autumn. 
Herbage  and  roots  very  bitter. 

§  1 .    Corolla  destitute  of  extended  plaits  or  lobes  or  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  —  GEN- 

TIANELLA. 

*  Flowers  large  or  middle-sized,  solitary,  mostly  4-merous :  corolla  companulate- 
funnelform,  its  lobes  usually  fimbriate  or  erase,  not  crowned:  a  row  of  glands 
between  the  bases  of  the  Jilaments.  (FRINGED  GENTIANS.) 

-i-  Flower  on  a  naked  and  usually  long  peduncle  terminating  the  stem  or  branches, 
not  bracteate  at  base  :  Jilaments  naked :  calyx  with  acutely  carinate  lobes,  the 
tube  sharply  angled  by  the  decurrent  keels. 

1.  G.  crinita,  Froel.     A  foot  or  two  high,  often  paniculate-corymbose, 
leafy  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  rounded  or  subcordate  partly 
clasping  base :  corolla  2  inches  long,  sky-blue,  rarely  white ;  its  lobes  cuneate- 
obovate,  stronglij  Jimbriate  around  the  summit,  less  so  down  the  narrowing  sides: 
capsule  conspicuously  stipitate.  —  Head-waters  of  the  Missouri  to  Canada, 
thence  southward  to  Georgia. 

2.  G.  Serrata,  Gunner.     Stem  3  to  18  inches  high  :  leaves  linear  or  lance- 
olate-linear:  corolla  1  to  l£  inches  long,  sky-blue  or  rarely  white;  its  lobes 
oblong  or  spatulate-obovate,  eroseli/  Jimbriate  or  toothed  around  the  summit  and 
sides,  or  sometimes  either  part  nearly  bare :  capsule  short-stipitate.  —  G.  detonsa, 


244  GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN   FAMILY.) 

Fries.     From  Nevada  to  Colorado,  the  Saskatchewan,  and  northward,  thence 
eastward  to  New  York  and  Canada. 

•«-  -H-  Flower  2-bracteate  under  or  near  the  calyx:  filaments  ciliate-bearded  below 
the  middle :  calyx  hardly  at  all  angled  or  carinate. 

3.  G.  barbellata,  Engelm.     Stems  single  or  in  pairs  from  the  slender 
fusiform  root  or  caudex,  2  to  5  inches  high  :  leaves  rather  thick  and  fleshy, 
obtuse,  with  roughish  callous  margins ;  the  radical  spatulate  or  slender-peti- 
oled ;  the  2  or  3  cauline  pairs  spatulate-linear,  or  the  uppermost  narrowly 
linear  and  connate  at  base :  corolla  bright  blue,  1  to  1^  inches  long,  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx ;  the  lobes  oblong,  erose-denticulate  above,  conspicuously 
fringed  along  the  middle  :  capsule  not  stipitate.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii. 
216.     Alpine  region  of  the  Colorado  mountains. 

*  #  Flowers  smaller,  4  to  5-merous  :  corolla  somewhat  funnelform  or  salverform 
when  expanded ;  the  lobes  entire,  their  base  mostly  crowned  with  setaceous  flla- 
ments :  capsule  seldom  stipitate. 

•i-  Peduncles  elongated  and  naked  from  a  rery  short  stem,  one-flowered. 

4.  G.  tenella,  Rottb.     An  inch  to  a  span  high :  leaves  oblong  or  the 
lowest  spatulate :  calyx  deeply  5-  (or  4-)  parted :  corolla  2|  to  4  lines  long, 
double  the  length  of  the  calyx,  blue ;  its  lobes  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse, 
little  shorter  than  the  tube:  fimbriate  crown  conspicuous  at  the  throat. — 
High  alpine  regions  in  Colorado  and  northward  to  the  arctic  regions. 

•«-  -t-  Peduncles  short  or  none,  terminal  and  lateral  on  a  comparatively  elongated 

stem. 

5.  G.  heterosepala,  Engelm.     A  span  or  two  high,  racemosely  few- 
flowered  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong :  calyx  very  unequally  5-parted  ; 
two  of  the  lobes  large  and  foliaceous,  ovate,  acute,  equalling  the  tube  of  the  pale 
blue  corolla  (4  to  6  lines  long) ;  the  other  three  linear-subulate  and  shorter : 
setce  of  the  crown  copious,  united  below  into  a  membrane  on  the  base  of  eack 
corolla  lobe.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii.  215.     In  the  mountains  of  New 
Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

6.  G.  Amarella,  L.     From  2  to  20  inches  high :  leaves  from  lanceolate 
to  narrowly  oblong,  or  the  lowest  obovate- spatulate :  calyx  5-cleft  below  the 
middle ;  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear,  equal  or  one  or  two  of  them  longer,  all 
shorter  than  the  mostly  blue  corolla,  which  is  £  inch  or  more  long. 

Var.  acilta,  Hook.  f.  Calyx  almost  5-parted  :  crown  usually  of  fewer  and 
sometimes  very  few  setce.  —  G.  Amarella  of  the  Western  Reports.  Throughout 
British  America  and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico  and 
California. 

Var.  stricta,  Watson.  Stem  (sometimes  2  to  4  feet  high)  and  branches 
strict,  remotely  leafy  :  leaves  thickish,  the  cauline  lanceolate-linear :  flowers 
numerous,  commonly  4-merous,  smaller:  calyx  less  deeply  cleft:  corolla  whitish, 
little  longer  than  the  unequal  calyx  ;  setae,  of  the  crown  sometimes  very  few  or  even 
wanting.  —  Bot.  King's  Exped.  278. 

§  2.    Corolla  plicate  at  the  sinuses,  the  plaits  more  or  less  extended  into  thin-mem." 
branaceous  teeth  or  lobes :  no  crown  nor  glands.  —  PNEUMONANTHE. 

#  Dwarf:  haves  small  and  with  ichite  cartilaginous  or  scarious  margins:  flowers 

solitary  and  terminal :  calyx  narrow,  4  to  5-toothed :  corolla  salverform  when 


GENTIAN  AC  E^.      (GENTIAN   FAMILY.)  245 

expanded;  the  lobes  or  plaits  in  the  sinuses  broad  and  emarginate:  anthers 
cordate. 

7.  G.  humilis,  Stev.     Stems  single  or  numerous,  1   to  5  inches  long, 
erect  or  ascending :  leaves  glaucescent  and  broadly  white-margined ;  the  radical 
orbicular  or  ovate  and  rosulate ;  cauline  linear-oblong,  erect,  connate-sheathing, 
2  or  3  lines  long  :  corolla  whitish  or  dull-colored ;  its  tube  little  exceeding  the 
calyx ;  the  limb  £  inch  in  diameter :  capsule  clavate-obovate,  at  length  exserted 
on  a  long  and  stout  stipe  much  beyond  the  /lower.  —  Grassy  banks  in  the  moun- 
tains from  Colorado  to  Wyoming. 

8.  G.  prostrata,  Haeuke.    Stems  weaker  than  in  the  preceding,  and  when 
elougated  the  lateral  ones  often  procumbent :  leaves  ovate,  less  erect,  greener,  and 
less  white-margined:  Jlower  4-merous :    corolla  azure-blue,  in  fruit  enclosing  the 
linear-oblong   rather  short-stipitate   capsule.  —  Alpine    regions   from   Colorado 
northward. 

*  *   Flowers  comparatively  large,  mostly  short-peduncled  or  sessile :  anthers 
linear  or  oblong:  usually  a  pair  of  bracts  under  the  Jlower. 
•(-  Dwarf,  1  to  3-Jlowered:  cauline  leaves  only  2  to  4  pairs. 

9.  G.  frigida,  Heenke.     Stems  1  to  5  inches  high :  leaves  linear,  varying 
to  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  thickish,  the  pairs  connate-sheathing  at  base :  calyx- 
tube  obconical:  corolla  funnelform,  l£  inches  long,  yellowish  white  or  tinged 
with  blue,  purplish-dotted ;  the  lobes  short  and  broad ;  the  plaits  entire  and 
broad  but  slightly  extended  at  summit.  —  Including  var.  algida,  Pall.    Alpine 
regions  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward. 

•«-  -i-  Low:  stems  several  from  the  same  caudex:  cauline  leaves  6  to  16  pairs, 
more  or  less  connate  or  even  sheathing  at  base;  the  uppermost  involucrate 
around  the  sessile  terminal  Jlower  or  3  to  5-J!.owered  cluster :  corolla  blue,  1  to 
l£  inches  long ;  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  and  the  appendages  at  the  sinuses  2-cleft 
or  lacerate. 

10.  G.  calycosa,  Griseb.     A  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  ovate;  the  low- 
est pairs  usually  smaller  and  with  connate-sheathing  base,  the  upper  hardly 
so ;  the  involucrate  uppermost  leaves  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx  of  the  com- 
monly solitary  Jlower :  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  or  even  subcor date,  about  the 
length  of  the  tube :  corolla  oblong-funnelform,  its  appendages  in  the  sinuses 
triangular-subulate,  laciniate,  or  2-cleft  at  the  tip.  —  California  and  Oregon  to 
Montana,  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

11.  G.  Parryi,  Engelm.    A  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  glaucescent,  thick- 
ish, ovate,  varying  to  oblong-lanceolate,  most  of  the  pairs  with  a  somewhat 
sheathing  base  ;  the  involucrate  uppermost  2  or  3  concealing  the  calyx  and  some- 
times almost  equalling  the  corolla  of  the  1  to  5jlowers:  lobes  of  the  calyx  short- 
linear,  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  tube :  appendages  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla 
narrow,  deeply  2-cleft.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii.  218.    Alpine  and  subalpiue 
regions  of  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Nevada. 

H_  M_  ^_  Stems  rather  taller,  many-leaved :  flowers  not  involucrate :  the  laciniate- 
toothed  or  cleft  appendages  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla  sometimes  almost  equal- 
ling the  lobes. 

12.  G.  afB.nis,  Griseb.     Stems  clustered,  a  span  or  more  high  :  leaves 
from  oblong  or  lanceolate  to  linear :   flowers  from  numerous  and  thyrsoid- 
racemose  to  few  or  rarely  almost  solitary :  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear :  calyx- 


246  GENTIANACE.E.      (GENTIAN   FAMILY.) 

lobes  linear  or  subulate,  unequal  and  variable,  the  longest  rarely  equalling  the 
tube,  the  shorter  sometimes  minute :  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long,  rather  narroivhj 
fnnnelform;  its  lobes  ovate,  acutish  or  mucronulate-pointed ,  spreading.  —  From 
the  mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  California  to  British  Columbia  and  the 
Saskatchewan. 

13.  G.  Bigelovii,  Gray.    Very  similar  to  the  last,  but  the  corolla  is  oblong, 
with  shorter  lobes,  and  bears  salient  crenulate  or  roughened  ridges  which  in  the 
bud  externally  border  the  infolded  plicae :  the  stipe  is  shorter  and  broader  and 
completely  fistulous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  87.     G.  affinis  in  part.     Colorado 
to  Arizona. 

14.  G.  ForWOOdii,  Gray.    Resembling  G.  affinis,  but  the  corolla  decidedly 
smaller  (f-  inch  long),  narrow,  and  with  shorter  and  rounder  lobes,  these  little  sur- 
passing the  plical  appendages:  stems  6  to  12  inches  high  and  equably  leafy  to 
the  very  top  :  calyx  subcampanulate,  with  no  vestige  of  lobes  or  teeth.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xix.  86.    High  meadows  of  the  Wind  River  Mountains,  Wyoming. 

3.    PLEUROGYNE,   Eschsch. 

Small  annuals  of  cold  regions,  with  blue  or  whitish  flowers,  and  distin- 
guished by  the  remarkable  decurrent  stigmas. 

1.  P.  TOtata,  Griseb.  Stems  2  to  10  inches  high,  the  smaller  simple  and 
1-flowered ;  the  larger  either  simple  and  racemosely  several-flowered  or  fasti- 
giately  much  branched :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  or  the  radical  ones  short 
and  spatulate :  sepals  similar  to  the  upper  leaves  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  bearing 
at  base  a  pair  of  glandular  and  scale-like  processes.  —  In  subalpine  regions  of 
Colorado  and  northward  throughout  British  America. 

4.    SWERTIA,    L. 

Simple-stemmed  perennials,  occasionally  with  alternate  leaves,  the  lower 
tapering  into  a  margined  petiole :  inflorescence  thyrsoid :  flowers  blue,  varying 
to  white. 

1.  S.  perennis,  L.  A  span  or  more  high:  lowest  leaves  oblong  or 
obovate-spatulate  (2  to  4  inches  long) ;  upper  cauline  few  and  narrower,  ses- 
sile :  inflorescence  racemiform  or  narrowly  paniculate,  few  to  many-flowered  : 
sepals  narrowly  lanceolate :  lobes  of  the  corolla  bearing  at  base  a  pair  of 
nectariferous  pits  which  are  crested  with  a  fringe.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
northward. 

5.    PRASERA,    Walt. 

Large  and  stout  herbs ;  with  single  erect  stem  from  a  thick  bitter  root,  the 
broader  leaves  commonly  nervose,  inflorescence  thyrsoid  with  copious  flowers 
and  dark-dotted  corolla. 

1.  P.  speciosa,  Dougl.  Stem  2  to  5  feet  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  in  4's 
and  6's ;  the  radical  and  lowest  cauline  obovate  or  oblong,  6  to  10  inches  long ; 
the  upper  lanceolate  and  at  length  linear :  flowers  very  numerous  in  a  long 
leafy  thyrsus :  lobes  of  the  greenish-white  or  barely  bluish  and  dark-dotted 
corolla  oval-oblong,  bearing  a  pair  of  contiguous  and  densely  long-fringed 
glands  about  the  middle,  and  a  distant  transversely  inserted  and  setaceously 
multifid  scale-like  crown  near  the  base.  —  In  the  mountains  from  Wyoming  to 
Oregon,  and  southward  to  New  Mexico  and  California. 


POLEMONIACE^E.      (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.)          247 


ORDER  51.     POLCITIOWIACE^E.     (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  regular  5-merous  and  5- 
androus  flowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  a  3-celled 
ovary  and  a  3-lobed  style :  the  pod  few  to  many-seeded,  its  3  valves 
usually  breaking  away  from  the  central  column. 

1.  Phlox.    Corolla  strictly  salverform,  with  slender  tube  and  narrow  orifice.     Stamens 

unequally  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  filaments  very  short :  anthers  mostly 

included.    Leaves  opposite  and  entire. 
2    Gilia.    Corolla  from  campanulate  t<    funnelform  or  salverform,  with  an  open  orifice. 

Stamens  equally  or  unequally  inserted  :  filaments  not  declined,  naked  at  base.    Leaves 

various. 
3.  Polemoninm.    Corolla  from  funnelform  to  nearly  rotate.     Stamens  equally  inserted  : 

filaments  more  or  less  declined  and  usually  pilose-appendaged  at  base.     Leaves  all 

alternate,  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted. 


1.    PHLOX,    L.        PHLOX. 

Cauline  leaves  sessile  and  opposite,  or  some  of  the  upper  alternate  :  flowers 
cymose,  showy,  and  variously  colored.  Our  Rocky  Mountain  forms  are  some- 
what suffrutescent,  chiefly  with  narrow  or  minute  and  thickish-margined 
leaves,  and  branches  or  peduncles  mostly  one  flowered. 

*  Densely  cespitose  and  depressed,  mostly  forming  cushion-like  evergreen  mats  or 

tufts  :  the  short  leaves  crowded  up  to  the  solitary  and  usually  sessile  flowers, 

and  also  fascicled. 

«-  Leaves  more  or  less  beset  or  ciliate  with  cobweb-like  or  woolly  hairs, 
•M.  Very  short,  broadish  or  scale-like,  soft,  barely  mucronate,  appressed-imbricated : 

plants  very  depressed,  moss-like,  forming  pulvinate  tufts:  lobes  of  the  corolla 

entire. 

1.  P.  bryoides,  Nutt.     Copiously  Innate:  leaves  very  densely  appressed- 
imbricated  in  4  strict  ranks  on  the  loosely  tufted  branches,  scale-like,  ovate- 
or  triangular-lanceolate,  minute  (l£  lines  long),  with  rather  inflexed  mar- 
gins :  tube  of  the  corolla  considerably  longer  than  the  calyx ;  its  cuneate  lobes 
barely  1^  lines  long.  —  PI.  Gamb.  153.     Alpine  summits  in  Wyoming  and 
nor  tli  ward. 

2.  P.  mtlSCOides,  Nutt.     Like  the  preceding,  more  resembling  some  canes- 
cent  moss :  the  branches  much  tufted,  very  short :  leaves  less  strictly  4-ranked 
and  less  lanafe,  ovate-lanceolate  :  tube  of  the  corolla  not  surpassing  the  calyx.  — 
Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  42.    Mountains  at  the  sources  of  the  Missouri. 

•H-  -M-  Leaves  subulate  or  acerose,  somewhat  rigid,  less  oppressed :  plants  forming 
broad  mats  2  to  4  inches  high. 

3.  P.  Hoodii,  Richards.     Sparsely  or  loosely  lanate,  becoming  glabrate  : 
leaves  rather  rigid,  erect,  somewhat  loosely  imbricated :  tube  of  the  (white?) 
corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx ;  its  lobes  obovate,  entire.  —  From  the  mountains 
of  S  W.  Wyoming  northward. 


248          POLEMONIACE^E.       (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.) 

4.  P.  canescens,  Torr.  &  Gray.     More  lanate  and  cauescent :  leaves  im- 
bricated, soon  recurved-spreading  above  the  appressed  base :  tube  of  the  white 
corolla  at  length  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  the  obovate  lobes  entire  or  emarginate.  — 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  8.     From  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  the  mountains  of  New 
Mexico  and  California. 

•<—  ••—  Leaves  rigid,  destitute  of  woolly  or  cobwebby  hairs,  the  margins  naked  or 
ciliate  with  rigid  or  rather  soft  hairs :  plants  either  densely  or  loosely  tufted : 
the  leaves  mostly  less  crowded. 

5.  P.  C38SpitOSa,  Nutt.     Leaves  linear-subulate  or  oblong-linear,  commonly 
much  crowded,  hispid-ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous  or  with  some  short  glandular- 

^  tipped  hairs:  corolla  with  tube  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Jour.  Acad. 
Philad.  vii.  41.  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Montana,  and  westward.  Occurs 
under  several  dwarfed  forms. 

6.  P.  Douglasii,  Hook.     Less  densely  tufted,  either  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous :  leaves  acerose  or  narrowly  linear  subulate,  less  rigid  and  usually  less 

i-  crowded,  ojlen  spreading,  their  margins  hirsutely  ciliate  next  the  base  or  naked : 
flowers  subsessile  or  short-peduncle d :  corolla  (purple,  lilac,  or  white)  with  tube 
exceeding  the  calyx.  —  From  Montana  to  Utah,  Colorado,  and  westward. 

Var.  longifolia,  Gray.  A  rigid  form,  of  more  arid  regions,  and  long  and 
narrow  less  fascicled  leaves.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  254.  W.  Nebraska  to 
Oregon  and  California. 

*  *  Loosely  tufted  or  many-stemmed  from  a  merely  woody-persistent  base,  with 
linear  or  lanceolate  spreading  leaves,  which  are  little  if  at  all  fascicled  in  the 
axils :  flowers  slender-peduncled. 

7.  P.  longifolia,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous  or  pubescent,  much  branched  or 
many-stemmed,  3  to  8  inches  high :  leaves  mostly  narrowly  linear,  1  to  2£ 
inches  long :  calyx  more  or  less  angled  by  the  white-membranaceous  replicate 

1^  sinuses :  lobes  of  the  rose-colored  or  white  corolla  obovate-  or  oblong-cuneate, 
entire  or  retuse  :  style  long  and  slender.  —  Jour.  Philad.  Acad.  vii.  41.  From 
Colorado  to  Montana  and  westward. 

Var.  brevifolia,  Gray.  A  depressed  or  dwarf  form ;  with  leaves  3  to 
4  lines  long,  rigid  and  with  more  cartilaginous  margins,  at  least  the  lower 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  254. 

8.  P.  nana,  Nutt.     Glandular  and  roughish-pubescent,  loosely  and  copi- 
ously branching,  a  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  linear,  1  to  2  inches  long,  those 
of  the  branches  often  alternate :  flowers  scattered  or  somewhat  corymbose : 
calyx  not  at  all  angled:  lobes  of  the  rose-red  or  white  corolla  ample  and 
broadly  cuneate-obovate  or  roundish,  entire  or  nearly  so :  style  eery  short.  — 
PI.  Gamb.  153.    From  S.  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

2.    G I L I  A,    Ruiz  &  Pav. 

A  large  and  variable  genus,  broken  up  into  many  ill-defined  sections, 
which  are  sometimes  considered  genera.  Includes  Collomia,  Nutt.,  formerly 
separated  by  its  unequally  inserted  stamens  and  solitary  ovules,  but  both 
characters  have  failed. — Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  261;  Ibid.  xvii.  223, 
foot-note. 


POLEMONIACEJS.      (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.)          249 

A.    Stamens  usually  unequally  inserted:  leaves  mostly  alternate,  and  pinnalely 
incised  or  divided:  seed-coat  usually  developing  spiral  threads  when  wetted. 

*  Leaves  sessile  and  entire :  ovules  solitary :   more  or  less  viscid-pubescent  or 
glandular  plants, 

1.  G.  linearis,  Gray.     Branching  and  in  age  spreading,  a  span  or  two 
high :  flowers  capitate-crowded  and  leaf y-br  acted  :  calyx  obconical;  its  lobes  tri- 
angular-lanceolate :  corolla  from  lilac-purple  to  nearly  white,  very  slender.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  223.     Collomia  linearis,  Nutt.     From  Colorado  and 
California  northward  throughout  British  America. 

2.  G.  gracilis,   Hook.      At   length  corymbosely  much  branched  and 
spreading,  2  to  6  inches  high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  or  the  lowest  oval 
or  obovate :  flowers  rather  loosely  cymose  or  scattered  :  calyx  rounded  at  base ; 
its  lobes  subulate-linear :  corolla  purple  or  violet ;  its  narrow  tube  yellowish : 
the  mucilage-cells  of  the  seed-coat  wholly  destitute  of  spiracles  !  —  Collomia  gra- 
cilis, Dougl.    From  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  northward  through  Colorado  to 
British  Columbia. 

*  *  Cauline  leaves  very  numerous,  simply  pinnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear 

divisions:  inflorescence  thyrsiform  or  panicled :  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell: 
slightly  if  at  all  viscid  plants. 

3.  G.  longiflora,  Don.     Glabrous,  loosely  paniculate-branched :  divisions 
of  the  leaves  long  and  slender:  flowers  somewhat  corymbose- on  slender  pedun- 
cles: corolla  white,  strictly  salverform,  showy;  the  tube  often  1^-  inches  long, 
with  narrow  orifice  ;  lobes  orbicular  or  ovate.  —  Collomia  longiflora,  Gray.     W. 
Nebraska  and  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

4.  G.  aggregata,  Spreng.     Somewhat  pubescent:  stems  2  to  4  feet  high, 
leafy,  sometimes  loosely  branching :   leaves   thickish,   with  narrowly  linear 
mucrouulate  divisions  :  thi/rsoid  narrow  panicle  loose  or  interrupted ;  the  flowers 
sessile  in  small  mostly  short-pedunculate  clusters :  calyx  commonly  glandular : 
corolla  from  scarlet  to  pink-red  (rarely  white),  with  narrow  tube;  the  lobes  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  widely  spreading,  soon  recurved.  —  Collomia 
aggregata,  Porter.      From  W.  Nebraska  to  Oregon,  and  southward  to  Cali- 
fornia, New  Mexico,  and  W.  Texas. 

Var.  attenuata,  Gray.  Corolla-lobes  lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  from 
the  very  base  into  a  slender  acumination :  calyx-lobes  equally  slender.  —  Synopt. 
Fl.  ii.  145.  Middle  Park,  Colorado. 

K.    Stamens  equally  inserted :  seed-coat  sometimes  developing  spiral  threads. 

*  Leaves  either  opposite  or  palmately  divided,  or  both ;  their  divisions  from  na.r- 

rowly  linear  to  filiform. 
•»-  Leaves  opposite :  flowers  small,  in  a  head  or  dense  cluster. 

5.  G.  nudicaulis,  Gray.     Very  glabrous,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  at 
length  branching  from  the  base :  stem  leafless  from  the  cotyledons  up  to  the 
inflorescence,  which  is  a  close  head  or  glomerule  subtended  by  an  involucre 
of  several  entire  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate  foliaceous  bracts :  corolla  salver- 
form,  white,  pink,  or  yellow ;  tlie  tube  3  or  4  lines  long  and  thrice  the  length 
of  the  calyx:  ovules  10  to  16  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  266.     Sandy 
plains,  from  Colorado  to  Nevada  and  Oregon.     In  spring. 


250         POLEMONIACE^E.      (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.) 

6.  G.  Nuttallii,  Gray.     Cinereous-puberulent  or  the  leaves  glabrate,  more 
or  less  woody  at  base :  stems  or  branches  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  terminated  by 
a  dense  leafy  cluster  of  flowers  :  leaves  3  to  7  parted :  the  divisions  narrowly 
linear,  mucronate :  corolla  white  with  a  yellow  more  f unnelform  throat ;  ike 
tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx:  ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
viii.  267.     Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Arizona  and  the  Sierras  of 
California. 

•«-  -i-  Leaves  all  alternate  and  much  fascicled  in  the  axils:  Jlowers  showy,  solitary 
or  few  in  a  cluster  at  the  summit  of  the  branches. 

7.  G.  pUD gens,  Benth.     Stems  woody,  tufted,  very  leafy :  branches  and 
mostly  erectish  or  little  spreading  leaves  viscid-pubescent,  puberulent,  or 
glabrate  :  leaves  3  to  7-parted,  acerose  or  subulate,  rigid  and  pungent :  corolla 
rose  or  white:  ovules  8  or  10  in  each  cell.  —  From  the  Upper  Platte  and 
Columbia  to  Arizona  and  California. 

Var.  C8BSpitOsa,  Gray.    A  low  and  dense  form,  imitating  Phlox  Doug- 
lasii  in  growth.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  267.     Scott's  Bluffs,  Wyoming. 

#  *  Leaves  alternate  and  pinnately  incised,  cleft,  or  divided  (rarely  entire), 

occasionally  some  of  the  lowermost  opposite. 
t-  Flowers  capitate-clustered,  leafybracted;  bracts  and  calyx-lobes  acerose-pungent 

or  cuspidate. 

•»-»•  Calyx  lobes  and  the  mostly  multijid  bracts  rigid  and  acerose-pungent :  leaves, 
at  least  some  of  them,  more  than  once  pinnately-parted. 

8.  G.  intertexta,  Steud.     Erect  or  widely  branched,  low  and  rather  stout, 
neither  viscid  nor  glandular :  stem  retrorsely  pubescent :  leaves  mainly  glabrous, 
with  divaricate  acerose-spinescent  divisions  sparingly  divided  or  simple:  Jlowers 
densely -glomerate:  tube  of  the  calyx  and  base  of  the  bracts  strongly  ciilous 
with  white  spreading  hairs ;  its  lobes  equalling  the  white  corolla  (3  or  4  lines 
long) :  ovules  and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each  cell.  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  west- 
ward to  California  and  Oregon. 

9.  G.  minima,  Gray.     Depressed,  often  forming  broad  tufts,  ^  to  2  inches 
high,  glabrate :  leaves  acicular  and  with  simpler  and  fewer  divisions  than  the 
preceding :  tube  of  the  calyx  white-hairy  in  the  broad  sinuses,  as  long  as  the  un- 
equal lobes,  which  equal  or  exceed  the  white  corolla  (1£  lines  long) :  ovules  1  to 
3  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  269.     In  very  dry  regions  from  Dakota 
to  Colorado  and  Oregon. 

10.  G.  BreWGri,  Gray.     Erect  or  at  length  much  branched  and  diffusely 
spreading,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  very  minutely  glandular-puberulent  all  over: 
Jlowers  less  glomerate  :  leaves  with  mostly  simple  acicular-subulate  divisions :  calyx- 
lobes  similar  to  these,  narrowly  subulate,  about  equalling  the  yellow  corolla 
(3  or  4  lines  long),  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  tube :  ovules  1  or  2  in  each 
cell  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  269.    From  Wyoming  to   Utah,  Nevada,  and 
California. 

•w-  -w.  Calyx-lobes  and  bracts  cuspidate  but  not  pungent :  leaves  simply  pinnatijid 

or  entire. 

11.  G.  spicata,  Nutt.     Stems  rather  stout,  erect,  simple,  or  several  from 
the  fusiform  root,  a  span  or  two  high :  capitate  flower-dusters  crowded  in  an 
elongated  virgate  and  spike-like  thyrsus:  leaves  thickish,  almost  filiform,  some 


POLEMONIACE.E.      (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.)  251 

about  3-cle/l,  occasionally  all  entire,  barely  mucronate :  corolla-lobes  shorter 
tban  the  tube :  anthers  subsessile  in  the  throat :  ovules  4  to  6  in  each  cell.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

Var.  capitata,  Gray.  A  dwarf  form  :  leaves  nearly  all  entire :  thyrsus 
short  and  capituliform :  filaments  as  long  as  the  anther.  —  Alpine  region,  from 
the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota  to  Colorado. 

12.  G.  COngesta,  Hook.     Stems  erect  or  spreading,  3  to  12  inches  high, 
from  a  tufted  base,  bearing  single  terminal  or  Jew  and  corymbose  capituliform 
cymes :  leaves  with  3  to  7  mucronate  divisions,  or  some  of  them  entire :  lobes  of 
the  corolla  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  which  does  not  exceed  the  usually 
aristulate-tipped   calyx-lobes :    exserted  filaments  at   length   as   long  as  the 
anthers  :  ovules  2  to  4  in  each  cell.  —  From  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  Oregon 
and  California. 

Var.  crebrifolia,  Gray.  Depressed ;  the  tufted  stems  2  or  3  inches  long, 
crowded  with  small  entire  leaves,  and  terminated  by  a  single  capitate  cluster.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

13.  G.  iberidifolia,  Benth.     Leaves  more  rigid  and  the  lobes  cuspidate- 
tipped,  as  also  the  bracts :  capitate  cymes  corymbose :  filaments  shorter :  ovules 
solitary  in  each  cell.  —  North  Platte,  Wyoming,  and  Nebraska. 

14.  G.  pumila,  Nutt.     About  a  span  high :  stems  loosely  woolly,  at  least 
when  young,  leafy :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire  or  most  of  them  2  to  4-parted 
into  diverging  linear  lobes,  mucronate :  flowers  cymulose-glomerate  and  leafy- 
bracted  :  tube  of  the  corolla  slender,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  aristulate-tipped 
calyx-lobes:  filaments  slender,  inserted  in  the  sinuses,  exserted,  shorter  than  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla :  ovules  about  6  in  each  cell.  —  From  W.  Nebraska  to  W. 
Texas  and  west  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

15.  G.  polycladon,  Torr.     About  a  span  high:    stems  puberulent  or 
sparsely  pubescent,  diffuse,  very  few-leaved:  leaves  pinnatifid  or  incised  ;  the  lobes 
short,  oblong,  abruptly  spinulose-mucronate,  those  subtending  the  cymose  cluster 
longer  than  the  flowers :  floAvers  cymulose-glomerate  and  leafy-bracted  :  tube 
of  the  corolla  hardly  exceeding  the  aristulate-mucronate  calyx-lobes :  anthers  in 
the  throat,  on  very  short  filaments:  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
147.     W.  Texas  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

•»-  H-  Flowers  thyrsoid-paniculate,  inconspicuously  bracted  or  ebracteate,  never  yel- 
low, ovules  6  in  each  cell. 
•w-  Corolla  rose-red :  anthers  subsessile  in  the  throat. 

16.  G.  Haydeni,  Gray.     Almost  glabrous,  slightly  glandular  above,  a 
span  or  more  high,  effusely  much  branched,  somewhat  corymbose :  radical 
leaves  pinnatifid ;  those  of  the  branches  linear  and  subulate,  bract-like,  entire : 
calyx-lobes  subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube :  corolla-tube  £  inch  long,  several 
times  longer  than  the  obovate  lobes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  79.     On  the  San 
Juan  in  S.  W.  Colorado  or  adjacent  Utah,  Brandegee. 

•»•+  -M.  Corolla  bluish  or  white :  filaments  slender  and  much  exserted. 

17.  G.  Stenothyrsa,  Gray.     Stem  simple,  virgate,  very  leafy  up  to  the 
racemiform  narrow  thyrsus :  leaves  pinnately  cleft  into  short  oblong  lobes :  bracts 
small  and  entire .  stamens  moderately  exserted :  corolla  somewhat  funnelform, 
white,  nearly  £  inch  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  276.     Uinta  Mountains, 
Fremont. 


252          POLEMONIACE^E.       (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.) 

18.  G.  pinnatifida,  Nutt.     Stem  simple  or  loosely  branching,  a  span  to 
2  feet   high  :    inflorescence,   open-paniculate,  often   compound :   leaves  pinnately 
parted  into  linear  or  narrowly  oblong  lobes;  these  sometimes  again  1  or  2-lobed : 
stamens  conspicuously  exserted :  corolla  strictly  salverform,  2  or  3  lines  long, 
pale  blue  or  violet,  or  the  narrow  tube  white.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  276. 
In  the  mountains  from  S.  Wyoming  through  Colorado  to  New  Mexico. 

•«-  •*-•»-  Flowers  scattered  or  somewhat  crowded,  occasionally  yellow :  ovules  one 

to  many  in  each  cell. 

•w.  Corolla  very  small  (2  lines  or  less),  salverform,  white:  leaves  filiform,  entire, 
or  sometimes  3-parted :  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells :  not  viscid-glandular. 

19.  G.  minutiflora,  Benth.    Glabrous,  or  minutely  gland ular-puberulent 
above :   stem  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with   many  virgate  and  rigid  slender 
branches :  upper  leaves  all  reduced  to  minute  subulate  appressed  bracts ;  the 
lower  longer  and  some  of  them  3-parted:  flowers  term'uiating  and  also  sparsely 
spicately  disposed  along  the  branchlets,  2  lines  long.  —  Wyoming  (on  the  Upper 
Platte)  and  Idaho. 

20.  G.  tenerrima,  Gray.     Minutely  and  sparsely  glandular,  low,  effusely 
much  branched;   branches  filiform:   leaves  entire :  flowers  loosely  panicled,  on 
slender  divergent  pedicels,  minute.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  277.     Bear  River 
Valley,  Utah. 

•M.  *+  Corolla  larger  (3  to  12  lines),  funneJform,  purplish  or  yellow:  leaves  once  or 
twice  pinnately  divided:  ovules  few  or  numerous  in  the  cells:  viscid-glandular. 

21.  G.  inconspicua,  Dougl.    A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  usually  with 
slight  woolly  pubescence  when  young,  and  viscid-glandular,  branching  from  the 
base :  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid  or  pinnately -parted,  or  the  lowest  bipinnatifld,  with 
short  mucronate-cuspidate  lobes ;  the  uppermost  becoming  small,  subulate  and 
entire :  flowers  either  somewhat  crowded  and  subsessile  or  at  length  loosely  panicled 
and  some  of  them  slender-pedicellecl :   corolla  violet  or  purplish  (3  to  5  lines 
long),  narrowly  funnelform.  —  From  Wyoming  to  Texas  and  westward. 

22.  G.  Brandegei,  Gray.    Very  viscid  with  glandular  pubescence,  pleas- 
antly odoriferous,  cespitose :  stems  a  span  to  near  a  foot  high,  simple :  leaves 
all  pinnate,  elongated-linear  in  outline,  the  radical  crowded,  the  cauline  scat- 
tered;  leaflets  very  small  and  numerous,  from  oval  to  oblong-linear,  some 
simple,  others  2-parted  and  so  appearing  verticillate  :  flowers  several  in  a  short 
and  racemiform  leafy  thyrsus:  corolla  golden  yellow,  trumpet-shaped,  an  inch  or 
less  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  85.     On  the  face  of  cliffs  in  S.  W.  Colorado, 
Brandegee. 

Var.  Lambornii,  Gray.     Corolla  lurid-yellowish  or  greenish.  —  Synopt. 
Fl.  ii.  149.    Alpine  region  of  Sierra  Blanca,  S.  Colorado. 

3.    POLEMONIU M,    Tourn.        GREEK  VALERIAN.    JACOB'S 

LADDER. 

Inflorescence  racemiform,  thyrsiform,  or  cymulose-paniculate :  flowers  blue 
or  white,  rarely  purplish,  usually  showy. 

*  Corolla  narrowly  funnelform ;  its  tube  exceeding  the  calyx  and  longer  than  the 
limb :  filaments  naked  or  nearly  so  and  not  dilated  at  base :  leaflets  very  small 


POLEMONIACE^E.      (POLEMONIUM    FAMILY.)          253 

and  crowded,  so  as  seemingly  to  be  verticillate :  inflorescence  capitate-congested 
or  spier  form. 

1.  P.  conferttim,  Gray.    A  span  or  more  high,  glandular-pubescent  and 
viscid,  musky  fragrant :  leaflets  1  to  3  lines  long,  mostly  2  to  3  divided ;  the 
divisions  from  round-oval  to  oblong-linear :  flowers  densely  crowded,  honey- 
scented  :  corolla  deep  blue,  £  to  1  inch  long :  ovules  about  3  in  each  cell.  — 
Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  73.    Alpine  regions  from  Colorado  to  California 
and  northward. 

Var  mellitum,  Gray.  Usually  a  taller  form :  inflorescence  more  lax 
and  leafy,  becoming  spiciform  or  racemose :  corolla  pale  or  sometimes  white, 
an  inch  long,  more  narrowly  funnelform.  —  With  the  type  in  Wyoming, 
Colorado,  and  Utah. 

*  *  Corolla  campanulate-funnelform ;  its  tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx  and  shorter 
than  the  ample  Limb:  filaments  usually  dilated  and  pdose-appendaged  at  base: 
leaflets  simple  and  entire,  sometimes  confluent:  inflorescence  open. 

•*-  Low,  about  a  span  high  from  cespitose-branching  and  mostly  thickened  root- 
stocks  :  flowering  stems  only  1  to  3-leaved :  leaflets  seldom  %  inch  long. 

2.  P.  viSGOSUm,  Nutt.     Dwarf  and  with  thick  densely  tufted  rootstocks, 
viscid-puberufent :   leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded  or  even  imbricated, 
ovate  or  roundish,  at  most  1|  lines  long :  flowers  in  a  rather  close  cymulose  cluster : 
corolla  blue  or  whitish,  its  lobes  about  the  length  of  the  included  tube :  filaments 
not  appendaged  at  base.  —  High  summits  towards  the  sources  of  the  Platte, 
Nuttall. 

3.  P.  humile,  Willd.     More  slender,  and  from  somewhat  creeping  root- 
stocks,  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent:   leaflets  15  to  21,  from  round-oval   to 
oblong,  2  to  6  lines  long :  flowers  rather  few  in  the  clusters :  corolla  blue  or  pur- 
plish, its  ampler  lobes  much  longer  than  the  short  included  tube :  filaments  pilose  at 
the  dilated  base :  ovules  2  to  4  and  seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 

Var.  pulchellum,  Gray.  Viscid  pubescence  mostly  minute,  or  the  leaflets 
often  near!.'/  glabrous  and  naked:  flowers  smaller:  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  only 
2  or  3  lines  long,  violet  or  lavender  blue,  in  some  forms  nearly  white. — 
Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  150.  P.  pulchellum,  Bunge.  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  northward  to  the  Arctic  coast. 

•i-  •»-  Taller,  afoot  or  more  high,  from  slender  rootstocks  or  roots:  leaves  and  leaf- 
lets larger. 

4.  P.  CSeruleum,  L-    Either  glabrous  or  viscid-pubescent :  stem  mostly  strict 
and  virgate,  1  to  3  feet  high,  5  to  10-leaved:  leaflets  from  linear  lanceolate  to 
oblong-ovate,  9  to  20  lines  long  :  flowers  numerous  in  a  naked  and  narrow  thyr- 
sus or  panicle:  corolla  blue,  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter:  stifle  and  stamens 
usually  protruding. —  From   the  Colorado  mountains  to  California,  and  far 
northward ;  very  much  less  abundant  in  the  N.  Atlantic  States. 

5.  P.  foliosiSSimum,  Gray.     Very  viscid-pubescent  throughout  and  strong- 
scented:  stem  very  leafj  throughout:  leaflets  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late: flowers  corymbose-C'/mvse,  smaller:  corolla  commonly  white  or  cream-color, 
sometimes  violet,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx :  style  and  stamens  not  protrud- 
ing —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  151.     P.  cazruieum,  var.  foliosissimum,  Gray.     Mountains 
of  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  westward. 


254       HYDROPHYLLACE^E.      (WATERLEAF   FAMILY.) 


ORDEII  52.    HYDRO PHYLLACE^E.     (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  commonly  hairy,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  regular  5-mcrous 
and  5-androus  flowers :  the  ovary  entire  and  1  -celled  with  2  parietal 
(4  to  many-ovuled)  placentae,  or  rarely  2-celled  :  style  2-cleft  or  2  sepa- 
rate styles:  fruit  a  2-valved,  4  to  many-seeded  pod.  Flowers  chiefly 
blue  or  white,  in  one-sided  cymes  or  racemes. 

*  Style  more  or  less  2-cleft :  ovary  1-celled.  and  mostly  hispid,  at  least  at  the  apex. 
H-  Ovary  lined  with  the  dilated  and  fleshy  placentae. 

1.  Hydrophyllum.    Stamens  and  style  mostly  conspicuously  exserted.     Leaves  alter- 

nate. Calyx  with  or  without  a  small  appendage  at  each  sinus.  Corolla  campanulate  ; 
the  tube  within  bearing  a  linear  longitudinal  appendage  opposite  each  lobe,  with  in- 
folded edges,  forming  a  nectariferous  groove  Filaments  bearded  at  the  middle. 

2.  Ellisia.    Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla.     Lower  and  sometimes  all  the  leaves  oppo- 

site.    Calyx  destitute  of  appendages  at  the  sinuses,  usually  much  enlarged  under  the 
fruit.    Corolla  campanulate ,  the  internal  appendages  minute  or  obsolete, 
•t-  t-  Ovary  with  narrow  parietal  placentae,  in  fruit  projecting  inward  more  or  less. 

3.  Phacelia.    Calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses,  deeply  5-parted.     Stamens  equally  inserted  low 

down  on  the  corolla.  Inflorescence  scorpioid.  Leaves  al),  or  all  but  the  lowest, 
alternate. 

*  *  Styles  2.  distinct  to  the  base :  ovary  more  or  less  completely  2-celled,  and  in  ours  nearly 

glabrous. 

4.  Nama.    Corolla  funnelform  or  somewhat  salverform.     Filaments  and  styles  more  or 

less  included  ;  the  former  commonly  unequal  and  often  unequally  inserted.  Ovules 
and  seeds  numerous,  on  transverse  lamelliform  placentae,  which  approximate  or  cohere 
in  the  axis  of  the  ovary,  but  separate  in  the  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Low  herbs,  with 
(in  ours)  entire  leaves. 


1.     HYDBOPHYLLUM,    Tourn.        WATERLEAF. 

Herbs  with  petioled  ample  and  lobed  or  divided  alternate  leaves,  and 
cymose  clusters  of  violet-blue  or  white  flowers.  Our  species  have  fleshy  hori- 
zontal rootstocks,  the  calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses,  leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnate, 
and  the  peduncle  elongated,  surpassing  the  petiole. 

1.  H.  occidentals,  Gray.     Pubescent,  hirsute,  or  sparingly  hispid,  a  foot 
or  two  high  :   leaves  elongated-oblong  in  outline,  pinnately  parted  or  divided  info 

I  /  7  to  15  divisions;  divisions  oblong,  1  or  2  inches  long,  mostly  incised  or  few- 
cleft,  obtuse :  cymes  mostly  dense  or  capitate  :  calyx  deeply  parted,  its  divis- 
ions lanceolate:  corolla  violet-purple,  varying  to  white,  £  inch  long.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  314. 

Var.  Fendleri,  Gray.  Pubescence  mainly  hirsute  or  hispid:  divisions  of 
the  leaves  inclined  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  inciseli/  serrate :  cyme 
rather  open  :  corolla  white  or  nearly  so.  —  Shady  ravines,  from  New  Mexico 
to  Colorado. 

2.  H.  Virginicum,  L.     Stem  (1  or  2  feet  high)  and  bright  green  leaves 
almost  glabrous,  or  with  short  scattered  hairs  :  leaves  ovate  in  general  outline, 

r  3  to  5-parted  or  divided ;  divisions  (2  to  4  inches  long)  ovate-lanceolate  or 


HYDKOPHYLLACE^E.      (\VATERLEAF   FAMILY.)        255 

rhomboid -ovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely  incised-toothed  ;  the  lowest 
commonly  2-cleft  and  the  terminal  one  often  3-lobed :  peduncle  usually  once 
or  twice  forked  :  cyme  at  length  open  :  calyx  5-parted  to  the  very  base  into 
narrow  linear  and  spreading  hispid-ciliate  divisions :  corolla  nearly  white  or 
sometimes  deep  violet,  about  |  inch  long.  —  Across  the  continent. 


2.    ELLISIA,   L. 

Plants  with  tender  somewhat  hirsute  herbage  :  peduncles  solitary  or  race- 
mose :  corolla  whitish,  mostly  small  in  comparison  with  the  stellate  calyx. 
In  ours  the  leaves  are  once  pinnately  parted,  and  the  upper  mostly  alternate. 

1.  E.  Nyctelea,  L.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  very  diffuse: 
leaves  on  naked  or  barely  margined  petioles;  the  divisions  7  to  13,  lanceolate, 
acute,  mostly  1  to  3-toothed  or  lobed :  peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks  or  oppo- 
site the  leaves,  or  some  of  the  later  ones  racemose  and  secund :  calyx-lobes 
acuminate,  longer  than  the  capsule :  corolla  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx.  — 
Upper  Arkansas,  Colorado,  to  the  Saskatchewan,  and  eastward  across  the 
continent. 


3.    PHACELIA,   Juss. 

Corolla  blue,  purple,  or  white,  never  yellow,  except  the  tube  of  certain 
species ;  the  tube  with  or  without  internal  folds :  calyx-lobes  more  or  less 
enlarging  in  fruit :  seed-coat  reticulated  or  pitted. 

§  1.   A  pair  of  ovules  to  each  placenta:  seeds  as  man//  or  by  abortion  fewer : 
lobes  of  the  campanulate  corolla  entire  (or  rareltf  erose-dentate) ;   the  tube  with 
10  laminate  appendages  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  the  stamens.  —  EUPHACELIA. 
*  Leaves  all  simple  and  entire,  or  some  of  the  lower  pinnately  3  to  5-parted  or 
divided:  capsule  ovate,  acute:  seeds  densely  alveolate-punctate. 

1.  P.  circinata,  Jacq.  f.     Hispid  and  the  foliage  strigose,  and  either 
green  or  canescent,  a  span  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
acute ;  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole  and  commonly  some  of  them  with 
one  or  two  pairs  of  smaller  lateral  leaflets :  inflorescence  hispid ;  the  dense 
spikes  thyrsoid-congested  :   corolla  whitish   or   bluish :   filaments   much  ex- 
serted,  sparingly  bearded.  —  On  dry  ground,  from  New  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia to  Dakota  and  British  Columbia. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnately  toothed,  lobed,  or  compound,  and  the  lobes  or  divisions 
toothed  or  incised :  capsule  globular  or  ovoid,  obtuse :  seeds  with  excavated 
ventral  face  divided  by  a  salient  ridge. 

•«-  Calyx,  etc.  not  setose-hispid. 

2.  P.  integrifolia,  Torr.     A  span  to  2  feet  high,  strict,  viscid-pubescent 
or  hirsute,  very  leafy :  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile  or  the  lower 
short-petioled  with  a  commonly  subcordate  base,  simply  or  mostly  doubly  cre- 
nate-toothed,  sometimes  incised :  spikes  crowded,  at  first  thyrsoid  :  corolla  whitish 
or  bluish  :  stamens  and  style  long  exserted.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  222.    Dry 
soil,  Colorado  to  Texas,  Arizona,  and  Utah. 


256   HYDROPHYLLACL^E.   (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.) 

3.  P.  glandlllosa,  Nntt.     Viscid-pubescent  and  glandular,  softly  if  at 
all  hirsute,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  irregularly  and  interruptedly 
twice,  pinnatifid,  or  below  divided;  the  numerous  lobes  small,  somewhat  incised, 
obtuse :  corolla  bluish,  purplish,  or  white,  with  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube : 
stamens  and  style   moderately  or  conspicuously  exserted.  —  Gravelly  soil, 
Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

Var.  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  either  slightly  or 
conspicuously  erose-denticulate. — P.  Neo-Mexicana,  Thurber. 

t-  -*-  Calyx  more  or  less  setose-hispid. 

4.  P.  Popei,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Viscid-pubescent  and  hispid  with  spread- 
ing hairs,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  bipinnately  parted  or  pinnatifid  ;  the 
divisions  pinnatifid,  with  5  to  9  short,  obtuse  lobes :  calyx-lobes  a  little  longer 
than  the  globose  capsule :  corolla  white,  campanulate,  its  lobes  entire :  sta- 
mens at  length  much  exserted.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  172.     Colorado  and  south- 
ward.    Included  under  P.  glandulosa,  Nutt.,  in  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  160,  but  restored 
in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  87. 

§2.  Ovules  and  seeds  several  (6  to  12)  or  more  numerous  on  each  placenta: 
appendages  of  the  mostly  campanulate  corolla  in  the  form  of  10  vertical  salient 
lamellce.  —  EUTOCA. 

5.  P.  sericea,  Gray.     A  span  to  a  foot  high  from  a  branching  caudex, 
silky-pubescent  or  canescent,  or  the  simple  virgate  stems  and  inflorescence 
villous-hirsute,  rather  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear  or 
narrow-oblong  numerous  and  often  again  few-cleft  or  pinnatifid  divisions,  silky- 
canescent  or  sometimes  greenish  ;  the  lower  petioled  ;  the  uppermost  simpler 
and  nearly  sessile :  short  spikes  crowded  in  a  naked  spike-like  th  i/rsus :  corolla 
violet-blue  or  whitish:   stamens  long  exserted:    capsule  a  little  longer  than  (lie 
calyx. — Mountains  of  Colorado,  Nevada,  and  northward. 

6.  P.  Menziesii,  Torr.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  paniculate- 
branched,  hispid  or  roughish-hirsute :  leaves  mostly  sessile,  linear  or  lanceolate 
and  entire,  or  some  of  them  deeply  cleft ;  the  lobes  few  or  single,  linear  or 
lanceolate,  entire  :   spikes  or  spike-like  racemes  thi/rsoid-paniculate,  at  length 
elongated  and  erect :  corolla  bright  violet  or  sometimes  white  :  stamens  about 
the  length  of  the  corolla :  capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  252.     Montana  to  Utah  and  westward. 

4.    NAMA,   L. 

Low  herbs :  the  corolla  purple,  bluish,  or  white.  In  ours  the  corolla  is 
short-funnelform  and  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  flowers  are  in  the  forks 
of  the  stem,  and  the  leaves  are  entire. 

1.  N.  dichotomum,  Ruiz  &  Pav.,  var.  angustifolium,  Gray. 
Erect,  a  span  high,  minutely  pubescent,  glandular :  stem  repeatedly  forked 
and  with  a  nearly  sessile  flower  in  each  fork  :  leaves  narrow,  linear  or  nearly 
so :  sepals  narrowly  linear :  seeds  marked  with  about  5  longitudinal  rows  of 
large  pits,  from  4  to  6  in  each  row.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  284.  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 


BOllRAGINACE^E.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.)  257 


ORDER  53.    BORRAGIIV  iCEJE.     (BORAGE  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  rough-hairy  horbs,  with  alterrmte  entire  leaves,  and  symmetri- 
cal flowers  with  a  5-parted  calyx,  a  regular  5-lobed  corolla,  5  stamens 
inserted  on  its  tube,  a  single  style  and  a  deeply  4-lobed  ovary  (occa- 
sionally undivided),  which  forms  in  fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets,  each  with 
a  single  seed.  —  Flowers  mostly  on  one  side  of  the  branches  of  a  re- 
duced cyme,  imitating  a  scorpioid  spike  or  raceme. 

A.    Ovary  undivided  (or  only  laterally  4-lobed)  and  surmounted  by  the  style. 

1.  Coltlenia.  Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  divisions  narrow.  Corolla  short-funnel  form  or  nearly 
salverfonn ;  the  lobes  rounded,  imbricated  or  sometimes  partly  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Style  2-cleft  or  2-parted  :  ovary  (in  ours)  laterally  4-lobed.  Fruit  separating  at  ma- 
turity into  4  one-seeded  nutlets,  or  by  abortion  fewer. 

2  Heliotropium.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  salverfonn  or  funnelform, 
plaited  and  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Anthers  connivent,  sometimes  cohering 
by  pointed  tips.  Style  entire  or  none :  stigma  peltate-annular,  forming  a  complete 
ring,  surmounted  usually  by  an  entire  or  2-lobed  tip  or  appendage :  ovary  4-celled. 
Fruit  2  or  4-lobed,  separating  into  two  2-celled  and  2-seeded  carpels  or  more  com- 
monly into  4  one-seeded  nutlets. 

B.    Ovary  4-parted  from  above  into  1-celled  1-ovuled  divisions  surrounding  the  base  of  the 
undivided  style  ;  stigma  terminal,  not  annular. 

*  Nutlets  obliquely  attached  by  more  or  less  of  the  ventral  face  or  angle,  or  by  the  base  or 

prolongation  of  it,  to 
t-  The  more  or  less  elevated  gynobase  which  supports  the  style,  not  stipitate. 

3.  Echinospermum.    Nutlets  armed  (either  along  a  distinct  margin  or  more  or  less  over 

the  whole  back)  with  glochidiate  prickles,  forming  burs.  Calyx  reflexrd  or  open  in 
fruit.  Corolla  white  or  blue  ;  the  throat  closed  with  prominent  fornicate  appen- 
dages. 

4.  Omphalodes.    Nutlets  ascending  or  subhorizontal,  with  depressed  back  surrounded 

by  a  wing  or  margin  which  at  maturity  is  reflexed,  and  its  pectinate  or  spinulose  teeth 
when  present  not  glochidiate  (disk  sometimes  so),  somewhat  supra-basal  or  ventral  in 
attachment.  Corolla  rotate  or  very  short  funnelform,  bright  blue. 

5.  Krynitzkia.     Nutlets  erect,  convex  on  the  back  and  naked,  wholly  unappendaged 

(rarely  with  a  narrow  plane  border),  attached  by  the  inner  side  above  the  middle  or 
more  or  less  towards  the  base.  Corolla  rotate  or  funnelform,  white,  and  mostly  small 

+-  t~  Nutlets  sessile  or  obscurely  stipitate  on  a  flat  or  merely  convex  receptacle. 
0.  Mertensia.  Corolla  from  tubular-funnelform  or  trumpet-shaped  to  almost  campanulate, 
witli  open  throat,  bearing  obvious  or  obsolete  transverse  folds  for  crests.  Stigma 
entire.  Nutlets  attached  by  a  small  or  short  scar  just  above  the  base  to  a  barely  or 
sometimes  strongly  convex  gynobase.  Orten  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  blue  or 
rarely  white  flowers,  mostly  bractless. 

*  *  Nutlets  sessile  and  directly  (usually  centrally)  attached  by  the  very  base  to  a  plane 

gynobase. 

7.  Myosotis.    Corolla  short-salverform  or  almost  rotate  ;  its  throat  contracted  by  trans- 

verse crests ;  the  rounded  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Nutlets  small,  smooth  and 
shining,  thin-crustaceous.  Racemes  mainly  ebracteate. 

8.  Lithospermum.    Corolla  salverform,  funnelform,  or  sometimes  approaching  campanu- 

late, either  naked  or  with  pubescent  lines  or  intruded  gibbosities  or  low  transverse 
crests  at  the  throat.  Nutlets  ovoid,  bony,  either  polished  and  white  or  dull  and  rough. 
Flowers  all  subtended  by  leaves  or  bracts. 

17 


258  BORRAGINACE^.      (BORAGE  FAMILY.) 

9  Onosmodium.  Corolla  tubular  or  oblong-funnelform,  with  open  and  wholly  unap- 
pendaged  throat;  the  lobes  erect  or  hardly  spreading  ;  the  sinuses  more  or  less  in- 
flexed.  Style  filiform  or  capillary,  very  long:  stigma  exserted  before  the  corolla  opens. 
Nutlets  ovoid  or  globular,  bony,  smooth  and  polished,  white.  Flowers  all  subtended 
by  leafy  bracts. 

1.    COLDENIA,   L. 

Low  herbaceous  plants,  canescent  or  hispid :  with  small  and  mostly  white 
flowers  sessile  and  usually  in  clusters :  leaves  entire,  petioled,  veined. 

1.  C.  Nuttallii,  Hook  Prostrate  annual,  repeatedly  and  divergently 
dichotomous :  leaves  ovate  or  rhomboid-rotund,  2  to  4  lines  long  and  on  longer 
petioles,  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  strong  and  somewhat  curving  veins,  and  margins 
somewhat  revolute :  flowers  densely  clustered  in  the  forks  and  at  the  ends  of 
the  naked  branches :  filaments  iuserted  nearly  in  the  throat  of  the  pink  or 
whitish  corolla,  the  tube  of  which  bears  5  short  obtuse  scales  near  the  base : 
nutlets  marked  with  a  linear  and  rhaphe-like  ventral  scar.  —  Dry  plains,  from 
Wyoming  to  Washington  Territory,  and  southward  to  Arizona  and  California. 

2.     HELIOTROPIUM,    Tourn.        HELIOTROPE. 

Low  herbs  or  undershrubs :  the  flowers  almost  always  small.  In  ours  the 
corolla  is  large,  white,  and  not  appendaged 

*  Fruit  didifinous,  solid:  anthers  slightly  cohering  by  their  minutely  bearded  tips  : 

sti/le  long  and  filiform  ;  cone  of  the  stigma  truncate  and  bearded  with  a  pencil- 
late  tuft  of  strong  bristles :  flowers  scattered. 

1.  H.  COnvolvulaceum,  Gray.    Low  spreading  annual,  strigose-hirsute 
and  hoary,  much  branched  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  sometimes  nearly  ovate  and 
sometimes  linear,  short-petioled :   flowers  generally  opposite  the  leaves  and 
terminal,  short-peduncled :   limb  of  the  corolla  ample,  angulate-lobed  ;   the 
tube  strigose-hirsute,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  —  Sandy  plains, 
Nebraska  to  W.  Texas  and  westward. 

*  *  Fruit  4-lobed :   anthers  free:    stifle  none;  stigma  umbrella-shaped,   not  sur- 

mounted by  a  cone:  flowers  in  distinct  unilateral  scorp/oid  spikes. 

2.  H.  Curassavicum,  L.     Wholly  glabrous   and   glaucous,   diffusely 
spreading,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  succulent,  oblanceolate,  varying  from 
nearly  linear  to  obovate :   spikes  mostly  in  pairs  or  twice  forked,  densely 
flowered :  corolla  white,  with  a  yellow  eye :  stigma  as  wide  as  the  glabrous 
ovary,  flat.  —  Along  the  sea-coasts,  also  in  the  interior  in  saline  soils. 

3.    ECHINOSPERMUM,    Lehm.        STICKSEED. 

Either  pubescent  or  hispid :  with  racemose  or  spicate  flowers,  usually  small, 
bluish  or  whitish.  The  nutlets  are  troublesome  burs. 

*  Racemes  panicled,  leafy-bracteate  only  at  base,  minutely  bracteate  or  bractless 

above:  pedicels  recurved  or  deflexed  in  fruit:  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  fruit, 

and  at  length  reflexed  under  it:  scar  of  the  nutlets  ovate  or  triangular :  plants 

pubescent  or  hirsute,  but  not  hispid.     In  ours  the  corolla  is  rotate. 

1.  E.  floribundum,  Lehm.     Rather  strict,  2  feet  or  more  high,  or  some- 

|  times  smaller:  leaves  from  oblong- to  linear-lanceolate;  the  lowest  tapering  into 


BORRAGINACE^E.      (BORAGE  FAMILY.)  259 

margined  petioles :  racemes  numerous,  commonly  geminate  and  in  fruit  rather 
strict:  nutlets  with  elongated  triangular  hack  naked,  merely  scabrous;  and 
the  margin  armed  with  a  close  row  of  flat  subulate  prickles,  their  bases  often 
confluent.  —  E.  deftexum,  var.  floribundum,  Watson.  From  New  Mexico  and 
California  northward  to  British  America. 

2.  E.  ciliatlim,  Gray.     A  foot  or  more  high,  canescently  hirsute,  the  hairs 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  retrorse:  leaves  toiuentose-hirsute,  ciliate,  sessile,  lin- 
ear; the  lower  4  inches  long  and  2  lines  wide ;  the  upper  an  inch  long :  racemes 
subcorymbose :   fruit   unknown.  —  Proc.   Am.  Acad.   xvii.    225.     Cynoglossum 
ciliatum,  Dougl.     Tributaries  of  the  Columbia  and  eastward  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Douglas. 

*  *  Spikes  leafij-bracteate :  pedicels  erect  or  merely  spreading :  calyx-lobes  mostly 
exceeding  the  fruit,  becoming  foliaceous  and  often  unequal:  scar  of  the  nutlets 
long  and  narrow:  plants  with  rough  or  hispid  pubescence:  leaves  linear,  lan- 
ceolate, or  the  lower  somewhat  spatulate. 

3.  E.  Redowskii,  Lehm.     Erect,  a  span  to  2  feet  high,  paniculately 
branched  :  nutlets  irregularly  and  minutely  muricately  tuberculate ;  the  mar- 
gins armed  with  a  single  row  of  stout  flattened  prickles,  which  are  not  rarely 
confluent  at  base. 

Var.  occidentale,  Watson.  Less  strict,  at  length  diffuse,  and  the  tuber- 
cles of  the  nutlets  sharp  instead  of  blunt  01  roundish.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  246. 
From  Arizona  and  Texas  northward. 

Var.  cupulatum,  Gray.  Prickles  of  the  nutlet  broadened  and  thickened 
below  and  united  into  a  wing  or  border,  which  often  indurates  and  enlarges, 
forming  a  cup,  with  margin  more  or  less  incurved  at  maturity,  sometimes  only 
the  tips  of  the  prickles  free.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  530.  From  Nevada  to  Texas  and 
Nebraska.  With  the  preceding  form. 


4.    OMPHALODES,    Tourn. 

Ours  are  dwarf  cespitose  alpine  or  mountain  perennials  with  bright  blue 
flowers,  forming  the  section  Eritrichinm.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  263. 

1.  O.  nana,  Gray,  var.  aretioides,  Gray.    Densely  cespitose  in  pulvinate 
tufts,  rising  an  inch  or  two  above  the  surface,  densely  viflous  with  long  soft 
white  hairs  which  are  sometimes  papillose-dilated  at  base :  leaves  varying  from 
ovate  to  lanceolate :   flowers  terminating  very  short  densely  leafv  shoots,  or 
more  racemose  on  developed  few-leaved  stems :  nutlets  with  a  pectinate-toothed 
or  spinulose  dorsal  border.  —  Loc.  cit.     Eritrichium  nanum,  Schrad.,  var.  areti- 
oides, Herder.     E.  villosum,  var.  aretioides,  Gray.     Highest  alpine,  Colorado, 
Utah,  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

2.  O.  Howard!,  Gray.      Densely  cespitose,  sericeons-canescent  with  op- 
pressed pubescence:  leaves  spatulate-Jinear,  5  to  8  lines  long,  mostly  crowded 
on  the  tufted  branches  of  the  caudex  ;  the  flowering  stems  3  to  4-leaved : 
cyme  either  dichotomous  or  simple  racemiform,  few-flowered  :  nutlets  shining, 
naked,  with  angnlate-margined  dorsal  border.  —  Loc.  cit.     EchinOspermum  cilia- 
turn,  Gray,  var.  Howardi,  Gray.     Ct/noglossum  Howardi,  Gray.     Mountains  of 
Montana  and  westward  to  the  Cascades,  Howard,  Canby,  Tweedy. 


260  BORRAGINACE^E.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.) 

5.    KRYNITZKIA,    Fisch.  &  Meyer. 

Annnal  herbs  or  some  perennials,  with  white  and  mostly  small  flowers. 
Includes  Eritrichium  §  Krynitzkia,  and  §  Eueritrichium  Myosotidea,  Gray, 
Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  191.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  xx.  264. 

§  1.  Nutlets  more  or  less  ovate,  rugose,  sometimes  keeled  dorsally  or  ventraily, 
attached  at  the  base  by  a  very  small  areola  either  to  a  depressed  or  little  ele- 
vated gynobase:  low  and  mostly  diffuse  or  spreading  annuals,  sparsely  or 
minutely  hirsute :  leaves  linear:  flowers  very  small  (a  line  long).  —  MYOSO- 
TIDEA. 

1.  K.  Californica,  Gray.     Slender,  more  or  less  hirsute:  stems  flower- 
ing from  near  the  base  :  flowers  almost  sessile,  most  or  all  the  lower  accom- 
panied by  leaves  or  bracts,  at  length  scattered :  nutlets  transversely  rugose 
and  minutely  scabrous  or  smooth ;   the  scar  almost  basal.  —  Loc.  cit.  266. 
Eritrichium  Californicum,  DC.     Springi    or  muddy  ground,  from  Wyoming 
and  New  Mexico  to  California  and  Oregon. 

Var.  subglochidiata,  Gray.  Slightly  succulent:  lower  leaves  inclined 
to  spatulate :  nutlets  when  young  minutely  more  or  less  hirsute  or  hispid, 
especially  on  the  crests  of  the  rugosities,  some  of  these  little  bristles  becoming 
stouter  and  appearing  ,glochidiate  under  a  lens.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  526.  Wyo- 
ming and  Colorado  to  California. 

§  2.  Nutlets  nevzr  rugose,  angulate  or  sulcate  ventraily,  with  convex  back  neither 
keeled  nor  angulate,  attached  from  next  the  base  to  the  middle  or  even  to  the 
apex  to  the  elevated  gynobase :  corolla  small,  its  short  tube  not  exceeding  the 
calyx;  throat  either  naked  or  with  appendages  not  exserted:  annuals,  with 
flowers  scorpioid-spicate.  —  EUKRYNITZKIA. 

*  Calyx  early  circumsctssile ;  the  5-cleJl  upper  portion  falling  away,  leaving  a 

membranaceous  base  persistent  around  the  fruit:  nutlets  ovate-acuminate, 
smooth  or  minutely  punctilulate-scabrous,  attached  by  a  narrow  groove  (with 
transverse  basal  bifurcation)  for  nearly  the  whole  length  to  the  subulate  gyno- 
base :  corolla  with  naked  and  open  throat. 

2.  K.  circuinscissa,  Gray.     Depressed-spreading,  very  much  branched, 
an  inch  to  a  span  high,  whitish-hispid  throughout :  narrow  linear  leaves  (£  to 
£  inch  long)  and  very  small  flowers  crowded,  especially  on  the  upper  part  of 
the  branches.  —  Loc.  cit.  275.     Eritrichium  circumscissurn,  Gray.     Dry  plains, 
Wyoming  and  Utah  to  California  and  Washington  Territory. 

*  *  Calyx  not  circumsctssile,  5-parted,  conspicuously  and  often  pungently  hispid ; 

the  ivhole  calyx  (or  short  pedicel)  often  inclined  to  disarticulate  at  maturity, 
forming  a  sort  of  bur  loosely  enclosing  the  nutlets. 

•*-  Sepals  never  very  narrow,  with  a  strong  rigid  rib :  nutlets  mostly  dull :  diffusely 
branching  rough-hispid  herbs. 

3.  K.  crassisepala,   Gray.      A   span   high,  very  rough-hispid  :   leaves 
oblanceolate  and  linear-spatulate :  persistent  calyx  very  hispid  with  yellowish 
or  fulvous  bristles  ;  its  lobes  greatly  thickened  below  in  fruit :  nutlets  ovate,  acute, 
dissimilar,  3  of  them  muricate-granulate  and  one  larger  and  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
fixed  to  the  conical-pyramidal  gynobase  from   base  to  middle.  —  Loc.  cit.  268. 
Eritrichium  crassisepalum,  Torr.  &  Gray.    From  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas 
to  Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


BORRAGINACE^E.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.)  261 

4.  K.  Patterson!,  Gray.    About  a  foot  high,  rough-hispid :  leaves  nar- 
rowly spatulale  or  linear :  calyx  hispid  with  pungent  bristles ;  its  lobes  linear- 
lanceolate,  less  thickened:   nutlet   (usually  only  one  maturing)   ovate-acuminate, 
smooth,  attached  from  base  to  middle  to  the  subulate-pyramidal  gynobase.  —  Loc. 
cit.  268.     At  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado,  Patterson,  Hooker 
fr  Gray. 

5.  K.  Fendleri,  Gray.    Erect,  hardly  a  foot  high,  paniculately  branched, 
rather  rigid  :  as  in  the  last,  but  leaves  linear,  sepals  narrowly  linear,  nutlets  more 
attenuate  upwards  and  attached  almost  to  the  apex  to  the  narrowly  subulate  gyno- 
base. —  Loc.  cit.  268.     Heretofore  confounded  with  K.  (Eritrichium)  leiocarpa. 
From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

•»-  -*-  Sepals  narrow,  neither  thickened  nor  with  prominent  rib:  nutlets  very  smooth, 
shining:  erect  slender  herbs,  somewhat  hispid. 

6.  K  Watsoni,  Gray.     A  foot  high  :  sepals  of  fruiting  calyx  scarcely 
2  lines  long,  lanceolate,  sparsely  setose-hispid :  nutlets  (a  line  long)  narrow, 
subtriquetrous,  about  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  attached  almost  the  whole 
length  to  the  filiform-subulate  gynobase. — Loc.  cit.  271.     Wahsatch  Moun- 
tains, Utah,  Watson.     A  part  of  Eritrichium  leiocarpum,  Bot.  King  Exped. 

§  3.   Nutlets  triquetrous  or  three-angled,  with  acute  lateral  angles,  attached  to  a 
mostly  subulate  gynobase :  generally  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  :  corolla  with 
throat  appendages  prominent  or  exserted.  —  PSEUDOKRYNITZKIA.     Ours  are 
stout,  with  rather  broad  leaves,  and  flowers  thyrsoid-congested. 
#  Fruit  depressed-globose. 

7.  K.  Jamesii,  Gray.    A  span  or  two  high,  branched  from  the  hard  or 
woody  base,  canescently  silky-tomentose  and  somewhat  hirsute,  becoming 
even  hispid  in  age :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  the  upper  linear :  spikes  somewhat 
panicled  or  thyrsoid-crowded :  fruiting  calyx  mostly  closing  over  the  fruit, 
which  consists  of  four  very  smooth  and  shining  broadly  triangular  (£  globe) 
nutlets.  —  Loc.  cit.  278.    Eritrichium  Jamesii,  Torr.    From  Texas  to  S.  Cali- 
fornia and  northward  to  Wyoming. 

#  *  Fruit  more  or  less  pyramidal. 

-i-  Tube  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  cali/x  and  little  if  any  longer  than  the 
lobes:  a  ring  of  10  small  scales  or  glands  above  the  base  within. 

8.  K.  virgata,  Gray.     Very  hispid,  not  at  all  canescent:  stem  strict,  a 
foot  or  two  \\ig\\,  flowering  for  most  of  its  length  in  short  and  dense  nearly  sessile 
clusters,  which  are  generally  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  linear  subtending 
leaves,  and  forming  a  long  virgate  leafy  spike  :  nutlets  broad  ovate,  sparingly 
papillose  on  the  back.  —  Loc.  cit.  279.     Eritrichium  glomeratum,  var.  virgatum, 
Porter.    Eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado. 

9.  K.  glomerata,  Gray.     Grayish-hirsute  and  hispid,  a  foot  or  more  high : 
leaves  spatulate  or  linear-spatulate :  inflorescence  thyrsiform  and  mostly  dense : 
calyx  very  setose-hispid :  nutlets  ovate,  more  or  less  tuberculate-rugose  on  the 
back.  —  Loc.  cit.  279.     Eritrichium  glomeratum,  DC.     From  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Washington  Territory. 

10.  K.  sericea,  Gray.     Barely  a  span  high,  pubescence  less  hispid  and 
generally  canescent,  at  least  the  lower  leaves,  these  spatulate :  thyrsus  spiciform: 
pubescence  and  bristles  of  the  calyx  either  whitish  or  tawny  yellow  :  nutlets 


262  BORRAGINACEJE.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.) 

oblong-ovate,  somewhat  rugose-tuberculate  on  the  back.  —  Loc.  cit.  279. — 
Eritrichium  glomeratum,  var.  humile,  Gray.  Alpine  and  subalpine,  from  Colo- 
rado and  Utah  to  Montana  and  Oregon. 

•*-  •*-  Tube  of  the  salverform  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx  and  2  or  3  times  the 
length  of  the  lobes :  ne  ring  inconspicuous,  its  glands  indistinct :  silky-canes- 
cent,  and  with  contracted  thyrsoid  inflorescence. 

11.  K.  fulvocanescens,  Gray.  A  span  or  so  high,  cespitose :  leaves 
linear-spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  silky-strigose  or  even  tomentose ;  the  lower 
with  bright  white  and  soft  hairs  ;  the  upper  and  the  thyrsoid  glomerate  in- 
florescence and  calyx  with  fulvous-yellow  more  hirsute  hairs  and  some  hispid 
bristles:  nutlets  ovate,  more  or  less  papillose  or  tuberculate -rugose  on  the 
back.  —  Loc.  cit.  280.  Eritrichium  fulvocanescens,  Gray.  Mountains  of  Texas 
and  New  Mexico  to  those  of  Nevada  and  Wyoming. 

6.    MERTENSIA,    Roth.        LUNGWORT. 

Either  glabrous  or  with  some  pubescence :  the  leaves  usually  broad,  and 
the  lowermost  petioled  :  the  flowers  usually  showy,  blue,  purple,  or  rarely 
white,  paniculate-racemose  or  cymose.  —  In  our  species  the  corolla  has  a  con- 
spicuously 5-lobed  limb,  with  small  crests  in  the  throat. 

#  Filaments  enlarged,  as  broad  as  the  anthers,  always  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the 

corolla  :  style  long  and  capillary,  generally  somewhat  exserted. 
•«-  Tube  of  the  corolla  twice  or  thrice  tlie  length  of  the  limb  and  of  the  calyx. 

1.  M.  oblongifolia,  Don.     A  span  or  so  high,  smooth  or  nearly  so: 
leaves  mostly  oblong  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  rather  succulent :   flowers  in  a 
somewhat  close  cluster :  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  acute. 
—  From  British  Columbia  southward,  through  the  mountains  of  Montana  to 
Utah  and  Arizona. 

H-  H-  Tube  of  the  corolla  little  or  not  twice  longer  than  the  throat  and  limb. 

2.  M.  Sibirica,  Don.     Stems  tall,  1  to  5  feet  high ;  pale  and  glaucescent, 
glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so,  very  leafy :  leaves  ample,  veiny ;   cauline 
leaves  oblong-  or  lanceolate-ovate,  hirsute-ciliate ;  the  upper  with  very  acute  or 
acuminate  apex;  the  lowest  ovate  or  subcordate  (3  or  4  inches  long):  short 
racemes  pauicled :  calyx-lobes  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  commonly  ciliolate, 
^  or  %  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  bright  light-blue  corolla.  —  From  the  moun- 
tains of  Colorado  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  far  northward. 

3.  M.  paniculate,   Don.     Greener,  roughish  and  more  or  less  pubescent: 
size  and  leaves  about  as  in  the  last :  racemes  loosely  panicled :  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate  or  linear  and  mostly  acute,  hispid-ciliate  or  hirsute,  equalling  or  only 
\  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  purple-blue  corolla.  —  From  Nevada  and  Utah  to 
Hudson's  Bay  and  northward. 

4.  M.  lanceolata,  DC.     Either  glabrous  or  hirsute-pubescent,  simple  or 
paniculately  branched :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  pale  or  glaucescent, 
from  spatulate-oblong  to  lanceolate-linear,  1  or  2  inches  long,  obtuse  or  barely  acute  : 
racemes  at  length  loosely  panicled :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
ciliate  or  hirsute  or  glabrous,  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  blue 


BOKRAGINACE.E.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.)  263 

corolla,  which  is  hairy  near  the  base  within.  —  From  Dakota  and  Wyoming 
to  New  Mexico. 

Var.  Pendleri,  Gray.  A  commonly  hirsute  form,  with  calyx  5-cleft  only 
to  the  middle.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  52. 

*  *  Filaments  narrower  than  the  anthers,  inserted  either  on  the  margin  of  the 

throat  or  about  the  middle  of  the  tube :  style  included. 

5.  M.  alpina,  Don.  A  span  or  more  high,  either  nearly  glabrous  or  pu- 
bescent :  leaves  oblong,  somewhat  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse ;  the 
cauline  sessile  (1  or  2  inches  long):  flowers  in  a  close  or  at  length  loose 
cluster  :  calyx-lobes  equalling  or  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  : 
anthers  nearly  sessile.  —  High  elevations  in  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

7.    MYOSOTIS,  L.        FORGET-ME-NOT. 

Low  and  spreading  pubescent  herbs,  with  sessile  stem  leaves  and  small  blue 
flowers  in  bractless  racemes.  In  ours  the  calyx  is  beset  with  hairs,  some  of 
them  bristly  and  having  minutely  hooked  tips. 

1.  M.  sylvatica,  Hoffm.  Hirsute-pubescent,  either  green  or  cinereous : 
leaves  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate  ;  the  radical  conspicuously  petioled :  pedicels 
as  long  as  the  calyx  or  longer :  calyx-lobes  erect  or  slightly  closing  in  fruit : 
nutlets  more  or  less  margined  and  carinate  ventrally  at  the  apex. 

Var.  alpestris,  Koch.  Stems  tufted,  3  to  9  inches  high :  racemes  more 
dense  :  pedicels  shorter  and  thicker,  seldom  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  In  high 
alpine  regions  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  and  northward. 

8.    LITHOSPERMUM,    Tourn.        CROMWELL. 

Herbs  with  reddish  roots,  sessile  leaves,  and  axillary  or  subaxillary  or  leafy- 
bracted  flowers:  stamens  with  very  short  filaments,  and  nutlets  (in  ours) 
white,  smooth  and  polished. 

*  Flowers  rather  small:  corolla  greenish-yellow,  short;  its  tube  hardly  if  at  all 

longer  than  the  calyx,  nearly  naked  at  the  fhroat. 

1.  L.  pilosum,  Nutt.     Soft-hirsute  and  pubescent,  pale  or  canescent: 
stems  numerous  from  a  stout  root,  a  foot  high,  mostly  simple,  very  leafy : 
leaves  linear  and  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  tapering  from  near  the  base  to 
apex :  flowers  densely  crowded  in  a  leafy  thyrsus :  corolla  campanulate-funnel- 
form,  almost  4  inch  long,  silky  outside.  —  From  British  Columbia  and  Mon- 
tana to  Utah  and  California. 

*  *  Flowers  mostly  showy :  corolla  yellow,  much  exceeding  the  calyx ;  pubescent 
crests  in  the  throat  apparent.    Plants  with  long  and  deep  red  roots  (Puccoox). 

•*-  Corolla  light  yellow :  later  floral  leaves  reduced  to  bracts,  not  surpassing  the 

calyx. 

2.  L.  nmltiflomm,  Torr.     Minutely  strigose-hispid :   stems  virgate,  a 
foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate :  flowers  numerous,  short- 
pedicelled,  the  latter  spicate :  corolla  narrow  (5  or  6  lines  long),  with  very 
short  rounded  lobes  and  tube  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  crests 
or  folds  in  the  throat  inconspicuous.  —  In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to 
Arizona  and  Texas. 


264   CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

•<-  •»-  Corolla  bright  and  deep  yellow  or  orange ;  the  tube  from  |  to  twice  longer 
than  the  calyx,  and  the  crests  at  the  throat  little  if  at  all  projecting  or  arch- 
ing: floral  leaves  orfoliaceous  bracts  large,  much  surpassing  the  calyx. 

3.  L.  canescens,  Lehra.     More  or  less  canescent  when  young :  stem  hir- 
sute, a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  the  upper  varying 
to  ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  softly  silky-pubescent,  greener  with  age  but  not 
rough:  corolla  orange-yellow,  and  glandular  ring  at  the  base  naked:  flowers 
nearly  sessile.  —  From  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan,  Upper 
Canada,  and  Alabama.     "  Puccoon  "  of  the  Indians. 

4.  L.  hirtum,  Lehm.     Hispid  or  hirsute  and  at  length  rough,  a  foot  or  two 
high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  linear  and  floral  ovate-oblong :  corolla 
bright  orange;  the  ring  at  the  base  within  bearing  10  vert/  hirsute  lobes  or  teeth: 
flowers  mostly  pedicelled.  —  From  Colorado  to  Minnesota  and  Florida. 
•»-•»-•»-  Corolla  bright  yellow,  salverform;  its  tube  in  well-developed  flowers  2  to 

4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  crests  in  the  throat  conspicuous  and  arching. 

5.  L.  angUStifolium,  Michx.     Erect  or  diffusely  branched  from  the 
base,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  minutely  scabrous-strigose  and  somewhat 
cinereous :  leaves  all  linear :  flowers  pedicelled,  leafy-bracted,  of  two  sorts ; 
the  earlier  and  conspicuous  kind  with  corolla  tube  an  inch  or  less  in  length  ; 
the  later  ones,  and  those  of  diffusely  branching  plants,  with  inconspicuous  or 
small  and  pale  corolla,  without  crests  in  the  throat,  probably  cleistogenous.  — 
From  Utah  and  Arizona  to  Texas,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

9.    ONOSMODIUM,   Michx. 

Rather  stout  and  coarse,  rough-hispid  or  hirsute,  with  leafy-bracteate  flowers 
crowded  in  scorpioid  spikes  or  racemes ;  the  bracts  resembling  leaves :  corolla 
greenish-white  or  yellowish-green;  a  glandular  10-lobed  ring  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  tube  within.  In  ours  the  corolla  is  seldom  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx,  and  the  leaves  are  pinnately  nervose-ribbed. 

1.  O.  Carolinianum,  DC.  Stout,  2  or  3  feet  high,  shaggy-hispid : 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  5  to  9-ribbed,  generally 
hairy  both  sides :  flowers  nearly  sessile :  corolla  lobes  very  hairy  outside.  — 
Colora<|o  and  eastward. 

Var.  molle,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high  :  the  pubescence  shorter  and  less 
spreading  or  appressed :  leaves  mostly  smaller  (2  inches  long),  when  young 
softly  strigose-canescent  beneath.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  206.  0.  molle,  Michx. 
From  Utah  to  Texas,  Illinois,  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


ORDER  54.    CONVOLVULACEJE.    (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  (or  scales)  and 
regular  5-androus  flowers;  a  calyx  of  5  imbricated  sepals;  a  5- plaited 
or  5-lobed  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in  the  bud ;  a  2-celled  ovary, 
with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell,  the  cells  sometimes  doubled  by  a  false 
partition.  In  ours  the  ovary  is  entire. 


CONVOLVULACE^E.      (CONVOLVULUS   FAMILY.)       265 

Tribe  I.    Plants  with  ordinary  foliage,  not  parasitic. 

1.  Ipomoea.    Style  undivided,  terminated  by  a  single  capitate  or  globose  stigma.    Corolla 

from  salverform  or  funnelform  to  nearly  campanulate. 

2.  Convolvulus.    Style  undivided  or  2-cleft  only  at  the  apex :  stigmas  2,  from  linear-fili- 

form to  subulate  or  ovate.     Corolla  from  funnelform  to  campanulate. 

3.  £  volvulus.    Styles  2,  distinct  or  sometimes  united-  below,  each  2-cleft :  stigmas  linear- 

filiform  or  somewhat  clavate.     Corolla  from  funnelform  to  almost  rotate. 

Tribe  II.    Leaflets  parasitic  twining  herbs,  destitute  of  foliage  and  of  all  green  color. 

4.  Cuscuta.    Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  appendaged  below  the  stamens. 


1.    IPO  MCE  A,   L.        MORNING-GLORY. 

Calyx  not  bracteate  at  base,  but  the  outer  sepals  commonly  larger :  limb 
of  corolla  entire,  or  barely  angulate  or  lobed. 

1.  I.  leptophylla,  Torr.  Very  glabrous :  stems  erect  or  ascending  (2  to 
4  feet  high )  from  an  immense  root,  with  recurving  slender  branches  :  leaves 
linear  (2  to  4  inches  long),  short-petioled,  acute :  peduncle  short,  1  or  2-flow- 
ered :  outer  sepals  shorter :  corolla  pink-purple,  funnelform,  about  3  inches 
long :  seeds  rusty-pubescent.  —  Frem.  Hep.  95.  Plains  of  Nebraska  and 
Wyoming  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

2.    CONVOLVULUS,    L.        BINDWEED. 

Twining  or  prostrate,  with  small  or  large  flowers.     Includes  Calystegia. 

*  Stigmas  from  ovate  or  oval  to  oblong,  vert/  flat :  solitary  flower  involucellate  by 

a  pair  of  persistent  broad  bracts,  which  are  close  to  the  calyx  and  enclose  or 
exceed  it. 

1.  C.  sepium,  L.    Glabrous  or  pubescent,  freely  twining:  leaves  slender- 
petioled,  deltoid-hastate  and  triangular-sagittate  (2  to  5  inches  long),  acute  or 
acuminate ;  the  basal  lobes  or  auricles  either  entire  or  angulate  2  to  3-lobed  : 
peduncles  mostly  elongated  :  bracts  cordate-ovate  or  somewhat  sagittate,  com- 
monly acute :  corolla  broadly  funnelform,  2  inches  long,  white  or  tinged  with 
rose-color.  —  Calystegia  sepium,  R.  Br.     From  Utah  to  Canada  and  the  N.  At- 
lantic States. 

Var.  AmericamiS,  Sims.  Corolla  pink  or  rose-purple :  bracts  obtuse.  — 
From  Oregon  to  Canada  and  Carolina. 

Var.  repens,  Gray.  Corolla  from  almost  white  to  rose-color :  bracts  from 
very  obtuse  to  acute  :  herbage  from  minutely  to  tomentose-pubescent :  sterile 
and  sometimes  flowering  stems  extensively  prostrate :  leaves  more  narrowly 
sagittate  or  cordate,  the  basal  lobes  commonly  obtuse  or  rounded  and  entire. 
—  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  215.  Calystegia  sepium,  var.  pubescens,  Gray.  From  New 
Mexico  to  Texas,  Dakota,  and  eastward. 

#  #  Stigmas  filiform  or  narrowly  linear :  no  bracts  at  or  near  the  base  of  the 

calyx. 

2.  C.  incanus,  Vahl.     Cinereous  or  canescent  with  a  close  and  short 
silky  pubescence :  stems  filiform,  1  to  3  feet  long,  mainly  procumbent :  leaves 
polymorphous;  some  simply  lanceolate- or  linear-sagittate  or  hastate,  obtuse 
and  mucronate,  entire,  and  with  the  narrow  elongated  basal  lobes  entire  or  2 


266       CONVOLVULACE^E.      (CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY.) 

to  3-toothed ;  some  pedate,  having  narrowly  2  to  3-cleft  lateral  lobes  or  divis- 
ions ;  some  more  coarsely  3  to  5 -parted,  with  lobes  entire  or  coarsely  sinuate- 
dentate  :  peduncles  1  to  2-flowercd,  as  long  as  the  leaf :  corolla  white  or  tinged 
with  rose,  -£  inch  long,  the  angles  salient-acuminate.  —  Includes  C.  lobatus, 
Eng.  &  Gray.  S.  Colorado  and  Arkansas  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

3.    EVOLVULUS,    L. 

Low  and  small  rather  suffrutescent  plants,  with  erect  or  diffuse  or  prostrnto 
(never  twining)  stems,  entire  leaves,  one  to  few-flowered  peduncles,  and  sm:  11 
purple  or  blue  almost  rotate  corolla.  Our  species  has  both  sides  of  the  leaves, 
stems,  and  calyx  densely  silky-villous. 

1.  E.  argenteus,  Pursh.  Stems  numerous  from  a  lignescent  base,  rather 
stout  and  rigid,  erect  or  ascending,  a  span  or  so  high,  very  leafy :  dense  pubes- 
cence sometimes  silvery-canescent,  usually  fulvous  or  ferruginous :  leaves  from 
spatulate  and  obtuse  to  linear-lanceolate  and  acute:  pedicels  very  short. — 
Plains  and  prairies,  from  Nebraska  to  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  southward. 

4.     C  US  CUT  A,    Tourn.        DODDER. 

Flowers  5-  (rarely  4-)  merous  :  calyx  cleft  or  parted  :  corolla  globular-urn- 
shaped,  bell-shaped,  or  somewhat  tubular :  stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  of 
the  corolla  above  as  many  scale-like  lacerate  appendages:  ovary  globular, 
2  celled,  4-ovuled  :  styles  (in  ours)  distinct  and  terminated  by  peltate-capitate 
stigmas  :  embryo  thread-shaped,  spirally  coiled,  destitute  of  cotyledons.  — 
Leafless  thread-like  stems  }rellowish  or  reddish  in  color,  bearing  a  few  minute 
scales  instead  of  leaves :  flowers  small,  cymose-clustered,  mostly  white. 

*  Capsule  indehiscent. 
4-  Calyx  gamosepafous. 

•w-  Ovary  and  capsule  depressed-globose:  flowers  in  dense  or  globular  clusters: 
corolla  with  a  short  and  wide  tube,  in  age  remaining  at  the  liase  of  the  capsule : 
styles  mostly  shorter  than  the  ovary. 

1.  C.  arvensis,  Bey  rich.     Stems  pale  and  slender,  low :  flowers  scarcely 
a  line  long :  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  mostly  very  broad :  those  of  the  corolla  acu- 
minate, longer  than  the  tube,  with  inflexed  points :  scales  large,  deeply  fringed. 
—  In  rather  dry  soil,  on  various  low  plants,  across  the  continent.     The  var. 
pentagona,  found  in  Colorado,  has  a  large  and  angled  calyx. 

•w-  -W-  Ovary  and  capsule  pointed;  the  latter  enveloped  or  capped  by  the  marces- 

cent  corolla :  flowers  in  paniculate  cymes. 
=  Acute  tips  of  corolla-lobes  inflexed  or  corniculate. 

2.  C.  decora,  Choisy.     Stems  coarse:  flowers  fleshy  and  more  or  less 
papillose :   lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular,  acute :  those  of  the  broadly  cam- 
pan  ulate  corolla  ovate-lanceolate,  minutely  crenulate,  spreading:  scales  large, 
deeply  fringed :  capsule  enveloped  bj  the  remains  of  the  corolla. 

Var.  pulcherrima,  Eugelm.  A  larger  form,  with  coarse  stems,  and 
conspicuous  flowers  1|  to  2£  lines  long  and  wide:  anthers  and  stigmas  yellow  or 
deep  purple.  —  On  herbs  and  low  shrubs  in  wet  prairies,  principally  Legumi- 


SOLANACE.E.      (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.)  267 

nosce  and  Compositor.     Across  the  continent,  principally  through  its  southern 
borders. 

3.  C.  inflexa,  Engelm.     Like  the  last:  flowers  of  the  same  structure, 
but  only  a  line  long,  generally  4-merous ;  corolla  deeper,  with  erect  lobes,  finally 
capping  the  capsule :  scales  reduced  to  a  few  teeth.  —  Open  woods  and  dry  prai- 
ries, on  shrubs  (hazels,  etc.)  or  coarse  herbs,  from  Arkansas  to  Dakota  and 
eastward. 

=  =  Obtuse  lobes  of  the  corolla  spreading. 

4.  C.  Gronovii,  Willd.     Stems  coarse,  often  climbing  high  :  corolla-lobes 
mostly  shorter  than  the  deeply  campauulate  tube  :  scales  copiously  fringed  : 
capsule  globose,  umbonate.  —  In  wet  shady  places  from  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains eastward,  most  abundant  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  everywhere  very 
variable. 

•*-  •»-  Calyx  of  5  distinct  and  largely  overlapping  sepals,  surrounded  by  2  to  5  or 
more  similar  bracts :  scales  of  corolla  large  and  deeply  fringed :  capsule 
mostly  one-seeded,  capped  by  the  marcescent  corolla :  flowers  on  bracteolate  pedi- 
cels, in  loose  panicles. 

5.  C.  cuspidata,  Engelm.     Stems  slender  :  flowers  l£  to  2^  lines  long, 
thin,  membranaceous  when  dry :  bracts  and  sepals  ovate-orbicular :  oblong 
lobes  of  the  corolla  cuspidate   or  mucrouate,  rarely  obtuse,  shorter  than  the 
cylindrical  tube  :  styles  many  times  longer  than  the  ovary,  at  length  exserted. 
—  Prairies,  on  Ambrosia,  Ina,  Leguminosce,  etc.,  from  Colorado  to  Texas  and 
Nebraska. 

#  #  Capsule  more  or  less  regularly  circumscissile,  usually  capped  by  the  remains 
of  the  corolla :  styles  capillary  and  lobes  of  the  corolla  acute. 

6.  C.  umbellata,  HBK.     Stems  low  and  capillary  :  flowers  l£  to  2  lines 
long,  few  together  in  umbel-like  clusters,  usually  shorter  than  their  pedicels  : 
acute  calyx-lobes  and  lanceolate-subulate  lobes  of  the  corolla  longer  than  its 
shallow  tube  :  scales  deeply  fringed  and  exceeding  the  tube.  —  Dry  places,  on 
low  herbs  (Portulaca,  etc.),  from  S.  E.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 


ORDER  55.    SOLANACE^E.     (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  regular  5-merous  and  5-androus  flowers, 
on  bractless  pedicels ;  the  corolla  variously  arranged  in  the  bud,  and 
mostly  plaited.  Stamens  mostly  equal  and  all  perfect,  inserted  on  the 
corolla.  Style  and  stigma  single. 

*  Fruit  a  berry. 

t~  Anthers  longer  than  their  filaments,  either  connivent  or  connate  into  a  cone  or  cylinder : 
corolla  rotate  :  calyx  mostly  unchanged  in  fruit. 

1.  Solatium.    Anther-cells  opening  at  the  apex  by  a  pore  or  short  slit,  and  sometimes 

also  longitudinally  dehiscent. 

•t-  *-  Anthers  unconnected,  mostly  shorter  than  their  filaments,  destitute  of  terminal  pores, 
dehiscent  longitudinally. 

2.  Chamaesaracha.    Calyx  herbaceous  and  closely  investing  the  fruit  or  most  of  it,  not 

angled.     Corolla  rotate,  5-angulate.    Berry  globose,  its  summit  usually  more  or  less 
naked.    Pedicels  solitary  in  the  axils,  refracted  or  recurved  in  fruit. 


268  SOLANACEJB.      (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

3.  Physalis.    Calyx  becoming  much  enlarged  and  membranaceous-inflated,  completely 

and  loosely  enclosing  the  fruit,  reticulate-veiny  and  5-angled  or  10-costate.  Corolla 
rotate  or  rotate-campanulate,  5-angulate  or  obscurely  5-lobed.  Berry  juicy.  Pedicels 
solitary. 

*  *  Fruit  a  capsule.1 

4.  Nicotiana.    Corolla  funnelform  or  salverfortn.     Filaments  mostly  included.     Ovary 

normally  2-celled,  with  large  and  thick  placentae,  bearing  very  numerous  ovules  and 
seeds.  The  fruit  more  or  less  invested  by  the  persistent  calyx,  septicidal  and  also 
usually  loculicidal  at  summit :  the  valves  or  teeth  becoming  4. 


1.    S  O  L  A  N  U  M,    Tourn.        NIGHTSHADE,  etc. 
Herbs  of  various  habit :  flowers  cymose,  mostly  after  the  scorpioid  manner. 

*  Fruit  naked,  i.  e.  not  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx :  stamens  all  alike,  and 

anthers  blunt. 
•H-  Tuberiferous  perennial,  pinnate-leaved. 

1.  S.  Jamesii,  Torr.     A  span  or  so  in  height:   leaflets  5  to  9,  varying 
from  lanceolate   to   ovate-oblong,  smoothish ;    the  lowest  sometimes  much 
smaller,  but  no  interposed  small  ones:   peduncle  cymosely  few  to  several- 
flowered:  corolla  white,  at  length  deeply  5-cleft.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  227. 
Mountains  of  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.     Very  closely  allied  to 
S.  tuberosum,  var.  boreale,  Gr.,  of  New  Mexico  and  southward,  the  S.  Fendleri 
of  the  earlier  reports. 

•i-  •«-  Annuals,  simple-leaved,  never  prickly,  but  the  angles  of  the  stem  sometimes 

rough. 

2.  S.  triflorum,  Nutt.     Green,  slightly  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous,  low 
and  much   spreading :    leaves   oblong,  deeply  pinnatijid,  Avith  wide  rounded 
sinuses ;  the  lobes  7  to  9,  lanceolate,  entire,  or  sometimes  1  or  2-toothed  : 
peduncles  lateral,  1   to  ^-flowered:  pedicels  nodding:  corolla  small,  white,  a 
little  longer  than  the  5-parted  calyx  :  berries  preen,  as  large  as  a  small  cherry. 
—  On  the  plains  from  New  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan,  chiefly  as  a  weed  in 
cultivated  ground. 

3.  S    nigrum,  L.     Low,  green  and  almost  glabrous,  or  the  younger 
parts  pubescent :  leaves  mostly  ovate  with  a  cuneate  base,  irregularly  sinuate- 
toothed,  repand,  or  sometimes  entire,  acute  or  acuminate  :  flowers  in  small  pedun- 

£*  culate  umbel-like  lateral  cymes:  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  which 
is  white  or  bluish  :  berries  usually  black  when  ripe,  only  as  large  as  peas.  — 
Found  everywhere,  especially  in  damp  or  shady  ground,  and  including  many 
varieties. 

*  *  Fruit  enclosed  by  the  close-fitting  and  horridly  prickly  calyx  and  even  adher- 

ing to  it:  stamens  and  especially  the  style  much  declined:  anthers  tapering 
upwards,  dissimilar ;    the  lowest  one  much  longer  and  larger,  and  with  an 

1  The  genus  Datura,  containing  several  introduced  species  within  our  range,  may  be 
recognized  by  its  prismatic  5-toothed  calyx,  funnelform  corolla,  and  prickly  mostly  4-celled 
4-valved  capsule.  —  They  are  rank  weeds,  with  ovate  leaves,  and  large  and  showy  flowers 
on  short  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the  branching  stem.  Known  as  "  Jamestown  Weed  "  or 
"  Thorn  Apple."  For  species  see  p.  270,  foot-note. 


SOLANACE^.      (NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY.)  269 

incurved    beak:    leaves   1    to  3-pinnatifid :    annuals,   armed  with  straight 
prickles. 

4.  S.  heterodoxum,  Dunal.      Pubescent  with    glandular-tipped  simple 
hairs,  with  a  very  few  5-rayed  bristly  ones  on  the  upper  face  of  the  irregu- 
larly or   interruptedly  bipinnatifid   leaves ;    their   lobes  roundish  or  obtuse 
and  repand :  corolla  violet,  l£  inches  or  less  in  diameter,  somewhat  irregular, 
5-cleft ;  the  lobes  ovate-acuminate :  four  anthers  yellow  and  the  large  one  tinged 
with  violet.  —  On  the  plains  from  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

5.  S.  rostratum,   Dunal.      Somewhat  hoary  or  yellowish  with  a  copious 
wholly  stellate  pubescence,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  last  or 
less  divided,  some  of  them  only  once  pinnatifid  :  corolla  yellow,  about  an  inch 
in  diameter,  hardly  irregular,  the  short  lobes  broadly  ovate.  —  On  the  plains 
from  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  westward  to  the  mountains. 

2.     CHAM-EJSABACHA,    Gray. 

Depressed  plants ;  with  narrow  entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves  tapering  into 
margined  petioles,  filiform  naked  pedicels,  the  calyx  close-fitting  in  fruit, 
almost  globose. 

1.  C.  Coronopus,  Gray.  Green,  almost  glabrous,  or  beset  with  some 
short  and  roughish  hairs,  diffusely  very  much  branched :  leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear  with  cuueate-attenuate  base,  varying  from  nearly  entire  to  laciuiate- 
piunatifid  :  peduncles  elongated  :  calyx  more  or  less  hirsute,  the  hairs  often 
2-forked  at  tip :  corolla  yellowish :  berry  nearly  white.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  540. 
Withania  (?)  Coronopus,  Torr.  From  S.  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

3.    PHYSALIS,    L.        GROUND  CHERRY. 

Herbs,  with  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed  leaves,  and  solitary  or  sometimes  2  or 
3  drooping  or  nodding  pedicels  r  the  flowers  white,  yellow,  or  violet-purple : 
berries  greenish,  red,  or  yellow. 

#  Young  parts  sparsely  (or  on  stalks  and  calyx  densely)  scurf y-granuliferous, 

otherwise  quite  glabrous:  some  leaves  sinuate-pinnatijid :  corolla  flat-rotate. 

1.  P.  lobata,  Torr.     Low  and  small,  diffusely  branched:  leaves  oblong- 
spatulate  or  obovate,  from  repand  to  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  base  cuneately 
tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  :  corolla  violet,  the  centre  with  a  5  to  6-rayed 
white  woolly  star.  —  On  the  plains,  from  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

*  *  Notgranulose-scurf//:  leaves  never  pinnatifid :  corolla  mostly  rotately  spread- 

ing from  a  somewhat  campanulate  throat  or  base,  greenish  white  or  yellow. 
•«-  Annuals,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,   the  pubescence  if  any  minute,  and  neither 
viscid  nor  stellate:  anthers  violet:  berry  greenish  yellow :  stem  and  branches 
conspicuously  angular. 

2.  P.  angulata,  L.     Erect,  or  at  length  declined  or  spreading,  2  to  4  feet 
long :  leaves  mostly  ovate-oblong  and  with  somewhat  cuneate  base,  coarsely 
and  laciniately  toothed  :    corolla  3  to  6  lines  broad,  with  no  distinct  eye  : 
fruiting  calyx  at  first  ovate- pyramidal  and  10-angled,  the  5  principal  angles 
sharply  keeled,  at  full  maturity  nearly  replete  and  globose-ovate.  —  From 
Colorado  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 


270  SOLANACE^E.      (NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY.) 

••-  -t-  Strong-scented,  villous  or  pubescent  with  viscid  or  glandular  simple  hairs  : 
fruiting  calyx  ovate-pyramidal  and  carinately  5-angled  at  maturity,  loosely 
enveloping  the  green  or  at  length  yellow  berry :  leaves  ovate  or  cordate. 

3.  P.  pubescens,  L.     Annual,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  at  length  widely 
spreading  branches :  leaves  varying  from  nearly  entire  to  coarsely  and  obtusely 
repand-toothed,  sometimes  becoming  nearly  glabrous  except  on  the  midrib 
and  veins :  corolla  about  %  inch  in  diameter  when  expanded,  dull  yellow  ivith  a 
purplish  brown  eye:  anthers  violet:  pedicels  3  to  5  lines  long:   fruiting  calyx 
mostly  pubescent  and  viscid.  —  From  California  to  Colorado  and  Texas,  thence 
eastward  to  New  York  and  Florida. 

4.  P.  Virginiana,  Mill.     Perennial,  a  foot  or  so  high,  from  slender  and 
deep  creeping  subterranean  shoots,  at  length  spreading  or  decumbent,  pubescent 
or  hirsute-villous  with  many-jointed  hairs :  leaves  either  repandly  or  saliently 
few-toothed  or  some  nearly  entire :  corolla  from  f  to  1  inch  in  diameter,  dull 
sulphur-yellow  with  a  brownish  centre  :  anthers  yellow:  pedicels  $  to  1  inch  long.  — 
P.  viscosa  of  Gray's  Manual.     From  Colorado  eastward  across  the  continent. 
•*-  -i-  H-  Perennials,  not  viscid,  the  pubescence  more  or  less  stellular,  mostly  low : 

anthers  almost  always  yellow. 

5.  P.  Pendleri,  Gray.    Pruinose-puberulent ;  the  pubescence  microscopically 
minute  and  partly  simple,  partly  branched  or  stellular,  sometimes  a  little  glandu- 
lar :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high  from  a  deep  tuberous  stock,  much  branched  : 
leaves  small,  from  deltoid-ovate  or  slightly  cordate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  with  abrupt 
base,  and  from  repand-undulate  to  coarsely  sinuate-toothed  :  corolla  ^  inch  in 
diameter.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  65.     S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

6.  P.  lanceolata,  Michx.    More  or  less  hirsute-pubescent  ivith  short  and  stiff 
tapering  hairs,  most  of  which  are  simple,  a  few  2  to  3-forked,  varying  to  nearly 
glabrous :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  angled,  somewhat  rigid :  leaves  pale 
green,  varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  base  or  tapering 
into  a  short  petiole,  and  from  sparingly  angulate-few-toothed  to  undulate  or 
entire :  corolla  ochroleucous  with  more  or  less  dark  eye,  §  to  f  inch  in  diame- 
ter. —  P.  Pennsylvania,  Gray  Man.,  in  part.    On  the  plains  from  New  Mexico, 
Colorado,  and  Utah,  eastward  to  Florida  and  Lake  Winnipeg. 

Var.  Isevigata,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  almost  so  throughout,  or  with  some 
extremely  short  and  pointed  appressed  rigid  hairs  on  young  parts,  calyx,  etc., 
or  on  the  margin  of  the  leaves.  —  From  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  westward  to 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

4.    NICOTIAN  A,1    Tourn.        TOBACCO. 

Heavy-scented  and  usually  viscid-pubescent  herbs;  with  mostly  entire 
leaves,  and  paniculate  or  racemose  flowers. 

1  The  two  introduced  species  of  Datura  may  be  distinguished  as  follows  :  — 
D.  Stramonium,  L.,  the  common  Jamestown  (vulgarized  to  "Jimson")  Weed,  is  green 
and  glabrous,  1  to  4  feet  high  ;  has  sinuately  and  laciniately  angled  and  toothed  leaves,  a 
white  corolla  about  3  inches  long,  and  an  erect  capsule  thickly  armed  with  short  stout 
prickles. 

D.  discolor,  Bernh.,  probably  from  Mexico,  is  low  and  more  or  less  cinereous-pubescent ; 
has  leaves  like  the  last,  but  the  white  corolla  is  tinged  with  purple  and  perhaps  smaller,  and 
the  nodding  globose  capsule  and  its  stout  large  prickles  are  pubescent. 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.      (FIGWOKT  FAMILY.)          271 

1.  N.  attenuata,  Torr.     A  foot  or  two  high:  leaves  all  on  naked  and 
mostly  slender  petioles  and  acute  or  merely  obtuse  at  base  ;  the  lower  ovate  or 
oblong ;  the  upper  from  oblong-lanceolate  and  attenuate-acuminate  to  linear- 
lanceolate  or  linear :  corolla  dull  white  or  greenish,  slender  salverform,  not  en- 
larged at  the  throat ;  the  tube  1  to  1£  inches  long  ;  the  obscurely  5-lobed  limb  4  to  6 
lines  in  diameter:  filaments  equally  inserted  low  down  on  the  tube.  —  In  dry 
ground,  from  Colorado  to  Nevada  and  California. 

2.  N.  quadrivalvis,  Pursh.     A  foot  high,  rather  stout:  leaves  oblong 
or  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  and  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  both 
ends,  mostly  sessile:  flowers  few:  corolla  white,  tubular-funnel  form  and  open- 
mouthed  ;  the  tube  barely  an  inch  long ;  the  5-lobed  limb  1 1  inches  or  more  in  diame- 
ter: filaments  unequally  inserted  in  the  upper  part  of  the  tube:  capsule  4-celled.  — 
A  native  of  Oregon,  but  cultivated  by  the  Indians  to  the  Missouri :  their  most 
prized  tobacco-plant. 


ORDER  56.    SCROPHITLARIACE^E.     (FiGWORT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs  with  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  2-lipped  or  more  or  'less  irregular  corolla :  fruit  a  2-celled 
and  usually  many-seeded  pod.  Style  single :  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed. 

I.    Leaves  prevailingly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower:  upper  lips  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  ex- 
ternal in  the  bud.  — ANTIRRHINIDE^K. 

*  Corolla  bilabiate  and  more  or  less  tubular ;  the  base  of  the  tube  gibbous  or  spurred  on  the 

lower  side,  and  the  lower  lip  often  with  an  intrusion  (palate)  at  the  throat:  stamens 
4,  with  2-celled  anthers :  capsule  opening  by  irregular  perforations  or  chinks :  inflo- 
rescence simple  and  racemose. 

1.  Liinaria.    Corolla  with  a  spur  at  base  and  a  prominent  palate  nearly  closing  the  throat. 

#  *  Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate  and  tubular,  not  saccate  or  otherwise  produced  at  base 

anteriorly  :  stamens  4,  with  usually  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth  present :  capsule  dehiscent 
by  valves  :  inflorescence  normally  compound. 

t-  Corolla  gibbous  or  saccate  on  the  upper  or  posterior  side  of  the  tube :  ovules  and  seeds 
few  or  solitary  in  the  cells  :  calyx  deeply  5-cJeft :  flowers  solitary  or  umbelliform-verti- 
cillate. 

2.  Collinsia.    Corolla  deeply  bilabiate  ;  its  upper  lip  2-cleft,  with  lobes  more  or  less  erect ; 

lower  larger  and  3-lobed ;  its  lateral  lobes  pendulous-spreading;  middle  one  condu- 
plicate  into  a  keel-shaped  sac  which  encloses  the  4  declined  stamens  and  style.    Ante- 
rior pair  of  filaments  inserted  higher  than  the  other :  anther-cells  confluent  at  the 
apex.    A  gland  at  base  of  corolla  represents  the  fifth  stamen.     Leaves  undivided. 
t-  t-  Corolla-tube  not  gibbous  posteriorly :  ovules  and  seeds  indefinitely  numerous  :  calyx 
deeply  5-parted  or  of  distinct  sepals :  inflorescence  mostly  thyrsoidal. 

3.  Scrophularia.    Corolla  short ;  the  tube  ventricose  and  globular  or  oblong ;  lobes  5, 

unequal,  4  erect  and  the  fifth  reflexed  or  spreading.     Sterile  stamen  represented  by  a 
scale  on  the  upper  side  of  the  corolla :  anthers  transverse  and  confluently  1-celled. 

4.  Pentstemon.    Corolla  from  ventricose  campanulate  to  elongated-tubular ;  the  limb 

either  obscurely  or  strongly  bilabiate.    Sterile  stamen  represented  by  a  conspicuous 
and  elongated  filament :  anther-cells  either  united  or  confluent  at  apex. 
4-  •«-•«-  Corolla-tube  not  gibbous :  ovules  and  seeds  rather  numerous :  calyx  not  deeply 
cleft :  inflorescence  simply  spicate. 

5.  Chionophila.    Calyx  funnelform.    Corolla  tubular,  with  slightly  dilated  throat  and 

bilabiate  limb  ;  upper  lip  erect,  barely  2-lobed,  the  sides  somewhat  recurved  ;  lower 


272      scuopHULARiACEJi;.     (FIGWORT  FAMILY.) 

with  convex  densely  bearded  base  forming  a  palate,  and  3-lobed.  Sterile  filament 
small  and  short :  anther-cells  divaricate  and  confluent. 

*  *  *  Corolla  from  bilabiate  to  almost  regular,  not  saccate  or  otherwise  produced  at  base  : 

antheriferous  stamens  2  or  4,  with  no  rudiments  of  the  fifth:  capsule  dehiscent, 
many-seeded  :  inflorescence  simple  ;  the  pedicels  solitary  in  the  axil  of  bracts  or  leaves. 
f-  Calyx  prismatic  and  barely  5-toothed  :  corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate :  stamens  4. 

6.  Miimilus.    Corolla  with  either  elongated  or  short  tube;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  and  the 

lower  3-lobed ;  a  pair  of  palatine  r'dges  running  down  the  lower  side  of  the  throat. 
Anthers  generally  approximate  in  pairs  ;  their  cells  divergent. 
••-  -i-  Calyx  5-parted  or  deeply  4  to  5-lobed  :  corolla  bilabiate  :  antheriferous  stamens  2. 

7.  Gratiola.    Corolla  with  cylindraceous  tube  and  lips  of  nearly  equal  length  ;  the  upper 

entire  or  lobed  ;  the  lower  3-cleft  The  posterior  pair  of  stamens  antheriferous  ;  the 
anterior  pair  sterile  rudiments. 

••-  ••-  i-  Calyx  and  corolla  both  5-lobed  and  nearly  regular :  stamens  4,  nearly  equal :  no 

sterile  filament 

8.  Limosella.    Calyx  campanulate.    Corolla  between  rotate  and  campanulate.    Anthers 

one-celled  by  confluence. 

II.     Leaves  various  :  lower  lip  or  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  extesnal  in  the  bud. 

*  Corolla  little  if  at  all  bilabiate  ;  the  lobes  all  plane,  the  lateral  or  one  of  them  external : 

stamens  2,  exserted :  anther-cells  contiguous  at  apex  and  often  confluent :  hypogynous 
disk  mostly  conspicuous :  none  parasitic. 

9.  Synthyris.    Corolla  from  oblong-  to  short-campanulate,  4-cleft,  more  or  less  irregular, 

occasionally  wanting.  Sepals  4.  Anther-cells  parallel  or  divergent  below,  not  conflu- 
ent at  apex.  Capsule  emarginate. 

10.  Veronica.     Corolla  (in  ours)  rotate  with  very  short  or  hardly  any  tube ;  its  lobes  4 

(sometimes  5),  one  usually  smaller.  Anther-cells  more  or  less  confluent.  Capsule 
compressed,  from  emarginate  to  obcordate  or  2-lobed. 

*  *  Corolla  little  or  not  at  all  bilabiate ;  the  lobes  all  plane,  the  anterior  one  external : 

stamens  4,  conspicuously  didynamous,  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  anther-cells  distinct  to 
the  very  apex :  most  of  them  partially  root  parasitic ;  the  foliage  turning  black  in 
drying. 

11.  Gerarclia.      Corolla  from  campanulate  to  funnelform ;   the  throat  enlarged ;  limb 

5-parted,  and  with  the  2  posterior  lobes  olten  rather  smaller  or  more  united.  Calyx 
campanulate,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Anthers  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs. 

*  *  *  Corolla  manifestly  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  erect  and  concave  or  galeate,  entire  or 

emarginate,  rarely  2-cleft ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  external  in  the  bud  :  stamens  4  and  didy- 
namous, or  rarely  2,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip ;  anther-cells  distinct :  some  of 
them  partially  root -parasitic. 

•i-  Anther-cells  unequal  or  dissimilar  ;  the  outer  one  affixed  by  its  middle  ;  the  other  pendu- 
lous from  its  upper  end,  mostly  smaller,  sometimes  sterile  or  deficient:  leaves  alternate 
or  only  the  lowest  opposite. 

12.  Castilleia.    Calyx  tubular,  laterally  flattened,  more  or  less  cleft  anteriorly  or  pos- 

teriorly, or  both.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  laterally  compressed,  especially  the 
elongated  and  conduplicate  or  carinate-concave  and  entire  upper  lip  ;  lower  lip  short 
and  small,  3-toothed,  3-carinate  or  somewhat  saccate  below  the  teeth  ;  the  tube  usually 
enclosed  in  the  calyx.  Stamens  4,  all  with  2-eelled  anthers. 

13.  Orthocarpus.    Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  4-cleft,  or  cleft  anteriorly  and  posteriorly 

and  the  divisions  2-cleft  or  parted.  Corolla  mostly  with  slender  tube ;  upper  lip  little 
longer  and  usually  much  narrower  than  the  inflated  1  to  3-saccate  lower  one.  Sta- 
mens 4 :  the  smaller  anther-cell  sometimes  wanting. 

14.  Cordylanthus.     Calyx  spathaceous,  diphyllous,  or  by  the  absence  of  the  anterior 

division  monophyllous.  Corolla  tubular,  with  lips  commonly  of  equal  length  ;  the 
upper  as  in  Orthocarpus ;  the  lower  3-crenulate  or  entire.  Stamens  4,  or  sometimes 
the  shorter  pair  wanting:  anther-cells  either  ciliate  or  minutely  bearded  at  base  and 
apex.  Style  hooked  at  tip. 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIG WORT   FAMILY.)          273 

•»-  t-  Anther-cells  equal,  parallel  and  alike  in  all  4  stamens. 

15.  Pedicularis.     Calyx  various,  cleft  anteriorly  and  sometimes  posteriorly.     Corolla 

with  cyliudraceous  tube  and  narrow  throat,  strongly  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  compressed 
laterally,  fornicate  or  conduplicate ;  lower  erect  at  base,  2-cristate  above,  3-lobed  ; 
the  lobes  spreading  or  reflexed,  the  middle  one  smaller.  Capsule  compressed  and 
often  oblique  or  falcate,  rostrate.  Leaves  mainly  alternate  or  verticillate. 

16.  Rhinanthus.    Calyx  ventricose-compressed,  4-toothed,  inflated  in  fruit    Corolla  with 

cylindraceous  tube  ;  galeate  upper  lip  ovate,  obtuse,  compressed,  entire  at  apex,  but 
with  a  minute  tooth  on  each  side  below  it ;  lower  lip  shorter,  with  3  spreading  lobes. 
Capsule  orbicular,  compressed.  Leaves  opposite. 


1.    LIN  ARIA,    Tourn.        TOAD-FLAX. 

Herbs :  calyx  5- parted  :  leaves  entire  and  mostly  linear :  flowers  in  a  naked 
terminal  raceme. 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Dumont.  Flowering  stems  nearly  simple,  6  to  30 
inches  high :  leaves  flat,  alternate  on  the  erect  flowering  stems,  smaller  and 
oblong  and  mainly  opposite  or  whorled  or  procumbent  shoots  or  suckers  from 
the  base :  pedicels  erect,  not  longer  than  the  filiform  and  curved  spur  of  the 
small  blue  corolla.  —  Across  the  continent,  in  sandy  soil. 

2.    COLLINSIA,  Nutt. 

Low;  with  simple  opposite  sessile  leaves,  or  the  upper  verticillate:  flowers 
solitary  or  umbelliform-verticillate  :  corolla  often  2-colored. 

1.  C.  parviflora,  Dougl.  About  a  span  high,  at  length  diffuse  or  spread- 
ing: leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate;  the  upper  narrowed  at  base  and  entire;  the 
floral  often  in  whorls  of  3  to  5  :  pedicels  solitary  or  above  2  to  5  in  the  whorl : 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  triangular-subulate,  usually  almost  equalling  the 
blue  (or  partly  white)  corolla:  gland  small,  capitate,  short- stipitate. — From 
Arizona  and  Utah  to  Washington  Territory  and  Michigan. 


3.    SCROPHTJLARIA,    Tourn.        FIGWORT. 

Usually  tall  and  homely  herbs ;  with  opposite  leaves  and  loose  cymes  of 
small  flowers  in  a  narrow  terminal  thyrsus. 

1 .  S.  nodosa,  L.  Nearly  glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high :  thyrsus  elongated 
and  open :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  with  a  rounded  or  subcordate 
base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  :  rudiment  of  fifth  stamen  orbicular. 

Var.  Marilandica,  Gray.  Taller,  sometimes  5  feet  high  :  leaves  larger 
and  thinner,  acuminate,  often  ovate-lanceolate,  seldom  at  all  cordate,  mostly 
simply  serrate.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  258.  From  Oregon  and  Utah  eastward  across 
the  continent. 

4.    PENTSTEMON,    Mitchell.        BEARD-TONGUE. 

Usually  with  simple  stems  or  branched  from  the  base :  the  leaves  opposite, 
rarely  verticillate :  inflorescence  from  thyrsiform  to  almost  simply  racemose, 
and  the  flowers  mostly  showy. 

18 


274          SCBOPHULARIACE.E.      (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

§  1.    Anther-cells  soon  divaricate  or  divergent,  united  and  often  confluent  at  the 
apex,  dehiscent  for  their  whole  length  or  nearly. 

*  Anthers  densely  comose  with  very  long  wool,  peltately  explanate  in  age :  low  and 

suffruticose,  with  coriaceous  leaves. 

1.  P.  Menziesii,  Hook.     From  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  com- 
monly ovate,  obovate,  or  oblong,  £  to  1  inch  long,  rigidly  serrulate  or  some 
entire,  glabrous  or  when  young  pubescent :  inflorescence  mostly  glandular  or 
viscid-pubescent,  racemose  :  pedicels  almost  all  1 -flowered:  corolla  violet-blue 
to  pink-purple,  an  inch  or  more  long,  tubular-funnelform  and  moderately  bila- 
biate :  sterile  filament  short  and  slender,  hairy  at  apex  or  nearly  naked.  —  On 
rocks  and  in  the  mountains,  from  Wyoming  to  California  and  northward. 

*  #  Anthers  glabrous  (rarely  villous)  ;  the  cells  dehiscent  from  the  base  towards 

but  not  to  the  apex :  corolla  tubular,  red:  sterile  filament  mostly  glabrous :  herbs 
glabrous  and  usually  glaucescent :  leaves  all  entire ;  the  cauline  sessile  or  partly 
clasping:  thyrsus  elongated,  loosely-flowered. 

2.  P.  barbatUS,  Nutt.    Usually  tall,  2  to  6  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate 
or  the  upper  linear-lanceolate ;  the  lowest  oblong  or  ovate :   sepals  ovate : 
corolla  strongly  bilabiate,  an  inch  long,  from  light  pink-red  to  carmine ;  base  of 
the  lower  lip  or  throat  usually  bearded  with  long  and  loose  or  sparse  yellowish 
hairs.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

Var.  Torreyi,  Gray.  A  tall  and  usually  deep  scarlet-red-flowered  form, 
with  few  or  no  hairs  in  the  throat. — -Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  114.  From  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico  to  W.  Texas. 

Var.  trichander,  Gray,  is  like  a  low  form  of  var.  Torreyi,  except  that  the 
anthers  are  beset  with  long  woolly  hairs.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  94.  S.  W. 
Colorado,  Brandegee. 

3.  p.  Eatoni,  Gray.     A  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to 
ovate ;  the  upper  partly  clasping  :  peduncles  very  short,  1  to  3-flowered  :  corolla 
obscurely  bilabiate,  an  inch  long,  bright  carmine-red ;  its  lobes  all  nearly  alike. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  395.     From  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah,  to  Ne- 
vada and  Arizona. 

*  #  *  Anthers  with    the    diverging   or  divaricate   and  distinct  cells   dehiscent 

from  base  nearly  or  quite  to  the  apex,  but  not  confluent,  not  peltately  explanate 
after  dehiscence,  either  glabrous,  hirsute,  or  pilose :  herbs  with  simple  stems  and 
closely  sessile  glabrous  entire  cauline  leaves :  inflorescence  never  glandular- 
pubescent  or  viscid:  flowers  showy:  corolla  blue  or  violet. 

4.  P.  Fremonti,  Torr.  &  Gray.    A  span  or  more  high,  minutely  and 
densely  pruinose-pubescent :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowest  and  radi- 
cal spatulate  :  thyrsus  spiciform,  virgate,  rather  densely  flowered :  sepals  oblong- 
ovate,  acute,  with  irregular  scarious  margins :  corolla  very  obscurely  bilabiate, 
f unnelform,  f  to  £  inch  long,  ivith  throat  but  little  dilated :  anthers  hirsute : 
sterile  filament  with  dilated  bearded  apex.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  60.    "On 
the  Uinta  plains,"  Utah,  Fremont. 

Var.  subglaber,  Gray.  Merely  puberulent  below,  glabrous  above:  upper 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate :  sepals  conspictiously  acuminate.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  262. 
In  the  mountains  near  Fort  Hall,  Idaho,  etc. 


SCROPHTJLARIACE.E.      (FIGWORT  FAMILY.)  275 

5.  P.  strictUS,  Benth.     Glabrous,  or  minutely  pruinose,  more  or  less  glau- 
cous :  stem  slender,  6  to  20  inches  high :  radical  leaves  from  oval  to  spatulate ; 
cauline  narroAvly  lanceolate  or  linear ;  floral  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts 
of  the  elongated  narrow  and  loose  thyrsus :  sepals  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse :  corolla 
about  an  inch  long;   the  throat  strongly  ampliate:    anthers   either   thickly  or 
sparsely  comose  with  very  long  flexuous  hairs :  sterile  filament  naked  or  with 
some  similar  slender  hairs.  —  Mountains  of  W.  Wyoming  to  S.  W.  Utah. 

6.  P.  glaber,  Pursh.     Glaucous  or  glaucescent  and  very  glabrous :  stems  a 
foot  or  two  high :  leaves  mostly  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceo- 
late :    thyrsus   elongated   and   man y- flowered :   sepals  from   orbicular-ovate  and 
merely  acute  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  strongly  acuminate  from  a  broadish  base  : 
corolla   1   to   1^  inches   long,   the   throat   ampliate:   anthers  from  glabrous  to 
sparsely  hirsute.  —  From  Nebraska  and  Dakota  to  Colorado,  Arizona,  and 
west  to  Oregon  and  California. 

Var.  alpinus,  Gray.  A  span  high:  cauline  leaves  from  narrowly  to 
broadly  lanceolate :  thyrsus  shortened  and  few-flowered.  —  Alpine  regions 
from  the  Yellowstone  to  Pike's  Peak. 

Var.  cyananthus,  Gray.  Usually  tall :  leaves  all  broad ;  the  cauline 
ovate  or  subcordate  and  ovate-lanceolate  :  thyrsus  dense  :  sepals  much  acumi- 
nate or  narrow  :  anthers  and  sterile  filament  from  hirsute  to  nearly  glabrous. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  60.  P.  cyananthus,  Hook.  Wyoming  and  Colorado 
to  the  Wahsatch  in  Utah. 

#  *  *  *  Anthers  dehiscent  from  base  to  apex  and  confluent,  glabrous,  explanate 

after  dehiscence :  herbs  or  rarely  suffrutescent  at  base. 

+-  Glabrous  throughout  even  to  pedicels  and  calyx :  leaves  all  entire,  from  linear 
to  ovate,  glaucous  or  pale:  stems  simple  and  erect:  thyrsus  virgate  or  con- 
tracted: corolla  less  than  an  inch  long. 

•»-«•  Corolla  abruptly  campanulate-inflated,  rather  strongly  bilabiate. 

7.  P.  secundiflorus,  Benth.    Afoot  or  two  high,  including  the  elongated 
and  racemiform  strict  many-flowered  thyrsus:  cauline  leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late; radical  spatulate:  peduncles  1  to  3-flowered:  sepals  ovate  or  oblong, 
with  somewhat  scarious  but  entire  margins:  corolla  with  narrow  proper  tube 
nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx:   sterile  filament  glabrous  or  minutely 
bearded  at  the  dilated  tip.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

8.  P.  Hallii,  Gray.     Resembling  the  last,  but  lower:  leaves  thickish, 
linear  and  linear-spatulate :  thyrsus  short  and  more  spiciform,  5  to  15-Jlowered, 
obscurely  viscid  :  sepals  broadly  ovate  and  with  widely  scarious  erose  margins : 
corolla  with  thickish  and  inconspicuous  proper  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx :  sterile 
filament  short-bearded  from   apex  downward.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.   71. 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  at  10,000  to  12,000  feet. 

•M.  4-*.  Tube  of  corolla  gradually  and  moderately  dilated  into  the  funnelform 
throat ;  lobes  obscurely  bilabiate. 

9.  P.  acuminatus,  Dougl.     Glaucous,  6  to  20  inches  high,  generally 
stout  and  rigid,  leafy :   leaves  coriaceous ;  radical  and  lowest  cauline  obovate  or 
oblong ;  upper  cauline  from  lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  or  the  upper  cordate-clasp- 
ing, these  mostly  acute  or  acuminate  :  thyrsus  strict,  interrupted,  leafy  below, 
naked  above :  sepals  ovate  and  acute  or  lanceolate  :  corolla  lilac  or  changing 


276          SCROPHULARIACE^E.      (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

to  violet :  sterile  filament  mostly  bearded  at  the  dilated  tip.  —  From  the  Sas- 
katchewan and  Upper  Missouri  to  Oregon,  New  Mexico,  and  W.  Texas. 

10.  P.  CSSrilleus,  Nutt.     Like  the  last,  but  low:  leaves  all  from,  lanceolate 
to  narrowly  linear :   thyrsus  spiciform  and  usually  dense  :   sepals  lanceolate- 
acuminate  :  corolla  blue,  varying  occasionally  to  rose-lilac  or  white :  sterile 
filament  much  bearded  above.  —  Plains  of  Dakota  and  Montana  to  Colorado, 
-i-  -i-  Puberulent  or  pubescent  and  above  viscid  or  glandular :   leaves  from  oblong 

to  lanceolate-linear,  entire  or  the  margins  undulate :  thyrsus  racemiform  : 
corolla  ample,  purplish  ;  its  tube  little  if  any  longer  than  the  sepals,  abruptly 
dilated  into  the  campanulate  or  broadly  funnelform  throat. 

11.  P.  Jamesii,  Benth.     Pruinose-puberulent :  leaves    all    narrowly   or 
linear-lanceolate  :  corolla  abruptly  dilated  into  a  broadly  cyathiform-campanulate 
throat,  a  little  hairy  within  :  sterile  filament  moderately  bearded.  —  Prairies,  S. 
Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas. 

12.  P.  cristatUS,  Nutt.     Pubescent,  or  above  viscid-villous :  leaves  from 
linear-lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong :  corolla  more  funnelform,  being  less  ab- 
ruptly dilated ;  its  lower  lip  long-villous  within  :  sterile  filament  more  exserted, 
inordinately  yellow-bearded.  —  From  Dakota  to  Nevada  and  S.  Colorado. 

•»-  -t-  -i-  Puberulent  or  inscid-pube scent,  at  least  the  inflorescence,  or  sometimes 
glabrous :  leaves  various :  corolla  from  4  lines  to  an  inch  long,  not  abruptly 
campanulate-ventricose  above :  sepals  usually  narrow  or  acuminate. 
•+-«•  Leaves  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  undivided:  stems  erect  or  ascending:  thyrsus 

mostly  many-flowered. 

=  Corolla  hardly  at  all  bilabiate,  funnelform,  icith  widely  spreading  lobes, 
whitish  or  tinged  with  purple. 

13.  P.   albidus,  Nutt.     Viscid-pubescent,   6   to   10   inches   high :    leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  narrow,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate :  thyrsus  strict, 
leafy  below,  of  approximate  few  to  several -flowered  clusters :  sepals  densely  viscid- 
pubescent,  3  or  4  lines  long :  corolla  with  shorter  tube,  the  rather  ample  limb 
about  as  broad.  —  On  the  plains  from  Dakota  to  Colorado  and  Texas. 

14.  P.    deustus,   Dougl.     Completely  glabrous,   or  the   calyx   obscurely 
glandular,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  in  tufts  from  a  woody  base,  rigid  :  leaves 
coriaceous,  from  ovate  to  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  irregularly  and  rigidly 
dentate  or  acutely   serrate,  or  some  of  them  entire  :    thyrsus  virgate  or   more 
paniculate,  mostly  many-flowered  :  corolla  narrowly  or  broadly  funnelform, 
half-inch  or  less  long.  —  In  the  interior  from  California  to  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  into  Montana. 

=  =  Corolla  more  plainly  bilabiate ;  lower  lip  usually  somewhat  bearded  or 
pubescent  within. 

is.  P.  confertus,  Dougl.,  var.  caeruleo-purpureus,  Gray.  Gla- 
brous throughout,  or  the  inflorescence  and  calyx  viscid-pubescent  or  puberu- 
lent,  from  2  inches  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  from  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  to 
somewhat  linear,  usually  entire  :  thyrsus  spiciform,  interrupted,  naked,  of  2  to 
5  dense  verticillate  flower  clusters,  or  in  the  low  mountain  forms  with  capituli- 
form  inflorescence :  pedicels  very  short :  sepals  variable,  usually  broad,  com- 
monly very  scarious  and  erose,  sometimes  with  a  long  herbaceous  acumination : 
corolla  narrow,  4  to  6  lines  long,  blue-purple  and  violet ;  lower  lip  conspicu- 


SCEOPHULAKIACE2E.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)  277 

ously  bearded  within.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward,  thence  west- 
ward to  Oregon  and  through  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

16.  P.  Watsoni,  Gray.     Glaucescent  and  glabrous  throughout,  or  inflo- 
rescence and  calyx  puberulent,  but  not  viscid,  a  foot  or  more  high  :  cauliue 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate   to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or 
denticulate :  contracted  thyrsus  rather  loose :  pedicels  longer  than  the  calvx  : 
sepals  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  somewhat  scarious-margined :  corolla  narrowly 
funnelform,  6  to  8  lines  long,  violet-purple  or  partly  white ;  lower  Up  almost 
glabrous  within.  —  Syiiopt.  Fl.  ii.  267.    P.  Fremonti,  var.  Parryi,  Gray.     Moun- 
tains of  W.  Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  Arizona. 

17.  P.  humilis,  Nutt.     Glabrous  or  viscid-pubescent  above,  a  span  or  two 
high :   leaves  glaucescent,  from  oblong  to  lanceolate ;  the  cauline  commonly 
denticulate :  thyrsus  strict  and  virgate,  2  to  4  inches  long  :  pedicels  short :  sepals 
ovate  or  lanceolate  and  acuminate :  corolla  narrowly  funnelform,  half-inch  long, 
deep-blue  or  partly  white ;  lower  lip  somewhat  hairy  within.  —  In  the  mountains 
from  S.  Colorado  to  the  British  boundary  and  westward. 

Var.  brevifolms,  Gray.  A  low  and  diffuse  tufted  form,  with  weak 
stems:  leaves  at  most  half-inch  long;  cauline  elliptical-oblong;  the  radical 
oval  or  rotund  :  corolla  light  blue.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  267.  In  the  Wahsatch 
Mountains  of  Utah  at  9,000  or  10,000  feet  elevation. 

18.  P.  gracilis,  Nutt.     A  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous  or  merely  puberu- 
lent up  to  the  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent  strict  thyrsus:  stems  slender:  cauline 
leaves  mostly  linear-lanceolate,  sometimes  denticulate ;   the  radical  spatulate  or 
oblong:  cymes  of  the  thyrsus  pedunculate  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  marginless: 
corolla  tubular-funnel  form   or  almost  cylindraceous,  lilac-purple  or  sometimes 
whitish,  £  to  1  inch  long ;  the  throat  open.  —  P.  pubescens,  var.  gracilis,  Gray. 
From  Colorado  to  Wyoming  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

19.  P.  glauCUS,  Graham.     Glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence,  more  or  less 
glaucous :  stems  dwarf  or  ascending,  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  thickish, 
oblong-lanceolate  or  the  radical  oblong-ovate,  entire  or  denticulate :  thyrsus  short 
and  compact,  either  simple  or  compound,  villous-pubescent  and  viscid  or  glandular  : 
corolla  dull  lilac  or  violet-purple,  less  than  an  inch  long,  swollen  above  the  short 
tube,  gibbous ;  the  throat  widely  open ;  the  broad  lower  lip  sparsely  villous- 
bearded  within.  —  Mountains  of  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  far  northward. 

Var.  Stenosepalus,  Gray.  Sometimes  over  a  foot  high :  thyrsus  com- 
paratively small  and  glomerate :  sepals  attenuate-lanceolate :  corolla  dull 
whitish  or  purplish.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

**  •*-*•  Leaves  from  linear-spatulate  to  obovate,  entire  :  stems  low-cespitose 

spreading,  leafy  to  the  summit,  few- flowered. 
=  Leaves  green  and  mostly  glabrous,  ^  to  ^  inch  wide. 

20.  P.  Harbourii,  Gray.     Tufted  nearly  simple  stems  2  to  4  inches 
high,  puberulent :  leaves  about  3  pairs,  thickish,  obovate,  oval,  or  the  upper- 
most ovate,  these  sessile  by  a  broad  base  :  thyrsus  reduced  to  2  or  3  crowded 
short-pedicelled  flowers  :   sepals  villous  and  somewhat  viscid  :  corolla  little 
bilabiate,  with  rather  broad  cylindraceous  throat  and  tube ;  lower  lip  bearded 
within.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  71.      High  alpine  region  of  the  Colorado 
Mountains. 


278  SCKOPHULAKIACE^E.      (FIGWORT  FAMILY.) 

=  =  Leaves  cinereous  or  canescent,  1  or  2  lines  wide:  flowering  along  the  short 
stems  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves:  short  peduncles  1  to  3-fiowered. 

21.  P.  pumilus, 'Nutt.     Canescent  with  a  dense  and  Jine  short  pubescence: 
stems  an  inch  or  two  high,  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy  :   leaves  lanceolate 
or  the  lower  spatulate  :  corolla  with  regularly  fuunelform  throat,  glabrous 
within:  sterile  filament  sparsely  short-bearded,  or  more  abundantly  at  the  tip. — 
Mountains  of  Montana,  Wt/eth. 

22.  P.  CSeSpitOSUS,  Nutt.     Minutely  cinereous-puberulent,  spreading,  form- 
ing depressed  broad  tufts  2  to  4  inches  high  :  leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate  to 
almost  linear :  peduncles  mostly  securtd  and  horizontal,  but  with  the  flower 
upturned  :  corolla  tubular-funnelform,  and  the  lower  side  biplicate,  the  narrow 
folds  sparsely  villous  within  :  sterile  filament  strongly  and  densely  bearded.  — 
Mountains  of  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  Utah. 

H-f  -w  -t-t-  Leaves  from  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  with  tapering  base  or  linear- 
spatulate  to  filiform,  entire :  stems  or  branches  racemosly  several  to  many- 
fiowered. 

23.  P.  laricifolius,  Hook.  £  Arn.     Glabrous:  stems  or  tufted  branches 
simple  from  an  underground  woody  base  :  leaves  very  slender,  when  dry  fili- 
form, much  crowded  in  subradical  tufts  and  scattered  on  the  filiform  flower- 
ing stems:  short  peduncles  alternate:  flowers  few,  loosely  racemose:  corolla 
tubular-funnelform,  half -inch  long;  the  small  limb  obscurely  bilabiate:  sterile 
filament  longitudinally  bearded.  —  Wyoming  and  Oregon. 

24.  P.  ambigUUS,  Torr.     Glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  diffuse  and  often 
much  branched:  leaves  filiform,  or  the  lowest  linear  and  the  floral  slender- 
subulate  :    inflorescence   loosely  paniculate :    peduncles  slender,  opposite,  the 
upper  one-flowered :   corolla  rose-color  and  flesh-color  becoming  white ;   the 
rotately  expanded  limb  oblitjue  but  obscurely  bilabiate ;  lobes  orbicular-oval ; 
throat  somewhat  hairy :  sterile  filament  glabrous,  sometimes  imperfectly  auther- 
iferous.  —  Plains  of  E.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  S.  Utah  and  Arizona. 

§  2.  Anthers  sagittate  or  horseshoe-shaped :  the  cells  confluent  at  the  apex,  and 
there  dehiscent  by  a  continuous  cleft,  which  extends  down  both  cells  only  to  the 
middle  :  the  base  remaining  closed  and  saccate.  In  ours  the  sterile  filament  is 
glabrous. 

*  Corolla  blue  to  purple,  ventricose-funnelform,  short-bilabiate,  §  to  1^  inches  long: 
inflorescence,  calyx,  etc.  glabrous. 

25.  P.  Kingii,  Watson.     Hardly  glaucous :  stems  a  span  or  so  high  from 
the  depressed  woodi/  base,  leafy  to  the  top,  erect  or  ascending:  leaves  oblanceo- 
late  or  lanceolate-linear,  mostly  narrowed  to  the  base  :    thyrsus  strict,  1  to  5 
inches  long:   corolla  f  inch  long,  purple. —  Synopt.   Fl.   ii.  272.      Uiuta  and 
Wahsatch  Mountains  and  westward. 

26.  P.   azureus,  Benth.      Glaucous,  rarely  pruinose-puberulent :  stems 
erect  or  ascending,  1  to  3  feet  high:  leaves  from  narrowly  to  ovate- lanceolate 

.or  even  broader  :  thyrsus  virgate,  loose,  usually  elongated  :  corolla  from  1  to  l£ 
inches  long,  azure-blue  to  violet,  the  base  sometimes  reddish  ;  the  expanded  limb 
sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Var.  Jaffrayanus,  Gray.     A  low  form  :   leaves  oblong  or  oval,  or  the 
upper  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  very  glaucous:  peduncles  1  to  5-flowered: 


SCEOPHULA1UACE.E.      (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)          279 

flowers  large.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  567.    From  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  westward 
to  California. 

Var.  ambigUUS,  Gray.  A  rather  tall  form,  paniculately  branched  and 
slender,  with  lanceolate  and  linear  leaves  all  narrowed  at  base,  pale  and  glau- 
cescent,  and  the  corolla  violet-blue,  an  inch  or  less  long :  sepals  remarkably 
small.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  272.  P,  heterophyllus,  Watson.  Canons  of  the  Wah- 
satch Mountains  and  westward. 

*  *  Corolla  scarlet-red,  tubular-funnelform,  conspicuously  bilabiate,  an  inch  long. 
27.  P.  Bridges!!,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high  from  a  woody  base,  gla- 
brous up  to  the  virgate  secund  thyrsus,  or  puberulent :  leaves  from  spatulate- 
lanceolate  to  linear ;  the  floral  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts  :  peduncles,  L* 
pedicels,  and  sepals  glandular-viscid  :  lips  of  the  narrow  corolla  fully  a  third 
the  length  of  the  tube ;  the  upper  erect  and  2-lobed ;  the  lower  3-parted  and 
its  lobes  recurved.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  379.  S.  W.  Colorado,  Brandegee, 
and  westward  into  S.  California. 

5.    CHIONOPHILA,    Benth. 

A  high  alpine  dwarf  perennial,  with  entire  leaves  mostly  in  a  radical  tuft 
and  a  dense  spike  of  cream-colored  flowers. 

1.  C.  James!!,  Benth.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so :  leaves  thickish,  spatulate 
or  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  scarious  sheathing  base ;  those  on  the  scape-like 
flowering  stems  one  or  two  pairs,  or  occasionally  alternate,  linear  :  spike  few 
to  many-flowered,  mostly  secund,  bracteate  :  corolla  over  a  half-inch  long,  dull 
cream-color.  —  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  254.  Alpine  regions  of  the 
Colorado  mountains. 

6.    MIMITLUS,    L.        MONKEY-FLOWER. 

Flowers  usually  showy  and  axillary,  or  becoming  racemose  by  the  reduction 
of  the  upper  leaves  to  bracts. 

*  Viscid  or  glandular-pubescent. 
•t-  Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  entire  or  few-toothed :  corolla  rose-purple  or  yellow. 

1.  M.  nanus,  Hook.  &  Arn.    From  an  inch  to  a  span  or  more  high :  leaves 
from  obovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate :  calyx-teeth  broadly  lanceolate  or  triangular^  a 
quarter  of  the  length  of  the  tube  :  corolla  i  to  f  inch  long,  funnelform,  with          I/ 
widely  spreading  limb  and  throat  gradually  narrowed  downward  into  the  in- 
cluded or  partly  exserted  tube  :  stigma  peltate- funnel  form  :  capsules  with  taper- 
ing apex  rather  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Ranging  chiefly  west  of  our  limit,  but 
extending  eastward  into  Wyoming. 

2.  M.  rubellus,  Gray.     From  2  to  10  inches  high,  branched  from  the 
base  :  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to  linear,  |  to  jf  inch  long,  commonly  equalling 
the  pedicels;  the  lower  sometimes  obovate  or  ovate :  .calyx-teeth  short  and  ob- 
tuse :  corolla  3  or  4  lines  long,  from  a  third  to  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
yellow  or  rose-color,  sometimes  yellow  varying  or  changing  to  crimson-purple ; 
the  throat  broad  and  open:  stigma  bilamellar. —  From  New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona to  Colorado  and  Washington  Territory. 


280          SCROPHUlrARIACE^E.      (FIG WORT  FAMILY.) 

-i-  -t-  Leaves  petloled,  denticulate  or  serrate :  corolla  narrow,  light  yellow. 

3.  M.  floribundus,  Dougl.  About  a  span  high,  flowering  from  almost 
tlie  lowest  axils,  the  lateral  branches  diffusely  spreading :  leaves  ovate  and  the 
lower  subcordate,  an  inch  long  or  less ;  the  upper  shorter  than  the  somewhat 
racemose  pedicels :  calyx  short-campanulate,  becoming  ovate  or  oblong  and 
truncate  in  fruit ;  the  teeth  short  and  triangular :  corolla  3  to  6  lines  long  :  cap- 
sule globose-ovate,  obtuse.  —  From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

4  M.  moschatUS,  Dougl.  More  villous  and  viscid,  musk-scented:  stems 
spreading  and  creeping,  a  foot  or  so  long :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  an  inch  or  two 
long,  mostly  exceeding  the  pedicels  :  calyx  short-prismatic,  becoming  obloug- 
campanulate  in  fruit;  the  teeth  broadly  lanceolate  and  acuminate:  corolla  usually 
|  inch  lon<: :  capsule  ovate,  acute.  —  From  W.  Wyoming  to  California  and  Brit- 
ish Columbia.  Known  as  the  "  Musk  Plant." 

*  #  Neither  viscid  nor  glandular. 
+-  Corolla  rose-red :  calyx  oblong-prismatic  ;  the  short  teeth  nearly  equal. 

5.  M.  Lewisii,  Pursh.     Slender,  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  minute  or  fine 
pubescence  :  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  denticulate :  corolla  1|  to 
2  inches  long ;  the  roundish  lobes  all  spreading  :  stamens  included.  —  Through- 
out the  Sierra  Nevada  and  extending  eastward  into  Montana  and  Utah. 

•i-  -t-   Corolla  yellow  :  calyx  campanulate,  oblique  at  the  orifice ;  the  posterior  tooth 

largest. 

6.  M.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Diffuse  and  creeping,  glabrate :  leaves 
roundish  and  often  reniform,  from  denticulate  to  nearly  entire,  4  to  12  lines 
long,  all  but  the  uppermost  with  margined  petioles :  flowers  all  axillary  and  slender- 
pedicelled  :  corolla  light  yellow,  4  to  6  lines  long :  fructiferous  calyx  campanu- 
late, 3   lines  long :    seeds  shining,  almost  smooth.  —  In  water  or  wet  places, 
in  the  mountains  from  Arizona  to  Montana  and  eastward  to  Illinois  and 
Michigan. 

7.  M.  luteilS,  L.    Glabrous  or  puberulent :  stems  erect ;  the  larger  forms 
2  to  4  feet  high :  leaves  ovate,  oval-oblong,  roundish,  or  subcordate ;  the  upper 
cauline  and  floral  smaller,  closely  sessile,  not  rarely  connate-clasping ;  all  usually 
acutely  dentate  or  denticulate;  lower  sometimes  lyrately  laciniate:   inflores- 
cence chiefly  racemose  or  terminal:    corolla   deep  yellow,  commonly  dark-dotted 
within,  and  the  protuberant  base  of  lower  lip  blotched  with  brown-purple  or 
copper-color,  sometimes  1   to  2  inches  long :  calyx  ventricose-campanulate, 
a  half-inch  or  less  long :   seeds  rather  dull,  longitudinally  striate-reticulate.  — 
Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward.     Immensely  variable. 

Var.  alpinus,  Gray.  A  span  or  so  high :  stem  1  to  4-flowered  :  some 
leaves  rather  distinctly  pinnate-veined  above  the  middle.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  71.  From  the  Colorado  mountains  and  California  Sierras  to  Alaska. 

Var.  depauperatllS,  Gray.  Includes  reduced  or  depauperate  forms,  2  to 
10  inches  high,  with  leaves  3  to  6  lines  long,  fruiting  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long, 
and  corolla  3  to  7  lines  long.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  567.  Rocky  Mountains  and 
westward. 


SCEOPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWOKT  FAMILY.)  281 

7.    GR  ATI  OLA,    L.        HEDGE  HYSSOP. 

Soft-herbaceous  and  diffusely  branching  plants,  from  a  creeping  base, 
growing  in  wet  soil  :  pedicels  solitary  and  axillary,  with  a  pair  of  foliaceous 
bractlets  close  to  the  calyx  and  equalling  it. 

1.  G.  Virginiana,  L.  Viscid-puberulent  or  more  pubescent,  or  below 
nearly  glabrous,  divergently  branched  from  the  base,  a  span  or  less  high : 
leaves  commoulv  glabrous,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  from  entire  to  denticu- 
late-serrate, mostly  narrow  at  base :  corolla  4  or  5  lines  long,  with  yellowish 
tube  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  lobes  nearly  white,  the  two  upper 
emarginate.  —  Across  the  continent. 


8.    LI  MO  SELL  A,    L.        MUDWORT. 

Small,  glabrous  plants,  with  fibrous  roots  and  a  cluster  of  entire  fleshy 
leaves  at  the  nodes  of  the  stolons,  and  short  scape-like  naked  pedicels  from 
the  axils,  bearing  a  small  and  white  or  purplish  flower. 

1.  L.  aquatica,  L.  Tufts  an  inch  or  two  high :  clustered  leaves  longer 
than  the  pedicels,  when  scattered  on  sterile  shoots  alternate,  in  the  typical 
form  with  a  spatulate  or  oblong  blade  on  a  distinct  petiole ;  this  in  mud  rather 
short,  in  water  elongating  to  the  length  of  2  to  5  inches.  —  From  Hudson's 
Bay  to  S.  Colorado,  and  westward  to  the  Sierras. 


9.    SYNTHYRIS,   Benth. 

Leaves  largely  radical  and  petioled ;  those  of  the  simple  stem  or  scape  and 
the  bracts  alternate :  flowers  small,  purplish  or  flesh-color,  in  a  simple  spike 
or  raceme.  In  ours  the  flowers  are  in  a  dense  spike  terminating  a  stouter 
leafy  scape  or  stem. 

*  Leaves  laciniately  cleft  or  divided,  all  radical:  corolla  cylindraceous,  1-deft  to 

the  middle. 

1.  S.  pinnatifida,  Watson.    Tomentulose-pubescent  and  glabrate :  leaves 
slender-petioled,  from  round-reniform  to  oblong  in  outline,  from  palmately  to 
pinnately  3  to  7-parted  or  below  divided,  and  the  divisions  again  laciniately 
cleft  or  parted  :  scape  sparingly  bracteate,  a  span  high  :  spike  narrow :  corolla 
whitish.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  227.     In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  of  Utah  and 
probably  extending  eastward  in  the  mountains. 

*  *  Leaves  undivided,  merely  crenate  or  crenulate :  scape  or  stem  leafy-bracteate. 
•»-  Corolla  mostly  2-parted,  rarely  3-parted,  and  stamens  inserted  on  its  very 

base. 

2.  S.   alpina,  Gray.     A  span  or  only  an  inch  or  two  high,  early  glabrate 
except  the  very  lanuginous  inflorescence :  radical  leaves  oval  or  subcordate,  an 
inch  or  so  long  on  a  longer  petiole :  base  of  scape  naked :  bracts  and  lanceolate 
sepals  very  long-woolly-villous  at  margins :  corolla  violet-purple ;  its  broad  upper 
lip  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  2  to  3-parted  lower  one  small  and  included. 
—  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  u.  xxxiv.  251.    In  the  alpine  region  of  the  Colorado  Rocky 
Mountains. 


282          SCROPHTJLARIACE^E.       (FIG WORT   FAMILY.) 

3.  S.  plantaginea,  Benth.    A  foot  or  less  high,  rather  stout :  tomentulose- 
pubescent  when  young :  radical  leaves  oblong,  rarely  cordate,  usually  obtuse 
at  base,  2  to  4  inches  long :  scape  very  leafy-bracteate :  spike  3  to  5  inches  long : 
bracts  and  ovate  sepals  glabrate  and  villous-ciliate :  corolla  purplish ;  its  upper 
lip  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  twice  the  length  of  the  2  to  3-lobed  lower  one.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  in  subalpine  woods. 

•*-  -t-  Corolla  wanting :  stamens  inserted  on  the  outside  of  the  hypogynous  disk. 

4.  S.  rubra,  Benth.     A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  rather  stout,  more 
or  less  pubescent,  and  the  spike  tomentose,  2  to  5  inches  long :  radical  leaves 
ovate  or  obscurely  cordate,  1  to  3  inches  long ;  the  cauline  similar,  but  small 
and  sessile:   sepals  oblong.  —  From   Montana  and  N.  Utah  westward  into 
Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

10.    VERONICA,    L.        SPEEDWELL.    BROOKLINE. 

Leaves  opposite  or  verticillate  or  the  upper  alternate,  as  are  the  bracts: 
flowers  small,  racemose,  spicate,  or  solitary  in  the  axils,  never  yellow. 

*  Perennials,  stoloniferous  or  creeping  at  base:  racen.es  in  the  axils  of  the  opposite 

leaves. 

•t-  Capsules  turgid,  orbicular :  seeds  merely  compressed :  racemes  commonly  from 
opposite  axils :   corolla  pale  blue,  often  purple- striped. 

1.  V.  Anagallis,  L.     Glabrous,  or  inflorescence  glaridular-puberulent  : 
leaves  sessile  by  broadish  somewhat  clasping  base,  and  tapering  gradually  to  the 
apex,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  obscurely  serrate.  —  Across  the  continent, 
mainly  to  the  northward. 

2.  V.  Americana,   Schwcin.      Glabrous :  leaves  all  or  mostly  petioled, 
ovate  or  oblong,   truncate-subcordate    at  base,  usually  obtuse :   pedicels  more 
slender.  —  About  the  same  range  as  the  last. 

-i-  -i-  Capsules  strongly  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition :  seeds  very  Jlat : 
racemes  from  alternate  or  sometimes  from  opposite  axils :  corolla  mostly  pale 
blue. 

3.  V.  SCUtellata,  L.      Glabrous  :   stem   slender,  a  span  or  two  high : 
leaves  sessile,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  remotely  denticulate :  racemes 
several,  filiform,  flexuous :  flowers  scattered  or  filiform  and  widely  spreading 
pedicels  :  capsule  deeply  emarginate  at  apex  and  slightly  at  base.  —  Across 
the  northern  part  of  the  continent. 

*  *  Low  perennials,  with  ascending  or  erect  flowering  stems  terminated  by  a  single 

raceme:  cauline  leaves  above  passing  into  bracts. 

4.  V.  alpina,  L.     A  span  or  rarely  a  foot  high,  hirsute-pubescent  or  gla- 
brate: leaves  sessile,  ovate  to  oblong,  crenulate-serrate  or  entire,  ^  to  1  inch  long: 
raceme  spiciform  or  subcnpitate,  dense,  or  interrupted  below :   corolla  blue  or 
violet :  capsule  elliptical-obovate,  emarginate.  —  Alpine  regions  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Sierra  Nevada,  and  White  Mountains,  and  also  far  northward. 

5.  V.   serpyllifolia,  L.      Glabrous  or  puberulent :   stems  creeping  or 
"branching  at  base,  with  flowering  summit  ascending  3  to  9  inches  high  :  leaves 
oval  or  roundish,  entire  or  crenulate,  half-inch  or  less  long  ;  the  lower  short-petioled ; 
the  upper  sessile  and  passing  into  bracts  of  the  leafy  spiciform  raceme :  corolla 


SCROPHULAEIACE2E.       (F1GWORT   FAMILY.)  283 

usually  bluish  or  pale  with  blue  stripes :  capsule  oblately  orbicular  and  obcor- 
date.  —  Throughout  the  continent. 

#  *  *  Low  annuals:  flowers   in  the  axils  of  ordinary  or  bract-like  commonly 

alternate  leaves,  very  short-pedicelled. 

6.  V.  peregrina,  L.  Glabrous,  or  above  minutely  pubescent  or  glandu- 
lar :  stem  and  branches  erect,  a  span  or  two  high :  leaves  thickish ;  lowest 
petioled  and  oblong  or  oval,  dentate ;  the  others  sessile,  from  oblong  to 
liuear-spatulate ;  uppermost  more  bractlike  and  entire :  capsule  orbicular  and 
slightly  obcordate.  —  Throughout  the  continent.  "  Neckweed." 

11.    GERARDIA,    L. 

Erect  and  branching  herbs ;  with  mainly  opposite  leaves,  the  uppermost 
reduced  to  bracts  of  the  racemose  or  paniculate  showy  flowers.  Our  species 
belong  to  the  section  with  purple  or  rose-colored  flowers  and  linear  or  filiform 
cauliue  leaves,  the  herbage  blackening  in  drying. 

1.  G.  aspera,  Dougl.     Stems   and   tranches  strict:  leaves  rather  erect, 
strongly  hispidulous-scabrous,  all  filiform-linear:  pedicels  mostly  equalling  and 
sometimes  moderately  exceeding  the  calyx,  erect:   calyx-lobes  deltoid-subulate  or 
triangular-lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  about  half  the  length  of  tlie  tube :  anthers 
obscurely  if  at  all  rnucronulate  at  base.  —  On  the  plains  within  the  eastern  limit 
of  our  range,  and  extending  eastward  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 

2.  G.  tenuifolia,  Vahl.     Smooth  or  usually  so,  about  a  foot  high,  panicu- 
lately  much  branched,  but  the  inflorescence  racemose :  leaves  mostly  narrowly 
linear,  equalling  the  lower  but  mostly  shorter  than  the  uppermost  pedicels:  calyx- 
teeth  very  short :  corolla  about  a  half -inch  long :  anthers  woolly,  and  cuspidate- 
mucronate  at  base. 

Var.  macrophylla,  Benth.  Stouter:  larger  leaves  l£  to 2  inches  long 
and  almost  2  lines  wide,  scabrous  :  pedicels  ascending :  calyx-teeth  usually 
larger :  corolla  little  over  a  half-inch  long.  —  From  Colorado  to  W.  Iowa  and 
"YV.  Louisiana. 

12.     CAST  ILL  El  A,    Mutis.        PAINTED-CUP. 

Herbs  with  alternate  entire  or  laciniate  leaves,  passing  above  into  usually 
more  incised  and  mostly  colored  conspicuous  bracts  of  a  terminal  spike :  the 
flowers  solitary  in  their  axils,  red,  purple,  yellowish,  or  whitish ;  but  the 
corolla  almost  always  duller-colored  than  the  calyx  or  bracts. 

#  Annuals  with  virgate  stems,  mostly  tall  and  slender  :  leaves  and  bracts  all  linear- 

lanceolate  and  entire ;  the  latter  or  at  least  the  upper  ivith  red  linear  tips. 
1.  C.  minor,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  pubescence  villous  or  soft- 
hirsute  :  flowers  all  pedicellate,  the  lower  rather  remote  in  the  leafy  spike : 
calyx  gibbous  and  broadest  at  base,  wholly  green,  about  equally  cleft  before 
and  behind  to  near  the  middle :  corolla  narrow  and  straight,  ^  to  f  inch  long, 
yellow;  galea  (upper  lip)  very  much  longer  than  the  small  lip,  much  shorter 
than  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  573.  C.  qffinis,  var.  minor,  Gray.  In  wet 
ground,  from  Nebraska  to  W.  Nevada  and  New  Mexico. 


284          SCROPHULARIACE^E.      (FIG WORT   FAMILY.) 

#  *  Perennials. 

*-  Calyx  deeper  cleft  before  than  behind,  mostly  colored  red,  as  are  a  part  of  the 
bracts :  corolla  large,  an  inch  or  two  long  ;  its  galea  about  equalling  the  tube. 

2.  C.  linarisefolia,  Benth.     Mostly  tall   and   strict,  2  to  5  feet  high, 
glabrous  below,  the  spike  somewhat  pubescent  or  villous :  leaves  linear,  entire, 
or  some  of  the  upper  sparingly  laciniate,  and  the   uppermost  and  bracts 
3-parted :  calyx  over  an  inch  long,  mostly  red  or  crimson,  sometimes  pale ; 
the  anterior  fissure  very  much  deeper  than  the  posterior ;  the  long  upper  lip 
acutely  4-toothed  :  corolla  1£  or  2  inches  long;  its  narrow  falcate  galea  much 
exserted  — In  the  mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado,  and  southward  and 
westward. 

•»-  •«-  Calyx  about  equally  cleft  before  and  behind :  floral  leaves  or  bracts  more 
or  less  dilated  and  petaloid-colored  (red  or  crimson,  varying  to  yellowish  or 
whitish). 

•*-*.  Pubescence  never  tomentose  nor  cinereous-tomentulose. 
=  Galea  equalling  or  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  the  lip  very  short. 

3.  C.  parviflora,  Bong.     A  span  to  2  feet  high,  villous-hirsute,  at  least 
above  :  leaves  variously  laciniately  cleft  into  linear  or  lanceolate  lobes,  or  some- 
times the  cauline  mainly  entire  and  narrow :  calyx-lobes  oblong  and  2-cleft  at 
apex  or  to  below  the  middle :  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long ;  only  the  upper  part 
of  the  narrow  galea  exserted ;  the  small  lip  not  protuberant.  — From  Dakota  and 
Colorado  westward  and  northward. 

4.  C.  miniata,  Dougl.     A  foot  or  two  high,  mostly  simple  and  strict, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  except  the  inflorescence  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or 
the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  entire :  spike  dense  and  short :  bracts  mostly  bright 
red,   rarely  whitish,  seldom  lobed :   calyx-lobes   lanceolate,  acutely  2-cleft : 
corolla  over  an  inch  long ;  the  galea  exserted,  linear,  longer  than  the  tube ;  veri/  short 
lip  protuberant  and  callous.  —  C  pallida,  var.  miniata,  Gray.     Extending  south- 
ward from  Alaska   and   British  Columbia  along  the  higher  mountains  of 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  California.     Exceedingly  variable. 

=  =  Galea  decidedly  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  not  over  twice  or 
thrice  the  length  of  the  lip. 

5.  C.  pallida,  Kunth.     A  foot  or  so  high,  strict,  commonly  villous  with 
/weak  cobwebby  hairs,  at  least  the  dense  and  short  leafy-bracted  spike,  or 

below  glabrous  :  leaves  mainly  entire ;  the  lower  linear ;  upper  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate :  bracts  oval  or  obovate,  partly  white  or  yellowish,  equal- 
ling the  corolla :  calyx  cleft  to  or  below  the  middle  and  again  more  or  less 
2-cleft :  galea  2  to  4  lines  long,  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  lip,  its  base 
not  exserted  from  the  calyx. 

Var.  septentrionalis,  Gray.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  sometimes  almost 
glabrous :  bracts  greenish-white,  varying  to  yellowish,  purple,  or  red  :  lip 
smaller,  from  half  to  hardly  a  third  the  length  of  the  galea.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i. 
575.  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah,  also  in  the  White  and  Green  Moun- 
tains, and  far  northward. 

Var.  OCCid entails,  Gray.  Dwarf  and  narrow-leaved  form,  2  to  6  inches 
high  :  bracts  comparatively  broad,  mostly  incised  or  cleft,  the  tips  and  flowers 
whitish :  lip  about  half  the  length  of  the  rather  broad  galea.  —  Bot.  Calif. 


SCIIOPHULARIACE2E.      (FIGWORT  FAMILY.)          285 

loc.  cit.     High  alpine  region  of  the  Colorado  mountains,  also  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Var.  Haydeni,  Gray.  More  slender,  3  to  5  inches  high :  linear  leaves 
sometimes  with  one  or  two  slender-subulate  lobes  :  bracts  merely  ciliate-pubes- 
ceut,  laciniately  3  to  5-cleft  into  linear  lobes,  bright  crimson  :  lip  not  half  the 
length  of  the  galea.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  297.  Alpine  region  of  the  Sierra  Blauca, 
S.  Colorado. 
•M-  -4-n.  Tomentulose  or  cinereous-puberulent,  or  the  stem  only  lanate-tomentose : 

bracts,  etc.  conspicuously  petaloid:  corolla  more  exserted,  an  inch  long  or  over; 

galea  shorter  than  the  tube. 

6.  C.  Integra,  Gray.     A  span  to  a  foot  high  :  stem  rather  stout,  tomen- 
tose:   leaves  cinereous-tomcntulose,  linear,  l£  to  3  inches  long,  1   to  3  lines 
wide,  entire :  bracts  of  the  short  spike  red  or  rose-color,  entire  or  sometimes 
incised:  corolla  1±  inches  long;  galea  rather  broad;  lip  strongly  tri-callous, 
its  lobes  very  short.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  119.     In  dry  ground,  from  Colorado 
to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

-t-  -t-  -t-  Calyx  deeper  cleft  before  than  behind :  corolla  either  slender  or  small, 
with  galea  much  shorter  than  its  tube  and  lip  comparatively  long :  bracts  and 
calijx  if  colored  at  all.  yellowish:  leaves  or  their  divisions  narrowly  linear, 
rather  rigid. 

++  Lip  of  corolla  half  the  length  of  the  short  galea,  more  or  less  trisacculate  and 
little  if  at  all  callous  below  the  narrow  lobes:  flowers  yellowish  or  greenish 
white:  clefts  of  the  calyx  moderately  unequal:  leaves  mostly  3  to  5-clefl  and 
the  divisions  sometimes  again  2  to  3-cleft :  bracts  similar,  not  even  their  tips 
colored. 

7.  C.  SGSSiliflora,  Pursh.     A  span  or  two  high,  very  leafy,  cinereous- 
pubescent  :  leaves  2  or  more  inches  long,  with  slender  lobes,  rarely  entire :  lobes  of 
the  tubular  calyx  slender :  corolla  exserted,  about  2  inches  long :  lip  with  linear- 
lanceolate  lobes  ven/  much  longer  than  the  obscurely  saccate  base.  —  On  the  prairies 
from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois  to  Dakota,  W.  Texas,  and  New  Mexico. 

8.  C.  breviflora,  Gray.     Barely  a  span  high,  more  pubescent:  lower  leaves 
often  entire  arid  upper  only  3  to  5-parted,  an  inch  or  so  long :  bracts  of  the  dense 
spike  more  dilated  :  lobes  of  the  ovoid-oblong  calyx  lanceolate:  corolla  little 
exserted,  less  than  an  inch  long ;  lip  with  somewhat  callous  or  saccate  keels  about 
the  length  of  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  338. 

**  *+  Lip  of  corolla  very  short,  globular-saccate  and  callous,  and  with  very  short 

ovate  lobes. 

9.  C.  flava,  Watson.     A  foot  high,  with  numerous  slender  stems,  cinere- 
ous-puberuleut,  at  least  above,  and  the  elongated  spike  more  pubescent :  leaves 
entire  or  the  upper  with  one  or  two  lobes :  bracts  3-cleft  and  with  dilated  base ; 
the  upper  and  calyx  yellowish:  corolla  hardly  an  inch  long;  narrow  galea 
little  shorter  than  the  tube. — Bot.  King  Exped.  230.      Mountains  of  Wyo- 
ming and  E.  Utah. 

13.    ORTHOCARPUS,   Nutt. 

Low  herbs,  with  mainly  alternate  entire  or  3  to  5-parted  and  laciniate  leaves ; 
the  upper  passing  into  bracts  of  the  dense  spike  and  not  rarely  colored,  as  also 


286  SCROPHULARIACE^E.      (FIGWORT  FAMILY.) 

the  calyx-lobes :  the  corolla  yellow,  or  white  with  purple  or  rose-color,  often 
much  surpassing  the  calyx. 

*  Corolla  with  lip  rather  obscurely  saccate,  and  with  conspicuous  mostly  erect  lobes; 

the  galea  broadish,  obtuse. 

1.  O.  pallescens,  Gray.     Cinereous-puberulent,  not  hairy:  leaves  3  to 
5-parted  into  linear  lobes,  or  the  lower  entire :  bracts  similar  with  dilated 
base,  or  the  upper  with  shorter  obscurely  whitish  or  yellowish  lobes :  calyx 
deeply  2  cleft,  with  broad  lobes  merely  2-cleft  at  apex :  corolla  yellowish,  over 
a  half-inch  long.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiv.  339.    From  the  mountains  of 
N.  W.  Wyoming  to  E.  Oregon. 

*  *  Corolla  with  simply  saccate  lip  inconspicuously  or  obsolete!;/  3-toothed,  and 

moderateli/  smaller  ovate-triangular  galea ;  its  small  tip  or  mucro  usually  some- 
what inflexed  or  uncinate, 

-»—  Bracts  strikingly  different  from  the  leaves,  much  dilated,  entire  or  the  lower  3  to 
b-lobed,  the  summit  of  the  middle  lobe  purple :  corolla  yellow. 

2.  O.  linearifolius,  Beuth.     Strict,  branching  at  summit,  sparsely  hir- 
sute or  hispid,  especially  the  margins  of  the  3  to  5-lobed  bracts :  calyx  half  the 
length  of  the  corolla,  its  lobes  with  a  pair  of  elongated  subulate  teeth :  corolla 
|  inch  long,  narrow ;  galea  with  small  unciuate  tip  a  little  surpassing  tbe  lip. 
— 0.  tcniiifolius  of  the  Synopt.  Fl.,  in  part.     From  the  mountains  of  Mon- 
tana to  Oregon. 

•i-  •«-  Bracts  herbaceous,  not  colored,  less  or  little  different  from   the  leaves,  all 
3-.  (rarely  5-)  cleft. 

3.  O.  luteUS,  Nutt.     Pubescent  and  hirsute,  sometimes  viscid :  stem  strict,  a 
span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  from  linear  to  lanceolate,  occasionally  3-cleft, 
about  equalling  tbe  flowers:  corolla  golden  yellow,  less  than  a  half-inch  long, 
2  or  3  times  the  length  of  the  calyx;  tip  of  galea  obtuse  and  straight. — Plains, 
from  N.  Minnesota  to  Colorado  and  westward. 

4  O.  Tolmiei,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Puberulent,  a  span  or  two  high,  loosely 
branched :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate-linear,  chiefly  entire :  bracts  of  tbe  small 
and  short  spikes  little  dilated,  often  3-cleft,  the  upper  shorter  than  the  flowers : 
corolla  bright  yellow,  half-inch  long,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx ;  minute 
tip  of  galea  inftexed.  —  In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  of  Utah  and  northward. 

14.    CORDYLANTHUS,   Nutt. 

Branching  annuals,  with  alternate  and  narrow  leaves,  either  entire  or  3  to 
5  parted,  and  mostly  dull-colored  flowers  in  small  terminal  heads  or  clusters, 
or  more  scattered  along  the  branches :  the  bracts  and  calyx  not  colored. 

*  Calyx  diphyllous:  corolla  2-lipped  at  summit:  Jlowers  short-ped uncled  or  sub- 

sessile. 

1.  C.  ramOSUS,  Nutt.  A  span  or  two  high,  diffusely  much  branched, 
cinereous-puberulent :  leaves  filiform,  all  but  the  lower  usually  3  to  7-parted  : 
flowers  few  in  the  small  terminal  heads  or  upper  axils :  corolla  dull  yellow, 
barely  a  half-inch  long.  —  Dry  regions  from  Wyoming  to  W.  Nevada  and 
Oregon. 


SCROPHULARIACEJE.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)  287 

*  Calyx  monophyllous  ;  the  anterior  division  wanting :  flowers  strictly  sessile  in 

the  axil  of  a  clasping  bract  or  leaf. 

2.  C.  Kingii,  Watson.  A  foot  or  less  high,  diffusely  branched,  viscid- 
pubescent  or  vilkms :  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  mostly  3  to  5-parted  into  lin- 
ear-filiform divisions  :  flowers  loosely  glomerate  or  somewhat  scattered  at  the 
summit  of  the  slender  branchlets :  corolla  less  than  an  inch  long,  purplish.  — 
Bot.  King  Exped.  233.  S.  W.  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Nevada. 


15.    PEDICUIiAKIS,    Tourn.        LOUSEWORT. 

Leaves  commonly  pinnately  cleft  or  dissected,  mainly  alternate :  flowers  in 
a  terminal  bracteate  spike,  rarely  in  a  raceme  or  scattered. 

*  GaJea  produced  into  a  filiform  porrect  or  soon  upturned  beak;   throat  with  a 

tooth  on  each  side;  tube  of  corolla  nearly  included,  in  the  5-toothed  calyx: 
leai'es  lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnately  parted;  the  divisions  acutely  serrate  or 
pinnatifid:  spike  dense  and  many-flowered,  naked:  corolla  dull  rose-red  or 
crimson-purple. 

1 .  P.  Grcenlandica,  Retz.     Glabrous :  spike  1  to  6  inches  long :  calyx- 
teeth  short :  beak  of  the  galea  half-inch  or  more  long,  twice  the  length  of  the 
rest  of  the  corolla,  decurved  on  the  accumbent  lower  lip.  —  Wet  ground,  from 
New  Mexico  to  British  Columbia  and  Hudson's  Bay. 

*  *  Galea  of  the  s/iort  white  corolla  produced  into  a  slender  elongated-subulate 

circmate-incurved  beak,  nearly  reaching  the  apex  of  the  broad  lower  lip:  calyx 
cleft  in  front :  whole  plant  glabrous. 

2.  P.  racemosa,  Dougl.    A  foot  or  so  high,  simple  or  sometimes  branch- 
ing, leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  lanceolate,  undivided,  minutely  and  doubly  crenu- 
late,  2  to  4  inches  long:  flowers  short-pedicelled,  in  a  short  leafy  raceme  or 
spike,  or  the  lower  in  remote  axils  and  uppermost  with  bracts  hardly  surpass- 
ing the  2-toothed  calyx :  slender  beak  of  the  galea  hamate-deflexed.  —  From 
Colorado  and  Utah  to  California  and  British  Columbia. 

*  *  *  Galea  falcate,  and  with  a  conical  or  thick-subulate  beak,  edentulate:  leaves 

simply  pinnatifid:  flowers  half-inch  long. 

3.  P.  Parryi,  Gray.     Glabrous,  or  the  inflorescence  slightly  puhescent : 
stem  a  span  or  two  high,  very  leafy  at  base  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  in  outline, 
deeply  pinnately  parted  ;  the  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  closely  callous -serrate ; 
uppermost  reduced  to  linear  bracts:  spike  dense,  l£  to  4  inches  long:  corolla 
ochroleucous  or  more  yellow ;  galea  strongly  falcate,  with  decurved  beak,  of 
about  the  length  of  the  width  of  the  galea.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiii.  250. 
In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

*  *  *  *  Galea  falcate,  arcuate,  or  with  the  apex  more  or  less  incurved,  or  ante- 

riorly curvilinear;  the  beak  very  short  and  thick  or  commonly  none:  stems 
simple,  leafy. 

•»-  Not  alpine :  leaves  pinnatifid :  spike  short  and  dense :  cucullate  summit  of  the 
galea  incurved. 

4.  P.  Canadensis,  L.     Hirsute-pubescent  and  glabrate,  a  span  to  a  foot 
high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  deeply  pinnatifid ;  lobes  short-oblong, 
obtuse,  incisely  and  the  larger  doubly  dentate  :  spike  leafy  bracteate :  corolla 


2j>8          SCROPHULAKIACE^E.       (FIGWOilT   FAMILY.) 

ochroleucous  or  tinged  or  variegated  with  purple,  less  than  an  inch  long: 
tip  of  galea  emarginate-truucatc  and  below  conspicuously  cuspidate-biden- 
tate.  —  From  the  Colorado  mountains  to  Canada  and  Florida. 

-•-  -t-  Not  alpine,  tall  or  slender. 
•M.  Leaves  undivided:  galea  bidentulate  at  tip. 

5.  P.  crenulata,  Benth.    Villous-pubescent,  at  length  glabrate :  stems  a 
foot  or  less  high:  leaves  oblong-linear  or  narrower,  obtuse,  }%  to  3  inches 
long,  closely  crenate  and  the  broad  crenatures  minutely  crenulate  :  spike  short 
and  dense :  corolla  whitish  or  purplish,  f  inch  long,  like  that  of  the  last,  but 
the  teeth  at  the  apex  of  galea  less  conspicuous.  —  In  the  Colorado  Moun- 
tains. 

•*-»•  -M-  Leaves  all  pinnately  parted  and  the  lower  divided,  ample ;  divisions  lacini- 
ate-serrate  or  pinnatijid:  spike  naked:  galea  almost  straight,  cucullate  at 
summit. 

6.  P.  bracteosa,  Benth.      Glabrous,  or  the   dense   cylindraceous    and 
usually  pedunculate  spike  somewhat  pilose :  stem  1  to  3  feet  high :  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  flowers :   cali/x-lobes  equalling  the  tube:  corolla 
less  than  an  inch  long,  pale  yellow ;  galea  much  longer  and  larger  than  the  lip.  — 
From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  to  British  Columbia. 

7.  P.  procera,  Gray.     Puberulent:  stem  robust,  l£  to  4  feet  high:  leaves 
pinnately  divided  into  lanceolate  and  irregularly  pinnatifid  segments :  bracts 
lanceolate,  caudate-acuminate,  mostly  longer  than  the  JJoivers,  serrate  or  denticu- 
late, or  the  upper  entire :  spike  8  to  1 5  inches  long :  cali/x-lobes  much  shorter 
than  the  tube :  corolla  about  1  £  inches  long,  sordid  yellowish  and  greenlsh-striate ; 
galea  hardly  longer  than  the  ample  lip.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  n.  xxxiv.  251.    Moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

•»-  •*-  H-  Alpine:  stem  few-leaved,  a  span  or  so  high. 

8.  P.  SCOpulorum,  Gray.     Glabrous,  except  the  arachnoid-lanate  dense 
oblong  spike :  calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate,  entire,  very  much  shorter  than 
the  tube  :  galea  of  the  reddish-purple  (f  inch  long)  corolla  with  its  somewhat 
produced  apex  obliquely  truncate,  edentulate  or  produced  on  each  side  into 
an  obscure  triangular  tooth.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  308.     P.  Sudetica,  var.     Colo- 
rado Rocky  Mountains,  at  12,000  to  14,000  feet. 

16.    RHINANTHUS,    L.        YELLOW-RATTLE. 

Herbs,  with  erect  stem,  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  subsessile  flowers 
in  the  axils,  the  upper  ones  crowded  and  secund  in  a  leafy-bracted  spike. 
Seeds  when  ripe  rattle  in  the  inflated  dry  calyx. 

1.  R.  Crista-galli,  L.  About  a  foot  high,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubes- 
cent above  :  leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  ; 
bracts  more  incised  and  the  acuminate  teeth  setaceous-tipped :  corolla  barely 
half-inch  long,  only  the  tip  exserted  ;  transverse  appendages  of  the  galea  trans- 
versely ovate,  as  broad  or  broader  than  long :  seeds  conspicuously  winged.  — 
Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  southward  to  New  Mexico  and  far 
northward. 


OROBANCHACE^E.      (BROOM-RAPE   FAMILY.)          289 


ORDER  57.    OBOBANCHACEJE.     (BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY.) 

Root-parasitic  herbs,  destitute  of  green  foliage,  with  alternate  scales 
in  place  of  leaves.  Flowers  hermaphrodite,  5-merous  as  to  perianth, 
with  didynamous  stamens,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  or  scales,  some- 
times on  scapiform  peduncles,  sometimes  collected  in  a  terminal  spike. 

1.    APHYLLON,    Mitchell.        CANCER-ROOT. 

Flowers  pedunculate  or  pedicellate :  calyx  5-cleft :  corolla  somewhat  bila- 
biate ;  upper  lip  more  or  less  spreading,  mostly  2-lobed ;  lower  spreading : 
stamens  included :  style  deciduous.  —  Brownish  or  whitish,  low,  commonly 
viscid-pubescent  or  glandular  plants;  with  violet-purplish  or  yellowish 
flowers. 

*  Peduncles  or  scapes  long  and  slender  from  the  axils  of  fleshy  loose  scales,  not 

bracteolate :  corolla  with  elongated  somewhat  curved  tube,  and  widely  spreading 
somewhat  equally  5-lobed  hmb,  only  obscurely  bilabiate. 

1.  A.  uniflomm,  Gray.      Scaly  stem  short  and  nearly  subterranean, 
bearing  few  scapes  a  span  high  :   calyx-lobes  mostly  much  longer  than  the  tube, 
subulate,  usually  attenuate :  corolla  violet-tinged,  the  flower  an  inch  long ;  the 
lobes  obovate  and  rafher  large.  —  Damp  woods ;  from  Newfoundland  to  Texas, 
aud  westward  across  the  continent. 

2.  A.  fasciculatum,  Gray.     More  pubescent  and  glandular :  stem  often 
emergent  and  mostly  as  long  as  the  numerous  fascicled  peduncles,  not  rarely 
shorter :  calyx-lobes  broadly  or  triangular-subulate,  not  longer  than  the  tube,  very 
much  shorter  than  the  dull  yellow  or  purplish  corolla  ;  lobes  of  the  latter  oblong 
and  smaller.  —  From  Lake  Michigan  to  Arizona  and  westward  across  the 
continent;  on  Artemisia,  Eriogonum,  etc. 

Var.  luteum,  Gray.  A  very  caulescent  and  short-ped uncled  form,  with 
sulphur-yellow  corolla,  and  whole  plant  light  yellow.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  312. 
Wyoming,  Parry.  On  grasses. 

*  *  Caulescent,  and  the  inflorescence  thyrsoid  or  spicate :  pedicels  or  calyx  1  to 

2-bracteolate :  corolla  manifestly  bilabiate. 

3.  A.  multiflorum,  Gray.    Whole  plant  viscidly  pruinose-puberulent,  a 
span  or  two  high  :  flowers  nearly  sessile  or  the  lower  ones  short-pedicelled : 
calyx  bibracteolate,  almost  5-parted  into  linear-lanceolate  lobes,  fully  half  the 
length  of  the  ample  (inch  or  more  long)  purplish  corolla:  anthers  very  woolly. 
—  Gravelly  plains  and  pine  woods,  W.   Texas  to  Arizona,  extending  into 
S.  Colorado. 

4.  A.  Ludovicianum,  Gray.     Rather  less  pubescent :  spikes  more  fre- 
quently compound  :  calyx  less  deeply  and  somewhat  unequally  5-cleft :  corolla 
about  half  smaller ;  upper  lip  sometimes  almost  entire:  anthers  (before  dehis- 
cence)  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  Phelipoza  Ludoviciana,  Walp.     From  the  Sas- 
katchewan to  Texas  and  westward. 

19 


290  VERBENACE^E.      (VERVAIN   FAMILY.) 


ORDER  58.    UENTIBULARIACEJE.    (BLADDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  growing  in  water  or  wet  soil,  with  scapes  or  scapiforra  pedun- 
cles simple  and  one  to  few-flowered,  calcarate  corolla  always  and  calyx 
usually  bilabiate,  a  single  pair  of  stamens,  conflueutly  one-celled  anthers 
contiguous  under  the  broad  stigma. 

1.     UTRICULARIA,    L.        BLADDERWORT. 

Calyx  2-parted  or  deeply  2-lobed  ;  lobes  mostly  entire,  nearly  equal :  upper 
lip  of  strongly  bilabiate  and  more  qr  less  personate  corolla  erect :  filaments 
thick,  strongly  arcuate-incurved,  the  base  and  apex  contiguous.  —  Ours  are 
aquatic,  with  the  dissected  leaves,  branches,  and  even  roots,  bearing  little 
bladders,  which  are  furnished  with  a  valvular  lid,  and  commonly  tipped  with 
a  few  bristles  at  orifice,  and  yellow  flowers.  The  scapes  are  leafless,  emersed 
from  submersed  or  floating  leafy  stems,  which  are  free  swimming  and  mostly 
rootless  in  deep  water. 

*  Pedicels  recurved  in  fruit. 

1.  U.  VUlgaris,  L.     Stems  long  and  rather  stout,  densely  lea  ft/:  leaves  2 
I -to  3-pinnately  divided,  very  bladdery  :  scapes  afoot  or  less  long,  5  to  IG-flowered: 

corolla  half-inch  or  more  broad,  with  sides  of  lips  reflexed ;  palate  prominent : 
spur  conical,  porrect  toward  the  slightly  3 -lobed  lower  lip.  —  From  Newfound- 
land to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Texas,  and  westward  across  the  continent. 

2.  U.  minor,  L.     Leaves  scattered  on  the  filiform  stems,  repeatedly  dichoto- 
.     mous,  small,  setaceous  :  scapes  slender,  3  to  7  inches  high,  2  to  8-floivered:  corolla 

pale  yellow,  2  or  3  lines  broad,  riugent ;  palate  depressed :  spur  very  short  and 
obtuse.  —  Across  the  continent. 

*  #  Pedicels  erect  in  fruit. 

3.  U.  gibba,  L.     Branches  delicate,  root-like:   leaves  sparse,  sparingly 
dissected,  capillary,  sparingly  bladder-bearing:  scape  filiform,  l£  to  3  inches 
high,  1  to  2-flowered  :  corolla  3  lines  broad ;  the  lips  broad  and  rounded  :  spur 
thick  and  conical,  shorter  than  the  lower  lip  and  approximate  to  it.  —  In  a 
subalpine  pond  in  Colorado,  Greene.     Also  in  the  Atlantic  States. 


ORDER  59.     VERBENACE^E.     (VERVAIN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  chiefly  opposite  or  verticlllate  leaves,  no  stip- 
ules, bilabiate  or  almost  regular  corolla,  mostly  didynamous  stamens, 
single  style  with  one  or  two  stigmas,  an  undivided  2  to  4-celled  ovary. 
—  In  ours  the  inflorescence  is  simple,  commonly  spicate  or  capitate  with 
flowers  alternate,  and  the  leaves  are  simple. 

1.  Verbena.    Calyx  narrow,  tubular,  plicately  5-angled,  5-toothed.     Corolla  salverform ; 

the  limb  somewhat  equally  or  unequally  5-lobed.     Fruit  separating  into  4  nutlets. 

2.  Lippia.    Calyx  ovoid,  oblong-campanulate  or  compressed  and  bicarinate,  2  to  4-cleft  or 

toothed.     Limb  of  corolla  oblique  or  bilabiate,  4-lobed      Fruit  separating  into  2 
nutlets. 


VEKBENACE^E.      (VERVAIN   FAMILY.)  291 

I.    VERBENA,    Tourn.        VERVAIN. 

Some  mere  weeds,  others  ornamental,  and  many  spontaneous  hybrids. 
#  Flowers  small  or  comparatively  so,  in  narrow  spikes :  anthers  unappendaged. 
•t—  Bracts  inconspicuous,  not  exceeding  the  flowers. 

1.  V.  hastata,  L.     Tall,  3  to  6  feet  high:  pubescence  short,  sparse  and  hir- 
sute or  scabrous:   leaves  oblong-lauceolate;  gradually  acuminate,  coarsely  or 
inciselij  serrate,  petioled,  some  of  the  lower  commonly  hastate  3-lohed  at  base  : 
spikes  numerous  in  a  panicle,  dense,  naked  at  base  or  more  or  less  pedunc/ed : 
corolla  blue.  —  In  waste  grounds  and  along  roadsides,  across  the  continent. 

2.  V.  Stricta,  Vent.     Erect,  rather  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high:  pubescence 
softer  and  denser:  leaves  cinereous  with  dense  soft  hirsute-villous  pubescence,  thick- 
ish,  rugose-veiny,  ovate  or  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  vert/  sharp!//  and  densely 
mostly  doubly  serrate,  rarely  incised :  spikes  comparatively  thick,  dense  both 
in  flower  and  fruit,  canescent,  most!//  sessile  or  leafy-braded  at  base  :  corolla 
blue,  4  or  5  lines  long  — From  New  Mexico  to  Dakota  and  eastward  to  Texas 
and  Ohio. 

-t-  H-  Bracts  rigid  and  somewhat  foliaceous,  exceeding  the  flowers. 

3.  V.  bracteosa,  Michx.     Much  branched  from  the  base,  diffuse  or  de- 
cumbent, hirsute :  leaves  cuneate-oblong  or  cuneate-obovate,  narrowed  mostly 
into  a  short  margined  petiole,  pinnately  incised  or  3-cleft,  and  coarsely  dentate : 
spikes  terminating  the  branches:  lowest  bracts  often  pinnatifid  or  incised; 
the  others  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  rigid  :  corolla  purplish  or  blue,  very 
small. — Across  the  continent. 

*  *  Floicers  more  showy,  at  flrst  depressed-capitate,  becoming  spicate  in  fruit: 
anthers  of  the  larger  stamens  appendaged  l»/  a  gland  on  the  connective:  tube 
of  corolla  at  the  upper  part  lined  with  reflexed  bristly  hairs. 

4.  V.  bipinnatifida,  Nutt.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  hispid-hirsute,  root- 
ing from  subterranean  branches  :  leaves  1  ^  to  4  inches  long,  bipinnatefi/  parted, 
or  ^-parted  into  more  or  less  bipinnatifld  divisions :  bracts  setaceous-attenuate, 
mostly  surpassing  the  calyx :  limb  of  the  bluish-purple  or  lilac  corolla  4  or  5  lines 
broad ;  lobes  obcordate  :  commissure  of  the  nutlets  usually  retrorseli/  scabrous  or 
hispidulous.  —  Plains  and  prairies,  from  Arkansas  and  Texas  to  the  mountains 
of  Colorado. 

5.  V.  Aubletia,  L.     A  foot  or  less  high,  branching  and  ascending  from 
a  creeping  or  rooting  base,  soft-pubescent,  hirsute,  or  glabrate :  leaves  1  or  2 
inches  long,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  in  outline,  with  truncate  or  broadly  cuneate 
base  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole,  inciselt/  lobed  and  toothed,  often  more 
deeply  3-cleft :   bracts  subulate  or  linear-attenuate,  shorter  than  or  equal  ling  the 
calyx:  limb  of  the  reddish-purple  or  lilac  (or  white)  corolla  $  or  §  inch  broad: 
commissure  of  the  nutlets  minutely  ichite-dotted  or  nearly  smooth.  —  From  the 
Rocky  Mountains  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.    LIP  PI  A,    L. 

In  ours  the  flowers  are  capitate  or  in  short  dense  spikes,  subtended  and 
imbricated  by  broad  bracts ;  the  peduncles  chiefly  axillary. 


292  LABIATE.      (MINT  FAMILY.) 

1.  L.  Clineifolia,  Steud.     Diffusely  branched,  procumbent  (not  creeping), 
minutely  canesceut  throughout :  leaves  rigid,  cuneate-liuear,  sessile,  incisely 
2  to  6-toothed  above  the  middle:  peduncles  mostl;/  shorter  than  the  leaves:  bracts 
rigid,  broadly  cuiieate,  abruptly  acuminate  from  the  truncate  or  retuse  dilated 
summit:    calyx-lobes  emarginate :  corolla  white  (?).  —  On  the  plains  from 
Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

2.  L.  lanceolata,  Michx.     Creeping  extensively,  some  branches  ascend- 
ing, minutely  and  sparsely  strigulose :  leaves  thinner,  varying  from  obovate 
and  lauceolate-spatulate  to  ovate,  narrowed  at  base  mostly  into  a  petiole,  above 
sharply  serrate:  peduncles   much   exceeding  the  leaves:   bracts   rnucronate  or 
pointless  :    calyx-lobes    linear-lanceolate  :    corolla    bluish-white.  —  From   E. 
Colorado  and  Texas  to  Peunsvlvauia  and  Florida. 


ORDER  60.     LABIATJE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  aromatic  foliage,  square  steins,  opposite  leaves, 
more  or  less  bilabiate  corolla,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  and  a 
deeply  4-lobed  ovary,  which  forms  in  fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets,  surround- 
ing the  base  of  the  single  style.  —  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed  or 
entire :  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Style  2-lobed  at  apex.  Flowers  axillary,  chiefly  in  cymose  clusters, 
these  often  aggregated  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes. 

Tribe  I.    Stamens  4,  ascending,  mostly  exserted  from  the  upper  side  of  the  corolla :  calyx 
5  to  10-nerved.  — AJUGOIDE.E. 

1.  Teucrium.    Corolla  deeply  cleft  between  the  two  small  lobes  of  the  upper  lip,  which 

are  united  one  on  each  side  with  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  declined  lower  lip  ;  middle 
lobe  much  larger.  Stamens  exserted  from  the  cleft:  anthers  confidently  one-celled. 

Tribe  II.  Stamens  not  declined  ;  the  posterior  pair  shorter  or  wanting  ;  anthers  2-celled  ; 
the  cells  distinct  or  confluent,  short :  corolla  less  strongly  bilabiate  and  the  lobes  flat- 
ter than  in  succeeding  tribes  ;  upper  lip  not  galeate  or  concave. 

*  Corolla  about  equally  4-lobed,  small  and  short,  hardly  irregular,  but  the  upper  lobe 

broader  than  the  others  and  emarginate :  stamens  erect,  straight  and  distant :  flowers 
capitate-glomerate,  and  the  clusters  sometimes  confluent-spiked.     ^ 

2.  Mentha.    Stamens  4,  similar  and  nearly  equal.     Calyx  5-toothed.      Upper  lobe  of 

corolla  sometimes  emnrginate. 

3.  L,ycopus.     Stamens  only  2  with  anthers ;   the  upper  pair  sterile  rudiments,  or  else 

wanting.  Calyx  4  to  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Upper  lobe  of  corolla 
entire. 

*  *  Corolla  more  or  less  evidently  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emarginate,  or 

2-cleft  in  No.  5 ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft. 

•i-  Stamens  4,  didynainous,  distant  and  straight,  often  divergent,  never  convergent  nor 
curved  :  calyx  10  to  15-nerved  :  flowers  capitate-vertidllastrate,  or  sometimes 
sparser. 

4.  Pycnanthemum.    Calyx  ovate-oblong  or  tubular;  the  5  teeth  equal,  or  the  3  upper 

more  or  less  united.  Corolla  with  entire  or  barely  emarginate  upper  lip,  and  3-cleft 
lower  one.  Stamens  little  unequal:  anther-cells  parallel. 

5.  Monardella.    Calyx  tabular,  narrow  ;  the  5  teeth  equal  or  nearly  so.    Corolla  with 

2-cleft  upper  lip.  and  3-parted  lower  one.  Stamens  strongly  or  moderately  unequal, 
exserted  :  anther-cells  often  divergent  or  divaricate.  Flowers  densely  capitate- 
verticillastrate. 


LABIATE.      (MINT   FAMILY.)  293 

•t-  •*-  Stamens  ascending  or  arcuate,  often  more  or  less  converging  and  sometimes  ascend- 
ing parallel  under  the  erect  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  ;  anther-cells  oblique  or  divaricate : 
calyx  12  to  15-nerved. 

6.  Calamintlia.     Calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  often  gibbous,  bilabiate  ;    the  upper  lip 

3-toothed  or  3-cleft,  the  lower  2-parted.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  mostly  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx,  and  a  commonly  enlarging  throat.  Stamens  4,  ascending  parallel 
under  or  beyond  the  upper  lip,  or  conniving  in  pairs. 

7.  Hedeoma.    Calyx  from  tubular  to  oblong,  usually  gibbous,  more  or  less  bilabiate 

or  unequally  5-toothed,  mostly  13-striate,  hairy  or  villous-bearded  in  the  throat. 
Antheriferous  stamens  2,  ascending  parallel  under  the  upper  lip;  the  posterior  pair 
either  none  or  sterile. 

Tribe  III.  Antheriferous  stamens  only  2,  straight  or  commonly  parallel-ascending ;  the 
anther  with  narrow  cells,  which  are  either  widely  separated  on  the  upper  and  lower 
ends  of  a  linear  or  filiform  connective,  or  the  lower  cell  wanting  or  deformed,  or  the 
two  cells  confluent  into  one  linear  cell :  corolla  bilabiate.  — MONABDE^G, 

8.  Salvia.    Calyx  bilabiate.     Corolla  with  upper  lip  erect,  straight  or  falcate,  usually 

concave:  the  lower  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  often  emarginate.  Connective  com- 
monly linear  or  filiform,  transverse  and  articulated  on  the  short  filament. 

9.  Monarda.    Calyx  elongated-tubular,  mostly  15-nerved,  regular  or  nearly  so,  almost 

equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  slender  tube  or  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip 
erect,  entire  or  emarginate  ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe  larger  or 
longer,  retuse  or  emarginate.  Anther-cells  contiguous  and  divaricate,  more  or  less 
connate  or  confluent  at  their  junction,  so  as  to  imitate  a  single  linear  cell. 

Tribe  IV.  Stamens  4,  both  pairs  fertile ;  the  posterior  (inner  or  upper)  pair  surpassing 
the  anterior :  corolla  distinctly  bilabiate  :  calyx  usually  15-nerved ;  the  upper  teeth 
or  lip  commonly  larger  or  longer.  —  NEPETE/K. 

10.  Lopbanthus.    Stamens  divergent  or  distant,  exserted  ;  the  upper  pair  usually  de- 

clined ;  the  lower  or  shorter  pair  ascending :  the  anther-cells  parallel  or  nearly  so. 
Corolla  with  tube  not  exceeding  the  oblique,  5-toothed  calyx  ;  upper  lip  nearly  erect, 
2-lobed  at  the  apex  ;  lower  spreading,  its  broad  middle  lobe  crenate. 

11.  Dracocepbalum.     Anthers  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs ;  their  cells  divaricate 

or  divergent :  filaments  not  exserted.  Calyx  equal  at  throat,  5-toothed ;  the  upper 
tooth  very  much  larger  than  the  others.  Corolla  with  dilated  throat ;  upper  lip  some- 
what concave,  emarginate  or  2-lobed ;  lower  spreading,  with  middle  lobe  large. 

Tribe  V.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel ;  the  anterior  (lower  or  outer)  pair  longer 
and  with  anthers  mostly  1-celled  by  abortion  ;  those  of  the  posterior  pair  2-celled : 
corolla  bilabiate ;  but  with  the.  small  lateral  lobes  more  connected  with  the  galeate 
upper  lip  ;  lower  lip  therefore  of  a  single  lobe :  calyx  bilabiate ;  its  lips  entire.  — 

SCUTELLARINE^E. 

12.  Scutellaria.     Calyx  gibbous,  with  a  crest-like  or  hump-shaped  projection  on  the 

back,  closed  after  the  corolla  falls,  not  inflated.  Corolla  with  long  exserted  tube. 
Anthers  ciliate-pilose. 

Tribe  VI.  Stamens  4  ;  parallel  and  ascending  under  the  concave  and  commonly  galeate 
upper  lip  of  the  bilabiate  corolla  ;  the  anterior  (lower  or  outer)  pair  longer :  anthers 
2-celled  or  confluently  somewhat  1-celled.  Calyx  5  to  10-nerved,  veiny.  —  STACHYDE^:. 

13.  Physostegia.    Calyx  nearly  regular,  and  equally  5-toothed ;  the  tube  campanulate 

or  oblong,  hardly  nerved  or  veined,  moderately  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla  gradually 
inflated  upward ;  upper  lip  erect,  rounded,  entire ;  lower  somewhat  spreading,  3- 
parted,  its  roundish  middle  lobe  emarginate.  Filaments  villous.  Flowers  simply 
opposite  in  the  spikes,  one  under  each  bract. 

14.  Stacbys.    Calyx  tubular-campanulate  or  turbinate,  5  to  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed, 

sometimes  the  upper  teeth  larger.  Corolla  with  cylindrical  tube,  riot  dilated  at 
throat ;  upper  lip  erect,  more  or  less  concave,  entire  or  emarginate ;  lower  spreading, 
3-lobed.  Stamens  more  or  less  deflexed  to  the  sides  of  the  throat  or  contorted  after 
anthesis  :  filaments  naked  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs. 


294  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

1.    TEUCRIUM,    L.        GERMANDER. 

Herbs:   less  aromatic  than  most  genera,  with  leaves  variously  cut  and 
flowers  spicate  or  solitary  and  axillary. 

*  Leaves  undivided:  flowers  in  naked  terminal  spikes  or  racemes:  calyx  moder- 

ately 5-lobed  ;  two  lower  teeth  triangular-subulate;  three  upper  ovate. 

1.  T.  OCCidentale,  Gray.     Loosely  pubescent,  branched,  a  foot  or  two 
high :  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  ovate-oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  sharply 
serrate  :  corolla  4  or  5  lines  long,  purple,  rose  or  cream-color :  calyx  villous 
with   viscid   hairs.  —  Synopt.   Fl.   ii.   349.     T.  Canadense   of   the   Western 
Reports.    Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  California. 

*  *  Leaves  multijid  or  incised:  Jlowers  solitary  and  axillary,  the  uppermost 

leaves  more  or  less  bract-like :  calyx  almost  5-parted  into  subulate-lanceolate 
equal  lobes. 

2.  T.  laciniatum,  Torr.    Glabrous  or  hirsute-pubescent,  much  branched, 
a  span  or  so  high  :  leaves  pinnately  3  to  7-parted  into  narrow  linear  entire  or 
2  to  3-lobed  or  toothed  divisions,  rather  rigid ;    the  floral  much  crowded, 
3-parted:  corolla  6  to  10  lines  long,  pale  blue  or  lilac,  with  spatulate  lower 
lobe  much  surpassing  the  calyx.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  231.     Plains  of  Colo- 
rado to  Arizona  and  W.  Texas. 


2.    ME  NTH  A,1    Tourn.        MINT. 

Odorous  herbs,  mostly  spreading  by  slender  creeping  rootstocks  :  flowers 
small,  whitish  or  purplish,  in  ours  glomerate  in  the  axils  of  leaves. 

1 .  M.  CanadensiS,  L.  Villous-hairy :  stem  often  simple :  leaves  varying 
from  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  acute,  generally  taper- 
ing into  the  petiole :  inflorescence  consisting  of  distant  sessile  verticillastrate 
glomerules  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the  uppermost  axils  flowerless :  calyx 
hairy ;  the  short  teeth  triangular-subulate.  —  Wet  places,  throughout  the  con- 
tinent, chiefly  towards  the  north.  Odor  of  Pennyroyal. 

Var.  glabrata,  Benth.,  has  leaves  and  stem  almost  glabrous,  the  former 
sometimes  very  short-petioled,  and  a  sweeter  scent,  as  of  Monarda.  —  Same 
range. 

3.    LYCOPUS,   Tourn.        WATER  HOREHOUND.    BUGLE-WEED. 
GYPSY-WORT. 

Mint-like,  but  bitter  and  only  slightly  aromatic ;  with  sharply  toothed  or 
lobed  leaves,  and  small  white  or  whitish  flowers  in  their  axils,  in  sessile  capi- 
tate-verticillastrate  glomerules,  the  uppermost  axils  flowerless. 
*  Stoloniferous ;  long  filiform  runners  produced  from  the  base  of  the  stem:  calyx- 
teeth  mostly  4. 

1.  L.  VirginicUS,  L.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent :  stem  obtusely 
angled,  6  to  24  inches  high  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate 

1  Doubtless  some  of  the  common  introduced  species  have  become  established  within  our 
range. 


LABIAT^E.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  295 

in  the  middle,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole :  bracts  very 
short :  calyx-teeth  ovate  or  lanceolate-ovate,  obtuse  or  barely  acutish  :  sterile 
stamens  minute  rudiments.  —  From  British  Columbia  and  Oregon  to  Florida 
and  Labrador. 

2.  L.  lucidus,  Turcz.     Stem  strict,  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high,  hirsute-pubes- 
cent or  glabrate,  acutely  angled  above :  leaves  lanceolate  and  oblong-lanceolate, 
2  to  4  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  very  sJiarply  and  coarsely  serrate  with 
triangular-subulate  ascending  teeth,  sessile  or  nearly  so  by  an  obtuse  or  acute  base, 
coarsely  punctate :  outer  bracts  conspicuous,  very  acute  :  calyx-teeth  attenuate- 
subulate  :  sterile  stamens  clavate-tipped  rudiments. 

Var.  Americanus,  Gray.  Leaves  dull,  often  minutely  puberulent  both 
sides:  calyx-teeth  less  rigid.  — Bot.  Calif,  i.  592.  From  the  Saskatchewan  to 
Arizona  and  California. 

*  *  Not  stoloniferous,  but  rootstocks  more  or  less  creeping :  calyx-teeth  5,  cuspidate, 

rigid, 

3.  L.  Sinuatus,  Ell.     Stem  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  acutely  4-angled,  gla- 
brous, roughish  or  minutely  pubescent:  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  1|  or  2 
inches  long,  acuminate,  irregularly  incised  or  laciniate-pinnatifid,  or  some  of 
the  upper  merely  sinuate  or  iucisely  toothed,  tapering  at  base  mostly  into  a 
slender  petiole:   rudiments  of  sterile  stamens  slender,  conspicuous,  with  a 
globular  or  subclavate  tip.  —  L.  Europosus,  var.  sinuatus,  Gray.    Across  the 
continent. 


4.    PYCNANTHEMUM,   Michx.        MOUNTAIN  MINT.   BASIL. 

Erect  herbs,  pleasantly  aromatic,  branching  above ;  flowers  small,  whitish 
or  purplish,  often  purple-dotted.  In  ours  the  flowers  are  in  small  and  numer- 
ous glomerules  which  are  capitate  and  densely  fastigiate-cymose,  copiously 
imbricated  with  short  appressed  bracts. 

1.  P.  lanceolatum,  Pursh.  Stem  somewhat  pubescent:  inflorescence 
villous-canescent :  leaves  lanceolate  or  almost  linear,  nervose-veined,  obtuse  at 
base,  nearly  sessile,  entire :  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate :  calyx-teeth  ovate- 
deltoid,  acute.  —  Within  the  eastern  limit  of  our  range,  and  extending  from 
thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 


6.    MONARDELLA,   Benth. 

Flowers  in  terminal  and  solitary  verticillastrate  heads,  subtended  or  in- 
volucrate  by  broad  often  membranaceous  and  colored  bracts:  corolla  from 
whitish  or  flesh-color  to  rose-purple. 

L  M.  odoratissima,  Benth.  Cinereous-puberulent  or  minutely  tomen- 
tulose,  or  nearly  glabrous,  but  pale  :  a  span  to  a  foot  high :  leaves  from  nar- 
rowly oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  short-petioled,  or  the 
upper  subsessile,  both  sides  alike :  bracts  thin-membranaceous  and  colored 
(whitish  or  purple)  :  calyx-teeth  hirsute.  —  Sierra  Madre  Range  in  Colorado, 
and  thence  westward  and  northward.  Odor  of  Pennyroyal. 


296  LABIAT^E.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

6.    CALAMINTHA,   Tourn.,  Moench.        CALAMINT. 

Our  species  belongs  to  a  section  with  flowers  verticillastrate-capitate,  and 
involucrate  with  conspicuous  setaceous-subulate  rigid  bracts. 

1.  C.  Clinopodium,  Benth.  Herbaceous,  hirsute  :  leaves  ovate,  obtuse, 
almost  entire,  petioled :  heads  globular,  many-flowered :  teeth  of  the  narrow 
tubular  calyx  and  bracts  very  hirsute,  nearly  equalling  the  light  purple  narrow 
corolla.  —  Indigenous  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Great  Lakes,  but  in- 
troduced eastward.  "  Basil." 

7.    HE  DEO  MA,   Pers.        AMERICAN  PENNYROYAL. 

Our  species  belong  to  the  section  with  pedicellate  flowers  cymulose  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  the  uppermost  of  which  are  often  bract-like  :  throat  of  the 
calyx  in  fruit  closed  with  a  ring  of  hair.  Pungently  sweet-aromatic,  with 
small  and  whitish  or  purplish  flowers. 

1.  H.   hispida,   Pursh.      Mostly  low:   leaves  all  similar,  linear,  entire, 
thickish,  nearly  sessile,  crowded,  almost  glabrous,  but  the  margins  somewhat 
hispid-ciliate :  bracts  mostly  equalling  the  calyx,  rigid  :  calyx  with  teeth  about 
equal,  bilabiate ;  the  lips  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  gibbous  hispid 
tube ;  the  teeth  of  the  upper  subulate,  of  the  lower  more  aristiform  or  hispid, 
equalling  the  bluish  corolla.  —  Extending  into  Dakota  and  southward  from  the 
plains  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

2.  H.  Drummondi,  Benth.     Cinereous  pubescent  or  puberulent,  a  span  or 
two  high,  copiously  branched  :  leaves  from  oblong  to  linear,  obtuse,  subsessile  or 
narrowed  into  a  very  short  petiole :  subulate  bracts  not  longer  than  the  pedi- 
cels :  calyx  hirsute  or  hispid,  in  age  more  or  less  curved,  not  plainly  bilabiate ; 
the  subulate-setaceous  teeth  at  length  all  couuivent ;  the  lower  nearly  twice  the 
length  of  the  upper:  corolla  from  little  exserted  to  double  the  length  of  the  calyx. — 
Prom  Texas  to  Arizona  and  extending  northward  to  Colorado  and  Nebraska. 

8.    SALVIA,    L.        SAGE. 

In  ours  the  throat  of  the  calyx  is  naked  :  the  anterior  portion  of  the  con- 
nective deflexed,  linear  or  gradually  somewhat  dilated  downward,  closely 
approximate  or  connate,  and  destitute  of  an  anther-cell :  corolla  blue  or  pur- 
plish varying  to  white. 

1.  S.  azurea,  Lam.     Glabrous  or  puberulent,  1  to  5  feet  high:  lower 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate  or  serrate ;  upper  narrower, 
often  linear,  entire  :  inflorescence  spiciform,  interrupted,  sometimes  thyrsoidal 
or  paniculate-branched  :  calyx  obscurely  bilabiate :  corolla  deep  blue,  with  promi- 
nently exserted  tube ;  upper  lip  very  concave  or  galeate  and  pubescent ;   the 
lower  longer  and  much  larger,  siuuately  3-lobed  and  emargiuate  :  style  bearded 
above. 

Var.  grandiflora,  Benth.  Cinereous-puberulent :  denser  inflorescence 
and  calyx  tomentulose-sericeous.  —  S.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  From  Colorado  to 
Texas  and  Kansas. 

2.  S.  lanceolata,  Willd.    Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  branched  from 
the  base,  5  to  12  inches  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  irregu- 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  297 

larly  serrate  with  obtuse  appressed  teeth  or  nearly  entire :  inflorescence  vir- 
gate-spiciform,  interrupted,  floral  bracts  very  small:  calyx  deeply  bilabiate: 
corolla  smalL  4  lines  long,  hardly  at  all  exserted ;  lower  lip  little  prolonged: 
style  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  Plains,  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 


9.    MONABDA,    L.        HORSE-MINT. 

Aromatic  erect  herbs,  usually  tall ;  with  the  large  verticillastrate-capitate 
glomerules  single,  or  in  upper  axils,  and  iuvolucrate  by  numerous  sometimes 
colored  outer  bracts  and  floral  leaves. 

#  Heads  solitary  and  terminal,  or  sometimes  2  or  3  as  if  proliferous :  stamens 

and  style  conspicuously  exserted  from  the  linear  and  mostly  acute  upper  lip 
of  the  corolla:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acutely  more  or  less  serrate. 

1.  M.  fistulosa,  L.     Soft-pubescent  with  short  hairs,  or  somewhat  hairy, 
or  glabrate  :  stem  mostly  with  obtuse  angles :  bracts  whitish  or  rarely  pur- 
plish, the  inner   mostly  hirsute-ciliate :    calyx  conspicuously  and   densely 
bearded  at  the  throat :  corolla  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  upper  lip,  purple 
or  purplish-dotted,  an  inch  or  more  long.  —  Nearly  across  the  continent.     A 
polymorphous  species. 

Var.  media,  Gray.  Corolla  deep  purple.  —  Synopt.  Fl.  ii.  374.  Alleghany 
and  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  mollis,  Benth.  Corolla  from  flesh-color  to  lilac,  glandular,  and  its 
upper  lip  hairy  outside  or  more  bearded  at  the  tip  :  leaves  paler,  soft  pubes- 
cent beneath :  throat  of  the  calyx  mostly  filled  with  dense  beard.  —  Extend- 
ing to  the  Saskatchewan,  British  Columbia,  and  Arizona. 

*  *  Heads  commonly  in  the  axils  of  all  the  upper  pairs  of  leaves,  or  interrupted- 

spicate,  follose-bracteate  :  upper  face  of  the  floral  leaves  often  canescent  and 
purple-tinged :  corolla  with  shorter  tube,  more  dilated  throat ;  the  upper  arch- 
ing seldom  surpassed  by  the  stamens :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sparsely 
serrate  or  denticulate. 

2.  M.  punctata,  L.     Stem  commonly  2  feet  high  :   floral  leaves  and 
bracts  (either  whitened  or  purplish  or  both)  often  slender  acuminate,  mostly 
muticous :   calyx-teeth    lanceolate-   or   triangular-subulate,   rigid,   soon   stellate- 
spreading :  corolla  yellowish  with  copious  brown-purple  spots.  —  From  Colorado 
to  Florida  and  New  York. 

3.  M.  Citriodora,  Cerv.     Usually  rather  robust,  the  larger  forms  2  or  3 
feet  high :  bracts  narrowly  oblong,  colored  as  in  the  last,  with  spreading  or 
recurving  and   slender  aristate  tips:  calyx-teeth  slender-aristiform,  at   length 
usually  spreading :  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  not  spotted,  but  more  or  less  punc- 
tate. —  M.  aristata,  Nutt.    Plains  of  Nebraska  to  Texas,  E.  Colorado,  and 
Arizona. 

10.    LOPH  ANT  HITS,    Benth. 

Mostly  tall  and  coarse  herbs  :  with  serrate  petioled  leaves,  the  lower  usually 
subcordate  and  the  upper  ovate,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  and  sessile  verticil- 
lastrate  glomerules,  which  are  crowded  into  a  terminal  spike :  floral  leaves 


298  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

reduced  to  short  ovate  and   acuminate  bracts  :    calyx-teeth  more  or  less 
colored. 

1.  L.  anisatUS,  Benth.     Glabrous  or  very  minutely  puberulent,  2  or  3 
feet  high  :   leaves  ovate,  often  subcordate,  canescent  beneath,  anisate-scentcd 
when  crushed:  spike  short  and  narrow,  interrupted,  sometimes  leafy  below 
and  paniculate  :   calyx-teeth  ovate-lanceolate  and   merely  acute,  tinged  with 
purple  or  violet  :  corolla  blue.  —  Plains,  from  the  Saskatchewan  to  Nebraska 
and  westward  to  the  mountains. 

2.  L.  urticifolius,  Benth.    Like  the  last,  but  leaves  green  both  sides, 
mostly  crenate  and  more  or  less  cordate,  sweet-aromatic  :  calyx-teeth  lanceo- 
late, subulate-acuminate  :  corolla  light  violet  or  purplish.  —  Western  slopes  of 
the  mountains  to  Oregon  and  California. 

11.    DEACOCEPHALUM,    Tourn.       DRAGON-HEAD. 

Herbs,  peculiar  for  the  small  and  included  corolla. 

1.  D.  parviflorum,  Nutt.  Rather  stout,  6  to  20  inches  high,  some- 
what pubescent  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  petioled,  incisely  dentate,  or  the 
lower  pinnatifid-incised  ;  the  lower  floral  similar  :  flowers  numerous  in  sessile 
glomerules  crowded  in  a  thick  terminal  leafy-bracted  head  or  short  spike  in- 
terrupted at  base  :  bracts  pectinate-laciniate  and  the  teeth  aristate  :  corolla 
bluish,  slender,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  New  York  to  British  Columbia, 
and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

12.    SCUTELLARIA,   L.        SKULLCAP. 

Flowers  mostly  blue,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  or  in  spikes  or 
racemes  from  the  reduction  of  the  floral  leaves  to  bracts. 
*  Flowers  small  (|  inch  long),  in  axillary  and  sometimes  also  terminal  racemes. 

1.  S.  lateriflora,  L.  Glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  leafy:  leaves  thin, 
oblong-ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  rounded  at 
base,  slender  petioled  ;  the  lower  floral  ones  of  the  terminal  racemes  similar  : 
lips  of  the  corolla  short,  equal  in  length.  —  From  Oregon  to  New  Mexico  and 
eastward  across  the  continent. 

*  #  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  cauline  leaves,  or  some  occasionally 


imperfectly  racemose,  violet-blue. 

2.  S.  resinosa,  Torr.     Barely  a  span  high,  branched  from  the  base,  mi- 
nutely pubescent  and  resinous  atomiferous,  somewhat  viscid  :  leaves  uniform, 
oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  mostly  sessile,  5  to  10  lines  long,  nervose-veined  :  corolla 
pubescent,  an  inch  long,  with  slender  tube  and  ampliate  throat.  —  Plains  of 
Nebraska,  Wyoming,  and  Colorado. 

3.  S.  galericulata,  L.     Nearly  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  slender, 
1  to  3  feet  high,  simple  or  paniculately  branched  above:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
broadest  next  the  subsessile  subcordate  base,  2  inches  or  less  long,  all  but  the 
upper  appressed-serrate  :  corolla  puberulent,  ^  to  §  inch  long  ;  lower  lip  nearly 
erect  and  surpassing  the  upper.  —  From  British  Columbia  to  Arizona  and 
eastward  across  the  continent. 


PLANTAGINACE.E.      (PLANTAIN   FAMILY.)  299 

13.     PHYSOSTEGIA,   Benth.        FALSE  DRAGON-HEAD. 

Almost  glabrous  herbs :  with  lanceolate  and  callose-denticulate  or  serrate 
leaves;  the  upper  ones  sessile,  lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole,  floral  reduced 
to  bracts  of  the  simple  or  panicled  spikes.  Flowers  cataleptic  (remaining  in 
whatever  position  they  may  be  turned).  Corolla  showy  rose  or  flesh-color, 
often  variegated. 

1.  P.  parviflora,  Nutt.  Stems  rather  slender,  leafy,  a  foot  or  two  high  : 
leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate :  spikes  short,  1  to  4  inches 
long :  calyx  short-campanulate,  inflated-globular  in  fruit  and  with  short 
mostly  obtuse  teeth :  corolla  £  inch  long.  —  Saskatchewan  and  Wyoming  to 
Oregon  and  British  Columbia. 

14.    STACHYS,    Tourn.        WOUNDWORT. 

Flowers  verticillastrate-capitate  or  clustered,  or  sometimes  few  or  solitary 
in  the  axils  of  the  floral  leaves,  forming  usually  an  interrupted  spicate  inflo- 
rescence. In  ours  the  corolla  is  purple  or  rose-red,  not  over  £  inch  long ;  the 
tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx-teeth. 

1.  S.  palustris,  L.  From  densely  soft-pubescent  to  roughish-hirsute, 
leafy :  stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  hirsute  or  hispid :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  ere- 
nate-serrate,  1^  to  3  inches  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so  by  a  broad  or  subcordate 
base,  sometimes  almost  velvety-tomeutose  beneath :  clusters  of  the  spike 
mostly  approximate,  6  to  10-flowered.  —  Across  the  continent. 


ORDER  61.    PLANTAOHVACE.E.     (PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  acaulescent  herbs  with  one  to  several-ribbed  or  nerved  radical 
leaves,  simply  spicate  inflorescence,  and  regular  4-merous  flowers,  and 
the  corolla  scarious  and  veinless. 

1.    PLANTAGO,    Tourn.        PLANTAIN.    RIBWORT. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious,  each  subtended  by  a  bract :  corolla 
salverform  with  a  short  tube,  or  nearly  rotate :  stamens  4  or  sometimes  2,  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla :  ovary  2-celled,  with  one  or  more  ovules  in  each  cell : 
capsule  circumscissile  toward  the  base :  scape  from  the  axils  of  the  radical 
leaves,  mostly  bearing  a  single  simple  spike  or  head  of  greenish  or  whitish 
small  flowers. 
*  Stamens  4  :  flowers  all  perfect :  corolla  remaining  expanded,  never  closed  over 

the  fruit. 

•<-  Leaves  3  to  S-nerved  or  ribbed,  van/ ing  from  glabrous  to  pubescent,  from  lanceo- 
late to  almost  rotund.1 

1.  P.  major,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  rarely  subcordate,  several-ribbed: 
spike  commonly  dense,  obtuse  at  apex :  sepals  rotund-ovate  or  obovate ;  the 

1  The  introduced  P.  lanceolate/.,  L.,  may  be  known  by  its  oblong-lanceolate  3  to  5-ribbed 
leaves,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  slender  and  angled 


300  PLANTAGINACE^.      (PLANTAIN   FAMILY.) 

exterior  one  and  the  bract  more  or  less  carinate  :  capsule  ovoid,  very  obtuse, 
circumscissile  near  the  middle  and  near  the  level  of  the  summit  of  the  sepals. 
—  Introduced  to  the  east,  but  also  native  from  Lake  Superior  westward  and 
northward.  "  Common  Plantain." 

2.  P.  eriopoda,  Torr.     Usually  a  mass  of  yellowish  wool  at  the  croicn : 
leaves  oblanceolate  to  oval-obovate,  fleshy-coriaceous,  3  to  7-nerved,  3  to  5  inches 
long,  with  a  short  or  stout  petiole :   spike  cylindrical,  dense  or  sometimes 
sparsely-flowered :  sepals  roundish-obovate,  scarious  except  the  midrib :  cap- 
sule ovoid,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  From  Colorado  to  California  and 
northward  to  Wyoming  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

•»-  -i-  Leaves  1  to  3-nerved,  silky-pubescent  or  lanate,from  narrowly  linear  to 
oblanceotate. 

3.  P.  Patagonica,  Jacq.      Silky-Ianate  or  glabrate :  leaves  acute  or 
callous-pointed,  tapering  below  into  a  petiole,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate : 
scape  terete,  3  to  12  inches  high  including  the  dense  spike :  flowers  heterogo- 
nous,  often  cleistogamous :  sepals  very  obtuse :   corolla  with  broad  cordate 
or  ovate  lobes :  filaments  in  the  long-stamened  individuals  capillary  and  much 
exserted  :  in  the  other  forms  included.  —  Dry  plains,  from  the  Mississippi 
westward  across  the  continent.     Exceedingly  variable,  including  many  forms 
that  have  been  described  as  species.     The  following  are  the  principal  forms 
which  abound  west  of  the  Mississippi : 

Var.  gnaphalioides,  Gray,  is  the  commoner  form,  canescently  villous, 
the  wool  often  floccose  and  deciduous  :  leaves  from  oblong-linear  or  spatulate- 
lanceplate  to  nearly  filiform :  spike  very  dense.  1  to  4  inches  long,  varying  to 
capitate  and  few-flowered,  lanate  :  bracts  oblong  or  linear -lanceolate,  or  the 
lowest  deltoid-ovate,  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Var.  spinulosa,  Gray,  is  a  canescent  form  with  aristately  prolonged  and 
rigid  bracts. 

Var.  nuda,  Gray,  has  sparse  and  loose  pubescence,  green  and  soon  glabrate 
rigid  leaves,  and  short  bracts. 

Var.  aristata,  Gray,  is  loosely  villous  and  glabrate  :  leaves  green  :  bracts 
attenuate-prolonged  to  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  flowers. 

*  #  Stamens  2  :  flowers  subdicecious  or  dicecio-cleistogamous :  corolla  in  the  fertile 
plant  remaining  dosed  or  closing  over  the  maturing  capsule  and  forming  a 
kind  of  beak :  leaves  linear  or  filiform. 

4.  P.  pusilla,  Nutt.     Somewhat  cinereous-puberulent :  leaves  about  an 
inch  long  and  half  a  line  wide :  spike  filiform  or  slender,  at  length  sparse- 
flowered,  J  to  3  inches  long :   capsule  short-ovoid,  about  a  line  long,  little 
exceeding  the  bract  and  calyx.  —  From  the  Atlantic  States  west  to  Nebraska ; 
also  in  the  Great  Basin  and  Oregon. 

scape ;  its  spike  at  first  capitate,  in  age  cylindrical,  dense ;  the  bract  and  sepals  broadly 
ovate,  brownish. — Generally  in  cultivated  fields.  "Ripple-  or  Rib-grass,"  "English 
Plantain." 


NYCTAGINACE^E.      (FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.)        301 


DIVISION  III.    APETAL^E. 

Floral  envelope  consisting  only  of  a  calyx  (often  petaloid), 
or  wholly  wanting. 


ORDER  62.     NYCTAGINACEjE.     (FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  sterns  tumid  at  the 
joint,  a  delicate  tubular  or  funnel-form  calyx  which  is  colored  like  a 
corolla,  its  persistent  base  constricted  above  the  1 -celled,  1-seeded  ovary, 
and  indurated  into  a  sort  of  nut-like  pericarp ;  the  stems  few,  slender 
and  hypogynous ;  the  embryo  coiled  around  outside  the  mealy  albumen. 

*  Involucre  calyx-like,  3  to  5-cleft  or  -parted,  1  to  12-flowered  :  perianth  tubular  to  funnel- 
form  or  campanulate. 

1.  Mirabilis.     Involucre  5-lobed,  not  changed  in  fruit.    Fruit  not  angled  nor  winged,  and 

scarcely  or  not  at  all  ribbed.     Stamens  usually  5. 

2.  Oxybaphus.     Involucre  5-lobed,  1  to  5-fiowered,  in  fruit  becoming  enlarged,  thin  and 

reticulated.     Fruit  several -ribbed  or  angled.     Stamens  usually  3. 

3.  Allionia.    Involucre  deeply  3-lobed,  3-flowered.     Fruit  with  a  double  line  of  tubercles 

on  the  back,  surrounded  by  a  rigid  winged  margin ,  toothed  and  inflexed.    Stamens 
usually  3. 
*  *  Involucre  of  5  or  more  distinct  bracts,  subtending  a  many-flowered  head. 

4.  Abronia.    Perianth  salver-form,  including  the  stameus  and  style.     Fruit  wing-angled. 


1.    MIRABILIS,   L.        FOUR-O'CLOCK. 

Stamens  as  long  as  the  perianth  :  filaments  united  at  base.  Stigma 
capitate,  granulate.  Fruit  globose  to  ovate-oblong.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
opposite  leaves  nearly  equal  in  the  pairs:  peduncles  solitary  in  the  axils  or 
paniculate :  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  the  involucres. 

#  Involucre  usually  G-ftoivered :  flowers  large:  calyx  long-tubular  or  funnelform  : 

stamens  4  to  5. 

1.  M.  multiflora,  Gray.     Stout  and  spreading :  leaves  broadly  ovate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  often  somewhat  cordate  at  base  but  decurrent  upon  the  peti- 
ole :  involucre  glabrous,  campanulate,  5-cleft :  flowers  pale  rose-color  to  purple, 
with  the  tube  somewhat  greenish,  l£  to  2  inches  long,  fruit  marked  towards 
the  base  by  ten  shallow  furrows  and  as  many  intermediate  dark  lines.  —  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.   173.     From  Colorado  to  the  llio  Grande  and  westward  to 
S.  California. 

*  *  Involucre  3-jlowered .  flowers  rather  small:  calyx  broad-funnelform  from  a 

short  tube:  stamens  3. 

2.  M.  OXybaphoides,  Gray.     Slender,  procumbent,  diffuse :  leaves  all 
deeply  cordate,  on  rather  long  petioles,  lowest  reuiform,  upper  ones  acumi- 
nate :  involucre  deeply  5-cleft,  very  viscid-glandular  as  well  as  the  peduncles 
in  the  loose  panicle.  —  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 


302        NYCTAGINACE^.      (FOUB-O'CLOCK   FAMILY.) 


2.    OXYBAPHUS,   Vahl. 

Calyx  with  a  very  short  tube  and  a  bell-shaped  (rose  or  purple)  deciduous 
limb,  plaited  in  the  bud.  Style  filiform :  stigma  capitate.  —  Herbs,  with  very 
large  and  thick  perennial  roots,  and  mostly  clustered  small  flowers.  Ours  all 
have  pubescent  fruit  and  involucres  3  to  5-flowered. 

1.  O.  nyctagineus,  Sweet.     Nearly  smooth:   stem  repeatedly  forked: 
leaves  all  petioled,  varying  from  ovate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  to  lanceolate : 
fruit  rather  hirsute.  — From  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Upper  Missouri  to 
Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

Var.  Cervantesii,  Gray.  Branches  and  involucres  viscid-pubescent  or  vil- 
lous :  leaves  much  thicker,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  base.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
174.  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

Var.  oblongifolius,  Gray.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  not  cordate. 
—  Loc.  cit.  Near  Denver  and  southward. 

2.  O.  hirsutus,   Sweet.     One  foot  high,  very  densely  pilose,  with  long, 
spreading,  articulated  hairs :  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  short-petioled :  involucre 
pubescent-tomentose :  fruit  hirsute.  —  From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Colorado  and 
W.  Texas. 

3.  O.  angustifolius,  Sweet.     One  to  six  feet  high,  glabrous  except  the 
peduncles  and  involucres  which  are  pubescent :  leaves  linear,  usually  elongated, 
glaucous :  fruit  hoar //-pubescent.  —  From  Iowa  and  Minnesota  to  S.  Idaho  and 
southward  to  W.  Texas  and  Mexico. 


3.    ALLIONIA,    L. 

Perianth  with  an  oblique  4  to  5-lobed  limb.  Fruit  ovate,  compressed, 
smooth  and  convex  on  the  inner  side.  —  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  oppo- 
site very  unequal  leaves,  and  axillary  pedunculate  flowers. 

1.  A.  incarnata,  L.  Stems  slender,  brandling,  prostrate:  pubescence 
viscid,  short  or  floccose :  leaves  ovate:  lobes  of  the  involucre  concave:  peri- 
anth rose-colored  or  white.  —  From  S.  Colorado  to  Texas,  and  westward  to 
S.  California. 

4.    ABRONIA,   Juss. 

Tube  of  the  perianth  elongated,  and  the  limb  of  5  (or  4)  obcordate  or  emar- 
ginate  segments.  Stamens  unequal,  adnate  to  the  tube.  Fruit  coriaceous 
or  indurated,  1  to  5-winged,  mostly  reticulately  veined,  enclosing  a  smooth 
cylindrical  akene.  —  Often  prostrate,  and  usually  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent, 
with  thick  opposite  unequal  leaves,  and  elongated  axillary  and  terminal  pedun- 
cles :  flowers  usually  very  fragrant  and  showy. 

*   Wings  (if  any]  coriaceous,  lateral  and  not  completely  encircling  the  fruit. 

1.  A.  fragrans,  Nutt.  Stems  ascending :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  truncate 
or  more  or  less  cuneate  at  base :  peduncles  elongated  :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
large,  broadly  ovate,  white  and  scarious :  fruit  narrowly  1  to  2-winged,  not 
crested.  —  From  Iowa  to  Salt  Lake  Valley  and  southward  to  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico. 


ILLECEBRACS^S.  303 

*  #   Wings  membranous,  orbicular,  wholly  encircling  the  fruit,  strongly  net-veined. 

2.  A.  micrantha,  Torr.     Prostrate :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles : 
flowers  small  and  inconspicuous,  reddish  green,  the  limb  scarcely  2  lilies  broad : 
fruit  orbicular  with  3  thiii  wings,  emarginate  above  and  below,  the  body  rather 
broad  and  with  a  light  spongy  exterior.  —  On  the  plains  from  the  Saskatchewan 
to  the  Arkansas  and  S.  W.  Colorado.    Often  confounded  with  the  next,  which 
is  of  more  southern  range. 

3.  A.  Cydoptera,  Gray.    Stouter :  flowers  large  and  showy,  upon  elongated 
peduncles :  fruit  with  firmer  and  more  prominently  veined  wing,  emarginate  at 
neither  end,  the  firm  smooth  narrow  body  usually  3 -nerved  between  the  wings. — 
S.  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas. 


ORDER  63.    ILI^ECEBRACE^E. 

An  order  related  to  both  CaryopTiyllacece  and  Amarantacea,  but  placed 
by  Bentham  and  Hooker  with  the  latter.  Distinguished  from  the  scari- 
ous-stipulate  Caryophyllaceo?  by  the  solitary  or  sometimes  geminate 
ovules,  undivided  or  2-cleft  style,  and  one-seeded  utricular  or  akene-like 
fruit:  the  petals  wholly  wanting  or  reduced  to  mere  filaments;  these 
and  the  stamens  usually  more  perigynous. 

1.    PARONYCHIA,    Tourn.        WHITLOW-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  linear  or  oblong  concave,  awned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  5. — 
Tufted  herbs,  with  dry  and  silvery  stipules. 

*  Flowers  terminal,  solitary  and  sessile. 

1.  P.  pulvinata,  Gray.     Matted-cespitose  from  a  woody  root,  forming 
dense  cushion-like  tufts  :  stipules  broadly  ovate,  entire,  pointless :  leaves  thick, 
oblong,  obtuse,  equalling  the  stipules,  and  with  them  densely  covering  the  short 
stems :  flowers  immersed  among  the  leaves  :  sepals  oval,  awned  a  little  below 
the  apex. —  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  1863,  58.    Alpine.     Uinta  Mountains,  Rocky 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  and  southward. 

2.  P.  sessiliflora,  Nutt.    Very  densely  cespitose  from  a  woody  root,  much 
branched  and  crowded,  branches  very  dense  :  stipules  2-cIe/l :  leaves  imbricated, 
linear-subulate,  the  lowest  erect,  obtuse,  the  upper  longer,  recurved,  spreading, 
acute  or  mucronate,  longer  than  the  stipules :  sepals  oblong-linear,  with  divergent 
awns  rather  shorter.  —  Colorado  and  northward  to  the  headwaters  of  the 
Missouri  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  #  Flowers  in  crowded  dichotomous  cymes. 

3.  P.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Very  minutely  scabrous-pubescent,  cespi- 
tose, much  branched  from  the  base  :  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or 
setose :  leaves  longer,  linear-subulate,  obtuse,  about  the  length  of  the  inter- 
nodes  :  cymes  few-flowered,  with  a  central  subsessile  flower  in  each  division : 
sepals  linear-oblong,  with  very  short  cusps.  —  Fl.  i.  170.     Colorado. 


304  AMARANTACE^E.      (AMARANTH   FAMILY.) 


ORDER  64.    AUIARANTACEJG.     (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  entire  leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  small  flowers  which  are 
usually  subtended  by  scarious  bracts  and  have  a  persistent  perianth  of 
1  to  5  more  or  less  scarious  sepals  (sometimes  wanting  in  Acnida), 
hypogynous  stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them  or  fewer, 
a  1 -celled  ovary  containing  a  single  ovule,  utricular  in  fruit.  Flowers 
perfect  or  unisexual,  solitary  or  clustered,  commonly  3-bracteate. 

*  Anthers  2-celled :  flowers  unisexual :  leaves  alternate. 

1.  Ainarantus.    Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  all  witli  a  calyx  of  3  or  5  (sometimes 

fewer)  sepals. 

2.  Acnida.    Flowers  dioecious.    Calyx  none  in  the  fertile  flowers. 

*  *  Anthers  1-celled  :  flowers  perfect :  leaves  opposite. 

3.  Cladothrix.     Flowers  minute,  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils.     Filaments  united  at  base 

into  a  cup.     Densely  stellate-tomentose,  with  petiolate  leaves. 

4.  Froelichia.     Flowers  spicate.    Filaments  united  into  a  tube.    Hairy  or  woolly,  with 

sessile  leaves. 

1.    AMARANTHS,    Tourn.        AMARANTH. 

Sepals  distinct  or  united  at  base.  Stigmas  2  or  3,  linear  and  sessile.  Utricle 
ovate,  2  to  3-beaked,  circumscissile.  —  Annual  weeds,  with  leaves  thin  and 
strongly  veined,  decurrent  upon  the  slender  petiole  and  apiculate  with  a  short 
setaceous  mucro :  flowers  green  or  purplish,  in  axillary  or  spiked  clusters  or 
spikelets.  Staminate  flowers  usually  mingled  with  the  more  numerous  pistil- 
late ones. 

*  Sepals  distinct,  oblong-lanceolate,  erect :  flowers  monoecious. 

•t-  Floivers  in  naked  terminal  and  axillary  mostly  panicled  spikes :   sepals  5 : 

stems  usually  stout  and  erect,  with  long-petioled  leaves. 

1 .  A.  retrofleXUS,  L.     Roughish  and  more  or  less  pubescent :  dull  green, 
leaves  large,  ovate  to  rhombic-ovate:  flowers  green,  in  thick  erect  or  scarcely 
spreading  crowded  spikes :  bracts  lanceolate,  attenuate  to  a  rigid  awn.  —  From 
Mexico  to  British  America. 

2.  A.  Wrightii,  Watson.     Glabrous,  erect  and  slender,  reddish :  leaves 
small  and  thin,  on  slender  petioles,  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate :  spike  erect, 
narrow,  and  rather  leafy :  bracts  solitary,  subulate,  awned  as  in  the  last.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xii.  275.     Colorado,  in  the  Upper  Arkansas  Valley,  and  New 
Mexico. 

-i-  H-  Flowers  in  very  small  axillary  spikes  or  clusters :  sepals  3 :  steins  low  or 
prostrate,  with  smaller  leaves. 

3.  A.  albus,  L.     Erect  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base : 
leaves  oblong-spatulate  to  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse:   bracts  subulate,  rigid, 
punqently  awned,  the  lateral  ones  very  much  smaller  or  wanting :  sepals  slightly 
shorter  than  the  rugose  utricle:  seed  small,  a  third  of  a  line  broad.  —  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  274.     Throughout  the  United  States  as  an  introduced 
weed,  but  doubtless  indigenous  within  our  range. 


AMARANTACE^E.      (AMARANTH   FAMILY.)  305 

4.  A.  blitoides,  Watson.    Like  the  last,  but  prostrate  or  decumbent :  spike- 
lets  usually  contracted :   bracts   ovate-oblong,  shortly  acuminate,  nearly  equal : 
utricle  not  rugose  :  seed  nearly  a  line  broad.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  273.     From 
Mexico  to  N.  Nevada  and  Iowa.     Known  on  the  plains  as  "Rolling"  or 
"Tumble  Weed." 

*  *  Sepals  (5)  of  the  fertile  flowers  more  or  less  dilated  above  and  spreading, 
distinct  or  united  at  base :  flowers  sometimes  dioecious :  perianth  deciduous 
with  the  fruit. 

5.  A.  Torreyi,  Benth.     Bracts  scarcely  as  long  as  the  flowers:  sepals 
obovate-spatulate,  rounded  above  and  entire  or  retuse  or  emargiuate ;  sepals 
of  the  male  flowers  (which  are  mingled  with  the  pistillate  ones  or  on  distinct 
plants)  oblong-lanceolate,  acute.  —  Amblogyne  Torreyi,  Gray.     Colorado,  New 
Mexico,  and  southward. 

2.    ACNIDA,    L.        WATER-HEMP. 

Flowers  2  to  3-bracted.  Staminate  flowers  of  5  thin  oblong  and  mucronate- 
tipped  sepals,  longer  than  the  bracts,  and  as  many  stamens  with  oblong  an- 
thers ;  the  cells  of  the  latter  united  only  at  the  middle.  Pistillate  flowers 
with  lanceolate  awl-pointed  bracts  longer  than  the  ovary :  stigmas  2  to  5, 
bristle-awl-shaped.  Fruit  (in  ours)  a  thin  and  membranaceous  utricle,  smooth 
and  even.  —  An  annual  glabrous  herb,  mostly  tall,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
ovate  leaves,  on  long  petioles,  and  small  clusters  of  greenish  flowers,  usually 
crowded  into  elongated  and  panicled  interrupted  spikes. 

1.  A.  tubercillata,  Moq.  Stigmas  very  long,  divergent,  plumose-hispid. 
—  Montelia  tamariscina,  Gray.  Low  grounds  and  moist  sandy  shores  from 
Colorado  to  Vermont. 

3.    CLADOTHRIX,   Nutt. 

Flowers  3-bracted ;  bracts  concave,  hyaline.  Perianth  of  5  erect  equal 
oblong  rigid-scarious  sepals,  somewhat  pilose  with  verticillately  branched  hairs. 
Anthers  large,  oblong.  Utricle  ovate-globose,  indehiscent.  —  Low  annual,  or 
erect  and  woody  at  base,  with  small  rounded  entire  petiolate  leaves. 

1.  C.  lanuginosa,  Nutt.  Prostrate  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched: 
leaves  round-obovate  to  rhomboidal,  more  or  less  attenuate  at  base,  often  in 
threes :  flowers  mostly  in  pairs :  sepals  twice  longer  than  the  broader  hairy- 
tipped  bracts.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  43.  Alternanthera  (?)  lanuginosa,  Torr.  From 
S.  California  eastward  through  S.  Colorado  to  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

4.    FRCEIiICHIA,    Momch. 

Flowers  3-bracted.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at  the  summit,  below  2  to  5- 
crested  lengthwise,  or  tubercled  and  indurated  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  indehis- 
cent thin  utricle.  Tube  of  filaments  bearing  5  oblong  anthers  and  as  many 
sterile  strap-shaped  appendages.  —  Herbs  with  spiked,  scarious-bracted  flowers. 

1.  P.  Floridana,  Moq.  Root  annual:  stem  leafless  above,  1  to  2  feet 
high :  leaves  lanceolate,  silky-downy  beneath  :  spikelets  crowded  into  an  in- 
terrupted spike :  calyx  very  woolly.  —  Colorado  and  eastward  to  Illinois. 


306  CHENOPODIACE^.      (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  65.    CHEIVOPODIACE^E.     (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  succulent  or  scurfy,  usually  with  simple  and 
alternate  leaves,  without  stipules;  the  small  and  sessile  commonly  clus- 
tered flowers  either  naked  or  with  herbaceous  (not  scarious)  bracts,  a 
perianth  of  5  or  fewer  usually  herbaceous  and  persistent  sepals ;  stamens 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite,  distinct,  with  2-celled  anthers; 
ovary  ]  -celled,  an  akene  or  utricle  in  fruit.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual. 
Bracts  often  enclosing  the  fruit.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  82. 

§  1.    Flowers  perfect,  without  bracts  ;   the  perianth  persistent :   seed  free,  mostly  with 

crustaceous  testa. 
*  Seeds  horizontal  (sometimes  vertical  in  Chenopodiwrri). 

1.  Kochia.     Perianth  5-cleft,  at  length  transversely  winged,  enclosing  the  fruit.     Testa 

membranous.     Perennial,  with  terete  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

2.  Cycloloma.     Perianth  5-cleft,  in  fruit  surrounded  by  a  horizontal  continuous  mem- 

brariaceous  wing.     Annual,  much-branched,  with  sinuate-toothed  petioled  leaves  and 
small  panicled  clusters  of  sessile  flowers. 

3.  Chenopodium.     Perianth  usually  5-cleft  or  -parted,  nearly  covering  the  fruit.     Sta- 

mens 5,  1,  or  none.     Annuals,  mostly  mealy  or  glandular,  with  clustered  or  solitary 
axillary  or  terminal  flowers.    Seeds  often  vertical 
*  *  Seeds  vertical. 

4.  Monolepis.    Sepal  1,  bract-like.     Stamen  1.     Fruit  naked.     Low  annuals ;  flowers 

densely  clustered  in  the  axils. 

§2.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  the  staminate  with  3  to  5-cleft  perianth;  the  pis- 
tillate without  perianth,  enclosed  in  a  pair  of  more  or  less  united  bracts :  seed  free, 
vertical. 

*  Bracts  compressed  :  testa  mostly  coriaceous. 

5.  Atriplex.    Fruiting  bracts  with  margins  often  dilated  and  sides  often  muricate.    Radi- 

cle from  inferior  to  superior. 

*  *  Bracts  obcompressed,  completely  united,  not  muricate  :  testa  membranous. 

6.  Grayia»     Pericarp  naked,  very  entire,  orbicular,  flattened,  wing-margined.     Radicle 

inferior.     Flowers  dioecious.     Shrubby,  frequently  spinescent,  nearly  glabrous. 

7.  Suckleya.     Pericarp  naked,  subhastate,  with  crested   margins  and  2-toothed  apex. 

Radicle  superior.     Flowers  monoecious. 

8.  Eurotia.    Pericarp  conical,  densely  hairy,  turgid,  not  winged,  with  a  bifid  apex.    Radi- 

cle inferior.     Flowers  dioecious.    Low  and  shrubby,  white-toinentose. 

§  3.    Flowers  perfect,  without  bracts :  sepals  1  to  3,  hyaline,  marcescent :  pericarp  adhe- 
rent to  the  vertical  seed. 

9.  Corispermum.     Fruit  compressed-elliptic,  acutely  margined,  not  muricate.    Flowers 

spicate.    Low  annual. 

§  4.    Flowers  mostly  perfect,  immersed  by  threes  in  the  depressions  of  a  close  cylindrical 
spike :  seeds  vertical :  fleshy  saline  plants,  with  jointed  stems  and  scale-like  leaves. 

10.  Salicornia.      Flower-clusters    decussately    opposite.      Perianth    saccate,    becoming 

spongy.    Branches  opposite. 

§  5.    Embryo  spiral  (annular  in  all  other  sections) :  leaves  fleshy,  terete :  stems  not  articu- 
lated. 

11.  Sarcobatus.     Flowers  unisexual ;  the  staminate  in  aments,  without  perianth  ;  the 

pistillate  axillary,  solitary,  with  saccate  perianth.    Fruit,  transversely  winged.    Saline 
shrub,  somewhat  spinescent 

12.  Stiseda.     Flowers  perfect,  axillary.      Perianth  5-cleft  or  -par;ed.     Saline  herbs,  or 

woody  at  base. 


CHENOPODIACE.E.      (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.)  307 

1.    KOCHIA,    Roth. 

Perianth  subglobose.  Stamens  5,  usually  exserted.  Ovary  depressed: 
styles  2,  filiform.  Pericarp  membranous.  —  Woody  at  the  base,  with  scattered 
linear  terete  leaves,  and  the  flowers  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils  of  the  virgate 
leafy  stems. 

1.  K.  Americana,  Watson.  Branching  at  base:  stems  villous-tomen- 
tose  or  nearly  glabrous :  flowers  1  to  3  in  the  axils,  mostly  with  abortive 
stamens :  perianth  densely  white-tomentose ;  lobes  of  the  membranous  wing 
cuneate-rounded,  nerved  and  somewhat  crenulate  :  ovary  tomentose  above.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  93.  K.  prostrata  of  American  authors.  W.  Wyoming 
to  N.  W.  Nevada  and  southward  to  Arizona. 

2.    CYCLOLOMA,    Moquin.        WINGED  PIGWEED. 

Calyx  with  concave  lobes  strongly  keeled,  enclosing  the  depressed  fruit. 
Stamens  5.  Styles  3. 

1.  C.  platyphyllum,  Moq.  More  or  less  arachnoid-pubescent;  whole 
plant  light  green  or  often  deep  purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  head-waters  of 
the  Missouri  and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi. 

3.    CHE  NO  PODIUM,    L.        GOOSEFOOT.    PIGWEED. 

Lobes  of  the  perianth  usually  somewhat  keeled  or  crested,  becoming  dry,  or 
rarely  at  length  fleshy.  Styles  2,  rarely  3  or  4.  Pericarp  membranous,  closely 
investing  the  seed.  —  Flowers,  when  in  clusters,  in  interrupted  spikes  or  pani- 
cled.  Many  are  introduced  weeds.  Includes  Blitum,  Tourn.,  and  Teloxys, 
Moquin. 

§  1.   Not  pubescent  or  glandular,  nor  aromatic,  sometimes  somewhat  mealy :  fruit- 
ing calyx  dry :   seed  lenticular,  horizontal. 

*  Pericarp  closely  persistent:    leaves   more  or  less    sinuate-dentate    (except   in 
No.  1) :  seed  large  (f  line  broad).1 

1.  C.   Olidum,  Watson.      Farinose,    heavy -scented :    leaves  rather  thick, 
oblong  to  ovate,  often  slightly  hastate,  entire :  flowers  ratber  large,  in  close 
clusters  rather  looselij  panicled.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  96.     New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  to  Colorado  and  N.  Utah. 

2.  C.   hybridum,   L.      Glabrous    throughout   or   only   the   inflorescence 
mealy,  rather  stout  and  erect :  leaves  thin,  somewhat  triangular  and  heart-shaped, 
taper-pointed,  sinuate-angled  with  2  or  3  large  teeth  on  each  side:  racemes  dif- 
fusely and  loosely  panicled :  seed  with  acutish  margin.  — A  very  common  weed 
everywhere,  but   apparently  indigenous  within  our  range  in  the  mountains 
from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Washington  Territory. 

3.  C.  glailClllll,  L.     Glaucous-mealy,  low  and  spreading;  upper  surface 
of  the  leaves  smooth :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate :  flowers 
clustered  in  axillary  spikes  shorter  than  the  leaves :  seed  sharp-edged.  —  Proba- 

1  C.  album,  L.,  a  species  introduced  everywhere,  is  mealy  and  pale,  sometimes  green,  with 
leaves  varying  from  rhombic-ovate  to  lanceolate,  all  or  only  the  lower  more  or  less  angulate- 
toothed.  It  is  usually  known  as  "Pigweed  "  or  " Lamb's  Quarters." 


308          CHENOPODIACE^E.      (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.) 

bly  indigenous  in  Colorado,  and  on  the  Saskatchewan ;   introduced  in  the 
Eastern  States. 

*  *  Pericarp  separating  readily  from  the  seed :  leaves  entire  or  hastately  lobed : 

seed  smaller. 

4.  C.  Premontii,  Watson.     Erect,  slender,  more  or  less  mealy :   leaves 
broadly  triangular-hastate,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base  :    flowers  often  small, 
white-mealy,  scattered  in  small  clusters  upon  the  slender  open-panicled  branchlets, 
or  sometimes  more  contracted. — Bot.  King  Exped.  287.    New  Mexico  and 
Colorado,  and  westward  to  S.  California. 

Var.  incanum,  Watson.  Densely  farinose,  low  and  rather  stout :  flowers 
crowded  in  close  contracted  panicles.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  94.  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico. 

5.  C.  leptophyllum,  Nutt.     Densely  mealy  or  often  nearly  glabrous : 
leaves  linear,  entire :  flowers  in  small  dense  clusters  in  dense  or  interrupted  spike- 
lets.  —  From  the  Sierras  to  Dakota  and  New  Mexico ;  also  along  the  Atlantic 
sea-coast. 

Var.  SUbglabmm,  Watson.  Nearly  glabrous,  loosely  branched  and 
panicled,  the  clusters  feiv-flowered  and  scattered  on  the  branchlets.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  ix.  95.  Sandhills  of  the  Platte. 

Var.  oblongifolium,  Watson.  Rather  stout,  densely  mealy :  leaves 
oblong,  often  slightly  hastate :  flowers  in  dense  clusters  in  short  close  spikes.  — 
Loc.  cit.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

§  2.   More  or  less  glandular-puberulent,  aromatic,  not  mealy :  seed  very  small,  not 
exceeding  the  dry  perianth,  horizontal. 

6.  C.  cornutum,  Benth.  &  Hook.      Diffusely  branched  :   leaves  thin, 
lanceolate,  repand-dentate  or  coarsely  sinuate-pinnatifid  :  flowers  minute  and 
solitary,  axillary  and  terminal  upon  the  repeatedly  dichotomous  nearly  naked 
branches  :  calyx  resinous-dotted.  —  Teloxys  cornuta,  Torr.     From  S.  E.  Cali- 
fornia to  Arizona,  Colorado,  and  Northern  Mexico. 

§  3.  Glabrous :  calyx  becoming  more  or  less  fleshy  in  fruit  and  often  colored : 
seed  subglobose,  mostly  vertical:  flowers  in  crowded  clusters,  axillary  or  in 
spikes. 

7.  C.  rubrum,  L.      Stout,  erect,  branching  :   leaves  triangular-hastate  to 
lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  sparingly  sinuate-dentate,  the  upper  narrowly  lanceo- 
late and  entire :  flower-clusters  densely  spicate  upon  the  leafy  branchlets  :  sepals 
2  to  5,  rather  fleshy :  stamens  1  or  2,  or  5  in  the  terminal  flowers.  —  Blitum 
maritimum,  Nutt.     B.  polymorphum,  C.  A.  Meyer.     B.  rubrum,  Reich.     From 
New  Mexico  northward,  westward  to  California,  and  eastward. 

Var.  liuniile,  Watson.  Smaller,  prostrate  or  ascending :  leaves  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  often  hastate,  much  smaller  (an  inch  long  or  less),  rarely  toothed: 
flowers  in  axillary  or  somewhat  spicate  clusters.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  48.  Colo- 
rado to  Nevada  and  Washington  Territory. 

8.  C.  capitatum,  Watson.     Similar,  but  with  leaves  more  broadly  trian- 
gular, often  somewhat  hastate,  more  acutely  sinuate-toothed :  flower-clusters  large, 
in  interrupted  terminal  naked  spikes  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves : 
calyx  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit,  and  the  clusters  red  and  berry-like.  —  Bot. 


CHENOPODIACE^.      (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.)  309 

Calif,  ii.  48.  Blitum  capitatum,  L.  From  New  Mexico  to  Washington  Ter- 
ritory and  the  Saskatchewan,  also  eastward.  Sometimes  called  "  Strawberry 
Elite." 

4.    MONOLEPIS,   Schrad. 

Flowers  polygamous.  The  single  sepal  becoming  dry  in  fruit.  Styles  2. 
Pericarp  membranous,  persistent  upon  the  vertical  flattened  seed.  —  Low 
saline  annuals,  glabrous  or  somewhat  mealy,  with  small  alternate  petioled 
fleshy  leaves. 

1.  M.  chenopodioides,  Moq.  Branched  from  the  base  :  leaves  lanceo- 
late-hastate or  sometimes  narrowly  spatulate,  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate-den- 
tate, cuneate  or  attenuate  at  base ;  lower  petioles  elongated :  flower-clusters 
often  reddish :  pericarp  fleshy,  becoming  dry  and  minutely  pitted.  —  From 
Arizona  to  N.  E.  California,  the  Saskatchewan,  and  Texas. 


5.    ATBIPLEX,    Tourn. 

Staminate  flowers  without  bracts.  The  erect  bracts  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
becoming  enlarged  and  enclosing  the  fruit.  Styles  2.  Pericarp  thin  and 
membranous.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  mealy  or  scurfy  :  leaves  rarely  opposite : 
flowers  usually  clustered,  axillary  or  in  simple  or  panicled  spikes,  the  sexes 
distinct  or  mingled  in  the  clusters.  —  Obione,  Moquin.  For  satisfactory 
determination  of  the  species  well-matured  fruiting  bracts  are  necessary. 

#  Annuals,   somewhat    succulent   and    mealy :    leaves    triangular-hastate,   large : 

bracts  nearly  distinct,  triangular  or  hastate,  foliaceous-margined. 

1.  A.  patllla,  L.     Dark  green  :  leaves  lanceolate-hastate,  the  lower  ones 
opposite,  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate-toothed,  petioled,  the  upper  lanceolate  to 
linear  :  flowers  in  naked  and  usually  somewhat  interrupted  spikes,  the  lower 
clusters  axillary :  fruiting  bracts  ovate-triangular  or  rhombic-hastate,  united 
at  base,  with  a  broad  herbaceous  entire  or  toothed  margin.  —  Across  the  con- 
tinent in  salt  or  brackish  localities.     Very  variable,  the  following  varieties 
being  the  best  defined  within  our  range. 

Var.  hastata,  Gray.  The  lower  leaves  at  least  broadly  triangular-hastate, 
entire  or  toothed  with  shallow  sinuses.  —  Ranging  southward  to  Central 
Colorado. 

Var.  subspicata,  Watson.  A  low  form,  usually  quite  scurfy:  leaves 
lanceolate -hastate,  £  to  1  inch  long.  —  Ranging  farther  north  than  the  last, 
from  the  Missouri  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  *  Annuals,  not  succulent,  mealy  or  scurfy :  leaves  smaller :  bracts  more  or  less 

united,  not  triangular  or  hastate,  nor  greatly  enlarged. 
•»-  Bracts  ovate,  entire  and  not  foliaceous  nor  appendaged. 

2.  A.  Endolepis,  Watson.      Leaves   thin,   lanceolate,   sessile,   entire  : 
male  flowers  in  short  terminal  and  axillary  spikes,  lobes  of  the  calyx  with  a 
fleshy  crest  upon  the  back ;  pistillate  flowers  solitary  in  the  lower  axils,  ses- 
sile: bracts  pubescent.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.   110.      Upper  Missouri  and 
head-waters  of  the  Yellowstone. 


310  CHENOPODIACE^E.      (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 


•*-  •*-  Bracts  small,  ovate-oblong,  truncate,  usually  few-toothed. 

3.  A.  saccaria,  Watson.     Low  (3  to  5  inches  high),  diffusely  branched, 
densely  scurfy :  leaves  subcor  date-ovate,  very  shortly  petioled  or  sessile :  flowers 
axillary :  bracts  pedicelled  and  often  deflexed,  the  truncate  summit  entire  or 
suberose.  —  Loc.  cit.  112.     S.  Wyoming  (Dr.  Gray). 

4.  A.  Wolfii,  Watson.     Low,  branching,  scurfy-canescent  and  reddish : 
leaves  linear,  sessile:   flowers  very  small,  in  androgynous  axillary  clusters: 
bracts  sessile,  3-toothed. —  Loc.  cit.     Central  Colorado  (  Wolf). 

•*--»-•»-  Bracts  orbicular,  tooth-crested,  with  an  acuminate  foliaceous  apex. 

5.  A.  Powellii,  Watson.      Erect,  slender,  grayish :    leaves  lanceolate, 
entire  or  subdenticulate :  flowers  androgynous,  axillary :  bracts  with  a  broad 
terminal  entire  lobe,  the  margin  below  it  gash-toothed,  the  sides  doubly  or 
triply  tooth-crested.  —  Loc.  cit.     S.  W.  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

•*-  •»-  H—  •«—  Bracts  rhombic- orbicular,  indurated,  usually  conspicuously  appendaged 
and  the  foliaceous  margin  toothed  and  undulate:  leaves  triangular  and  subhas- 
tate,  the  lower  opposite. 

6.  A.  argentea,  Nutt.     Diffusely  branched  and  leafy,  grayish  scurfy  or 
nearly  glabrous :    leaves  petioled :    male  spikes  short  and  dense :  bracts  shortly- 
pedicelled.  —  Obione  argentea.     From  Colorado  to  the  Upper  Missouri  and  N. 
E.  California. 

7.  A.  expansa,  Watson.      Like  the  last,  but  stouter,  more  divaricately 
and  distantly  branched,  with  thinner  leaves,  sessile,  and  the  male  spikes  elongated, 
slender  and  leafless  toward  the  apex.  —  Loc.  cit.  116.     S.  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico  to  S.  California. 

*  *  *  Perennials,  shrubby,  densely  appressed-scurfy. 
•«-•  Bracts  with  a  toothed  margin  and  the  sides  muricate. 

8.  A.  Nuttallii,   Watson.      Branching  from  the  shrubby  base :   leaves 
oblong-spatulate  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  entire  :  bracts  ovate,  strongly  con- 
vex, united,  the  sides   more  or  less  crested.  —  Loc.  cit.  116.     A.  canescens, 
Nutt.     Obione  canescens,  Moq.     From  Colorado  to  N.  Nevada  and  the  Sas- 
katchewan. 

H-  H-  Bracts  with  free  dilated  entire  margins,  thick  and  scurfy,  and  the  sides  not 

muricate. 

9.  A.  COnfertifolia,  Watson.    Diffusely-branched,  somewhat  spinescent : 
leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  entire :  flower  clusters  small,  axillary : 
bracts  cuneate-orbicular,  united  at  base.  —  Loc.  cit.  119.     Obione  confertifolia, 
Torr.     From  S.  Idaho  and  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  southward. 

•*-  -i-  •«-  Bracts  connate  and  indurated,  not  scurfy  or  muricate,  with  4  distinct 
broadly  dilated  wings. 

10.  A.  canescens,  James.     Leaves  oblanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong  or 
linear,  entire  :  flowers  mostly  dioecious,  in  panicled  spikes  :  the  bracts  form- 
ing a  thick  and  indurated  body,  shortly  pedicellate  and  with  a  narrow  bifid 
apex,  the  broad  wings  somewhat  decurrent  upon  the  pedicel.  —  Watson,  loc. 
cit.  120.     From  N.  Nevada  to  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  S.  California. 


CHENOPODIACE.E.      (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.)  311 

6.     GRAYIA,    Hook.  &  Arn. 

Calyx  mostly  4-parted.  Bracts  with  a  small  naked  orifice  at  the  apex,  net- 
veined.  —  Slightly  scurfy  or  mealy  undershrubs :  leaves  alternate,  entire : 
flowers  small,  in  axillary  clusters  or  terminal  spikes. 

1.  G.  polygaloides,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  the  branches 
frequently  spinescent:  leaves  glabrous  or  at  first  with  the  young  branches  some- 
what mealy,  oblanceolate  or  spatulnte  to  obovate :  staminate  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters ;   the  pistillate  mostly  spicate :  fruiting  bracts  glabrous,  emarginate, 
white  or  pinkish,  adherent  below  to  the  pedicel  of  the  ovary :  styles  slender,  at 
first  exserted.  —  On  alkaline  soil  eastward  of  the  Sierras  from  the  Columbia 
to  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  S.  E.  California. 

2.  G.  Brandegei,  Gray.    Lower  and  unarmed,  more  mealy :  leaves  linear- 
spatulate:  fruiting  bracts  smaller,  slightly   mealy,  retuse   at  base,  sometimes 
3-winged ;   wings  somewhat  undulate :   ovary  sessile,  style  short,  included.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  101.     S.  W.  Colorado. 


7.     SUCKLEYA,   Gray. 

An  annual,  with  branching  prostrate  stems,  suborbicular  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  and  flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 

1.  S.  petiolaris,  Gray.  Leaves  acutely  repand-dentate,  pale  green  on 
both  sides,  nearly  glabrous :  bracts  of  the  sessile  fruit  deltoid  :  male  flowers 
tetramerous. —  Obione  Suckleyana,  Torr.  Near  Denver  (Meehan). 


8.    EUROTIA,   Adamson. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Stamens  with  slender  exserted  filaments.  Styles  2,  some- 
what hairy,  exserted.  —  Stellately  tomentose  undershrubs  :  leaves  entire : 
flowers  in  small  axillary  and  somewhat  spicate  clusters. 

1.  E.  lanata,  Moq.  White-tomentose  throughout:  leaves  linear  to  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  with  revolute  margins :  calyx-lobes  hairy :  fruiting  bracts 
lanceolate,  nearly  covered  by  four  dense  spreading  tufts  of  long  silvery-white 
hairs,  and  beaked  above  with  two  short  horns.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Oregon 
and  the  Saskatchewan.  Known  as  "  White  Sage  "  or  "  Winter  Eat." 


9.    CORISPERMUM,    Ant.  Jussieu.        BUG-SEED. 

Perianth  usually  of  one  sepal,  erose  or  lacerate  at  the  apex.  Stamens  1  to 
5,  unequal.  —  Low,  branching,  pale  green :  leaves  sessile,  mostly  narrow : 
flowers  spicate,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  reduced  bracts. 

1.  C.  hyssopifolium,  L.  Somewhat  floccose-  or  villous-pubescent,  at 
least  when  young  :  leaves  linear,  cuspidate  :  spikes  short  and  close,  becoming 
more  or  less  elongated:  central  stamen  longest,  the  lateral  ones  partly  de- 
veloped or  wanting.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  from 
California  to  the  Great  Lakes. 


312  CHENOPODIACE^E.      (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

1O.    SALICOBNIA,    Tourn.        GLASSWORT.    SAMPHIRE. 

Calyx  a  fleshy  rhomboidal  sac  with  an  anterior  opening,  adherent  by  a  nar- 
row line  to  the  rhachis.  Stamens  1  or  2,  exserted  in  flower.  Styles  2  or  3, 
short.  — Low  fleshy  leafless  saline  plants,  mostly  herbaceous  :  spikes  cylindrical. 

1.  S.  herbacea,  L.  Erect  or  at  length  spreading,  green:  spike  very 
thick  and  fleshy :  scales  obscure  and  very  blunt,  making  a  truncate  barely 
emarginate  termination  of  the  joints  of  stem  or  elongated  spike.  —  In  salt 
marshes  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  along  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

11.    SARCOBATUS,    Nees.        GREASEWOOD. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  without  bracts.  Stamens  2  to  5,  irregu- 
larly arranged  under  a  stipitate  peltate  scale ;  anthers  fleshy.  Perianth  adhe- 
rent at  the  contracted  somewhat  2-lipped  apex  to  the  base  of  the  stigmas, 
laterally  margined  by  a  narrow  erect  slightly  2-lobed  border,  which  at  length 
becomes  a  broad  circular  horizontal  membranous  veined  wing.  Style  lateral, 
terminated  by  two  thick  exserted  unequal  stigmas.  —  A  rigidly  and  divaricately 
branched  shrub  :  leaves  linear. 

1.  S.  vermiculatUS,  Torr.  Erect  and  scraggy,  2  to  8  feet  high,  leafy; 
branches  with  a  smooth  white  bark :  staminate  spikes  terminal,  the  persistent 
scales  spirally  arranged,  rhombic-ovate.  —  Common  in  the  Great  Basin,  and 
to  the  Upper  Missouri,  head-waters  of  the  Platte,  and  southward.  The  com- 
monest of  the  several  shrubs  called  "  Greasewood." 

12.    SU-EIDA,    Forskal.        SEA  ELITE. 

Flowers  minutely  bracteolate.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  unappendaged  or  more 
or  less  strongly  keeled  or  crested,  or  at  length  somewhat  winged.  Testa 
shining,  black,  and  crustaceous.  —  Flowers  axillary  along  the  branches,  clus- 
tered or  solitary,  sessile. 

*  Herbaceous  annuals. 

1 .  S.  diffusa,  Watson.     Erect,  diffusely  branching :   leaves  subterete ;  the 
floral  ones  similar  but  shorter,  usually  rather  distant  on  the  branchlets :  clusters 
2  to  4-flowered  :  calyx  cleft  to  below  the  middle,  not  carinate  or  appendaged.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  88.    S.  maritima  of  Bot.  King  Exped.    From  the  Upper 
Missouri  to  California,  Mexico,  and  Texas. 

2.  S.  depressa,  Watson.     Low  and  mostly  decumbent,  branching  from  the 
base  :  leaves  linear,  broadest  at  base;  the  floral  ones  oblong-  to  ovate-lanceolate  or 
ovate,  rather  crowded  on  the  branchlets  :  calyx  cleft  to  the  middle,  one  or  more 
of  the  lobes  strongly  carinate  or  crested.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  294.     From  Colo- 
rado to  Nevada  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

Var.  erecta,  Watson.  Erect,  with  very  narrow  leaves  and  narrower 
bracts.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  90.  S.  maritima  of  Fl.  Colorado.  Same  range 
as  the  type,  but  extending  into  S.  California. 

*  *  Woody-based  perennials. 

3.  S.  Torreyana,  Watson.      Erect,  with  herbaceous  leafy  branches : 
leaves  linear,  subterete,  the  floral  ones  similar :  calyx  rather  large,  deeply 
cleft :  seed  finely  tuberculate.  —  Loc.  cit.  68.    S.fruticosa  of  Bot.  King  Exped. 
From  N.  Colorado  to  Nevada,  S.  California,  and  Mexico. 


POLYGONACE.E.      (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.)  313 


ORDER  66.    POL.YGONACE^E.     (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  and  entire  leaves,  or  sometimes  verticillate,  and 
stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths  above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem  or 
none;  flowers  mostly  perfect,  with  a  more  or  less  persistent  calyx,  a 
1 -celled  ovary  bearing  2  or  3  styles  or  stigmas,  and  a  single  erect  seed  ; 
stamens  mostly  4  to  9.  Flowers  rather  small,  the  perianth  of  3  to  6 
segments,  the  inner  ones  or  all  usually  petatoid ;  fruit  an  akene. 

*  Flowers  involucrate  :  stamens  9 :  styles  3,  with  capitate  stigmas  :  herbs  or  woody  at  base, 

with  alternate  or  verticillate  leaves,  without  stipules. 

1.  Eriogonum.     Involucre  several-flowered,  with  4  to  8  pointless  teeth.     Flowers  ex- 

serted.     Akene  mostly  3-angled.     Annuals  or  perennials. 

2.  Oxytheca.     Involucre  few-flowered,  herbaceous,  with  3  to  5  straight  acute  or  usually 

awned  lobes.     Flowers  on  exserted  pedicels.     Akene  lenticular.     Bracts   ternate. 
Annuals. 

*  *  Flowers  without  involucre  :  stamens  4  to  8  :  styles  2  or  3  :  herbs  with  alternate  leaves 

and  scarious  sheathing  stipules  ;  juice  usually  acid,  acrid  or  pungent. 

3.  Oxyria.    Sepals  4,  the  outer  smaller  and  spreading.    Stigmas  2,  tufted.    Akene  orbicu- 

lar-winged.    Leaves  reniform. 

4.  liumcx.    Sepals  6,  the  outer  spreading,  the  inner  enlarging  and  appressed  to  the  trian- 

gular akene.     Stigmas  3,  tufted. 

5.  Polygonnm.     Sepals  4  to  6,  equal,  appressed  to  the  triangular  or  lenticular  akene. 

Styles  2  or  3  :  stigmas  capitate. 


1.    EBIOGO3STUM,    Michx. 

Involucre  campannlate,  turbinate  or  oblong.  Perianth  6-parted,  colored, 
enclosing  the  akene.  —  Herbaceous  or  somewhat  woody,  with  radical  or  alter- 
nate or  verticillate  leaves. 

§  1 .    Involucres  more  or  less  broadly  turbinate,  not  nerved  or  angled,  4  to  S-toothed 
or  lobed  :  bracts  foliaceous,  rarely  somewhat  ternate. 

*  Akenes  membranously  winged. 

1-  E.  alatum,  Torr.  Loosely  silky-villous  throughout,  or  the  leaves 
nearly  glabrous  except  on  the  margin  and  midrib :  leaves  alternate,  long,  ob- 
lanceolate :  involucres  pedunculate,  solitary,  with  5  erect  teeth  :  flowers  a  line 
long,  yellow,  nearly  glabrous,  abrupt  at  base :  akene  winged  the  whole  length. 
—  From  Arizona  and  Texas  to  Nebraska. 

*  *  Akenes  not  winged. 
-•-  Flowers  glabrous. 

2.  E.  umbellatum,  Torr.     Tomentose :  leaves  glabrate  above  or  gla- 
brous, oblanceolate  or  spatnlate :  involucres  deeply  lobed ;  lobes  becoming 
reflexed  :  umbel  simple,  of  2  to  10  naked  rays,  on  naked  (rarely  l-bracted)  pedun- 
cles. —  From  Colorado  to  Oregon  and  California. 

Var.  monocephalum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  reduced  dwarf  alpine  form, 
the  naked  or  bracteate  peduncle  bearing  a  solitary  involucre :  leaves  small. 

3.  E.  heracleoides,  Nutt.     Similar,  but  the  peduncle  usually  verticillate- 
bracted:  leaves  narrower,  mostly  somewhat  revolute  or  undulate:  umbel  6-  (1-11-) 


314  POLYGONACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

rayed,  usually  some  or  all  of  the  rays  once  or  twice  divided.  —  From  Colorado  to 
Nevada  and  Washington  Territory. 

•*—  •»-  Flowers  not  glabrous. 
•w-  Leafy :  flowers  not  attenuate  at  base. 

4.  E.  salsuginosum,  Hook.     Low,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  di-  or 
trichotomously  divided  :  leaves  spatulate-oblaiiceolate,  the  bracts  becoming 
linear :  involucres  divided  :  flowers  pubescent,  yellow :  sepals  narrow,  closely 
appressed  to  the  acutely  triangular  glabrous  akene. — From  S.  W.  Colorado 
to  Utah  and  W.  Wyoming. 

++  -M.  Naked  or  nearly  so:  flowers  attenuate  at  base. 
=  Bracts  conspicuous :  akenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

5.  E.  Jamesii,  Benth.      Rather  slender,  herbaceous,  with  branching  cau- 
dex,  a  foot  high  or  less,  white-tomentose :  leaves  and  bracts  oblong-oblanceolate, 
the  latter  shortly  petiolate :  involucres  solitary,  sessile,  with  5  erect  teeth,  on  a 
naked  peduncle:  flowers  whitish*  silky.  —  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

Var    fiav6SCens,   Watson.      Stouter :  flowers   -yellow  or  yellowish.  —  Dis- 
tinguished from  the  next  by  the  strictly  solitary  sessile  involucres. 

6.  E.  flavum,  Nutt.     Tomeutose  throughout,  a  span  high  or  less:  leaves 
oblanceolate :   umbel  of  3  to  9  rays,  simple,  on  a  naked  peduncle:  flowers  yellow, 
very  silky.  —  Colorado  to  Washington  Territory  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

7.  E.  CaeSpitOSUm,  Nutt.     DwarJ \  densely  matted :  leaves  ovate-  to  oblong- 
spatulate,  tomentose  on  both  sides :  involucres  solitary  on  naked  peduncles  :  flowers 
yellow,  pubescent.  —  From  Wyoming  to  Nevada. 

8.  E.  sph3eroceph.alum,  Dougl.      Similar,  but  larger  and  much  more 
diffused :  leaves  linear-spat ulate,  often  revolute :  peduncles  with  a  ivhorl  of  ob- 
lanceolate bracts  sometimes  subtending  a  2  to  4-rayed  umbel,  the  lateral  rays 
also  bracteate :  flowers  yellow,  pubescent.  —  Nevada  and  California  to  Wash- 
ington Territory,  and  extending  thence  eastward  into  Montana. 

=  =  Bracts  small:  akenes  densely  villous. 

9.  E.  acaule,  Nutt.     Very   dwarf  and  densely  matted  and  tomentose: 
leaves  crowded,  oblong :  peduncles  naked,  %  inch  high,  bearing  a  head  of  1  to  5 
nearly  sessile  involucres:  flowers  pubescent.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  to  S.  Idaho. 

10.  E.  lachnogynum,  Torr.     Cespitose  and  densely  tomentose:  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate :  the  slender  naked  peduncle  a  foot  high,  sparingly  dichotomous 
above :  involucres  solitary,  sessile  or  long  pedunculate :  flowers  densely  tomen- 
tose. —  S.  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

§  2  Involucres  campanulate  or  short-turbinate,  not  nerved  or  angled,  with  5 
rounded  erect  teeth,  pedunculate  in  diffuse  repeatedly  di-  or  trichotomous 
panicles :  bracts  not  foliaceous,  all  ternate :  flowers  not  attenuate  at  base  : 

ovary  glabrous. 

*  Leaves  tomentose. 

-*-  Stems  simple,  leafy,  naked  above. 

11.  E.  annTlum,  Nutt.     Tall  and  stout :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or 
oblong,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole,  mostly  flat :  inflorescence  cymose  :  involu- 
cres densely  white-tomentose :  flowers  white :  sepals  very  unequal,  the  outer 
oblong-obovate.  —  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 


POLYGON ACEJE.      (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.)  315 

•»-  -f-  Branching :  leaves  radical  or  at  least  the  peduncles  leafless. 
•M-  Densely  white-tomentose. 

12.  E.  tenellum,  Torr.     Tall :  branches  of  the  woody  caudex  short  and 
crowded  or  elongated :  leaves  ovate  or  rounded,  tomentose  on  both  sides : 
inflorescence  rather  sparingly  branched,  glabrous  :  flowers  white  or  pinkish : 
outer  sepals  broadly  obovate  or  orbicular,  the  inner  linear-oblong.  —  S.  Colo- 
rado to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

•w-  •*-+  Glabrous :  involucres  turbinate-campanulate. 

13.  E.  cernuum,  Nutt.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute:  pedicels  deflexed: 
outer  sepals  oblong  or  broader  above,  refuse.  —  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to 
Oregon. 

14.  E.  reniforme,  Torr.     Low  and  slender :  leaves  reniform  or  cordate- 
orbicular,  densely  white-tomentose  on  both  sides :  bracts  smooth,  the  margins 
ciliate :  pedicels  long  and  filiform,  rarely  deflexed,  all  in  the  forks  or  termi- 
nating the  branches :  Jlowers  rose-colored,  glabrous.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  to  S. 
California. 

15.  E.  Thomasii,  Torr.    Low  and  very  slend er :  leaves  rounded  and  ovate, 
small :  bracts  minute,  glabrous :  pedicels  as  in  the  last :  Jlowers  yellowish,  often 
reddish,  slightly  hispid  or  glabrous  :  outer  sepals  often  much  dilated  below. 
—  S.  W.  Colorado  to  S.  California. 

*  *  Leaves  not  tomentose. 
•H-  Leaves  all  radical  or  nearly  so. 

16.  E.  inflatum,  Torr.      Glabrous,  diffusely  branching,  the  stem   and 
internodes  often  inflated :  leaves  rounded,  usually  cordate  and  mostly  undulate, 
pubescent :  Jlowers  yellowish,  pubescent.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  to  Arizona,  Nevada, 
and  S.  California. 

17.  E.  Gordon!,  Benth.     A  similar  species,  but  glabrous  throughout,  or 
the  petioles  slightly  pubescent :  Jlowers  glabrous,  light  rose-color.  —  Colorado. 

18.  E.  glandulosum,  Nutt.      Beset  with  short-stipitate  glands:    leaves 
small,  obovate,  somewhat  villous  :  involucres  glabrous  :  Jlowers  slightly  hispid.  — 
Collected  by  Dr.  Gambel  in  Colorado  or  New  Mexico. 

H-  H—  Leaves  developed  at  the  nodes  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  triangular  bracts. 

19.  E.  divaricatuin,  Nutt.      Low,  grayish-pubescent,  branching  from 
the  base,  branches  terete :  leaves  thickish,  all  rounded  or  the  upper  oblong, 
petiolulate :    involucres  very  small   and   few-flowered :   flowers  whitish,  mi- 
nutely glandular :  sepals  nearly  equal.  —  W.  Wyoming  to  S.  W.  Colorado. 

§  3.  Involucres  cjlindric-turbinate,  more  or  less  strongly  5  to  6-nerved,  and  often 
becoming  costate  or  angled,  with  as  many  short  erect  teeth,  sessile  in  heads  or 
clusters,  or  scattered  in  ci/mes  or  along  virgate  panicled  branches :  bracts  ternate, 
connate  at  base,  more  or  less  rigid :  flowers  not  attenuate  at  base. 

#  Outer  sepals  broad  and  somewhat  cordate,  the  inner  much  narrower:  ovary 
scabrous  above. 

20.  E.  ovalifolium,  Nutt.     Low,  densely  tomentose  and  cespitose,  with 
a  short  closely  branched  caudex  :  leaves  round  or  rarely  oblong :   bracts  very 
small :  involucres  in  a  single  close  head  :   flowers  rose-colored,  white,  or  yel- 
low :   outer  sepals  oblong,  becoming   orbicular,  the   inner   spatulate,  often 
retuse.  —  From  Colorado  to  N.  California  and  British  America. 


316  POLYGONACE.E.      (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 


*  *  Sepals  similar  and  nearly  equal:  akenes  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

•<-  Involucres  capitate,  heads  solitary  :  dwarf  and  cespitose,  alpine  or  subalpine, 

densely  white-tomentose. 

21.  E.  pauciflorum,  Nutt.    Caudex  short-branched :  tomentose  through- 
out, or  the  linear-oblanceolate  revolute  leaves  glabrous  above :  involucres  broadly 
turbinate,  nearly  glabrous,  thin,  with  broad  somewhat  scarious  teeth :  flowers  white, 
glabrous.  —  Colorado. 

22.  E.  chrysocephalum,  Gray.      Caudex  more   diffusely  branched, 
woody :  tomentose  throughout,  the  narrowly  oUanceolate  leaves  sometimes  gla- 
brate  above:  involucres  narrower  and  rather  moreflrm,  shortly  toothed,  somewhat 
tomentose:  flowers  yellow,  glabrous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.   101.     Wahsatch 
Mountains. 

23.  E.  multiceps,  Nees.    Rather  diffusely  branched  at  base,  densely 
white-tomentose  throughout :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate :  involucres  rigid, 
narrowly  turbinate,  with  very  short  teeth :  flowers  rose-colored,  pubescent.  —  Ne- 
braska to  Colorado. 

•t-  •»-  Involucres  mostly  solitary,  in  a  repeatedly  di-  or  trichotomous  corymb-like 

cyme. 

24.  E.  microthecum,  Nutt.      Low   and    rather   slender,  woody  and 
diffusely    much-branched,   leafy    below,   more    less   white-tomentose  :    leaves 
usually  narrow,  revolute,  becoming  glabrate  above :  involucres  often  peduncu- 
late :  inner  sepals  emargiuate.  —  From  Nebraska  to  New  Mexico,  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  Oregon. 

Var.  effusum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  With  very  diffuse  and  repeatedly  divided 
inflorescence.  —  More  common  eastward. 

25.  E.  COrymbOSUm,  Benth.     Stouter  and  more  rigid,  usually  densely 
tomentose :  leaves  broader  and  less  revolute :  umbel  stiff  and  broadly  cymose : 
involucres  mostly  sessile.  —  Including  E.  microthecum,  var.  Fendlerianum,  Benth. 
Same  range  as  last. 

26.  E.  brevicaule,  Nutt.     Less  woody  and  more  shortly  branched  at  base, 
glabrous  or  glabrate  above  the  white-tomentose  base :  leaves  linear  to  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  attenuate  to  a  very  short  petiole,  often  revolute,  sometimes  gla- 
brate above  :  flowers  yellow.  —  Idaho  and  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

-i-  -i-  •*-  Involucre  sessile  and  solitary  upon  the  few  strict  branches  of  the  once  or 
twice  forked  panicle. 

27.  E.  racemosum,  Nutt.     White-tomentose,  sparingly  or  not  at  all 
branched  at  base,  stout,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  large,  ovate  to  oblong,  on 
long  petioles :  lower  bracts  somewhat  foliaceous  :  involucres  approximate, 
tomentose :  flowers  white  or  rose-colored.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  to  Utah  and 
New  Mexico. 

2.    OXYTHECA,   Nutt. 

Flowers,  bracteoles,  etc.,  as  in  Eriogonum.  —  Slender  diffusely  branched  (re- 
peatedly dichotomous)  annuals,  the  slender  internodes  more  or  less  covered 
with  small  stipitate  glands :  leaves  rosulate  at  the  base :  segments  of  the 
glandular-pubescent  perianth  similar  and  equal. 

1.   O.  dendroidea,  Nutt.      A  foot  high  or  less,  the  scape-like  stem 


POLYGONACEJS.      (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.)  317 

usually  1  or  2  inches  high :  leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  hirsute  :  bracts  un- 
equal :  involucres  in  the  forks  on  slender  pedicels,  the  rest  more  nearly  ses- 
sile :  flowers  light  rose-color.  —  From  Wyoming  to  Nevada. 

3.     OXYRIA,    Hill.        MOUNTAIN  SORREL. 

Flowers  perfect.  The  two  inner  sepals  erect,  appressed,  and  unchanged  in 
fruit.  Stamens  6.  —  Perennial  alpine  and  arctic  herbs,  erect,  with  long- 
petioled  round-reniform  mostly  radical  leaves,  and  small  obliquely  truncate 
sheaths :  flowers  small  and  greenish,  in  narrowly  panicled  racemes. 

1.  O.  digyna,  Campdera.  Rather  stout  and  fleshy,  3  to  18  inches  high, 
glabrous :  flowers  in  scarious-bracted  fascicles,  on  short  capillary  pedicels : 
sepals  often  reddish,  the  outer  narrower  and  carinate.  —  At  high  altitudes  in 
cold  wet  places  among  rocks  throughout  the  northern  hemisphere. 

4.    RUM  EX,  L.        DOCK.    SORREL. 

Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious.  Inner  sepals  somewhat  colored 
and  becoming  reticulated  (valves)  in  fruit.  Stamens  6.  —  Coarse  perennial 
herbs  :  stems  leafy,  with  obliquely  truncate  cylindrical  naked  sheaths  :  flowers 
small,  fascicled  or  verticillate  in  paniculate  racemes. 

§  1 .  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous :  vnlves  enlarged,  often  bearing  a  grain-like 
callosity  on  the  back :  leaves  never  hastate,  pinnately  many-veined,  rarely  very 
acid.  —  DOCKS. 

*  Valves  wholly  without  grains,  mostly  very  large  (3  lines  long  or  more),  entire  or 
denticulate :  pedicels  long,  jointed  near  the  base :  glabrous. 

1.  R.  V6I1OSUS,  Pursh.     Stems  erect,  afoot  high  or  less,  from  running 
rootstocks,  stout  and  leafy,  with  conspicuous  dilated  stipules :  leaves  on  short 
but  rather  slender  petioles,  ovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  3  to  6  inches  long, 
only  the  lowest  acute  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base :  panicle  nearly  sessile,  short, 
dense  in  fruit :  valves  entire,  cordate-orbicular  with  a  deep  sinus,  9  to  12  lines  in 
diameter,  bright  rose-color.  —  From  Colorado  and  Nevada  to  British  Columbia 
and  the  Saskatchewan. 

2.  R.  OCCidentalis,  Watson.     Tall  and  rather  slender,  often  3  to  6  feet 
high :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lowest  sometimes  ovate,  usual!)/  narrowing 
gradually  upward  from  the  truncate  somewhat  cordate  base,  not  decurrent  on  the 
slender  often  elongated  petiole,  oflen  a  foot  long  or  more :  panicle  narrow,  elon- 
gated, nearly  leafless :  valves  broadly  cordate,  with  a  very  shallow  sinus,  3  lines 
in  diameter,  often   denticulate  near  the  base.  —  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  xii.  253. 
R.  longifolius  of  authors,  not  of  DC.     From  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to 
Labrador  and  Alaska. 

*  *  Valves  smaller,  one  or  more  of  them  grain-bearing. 

3.  R.  salicifolius,  Weinman.     Slender,  often  low,  1  to  5  feet  high,  usu- 
ally branching  and  decumbent  at  base,  glabrous:  leaves  narrowly  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  oblong,  3  to  6  inches  long,  attenuate  into  a  short  peti- 
ole, not  undulate,  glaucous :  panicle  usually  open,  the  flowers  crowded  upon  the 
branches  :  valves  ovate-rhomboidal  to  broadly  deltoid,  entire  or  denticulate,  usually 
with  very  large  callosities.  —  Across  the  continent  and  northward  to  Alaska. 


318  POLYGON  ACE^E.      (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

4.  R.  maritimus,  L.     Simple  or  diffusely  branched,  the  low  stems  erect 
or  procumbent,  minutely  pubescent :  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  usually  truncate  or 
cordate  at  base,  1  to  4  inches  long,  mostly  on  short  petioles,  somewhat  wavy- 
margined:  flowers  in  numerous  dense  verticils  along  the  slender  branches  :  valves 

ovate-lanceolate,  with  2  or  3  long-awned  teeth  on  each  side,  all  grain-bearing. 

From  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  across  the  continent. 

§  2.    Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous  in  naked  panicles :  valves  not  grain-bearing : 
leaves  often  hastate,  sparingly  veined :  stems  erect  and  slender,  glabrous.1 

5.  R.  paucifolillS,  Nutt.    Roots  thickened :  leaves  narrowly  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  broader,  attenuate  to  a  slender  petiole,  not  very  acid  : 
flowers  reddish,  in  loose  fascicles ;  pedicels  filiform,  jointed  at  base :  valves 
enlarged  in  fruit,  cordate-ovate,  entire,  twice  longer  than  the  akene.  —  From 
Utah  and  Montana  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Washington  Territory. 

5.    POLYGONUM,    L.        KNOTWEED. 

Flowers  perfect.  —  Annual  or  perennial  leafy  herbs,  rarely  woody  at  base : 
sheaths  naked,  ciliate,  or  foliaceous-margined :  flowers  small,  in  axillary,  spi- 
cate,  or  racemose  fascicles. 

§  1.  Flowers  in  axillary  fascicles  or  spicate  with  foliaceous  bracts:  leaves  and 
bracts  jointed  upon  a  vert/  short  petiole  adnate  to  the  naked  2-lobed  or  lacerate 
sheath :  perianth  5  to  6-parted,  more  or  less  herbaceous,  dose-appressed  to  the 
akene:  stamens  3  to  8,  the  three  inner  filaments  broad  at  base:  styles  3  :  akene 
triangular.  —  AVICULARIA. 

*  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  in  loose  virgate  spikes :  sepals  herbaceous  or 

colored  only  on  the  margin. 

H-  Branches  leafy  to  the  summit:  sheaths  short  and  mostly  scarious,  at  length 

lacerate.2 

1.  P.  erectUEQ,  L.    Rather  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous,  usually  tinged 
with  yellow :  leaves  oblong  or  oval :  flowers  often  yellowish,  on  more  or  less  ex- 
serted  pedicels :  sepals  and  stamens  5,  rarely  6 :  akene  very  broadly  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  dull  and  granular  to  nearly  smooth  and  shining.  —  From  Colorado  to 
Nevada  and  Oregon  and  the  Eastern  States. 

2.  P.  minimum,  Watson.    Very  low  and  slender,  ascending,  rarely  6  inches 
high,  usually  more  or  less  scabrous-puberulent :   stems  nearly  terete,  reddish  : 
leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  sometimes  all  narrowly  lanceolate :  flowers  in  all  the 
axils,  usually  small,  erect  on  slender  exserted  pedicels,  often  tinged  with  rose- 
color:   stamens  5  to  8:  akene  smooth  and  shining.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  315. 
P.  Torreyi,  Watson,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  664.    From  the  Wahsatch  and  Uintas  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

1  R.  Acetosella,  L.,  is  the  common  "Sorrel"  of  fields  and  gardens,  spread  everywhere 
from  Europe.    It  can  be  distinguished  from  R.  pauciflonis  by  its  slender  running  roots,  more 
hastate  and  very  acid  leaves  with  the  lobes  often  toothed  at  base,  pedicels  very  short  and 
jointed  at  the  top,  and  the  valves  not  enlarged  nor  exceeding  the  small  akene. 

2  P.  aviculare,  L.,  may  be  known  by  its  prostrate  or  spreading  habit,  sessile  lanceolate  or 
oblong  leaves,  dull  broadly  ovate  akene  which  is  minutely  granular  under  a  lens.  —  Intro- 
duced from  Europe  and  growing  everywhere  about  yards  and  roadsides.    Variously  called 
"  Knot-grass,"  "  Goose-grass,"  or  "  Door-weed." 


POLYGONACE^J.      (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.)  319 

•t-  -t-  Branches  slender  and  virgate,  angled,  terminating  in  more  or  less  open  spikes, 
the  narrow  leaves  diminishing  upward  and  becoming  bract-like, 

3.  P.  ramosissimum,  Michx.     Erect  or  ascending,  usually  2  to  4  feet 
high,  often   branching  only  above,  glabrous,  the  whole  plant  yellowish :  sheaths 
loose,  becoming  lacerate  to  the  base :  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear :  flowers  and 
fruit  as  in  P.  erectum,  the  sepals  more  frequently  6,  stamens  3  to  6,  and  akene 
usually  smooth  and  shining.  —  From  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  across  the 
continent. 

4.  P.  tenue,  Michx.     Erect  and  slender,  £  to  l^feet  high,  glabrous  and 
somewhat  glaucous,  sometimes  slightly  scabrous  at  the  nodes :  sheaths  with  a  close 
somewhat  herbaceous  base,  sparingly  scarious  and  lacerate  above:  leaves  linear  to 
lanceolate,  usually  much  reduced  above  :  flowers  often  solitary  and  usually  dis- 
tant, soon  reflexed,  the  sepals  margined  with  white  or  rose-color :  stamens  8 : 
akenes  ovate,  black  and  shining.  —  From  Arizona  to  British  Columbia  and 
eastward  across  the  continent.     The  following  varieties  occur  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains :  — 

Var.  latifolium,  Engelm.  With  broader  leaves  and  more  numerous 
flowers. 

Var.  microspermum,  Engelm.  A  low  slender  form,  with  minute  flowers 
and  fruit. 

*  *  Low  and  slender :  /lowers  in  short  dense  spikes,  with  imbricated  bracts :  sepals 

colored :  leaves  linear. 

5.  P.  imbricatum,  Nutt.     Stem  1  to  8  inches  high,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous  at  the  nodes,  often  diffusely  branched :  sheaths  rather  large,  2-parted 
or  lacerate  above  the  short  scarions  base :  bracts  with  sometimes  a  scarious 
margin  :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  rose-colored  or  white :  stamens  3  or  5  :  akene 
minutely  tuberculate-striate  or  smoothish.  —  Alpine  and  subalpine,  from  Colo- 
rado to  California  and  Oregon.    It  has  usually  been  referred  to  P.  coarctatum. 

§  2.  Flowers  fascicled,  in  usually  dense  spikes,  with  small  scarious  bracts:  leaves 
not  jointed  on  the  petiole :  sheaths  cylindrical  and  truncate,  scarious,  entire, 
naked  or  ciliate-fringed  or  margined :  perianth  colored,  5-parted,  oppressed  to 
the  lenticular  or  triangular  akene:  stamens  4  to  8;  filaments  filiform.— 
PERSICARIA. 

*  Sheaths  and  bracts  not  ciliate  nor  fringed :  sepals  not  punctate :  style  2-cleft, 

and  akene  flattened  or  lenticular. 

6.  P.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.     Stem  1   to  3  feet  high,  smooth  below,  the 
branches  above  and   especially  the  peduncles  beset  with  bristly-stalked  glands: 
leaves  lanceolate,  roughish  on  the  midrib  and  margins :  spikes  oblong,  obtuse, 
erect,  thick :  flowers  bright  rose-color :  stamens  mostly  8,  somewhat  exserted.  — 
Colorado  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

7.  P.  incarnatum,  Ell.     Stem  3  to  6  feet  high,  nearly  glabrous,  the  pedun- 
cles, etc.  often  minutely  rough  with  scattered  sessile  glands :  leaves  rough  on 
the  margins  and  midrib,  elongated-lanceolate :  spikes  linear,  nodding,  becoming 
slender:  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  last,  lighter  rose-color  shading  to  white: 
stamens  6  and  styles  2,  both  included.  —  Colorado  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic 
States. 

8.  P.  lapathifolium,  Ait.,  var.  incanum,  Koch.    Lower,  with  shorter 
and  less  pointed  leaves,  which  are  lanceolate,  obtuse,  and  white-downy  beneath : 


320  POLYGONACE.E.      (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.) 

sheaths  often  somewhat  hairy  or  ciliolate  :  spikes  shorter,  oblong  and  blunt.  — 
In  the  Wahsatch,  on  the  Saskatchewan,  and  eastward  to  New  York.     Rare. 

9.  P.  nodOSUm,  Pers.     Often  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high,  branching,  mostly  gla- 
brous, often  sparingly  and  minutely  glandular  on  the  peduncles :  leaves  rather 
narrowly  lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base  and  shortly  petioled,  somewhat  scabrous 
with  short  prickly  hairs  on  the  midrib  and  margins:  spikes  axillary  and  termi- 
nal, oblong  and  erect  or  often  linear  and  nodding :  flowers  white  or  light  rose- 
color:    stamens  6   and  styles  2,    included.  —  Colorado   and  New   Mexico  to 
Arizona,  California,  and  Oregon. 

10.  P.  amphibium,  L.     Aquatic,  stout  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  not 
branching  above  the  rooting  base :  leaves  floating,  thick,  smooth  and  shining 
above,  usually  long-petioled,  elliptical  to  lanceolate,  cuneate  or  cordate  at  base : 
sheaths  leaf-bearing  at  about  the  middle  :  spike  terminal,  dense,  ovate  or  oblong, 
\  to  1   inch  long,  on  a  usually  short  peduncle  :  flowers  bright  rose-color :  the 
5  stamens  and  2-cleft  style  exserted.  —  From  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  across 
the  continent.     In  shallow  water  or  on  muddy  banks  the  stems  become  erect, 
the  petioles  shorter,  and  the  whole  plant  more  strigose-pubescent. 

11.  P.  Mllhlenbergii,  Watson.     In  muddy  or  dry  places,  scabrous  with 
short  appressed  or  glandular  hairs,  especially  upon  the  leaves  and  upper  part 
of  the  simple  stem  :  leaves  thinner  and  longer,  rather  broadly  lanceolate,  nar- 
rowly acuminate,  usually  rounded  or  cordate  at  base :  spikes  more  elongated, 
3  inches  long,  often  in  pairs :  flowers  and  fruit  nearly  as  in  the  last.  —  P.  am- 
phibium, var.  terrestre,  of  Gray's  Manual.     Across  the  continent. 

*  *  Sheaths  and  bracts  bristly  ciliate  or  the  sheaths  sometimes  foliaceously 

margined. 

12.  P.  Hartwrightii,  Gray.     Closely  allied  to  the  two  preceding  species, 
growing  usually  in  the  mud,  the  ascending  stems  rooting  at  the  base  and 
very  leafy,  more  or  less  rough  hairy,  at  least  on  the  sheaths  and  bracts :  leaves 
rather  narrow,  on  very  short  petioles,  not  punctate,  adnate  to  the  middle  of  the 
sheath  :  flowers  bright  rose-color :  sepals  not  glandular-dotted :  style  2-cleft,  and 
akene  somewhat  flattened.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  294.     From  California  and 
Utah  eastward  through  the  Northern  States. 

13.  P.  Hydropiper,  L.      Smooth,  1  to  2  feet  high,  juice  very  acrid: 
leaves  punctate :  spikes  nodding,  usually  short  or  interrupted :  floicers  most.lt/ 
greenish :   sepals  conspicuously  dotted :    stamens  6  :  style  2  to  3-parted :   akene 
dull,  minutely  striate,  either  flat  or  obtusely  triangular.  —  Ranging  across  the 
continent  northward,  where  it  is  probably  indigenous. 

§  3.  Glabrous  alpine  or  subalpine  herbs,  ivith  thick  creeping  rootstocks  and  simple 
stems:  flowers  in  dense  spike-like  racemes:  leaves  not  jointed  on  the  petiole: 
sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  naked,  as  well  as  the  scarious  ovate  or  lanceolate 
bracts :  perianth  colored,  deeply  5-cleft,  at  length  appressed  to  the  triangular 
akene:  stamens  8,  with  flliform  filaments :  styles  3,  long.  —  BISTORTA. 

14.  P.  Bistorta,  L.     Stems  a  foot  or  two  high :    leaves  few,  the  radical 
ones  on  long  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  acute  at  each  end,  the  cau- 
line  much  reduced,  mostly  obtuse  at  base  and  sessile  upon  the  sheath,  the 
margin  often  slightly  revolute :  flowers  rose-colored  to  white,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, in  very  dense  ovate  to  oblong  spikes  and  usually  long-pedunculate :  stamens 


321 

and  styles  exserted :  akene  smooth  and  shining.  —  Throughout  the  northern 
hemisphere ;  frequent  in  meadows  and  on  stream-banks  in  the  mountains. 
The  leaves  vary  much,  from  cordate  and  oblong  {var.  oblong i folium,  Meisn.) 
to  very  narrow  and  attenuate  at  base  (var.  linearifolium,  Watson). 

15.  P.  viviparum,  L.     A  similar  species,  but  mostly  dwarf  and  more 
exclusively  alpine :  flowers  smaller,  nearly  sessile  in  linear  spikes  1  to  3  inches 
long,  at  least  the  lower  ones  replaced  bij  sessile  bulblets  a  line  long.  —  Same  range 
as  the  last. 

§  4.  Herbs  with  fibrous  roots,  mostly  twining  or  climbing,  and  with  cordate  or 
sagittate  leaves :  flowers  in  loose  panicles  or  racemes  or  in  terminal  or  axillary 
clusters :  perianth  green  with  colored  margins,  ^-parted,  enlarging  or  keeled  in 
fruit:  stamens  mostly  8  :  stiles  or  stigmas  3.1  —  TINARIA. 

16.  P.  dumetorum,  L.,  var.  scandens,  Gray.     Smooth,  twining  high 
over  bushes,  with  cordate  or  slightly  halberd-shaped  acute  leaves,  and  flowers 
in  slender  axillary  sparingly  leafy  racemes  :  perianth  long-attenuate  to  the 
slender  reflexed  pedicel;   the  outer  sepals  strongly  winged  upon  the  keel: 
akene  acutely  triangular.  —  From  the  Atlantic  States  to  the  Upper  Missouri, 
Colorado,  and  Washington  Territory. 


ORDER  67.    EL^EAGNACE^E. 

Shrubs,  the  foliage  scurfy  throughout  with  scarious  silvery  or  brown 
scales,  with  regular  flowers  perfect  or  dioecious,  the  perianth  herbaceous 
or  colored  within,  its  tube  lined  with  a  prominent  disk  bearing  the 
stamens,  enclosing  the  1-celled  ovary,  and  becoming  pulpy  or  spongy 
without  and  bony  within ;  fruit  a  membranous  akene,  closely  covered 
by  the  drupe-like  calyx-tube.  Flowers  solitary  or  variously  clustered 
in  the  axils  of  the  branchlets. 

1.  Elseagnus.    Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  4.    Leaves  alternate. 

2.  Shepherdia.     Flowers  dioecious.     Stamens  8.     Leaves  opposite. 

1.    EL-ffilAGNUS,  L. 

Calyx-limb  cylindric-campanulate  or  tubular  below,  parted  above  into 
4  deciduous  lobes,  colored  within.  Disk  glandulose.  Stamens  adnate  to 
the  calvx  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Fruit  drupe-like,  with  an  oblong, 
8-striate  stone.  —  Leaves  entire  and  petioled,  and  flowers  axillary  and  pedi- 
cellate. 

1.  E.  argentea,  Pursh.  A  stokmiferous  unarmed  shrub,  6  to  12  feet 
high,  the  younger  branches  covered  with  ferruginous  scales :  leaves  broad  or 
narrowly  elliptic,  silvery-scurfy  and  more  or  less  ferruginous :  flowers  numer- 

1  P.  Convolvulus,  L.,  is  low  twirrng  or  procumbent  and  minutely  scabrous,  leaves  hal- 
berd-cordate acuminate,  flowers  few  in  axillary  fascicles  or  small  interrupted  racemes  on 
very  short  pedicels,  outer  sepals  sharply  keeled.  —  Introduced  from  Europe,  very  common 
in  the  Eastern  States,  aud  found  in  Colorado  and  Montana. 

21 


322  LOKANTHACEJ5. 

eras,  deflexed,  silvery  withont,  pale  yellow  within,  fragrant,  the  tube  broadly 
oval,  the  limb  funnelform :  fruit  globose-ovoid,  dry  and  mealy,  edible.  —  From 
Utah  to  the  Upper  Missouri  and  eastward  to  Minnesota  and  Canada. 

2.    SHEPHERDIA,   Nutt.       BUFFALO-BERET. 

Starainate  perianth  4-parted,  the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  alternate  with 
as  many  lobes  of  a  thick  disk  ;  filaments  free.  Pistillate  flowers  with  oblong- 
tubular  perianth;  limb  4-cleft,  erect,  the  throat  closed  by  the  lobes  of  the  disk. 
Fruit  berry-like,  with  a  smooth  shining  compressed  seed.  —  Flowers  small 
(the  staminate  larger),  shortly  pedicellate. 

1.  8.  arg6n tea,  Nutt.     Somewhat  spiny  shrub,  5  to  18  feet  high  :  leaves 
silvery  on  both  sides,  mostly  oblong,  obtuse,  cuneate  at  base :  fruit  a  smooth  ovoid 
scarlet  berry,  acid  and  edible,  nearly  sessile.  —  East  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to 
the  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  S.  Canadensis,  Nutt.     Shrub  3  to  6  feet  high,  the  branchlets,  young 
leaves,  yellowish  flowers,  etc.,  covered  with  rusty  scales:  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate, 
nearly  naked  and  green  aboi:e,  silvery  downy  as  well  as  scurfy  with  rusty  scales 
beneath :  fruit  yellowish-red,  insipid.  —  From  the  Columbia  River  eastward 
across  the  continent,  and  in  the  mountains  southward  to  New  Mexico. 


ORDER  68.    tORANTHACEJE. 

Evergreens,  parasitic  on  shrubs  or  trees,  dull  yellowish-green  or 
brownish,  with  dichotomous  branches  and  swollen  joints,  the  opposite 
thick  and  coriaceous  exstipulate  and  entire  leaves  reduced  to  mostly  con- 
nate scales :  flowers  dioecious,  of  2  to  5  sepals  coherent  at  base :  anthers 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  inserted  upon  them:  ovary  inferior,  1-celled: 
fruit  a  berry  with  glutinous  endocarp.  —  Flowers  small  and  inconspicu- 
ous, greenish. 

1.  Phoradendron.     Flowers  globose,  mostly  3-lobed.     Anthers  2-celled,  opening  by  2 

pores  or  slits :  pollen-grains  smooth.     Berry  globose,  pulpy  and  semi-transparent. 

2.  Arceuthobium.    Flowers  mostly  compressed ;  the  staminate  usually  3-parted,  the 

pistillate  2-toothed.    Anthers  a  single  orbicular  cell,  opening  by  a  circular  slit ;  pollen 
spinulose.    Berry  compressed,  fleshy. 

1.    PHORADENDRON,  Nutt.       MISTLETOE. 

Flowers  immersed  in  the  rhachis  of  jointed  spikes.  —  Parasitic  on  branches 
of  various  kinds  of  trees :  spikes  single  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  opposite 
leaves,  the  lowest  joint  sterile,  the  others  bearing  solitary  or  several  flowers  on 
each  side.  Flowering  in  February  or  March,  and  maturing  its  fruit  the  next 
winter. 

1.  P.  juniperinum,  Engelm.  Glabrous,  stout,  densely  branched,  6  to  9 
inches  high :  branches  terete,  the  ultimate  branchlets  quadrangular :  scales 
broadly  triangular  connate  or  distinct,  ciliate  :  Btaminate  spikes  of  a  single 


SANTALACE.E.  323 

6  to  8-flowered  joint :  pistillate  spikes  2-flowered  :  berry  whitish  or  light  red. 
—  PL  Fendl.  58.  On  different  species  of  Juniperus.  S.  W.  Colorado  to  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  Nevada,  and  California. 

2.    ABCEUTHOBIUM,   Bieb. 

Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  several  from  the  same  axil.  —  Para- 
sitic on  Conifers,  glabrous,  with  rectangular  branches  and  connate  scale-like 
leaves :  flowers  often  crowded  into  apparent  spikes  or  panicles,  opening  in 
summer  or  autumn  and  maturing  their  fruit  in  the  second  autumn,  when  the 
berries  suddenly  and  forcibly  eject  the  glutinous  seed  to  the  distance  of  sev- 
eral yards. 

*  Staminate  flowers  all  (or  nearly  all)  terminal  on  distinct  peduncle-like  joints, 

paniculate. 

1.  A.  Americanum,   Nutt.     Slender,   dichotomously  or  verticil  lately 
much  branched,  greenish  yellow :  staminate  plants  sometimes  3  or  4  inches 
long,  fertile  plants  much  smaller.  —  On  Pinus  contorta.     From  Wyoming  to 
Oregon  and  southward  to  Colorado  and  California. 

#  #  Staminate  flowers  axillary  (with  a  terminal  one),  forming  simple  or  compound 

spikes.    Ours  are  greenish-brown,  with  the  accessory  branchlets  of  fruiting  speci- 
mens mostly  leaf-bearing. 

2.  A.  divaricatum,  Engelm.     Bather  stout,  2  to  4  inches  high,  and  a 
line  in  diameter  at  base,  olive-green  or  pale  brownish  :  branches  spreading, 
often  flexuous  or  recurved :  staminate  flowers  few  and  scattered  or  in  3  to  7 -flow- 
ered spikes,  with  ovate  acute  lobes.  —  PI.  Wheeler,  1874,  16.     On  Pinus  edulis 
and  P.  monophylla,  from  New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  S.  Utah. 

3.  A.  robustum,  Engelm.     Stouter  and  not  so  spreading :  spikes  much 
denser,  the  buds  of  the  staminate  flowers  flat  and  appressed,  and  the  3-parted 
flowers  with  shorter  and  broader  lobes.  —  On  Pinus  ponderosa.    Arizona  and 
northward  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


ORDER  69.     SAtfTALACEJE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  root-parasitic,  with  angled  or  striate  branches, 
entire  alternate  and  mostly  sessile  leaves  without  stipules,  and  mostly 
perfect  flowers  with  3  to  5-cleft  perianth  adherent  to  the  1 -celled  2  to  4- 
ovuled  ovary,  which  becomes  an  indehiscent  1  -seeded  usually  nut-like 
fruit ;  stamens  3  to  5,  opposite  the  perianth  lobes,  at  the  edge  of  an 
epigynous  often  lobed  disk  ;  style  2  to  5-lobed. 

1.    COMANDRA,   Nutt.        BASTARD  TOAD-FLAX. 

The  campanulate  or  urn-shaped  perianth  with  a  5-lobed  persistent  limb. 
Disk  with  a  free  lobed  margin.  Stamens  included  :  anthers  attached  by  tufts 
of  hairs  to  the  base  of  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Low  herbaceous  smooth  perennials, 
with  subterranean  rootstocks  :  leaves  glaucous,  the  lowest  scale-like :  flowers 
greenish  white,  in  small  terminal  or  axillary  umbellate  clusters. 


324  EUPHORBIACE^E.      (SPURGE   FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Nutt.     Stems  leafy,  6  to  15  inches  high  :  leaves  oblong  : 
umbels  few-flowered,  corymbosely  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem :  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels,  the  white  oblong  erect  or  slightly  spreading  lobes  about 
equalling  the  green  tube,  which  is  continued  conspicuously  above  the  ovary  : 
fruit  globular,  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  In  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California 
northward  to  Washington  Territory  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  C.  pallida,  A.  DC.     Differing  from  the  last  in  its  narrower  more  glau- 
cous and  acuter  leaves,  which  are  linear  to  narrow] tj  lanceolate,  (or  those  upon  the 
main  stem  oblong),  all  acute  or  somewhat  cuspidate  :  fruit  ovoid,  larger  (3  to  4 
lines  long),  sessile  or  on  short  stout  pedicels.  —  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to 
Oregon. 


ORDER  70.     EUPHORBIACE^E.     (SPURGE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (ours),  with  milky  acrid  juice,  monoecious  or  dioecious  com- 
monly apetalous  and  often  naked  flowers,  a  free  and  usually  3-celled 
ovary  with  (in  ours)  one  pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell,  and  maturing  into 
a  3-celled  elastically  dehiscent  capsule  with  crustaceous  seeds.  Stamens 
one  to  many.  Styles  or  stigmas  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  cells  of 
the  ovary.  Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  simple,  often  stipulate. 

#  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  both  with  a  perianth,  without  an  involucre. 
••-  Stamens  erect  in  the  bud. 

1.  Tragia.    Petals  none.    Calyx  3  to  8-parted.     Flowers  in  racemes,  terminal  or  opposite 

the  leaves,  pistillate  at  the  base.    Stamens  2  or  3.     Style  3-parted. 

2.  Argythamnia.    Petals  and  sepals  5.     Flowers  in  axillary  spicate  clusters,  pistillate 

below.     Stamens  5  to  15  in  1  to  3  whorls.    Styles  bifid. 
•*-  -i-  Stamens  incurved  in  the  bud. 

3.  Croton.    Flowers  in  terminal  spike-like  racemes.     Erect  and  gray-scurfy. 

*  #  Flowers  all  without  perianth,  included  in  a  cup-shaped  calyx-like  involucre. 

4.  Euphorbia.    Pistillate  flower  solitary,  soon  exserted :  the  staminate  numerous,  each 

of  a  single  stamen. 

1.    TRAGIA,    Plumier. 

Staminate  calyx  3  to  5-parted.  Filaments  short :  anther-cells  united.  Pis- 
tillate calyx  3  to  8-parted,  persistent.  Pod  3-lobed,  bristly,  separating  into 
three  2-valved  carpels.  —  Erect  or  climbing  plants,  pubescent  or  hispid,  some- 
times stinging,  with  mostly  alternate  stipulate  leaves :  the  sterile  flowers 
above,  the  few  fertile  at  the  base,  all  with  small  bracts. 

1.  T.  nepetsefolia,  Muller,  var.  ramosa,  Miiller.  Hirsute,  erect,  much 
branched,  6  to  8  inches  high  :  stem  slender,  at  length  flagelliform-elongated, 
weak  and  somewhat  turning  :  leaves  triangular-ovate  from  a  cordate  base  or 
oftener  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate.  —  Colorado  and  southward. 

2.    ARGYTHAMNIA,    P.Browne. 

Calyx  valvate  in  the  staminate  flowers,  imbricate  in  the  pistillate.  Petals 
alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes  and  with  the  lobes  of  the  glandular  disk. 


EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE  FAMILY.)  325 

Filaments  united  into  a  central  column.  Seeds  subglobose,  roughened  or 
reticulated,  not  carunculate.  —  Erect  herbs  or  undershrubs,  with  purplish 
juice  :  leaves  alternate,  usually  stipulate,  entire  (in  ours). 

1.  A.  humilis,  Miill.  Stem  about  one  foot  high,  much  branched,  silky 
or  strigose-pubescent,  branches  spreading  :  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  spatu- 
late  or  obovate-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  pubescent : 
raceme  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  on  very  short  peduncles.  —  S.  Colorado 
and  southward. 

3.    CROTON,   L. 

Staminate  calyx  4  to  6-parted.  Petals  often  present,  but  small  or  rudi- 
mentary, alternating  with  the  glands  of  a  central  disk.  Stamens  5  to 
many,  on  a  hairy  receptacle.  Pistillate  calyx  usually  5-parted,  but  the  petals 
mostly  obsolete.  Seeds  smooth  and  shining,  carunculate.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs, 
scurfy  or  stellately  hairy  or  sometimes  glandular :  leaves  alternate,  entire  or 
repand. 

1.  C.  Texensis,  Miill.  Covered  with  a  close  canescent  stellate  pubes- 
cence, dichotomously  branched  or  spreading,  1  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  oblong,  or  linear-lanceolate :  dioecious ;  racemes  of  staminate  flowers 
short :  ovary  stellate-tomentose ;  styles  twice  or  thrice  dichotomously  2-parted. 
—  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 


4.    EUPHORBIA,   L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  included  in  4  to  5-lobed  involucres,  the  lobes  usually 
alternating  with  as  many  fleshy  glands  which  are  rounded  or  often  petaloid- 
margincd  or  crescent-shaped.  —  Mostly  herbs:  leaves  opposite  or  alternate  or 
the  upper  ones  verticillate :  involucres  terminal  or  in  the  forks,  the  sterile 
flowers  lining  the  base  and  each  from  the  axil  of  a  little  bract,  the  fertile 
flower  solitary  in  the  middle  of  the  involucre,  soon  protruded  on  a  long 
pedicel. 

A.    Glands  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like,  usually  white  or  rose-colored,  entire  or 

toothed  margins  or  appendages. 

§  1.  Leaves  all  similar,  opjtosite,  on  short  petioles,  small,  oblique  at  base,  furnished 
with  awl-shaped  or  scaly  and  often  fringed  stipules:  stems  much  branched, 
spreading  or  usually  procumbent :  involucres  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  branches 
or  in  terminal  or  lateral  clusters,  small,  with  4  glands. 

*  Seeds  smooth  and  even:  leaves  entire,  glabrous. 

1.  E.  pctaloidea,  Engelm.     Glabrous:  stems  procumbent  or  ascending: 
leaves  attenuate  to  the  scarcely  oblique  base,  oblong-linear  or  linear,  retuse  or 
emarginate :  involucres  solitary,  campanulate,  lobes  hairy  beneath  the  glands 
within,  the  broadly  campanulate  appendages  conspicuous ;  peduncles  longer 
than  petioles  :  seeds  reddish,  with  rounded  angles.  —  From  Colorado  to  Ne- 
braska and  eastward  to  the  Mississippi. 

2.  E.  flagelliformis,   Engelm.      Distinguished  from   the   last  by   the 
smaller  involucre  bearing  very  small  and  almost  naked  glands,  often  less  than 


326  EUPHORBIACE^.      (SPUKGE   FAMILY.) 

four  in  number;  the  more  numerous  stamens  (often  25)  with  much  smaller 
anthers ;  and  by  the  smaller,  more  angular  and  more  pointed,  grayish 
seeds.— Brandegee,  Fl.  S.  W.  Colorado,  243.  S.  W.  Colorado  to  the  Rio 
Grande. 

*  *  Seeds  minutely  roughened  or  transversely  wrinkled,  or  pitted. 
->-  Leaves  entire. 

3.  E.  lata,  Engelm.     Canescent  with  appressed  pubescence  :  stems  from  a 
woody  rootstock,  spreading,  short,  rigid;  lower  internodes  longer  than  the 
leaves,  uppermost  very  short :   leaves  triang alar-ovate,  abruptly  attenuate  at 
base,  or  oblong  with  revolute  margins ;  stipules  triangular-lanceolate :  involucre 
axillary,  solitary,  campanulate,  hairy,  lobes  elongated ;  glands  ovate  with  a  very 
narrow  lobulate  appendage  :  capsule  hirsute  :  seed  oblong,  transversely  wrinkled. 
—  S.  E.  Colorado  and  southward. 

4.  E.  Fendleri,  Torr.   &  Gray.     Glabrous,  from  a  slender  rootstock: 
stems  delicately  filiform,  erect  or  decumbent :  leaves  ovate  from  a  rounded 
base ;   stipules   subulate,  often    laciniate   at  base :   involucres   terminal,  solitary, 
turbinate,  slightly   bearded   in   the   throat,  lobes  short;  glands  transversely 
oblong  with  a  very  narrow  obsolete  appendage :  seed  ovate,  4-angled,  irregu- 
larly punctate.  —  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 

5.  E.  revoluta,  Engelm.     Glabrous:  stem  erect,  filiform,  naked  below, 
much  branched  above  the  middle  :   leaves  narrowly  linear,  revolute  on  the 
margins,   attenuated  below ;    stipules  subulate,  entire :    involucres  very  small, 
uppermost  in  the  forks  of  the  branches  and  terminal,  short-campanulate ;  glands 
purple,  with  a  whitish  or  reddish  oblong  appendage :  capsule  glabrous :  seed 
oblong,   sharply   4-angled,   sparingly   and    irregularly   rugose.  —  Colorado  and 
southward. 

s-  -i-  Leaves  serrate  or  serrulate :  /lowers  in  lateral  leafy  clusters. 

6.  E.  Stictospora,  Engelm.      Prostrate  and  pubescent:  leaves  rounded, 
subcordate,  sharply  serrate:  racemes  crowded,  with  very  small  and  slender 
long-peduncled  involucres  :  capsule  sharp  angled,  pubescent :  seeds  slender, 
sharply  4-angled,  rugose-dotted. —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  187.     Abundant  in  New 
Mexico  and  extending  into  S.  Colorado. 

7.  E.   serpyllifolia,  Pers.      Prostrate-spreading   and  glabrous :    leaves 
obovate-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  very  oblique  base,  sharply  serrulate  toward  the 
apex:  glands  of  the  involucre  with  narrow  somewhat  toothed  appendages: 
seeds  acutely  4-angled,  slightly  cross-wrinkled  and  often  pitted.  —  From  Cali- 
fornia and  the  Columbia  River  to  the  Saskatchewan,  Iowa,  and  Texas. 

8.  E.  glyptosperma,  Eugelm.     Erect-spreading  and  glabrous :    leaves 
linear-oblong,  mostli/  falcate,  very  unequal  at  base  (semicordate),  sharply  serru- 
late :  glands  of  the  very  small  involucre  with  narrow  crenulate  appendages : 
seeds  sharply  4-angled  and  with  5  or  6  sharp  transverse  wrinkles.  —  From  Illinois 
and  Wisconsin  to  Colorado  and  the  Columbia  River. 

9.  E.   maculata,   L.     Prostrate  and  puberulent  or  hairy:   leaves  oblong- 
linear,  very  oblique  at  base,  serrulate  upwards,  usually  with  a  brown-red  spot  in 
the  centre:  glands  of  the  small  involucre  minute,  with  narrow  slightly  crenate 
(usually  red)  appendages:  seeds  ovate,  sharply  4-angled  and  with  about  4  shal- 
low grooves  across  the  concave  sides.  —  Colorado,  and  common  eastward. 


EUPHORBIACE.E.      (SPURGE  FAMILY.)  327 

§  2.  Leaves  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  equal  at  base,  with  stipular  glands :  stems 
dichotomously  branched,  erect :  cymes  terminal,  involucres  with  5  glands :  seeds 
tuberculate. 

10.  E.  hexagona,  Nutt.     Somewhat  hairy:  stem  a  foot  or  more  high; 
branches  striate-angled :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire :  involucre  hairy  with- 
out and  within  :  glands  with  a  green  ovate-triangular  appendage  twice  their 
length:  capsule  smooth:  seeds  ovate. — From  Texas  and  Colorado  to  the 
Upper  Missouri. 

§  3.  Uppermost  or  floral  leaves  with  conspicuous  white  petal-like  margins,  whorled 
or  opposite,  the  others  scattered,  equal  at  base,  entire  and  sessile :  involucres 
5-lobed,  collected  in  an  umbel-like  inflorescence. 

11.  E.  marginata,  Pursh.     Stem  stout  (2  to  3  feet  high),  erect,  hairy  : 
leaves   ovate   or   oblong :   umbel  with  3  dichotomous  rays :   glands  of   the 
involucre  with  broad  white  appendages.  —  From  Colorado  to  Kansas  and 
Nebraska.     Cultivated  and  run  wild  in  the  Eastern  States. 

B.     Glands  of  the  involucre  without  petaloid  appendages. 

§  4.  Involucres  in  terminal  clusters,  4  to  5-lobed,  with  few  cup-shaped  glands : 
seed  without  a  caruncle:  leaves  dentate,  all  but  the  lowest  opposite,  and 
stipules  glandular. 

12.  E.  dentata,  Michx.    Erect  or  ascending,  hairy :  leaves  ovate,  lanceo- 
late, or  linear,  petioled,  coarsely  toothed,  upper  ones  often  paler  at  the  base : 
involucres  almost  sessile,  with  5  oblong  dentate  lobes,  and  one  or  more  short- 
stalked  glands  :  seeds  ovate-globular,  slightly  tubercled.  —  S.  Colorado  ( Bran' 
degee)  and  eastward  to  Illinois  and  Pennsylvania. 

§  5.  Involucres  in  a  terminal  dichotomous  or  commonly  umbelliferous  inflorescence, 
4  or  5-lobed,  with  as  man])  flat  or  convex  entire  or  crescent-shaped  glands :  seeds 
mostly  carunculate :  glabrous,  with  entire  or  serrulate  scattered  (except  the 
uppermost)  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

13.  E.  Obtusata,  Pursh.     Erect:  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  minutely  serru- 
late, smooth,  obtuse ;  upper  ones  cordate  at  base ;  floral  ones  ovate,  dilated : 
umbel  once  or  twice  divided  into  3  rays,  then  into  2  :  involucre  with  naked 
lobes  and  small  stipitate  glands :  styles  distinct  and  longer  than  the  ovary,  erect, 
2-clef t  to   the  middle :   pod  beset  with  long  warts :  seeds  smooth  and  even.  — 
S.  Colorado,  and  from  Illinois  to  Virginia. 

14.  E.  dictyosperma,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.    Erect :  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate- 
spatulate,  smooth,  obtuse  and  obtusely  serrate ;  upper  ones  cordate  at  base : 
umbels  once  or  twice  3-forked,  then  2-forked :  involucre  with  nearly  naked 
lobes  and  small  almost  sessile  glands :  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary,  spreading  or 
recurved :  pod  warty :  seeds  delicately  reticulated.  —  From  California  and  Ore- 
gon to  Texas,  Kentucky,  and  Nebraska. 

15.  E.  montana,  Engelm.     Very  glabrous   and  glaucous:   stems  leafy 
and  ascending :  leaves  rather  thick,  entire,  ovate,  obtuse ;  floral  ones  orbiculate, 
triangular:  umbels  repeatedly  dichotomous:  involucre  roughish  within,  with 
oblong-linear  velvety  lobes,  and  truncate,  very  shortly  2-horned  glands :  styles 
very  short,  bifid  :  pod  smooth :  seeds  superficially  pitted.  —  From  the  Upper 
Platte  to  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  southward. 


328       CEKATOPHYLLACE^E.      (HOKNWORT  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  71.    CAL^ITRICHACEjE.    (WATER-STARWORTS.) 

Small  slender  aquatic  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules 
and  monoecious  axillary  flowers  without  perianth,  but  sometimes  with 
2  bracts;  stamen  1,  with  slender  filament  and  heart-shaped  4-celled 
anther;  ovary  4-celled,  with  2  styles;  fruit  4-lobcd,  flattened  and 
emarginate.  Flowers  mostly  solitary,  sometimes  a  male  and  female  in 
the  same  axil 

1.    CALLITBICHE,   L. 

Characters  given  nnder  the  order. 

1.  C.  verna,  L.    Amphibious,  with  elongated  stems  and  floating  rosulate 
obovate  often  emarginate  leaves,  the  submerged  ones  from  sputulate  to  linear:  bracts 
often  exceeding  the  fruit,  rarely  wanting :  styles  erect  or  spreading,  deciduous : 
fruit  orbicular  or  obcordate  or  elliptical,  of  connate  carpels.  —  From  California 
and  Oregon  to  Montana  and  Wyoming,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  C.  autumnalis,  L.    Submersed,  with  numerous  uniform  linear  one-nerved 
leaves,  truncate  or  refuse  at  the  apex:  flowers  without  bracts:  styles  reflexed, 
caducous :  fruit  round,  deeply  notched,  the  margins  thin  or  at  length  winged. 
—  From  California  northward,  and  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 


ORDER  72.        jERATOPHYL.t<ACEj!E.     (HOKNWORT  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  whorled  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  minute  axil- 
lary and  sessile  monoecious  flowers  without  floral  envelopes,  but  with  an 
8  to  12-cleft  involucre  in  place  of  a  caly  the  fertile  a  simple  1 -celled 
ovary. 

1.  CEEATOPHYLLUM,  L. 

Sterile  flowers  of  12  to  24  stamens,  with  sessile  anthers.  Fruit  an  ache- 
nium,  beaked  with  a  slender  persistent  style.  —  Submersed  plants,  in  ponds 
or  slow-flowing  streams :  the  sessile  leaves  cut  into  thrice-forked  threadlike 
divisions. 

1.  C.  demersum,  L.  Stems  very  slender,  a  foot  or  two  long:  leaves 
in  numerous  whorls  of  6  to  8  :  akene  elliptical,  shortly  stipitate,  with  a  short 
spine  or  tubercle  on  each  side  near  the  base.  —  California  and  northward, 
thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 


ORDER  73.    UBTICACE^E. 

Plants  generally  with  stipules,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious,  or  rarely 
perfect  flowers,  furnished  with  a  regular  calyx,  free  from  the  1 -celled 
ovary  which  forms  a  1 -seeded  fruit;  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of 
the  calyx  and  opposite  them,  or  sometimes  fewer,. 


URTICACEJB.  329 


SUBORDER  I.    ULMLACE^E.    (ELM  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  perfect  or  mouoeciously  polygamous.  Filaments  straight  or 
moderately  incurved  in  the  bud.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara 
or  drupe.  —  Trees,  with  alternate  leaves. 

1.  Ulmus.     Flowers  sometimes  perfect.     Ovary  2-ovuled.     Fruit  a  samara.     Anthers 

extrorse. 

2.  Celtis.    Flowers  polygamous.     Ovary  1-ovuled.     Fruit  a  drupe.    Anthers  introrse. 

SUBORDER  II.     URTICE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Filaments  wrinkled  and  inflexed  in 
the  bud.  Style  or  stigma  simple.  Ovary  always  l-celled  and  1-seeded, 
becoming  an  akene.  —  Herbs  with  a  tough  fibrous  bark  and  opposite  or 
alternate  leaves. 

*  Calyx  in  the  fertile  flowers  of  2  to  5  separate  or  nearly  separate  sepals :  plant  beset  with 

stinging  bristles. 

3.  Urtica.    Sepals  4  in  both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers.    Akene  straight  and  erect,  enclosed 

by  the  2  inner  and  larger  sepals.     Stigma  capitate-tufted.    Leaves  opposite. 

4.  Laportea.    Sepals  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  4  in  the  fertile,  or  apparently  only  2,  the 

two  exterior  being  minute.    Akene  very  oblique  and'  bent  down,  nearly  naked.    Stigma 
long  and  awl-shaped.    Leaves  alternate. 

*  *  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  tubular  or  cup-shaped,  enclosing  the  akene.     Plant  wholly 

destitute  of  stinging  bristles. 

5.  Parietaria.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  involucrate-bracted  clusters.      Stigma  tufted. 

Leaves  alternate* 

SUBORDER  III.     CANlVABINEjE.     (HEMP  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  racemed  or  panicled ;  the  fertile  in  clus- 
ters or  catkins.  Filaments  short,  not  iuflexed  in  the  bud.  Fertile  calyx 
of  one  sepal,  embracing  the  ovary.  Stigmas  2,  elongated.  Ovary 
l-celled,  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  glandular  akene. — Herbs  with  opposite 
lobed  leaves  and  a  fibrous  inner  bark. 

6.  Humulus.    Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  spike  forming  a  membranaceous  catkin  in  fruit. 

Anthers  erect.     Leaves  3  to  5-lobed. 

1.    ULMUS,  L.       ELM. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4  to  9-cleft.  Stamens  4  to  9,  with  long  slender  filaments. 
Ovary  2-celled.  Fruit  winged  all  around.  —  Flowers  polygamous,  purplish  or 
yellowish,  in  lateral  clusters,  preceding  the  leaves,  which  are  strongly  straight- 
veined,  short-petioled,  and  oblique  or  unequally  somewhat  heart-shaped  at 
base. 

1.  U.  Americana,  (L.)  Willd.  Buds  and  branchlets  glabrous :  branches 
not  corky  :  leaves  obovate-oblong  or  oval,  abruptly  pointed,  sharply  and  often 
doubly  serrate,  soft  pubescent  beneath  or  soon  glabrous,  smooth  above  or 
nearly  so  :  flowers  on  slender  drooping  peduncles  which  are  jointed  above  the 
middle,  in  close  fascicles :  fruit  glabrous  except  the  margins,  its  sharp  points 


330  URTICACEJE. 

incurved  and  closing  the  notch.  —  In  the  Atlantic  States,  and  extending  within 
our  boundary  through  Minnesota.    Known  as  "  American"  or  "  White  Elm." 

2.    CELT  IS,    Tourn.        HACKBEERY. 

Calyx  5  to  6-parted.  Stamens  5  to  6.  Ovary  1 -celled.  Fruit  globular. 
—  Leaves  pointed,  petioled  :  flowers  greenish,  axillary,  the  fertile  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  peduncled,  appearing  with  the  leaves;  the  lower  usually  staminate 
only,  in  little  fascicles  or  racemose  along  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the 
season. 

1.  C.  oceidentalis,  L.  Leaves  reticulated,  ovate,  cordate-ovate  and 
ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply  serrate,  sometimes  sparingly  so  or 
only  towards  the  apex,  scabrous  but  mostly  glabrous  above,  usually  soft- 
pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young :  fruit  reddish  or  yellowish,  becoming 
dark  purple.  —  From  Colorado  to  Wisconsin  and  eastward.  A  small  or  mid- 
dle sized  tree  with  the  aspect  of  an  elm. 

3.     URTICA,    Tourn.        NETTLE. 

Flowers  clustered,  the  clusters  mostly  in  racemes,  spikes,  or  loose  heads. 
Stamens  in  the  fertile  flowers  inserted  around  the  cup-shaped  rudiment  of  a 
pistil.  —  Flowers  greenish.  Ours  are  perennials  with  flower  clusters  in  pani- 
cles or  panic-led  spikes.1 

1.  U.  gracilis,  Ait.     Sparingly  bristly,  slender:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  3  to  5-iierved  from  the  rounded  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  base,  almost 
glabrous,  the  elongated  slender  petioles  sparingly  bristly :  spikes  slender  and  loosely 
panicled.  —  Colorado  and  northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  U.  Breweri,  Watson.     Tall  and  stout,  grayish  with  a  short  somewhat 
hispid  pubescence,  or  nearly  glabrous,  and  with  scattered  bristles  :  leaves  thin, 
finely  pubescent,  soon  glabrate  or  roughish  above,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles :  flowers 
in  short  open  panicles  scarcely  exceeding  the  petioles.  —  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  x.  348. 
Ranging  from  S.  California  to  S.  Colorado  and  Texas. 

3.  U.  holosericea,  Nutt.    Tall  and  stout,  more  or  less  bristly,  finely  and 
densely  tomentose  especially  on  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves:  leaves  thick,  oblong- 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at  base,  on  short  stout  petioles:  staminate  fiowers 
in  loose  slender  diffuse  panicles  nearly  equalling  the  leaves ;  pistillate  panicles  / 
denser  and  shorter.  —  U.  dioica,  var.  oceidentalis,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exped. 
Abundant  in  the  Wahsatch  and  westward  throughout  California. 

4.    LAPORTEA,    Gaudichaud.         WOOD-NETTLE. 

Flowers  clustered  in  loose  cymes ;  the  upper  widely  spreading  and  chiefly 
or  entirely  fertile;  the  lower  mostly  sterile.  —  Herbs  with  large  alternate  ser- 
rate leaves,  and  axillary  stipules. 

1  U.  dioica,  L.,  is  very  bristly  and  stinging,  with  leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped,  very  deeply 
serrate,  downy  underneath,  and  the  spikes  much  branched.  —  Introduced  into  Colorado  and 
elsewhere  from  the  East,  where  it  has  come  from  Europe. 


CUPUL1FER.E.      (OAK  FAMILY.)  331 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Gaudichaud.  Leaves  orate,  pointed,  strongly  feather- 
veined,  long-petioled ;  stipule  single,  2-cleft.  —  Throughout  the  Atlantic 
States,  and  coming  within  our  borders  at  the  northwest. 

5.    PARIETARIA,   Tourn.        PELLITORY. 

The  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  flowers  intermixed  in  the  same  invo- 
lucrate-bracted  cymose  axillary  clusters.  — Diffuse  or  tufted  herbs,  with  entire 
3-ribbed  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

1.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  Muhl.  Low,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
minutely  downy :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  veiny,  roughish  with  opaque 
dots :  flowers  shorter  than  the  leaves  of  the  involucre.  —  From  Colorado  to 
Nevada  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

6.    HUMULUS,   L.        HOP. 

Sterile  flowers  with  5  sepals  and  5  erect  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  in  short 
spikes  with  leafy  imbricated  bracts,  each  2-flowered.  Akene  invested  with  the 
enlarged  scale-like  calyx.  —  Twining  rough  perennials,  with  stems  almost 
prickly  downwards,  mostly  opposite  heart-shaped  and  palmately  3  to  7-lobed 
leaves. 

1.  H.  Lupulus,  L.  Leaves  commonly  longer  than  the  petioles:  the 
fruiting  calyx,  akene,  etc.,  sprinkled  with  yellow  resinous  grains,  giving  the 
bitterness  and  aroma  of  the  hop.  —  In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to 
British  America  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 


ORDER  74.    CUPULIFER^E.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  simple  straight- veined  leaves, 
deciduous  stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers,  both  kinds  of  flowers  in 
catkins,  or  the  fertile  solitary,  clustered,  or  spiked,  the  1 -celled,  1 -seeded 
nut  with  or  without  an  involucre. 

Tribe  I.    Both  kinds  of  flowers  in  scaly  catkins,  2  or  3  under  each  bract,  and  no  involucre 

to  the  naked  often  winged  small  nut.  —  BETULEJE. 

1    Bet ul a.    Stamens  2,  with  bifurcate  filaments  and  separate  anther-cells.    Bracts  3-lobed, 
becoming  coriaceous  and  caducous.     Nutlet  broadly  winged. 

2.  Alnus.    Stamens  4:   anther-cells  contiguous.     Bracts  entire,  becoming  woody,  per- 

sistent.   Nutlet  not  winged. 

Tribe  II.  Sterile  flowers  destitute  of  a  true  calyx,  consisting  of  several  stamens  included 
under  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  a  bract :  filaments  short ;  anthers  1-celled.  Fertile 
flowers  in  a  scaly  bud  or  catkin,  two  under  each  fertile  bract,  each  with  one  or  more 
bractlets,  which  form  a  foliaceous  involucre  to  the  nut.  —  CORYLE^E. 

3.  Corylus.    Bract  of  staminate  flower  furnished  with  a  pair  of  bractlets  inside.     Invo- 

lucre leafy-coriaceous,  enclosing  the  large  bony  nut. 

Tribe  III.  Sterile  flowers  with  a  distinct,  4  to  7-lobed  calyx,  including  3  to  20  stamens : 
filaments  exserted ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fei'tile  flowers  one  or  few  enclosed  in  a  cupule 
consisting  of  bracts  variously  consolidated.  —  QUERCINE^E. 

4.  Quercus.     Sterile  flowers  in  slender  catkins.     Cupule  1-flowered,  scaly  and  entire  t 

nut  hard  and  terete. 


332  CUPULIFER^E.    (OAK  FAMILY.) 

1.    BE  TULA,    Tourn.        BIKCH. 

Sterile  flowers  3,  and  bractlets  2,  under  each  shield-shaped  scale  or  hract  of 
the  catkins,  consisting  each  of  a  calyx  of  one  scale  bearing  2  two-parted  fila- 
ments. Fertile  flowers  without  bractlets  or  calyx.  —  Outer  bark  usually 
separable  in  sheets,  that  of  the  branchlets  dotted.  Twigs  and  leaves  often 
spicy-aromatic. 

1.  B.  OCCidentaliS,  Hook.     Becoming  10  or  20  feet  high,  with  close  dark- 
colored  bark  (at  length  light  brown) ;  branches  more  or  less  resinous-dotted 
at  the  extremities:   haves  thin,  broadly  ovate,  acute,  truncate  or  rounded  or 
somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  with  short  glandular-tipped  serratures  and  often  ob- 
scurely lobed,  somewhat  resinous  above,  smooth  or  slightly  appressed-villous 
beneath  :  the  divaricately  3-lobed  bracts  pubescent  ciliate :  wings  of  the  nutlet  as 
broad  as  the  body  or  broader.  —  From  California  to  Washington  Territory  and 
the  Saskatchewan,  and  in  the  Kocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico.     Sometimes 
called  "  Black  Birch." 

2.  B.  glandulosa,  Michx.     A  low  bush,  4  to  6  feet  high  or  less,  the  dark- 
colored  branches  usually  more  or  less  resinous-glandular :  leaves  small,  obovate 
to  oblong-obovate,  mostly  cuneate  at  base,  rounded  and  crenate  above,  smooth 
and  often  resinous-coated  :  the  deeply  3-lobed  bracts  slightly  ciliate :  seed  orbicu- 
lar-winged. —  From  California  to  Sitka,  and  eastward  through  British  America 
to  the  Atlantic,  and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

2.    ALNUS,    Tourn.        ALDER. 

Sterile  flowers  3,  and  bractlets  4  or  5  under  each  short-stalked  shield-shaped 
scale,  consisting  each  of  a  3  to  5-parted  calyx  and  as  many  stamens,  with  the 
filaments  short  and  simple.     Fertile  flowers  with  a  calyx  of  4  little  scales 
adherent  to  the  scales  or  bracts  of  the  catkin. 
§  1.   Flowers  developed  in  spring  with  the  leaves;  the  sterile  from  catkins  which 

have  remained  naked  over  winter ;  while  the  fertile  have  been  enclosed  in  a 

scaly  bud:  fruit  with  a  conspicuous  thin  wing. 

1.  A.  viridis,  DC.     Shrub  3  to  8  feet  high  :  leaves  round-oval,  ovate,  or 
slightly  heart-shaped,  glutinous  and  smooth  or  softly  downy  underneath,  ser- 
rate with  very  sharp  and  closely  set  teeth,  on  young  shoots  often  cut-toothed : 
fertile  catkins  slender-stalked,  clustered,  ovoid.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and 
northward  into  British  America,  and  thence  eastward  to  N.  New  York  and 
New  England. 

§  2.  Flowers  developed  in  earliest  spring,  before  the  leaves,  from  mostly  clus- 
tered catkins  which  (both  sorts)  were  formed  the  foregoing  summer  and  have 
remained  naked  over  winter:  fruit  wingless  or  with  a  narrow  coriaceous 
margin. 

2.  A.  incana,  Willd.     Shrub  or  small  tree  8  to  20  feet  high :  leaves 
broadly  oval  or  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  often  coarsely 
toothed,   whitened  and    mostly   downy   underneath :   fruit   orbicular.  —  From 
Colorado  northward  and  thence  eastward. 

Var.  virescens,  Watson.  Leaves  acutely  double-toothed,  light  green  and 
glabrous  on  both  sides  or  sparingly  pubescent :  nutlets  round-obovate,  thinly 


CUPULIFEILE.      (OAK  FAMILY.)"  333 

margined.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  81.    Ranges  eastward  with  the  species,  but  extends 
westward  to  the  S.  Sierra  Nevada  and  Oregon. 

3.    COB-YLUS,    Tourn.        HAZEL-NUT. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins.  —  Shrubs  with  doubly- 
toothed  leaves,  flowering  in  early  spring :  sterile  catkins  single  or  fascicled 
from  scaly  buds  of  the  axils  of  the  preceding  year,  the  fertile  terminating 
early  leafy  shoots. 

1.  C.  rostrata,  Ait.  Shrub  2  to  5  feet  high:  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  somewhat  heart-shaped,  pointed :  involucre  of  united  bracts,  much 
prolonged  above  the  ovoid  nut  into  a  narrow  tubular  beak,  densely  bristly.  — 
From.Colorado  to  Washington  Territory,  thence  northward  and  eastward  to 
the  Alleghanies. 

4.     QUERCUS,    L.        OAK. 

Sterile  flowers  in  naked  catkins.  Fertile  flowers  scattered  or  somewhat 
clustered.  —  Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish:  sterile  catkins  single  or  often 
several  from  the  same  lateral  scaly  bud :  flowering  in  the  spring  and  shed- 
ding the  nuts  in  the  fall.  —  Our  two  species  are  "  White  Oaks,"  being  annual- 
fruited  and  having  sweet  kernels. 

1.  Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx.      Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  lyrately-pin- 
natifid  or  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  or  nearly  parted,  downy  or  pale  beneath ;  the 
lobes  sparingly  and  obtusely  toothed,  or  the  smaller  ones  entire :  cup  deep, 
conspicuously  imbricated  with  hard  and  thick-pointed  scales,  the  upper  ones  awned, 
so  as  usually  to  make  a  mossy  fringed  border :  acorn  half  immersed  in  or  entirely 
enclosed  by  the  cup.  —  Throughout  the  Atlantic  States  and  coming  within  our 
range  at  its  northeastern  limit.     North  of  the  Missouri  River  a  low  scrubby 
form  is  found,  which  has  been  called  var.  depressa,  Eugelm.,  having  also 
smaller  leaves  and  much  smaller  acorns  than  the  species. 

2.  Q.  undulata,  Torr.     Leaves  from   lyrate  to  nearly  entire,  always 
downy  below :  the  sweet  and  edible  acorns  oval,  oblong,  or  sometimes  elon- 
gated :  the  subhemispherical,  sessile,  short-  or  sometimes  long-peduncled  cup 
varies  from  scaly  to  very  knobby.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  248,  t.  4 ;    Engelm. 
in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iii.  382,  392.     An   exceedingly  variable   species, 
embracing,  as  now  understood,  all  the  Rocky  Mountain  forms.     These  forms 
can  be  arranged  in  two  groups  as  follows  :  — 

#  Leaves  larger,  strongly  lobed,  darker  green,  and  decidedly  deciduous :  calyx- 
lobes  narrower,  ciliate:  acorns  often  thicker  and  shorter.  —  From  W.  Texas 
through  Colorado  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

Var.  Gambelii,  Engelm.  The  large  leaf  with  broader  emarginate  or 
even  lobed  divisions.  —  Q.  Gambelii,  Nutt. 

Var.  Gunnisoni,  Engelm.  Lobes  of  the  leaf  narrow  and  entire.  —  Q. 
alba,  var.  Gunnisoni,  Torr. 

Var.  breviloba,  Engelm.  Leaves  sinuate  or  broad-  and  short-lobed.  — 
Q.  obtusiloba,  var.  breviloba,  Torr. 

Var.  Jamesii,  Engelm.  Like  var.  Gunnisoni,  but  the  smaller  and  more 
rigid  leaves  with  acute  lobes. 


334  SALICINE.E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

*  *  Leaves  smaller,  paler,  more  rigid,  mostly  spinous-dentate,  and  (at  least  south- 
ward) more  or  less  persistent :  calyx-lobes  broader  and  icoolly :  acorns  often 
slender  and  longer.  —  Ranging  farther  north  and  east  than  the  other 
group. 

Var.  Wrightii,  Engelm.  Leaves  small  (an  inch  long  or  less),  sinuate- 
dentate,  the  teeth  very  rigid  and  pungent.  —  The  Q.  Emory:  of  Fl.  Colorado, 
with  which  Arizona  species  it  has  been  constantly  confounded. 

Var.  grandifolia,  Engelm.  Leaves  very  large  (3  to  5  inches  long), 
nearly  entire  or  undulate :  peduncles  very  long.  —  Upon  the  Upper  Arkansas 
(Brandegee)  and  Arizona. 


ORDER  75.    SALICINE^.    (WILLOW  FAMILY.)     - 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  catkins,  one 
under  each  bract,  entirely  destitute  of  floral  envelopes  ;  the  fruit  a 
1-celled  and  2-valved  pod,  with  numerous  seeds  furnished  with  long 
silky  down.  —  Leaves  alternate,  undivided. 

1.  Salix.     Bracts  entire.    Flowers  with  small  glands  ;  disks  none.    Stamens  few.    Stigmas 

short.     Buds  with  a  single  scale. 

2.  Populus.     Bracts   lacerate.     Flowers  with   a  broad  or  cup-shaped  disk.     Stamens 

numerous.     Stigmas  elongated.     Buds  scaly. 

1.     SALIX,    Tourn.        WILLOW.    OSIER.    (By  M.  S.  BEBB,  Esq.) 

Aments  preceding  or  accompanying  the  leaves.  Filaments  filiform,  free 
or  more  or  less  connate.  Ovary  and  capsule  more  or  less  conical.  —  Trees, 
shrubs,  or  undershrubs,  mostly  confined  to  the  neighborhood  of  water :  leaves 
mostly  long  and  pointed,  feather- veined. 

§  1.  Aments  on  short  lateral  leafy  branchlets:  scales  yellowish,  falling  before  the 
capsules  mature :  filaments  hairy  below :  shrubs  and  small  trees  of  the  low- 
lands. 

*  Stamens  3  to  5  :   capsules  glabrous :   leoi'es  lanceolate,  serrate. 

1.  S.   amygdaloides,  Anders.      Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
2  to  4  inches  long,  ^  to  1  inch  wide,  attenuate-cuspidate,  paler  or  glaucous 
beneath,  closely   and   sharply   serrate;  petioles   slender  eglandufar ;  stipules 
minute  and  very  early  deciduous:  staminate  amcnts  elongated,  slenderly-cylin- 
drical, 2  to  3  inches  long,  subflexuose,  the  flowers  somewhat  remotely  and 
subverticillately  arranged  on  the  slender  rhachis  ;  fertile  becoming  very  loose  in 
fruit,  3  to  4  inches  long :  scales  in  male  aments  ovate,  villous  with  crisp  hairs,  in 
the  female  narrower,  smoother,  and  fugaceous  :  capsules  lanceolate,  on  slender 
pedicels;  style  very  short  or  obsolete,  stigmas  notched.  — A  small  tree,  grow- 
ing on  the  banks  of  streams,  from  New  York  and  Missouri  west  to  Oregon. 
The  nearly  allied  S.  nigra,  so  common  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the 
Great  Lakes,  has  not  been  found  within  our  limits. 

2.  S.  lasiandra,  Benth.,  var.  Fendleriana,  Bebb.     Leaves  lanceolate, 
tapering  to  a  very  long  attenuate  point,  coriaceous,  scarcely  paler  beneath. 


SALICINEvE.      (WILLOW    FAMILY.)  335 

closely  glandular-serrate ;  stipules  small,  roundish ;  petioles  glandular  at  the 
tip :  slaminate  aments  densely  flowered,  oblong-cylindrical,  1  to  2  inches  long* 
obtuse ;  fertile  rather  shorter,  erect  or  spreading,  in  fruit  thick;  scales  dentate, 
hairy  at  base,  in  the  female  ament  almost  glabrous :  stamens  5  or  more :  cap- 
sules tapering  from  an  ovate  base  :  style  short ;  stigmas  bifid.  —  Banks  of 
mountain  streams,  frequent.  Scarcely  distinguished  from  S-  lucida  of  the 
Eastern  States  by  the  narrower  and  less  glossy  leaves. 

*  *  Stamens  2  :    capsules  tomentose  or  glabrous :  leaves  linear,  remotely  mucro- 

nate-dentate. 

3.  S.  longifolia,  Muhl.     Leaves  varying  from  linear  to  lanceolate,  long 
acuminate,  tapering  at  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  2  to  4  inches  long,  1  to  6  lines 
(usually  2  to  3  lines)  wide,  margin  remotely  denticulate  with  projecting  teeth 
or  sometimes  entire ;  stipules  very  early  deciduous  :  aments  linear-cylindrical, 
often  clustered  at  the  extremity  of  the  branchlets :  scales  villous,  dentate, 
subdeciduous  :    capsules  oblong-conical,  obtuse,  shortly  pedicelled,  tomeutose 
or  glabrous :  stigmas  large,  sessile.  —  From  Maine  and  Maryland  across  the 
continent  to  Oregon  and  California.     Exceedingly  variable  in  foliage,  flowers, 
and  fruit.    A  shrub  (within  our  limits)  rooting  extensively  in  alluvial  deposits 
and  forming  dense  clumps. 

§  2.    Aments  lateral  or  terminal  with  or  without  bracts:   scales  persistent,  usually 

darker  at  the  tip :  stamens  2  ;  filaments  glabrous. 

*  Capsules  glabrous. 

4.  S.    COrdata,    Muhl.      Leaves    linear-  or   oblong-lanceolate,    acuminate, 
glandular-serrate,  glabrous  (usually  more  or  less  silky  when  young) ;  those 
of  vigorous  barren  shoots  broadly-lanceolate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base, 
3  to  4  inches  long,  1  to  l£  inches  wide,  rigid,  paler  and  reticulate-veined  be- 
neath, coarsely  serrate,  conspicuous   stipules    ovate   or   reniform ;    those  of 
depauperate  growths  linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  at  both  ends,  2  inches 
long  by  j  inch  wide,  very  finely  and  closely  serrate,  scarcely  paler  beneath, 
stipules  minute :  aments  more  or  less  bracted,  cylindrical,  1  to  3  inches  long 
in  fruit :  scales  dark  at  the  tip,  clothed  with  long  white  hairs  :  capsule  lanceo- 
late, glabrous,  green   or  reddish,   long  pedicelled :    style   medium ;    stigmas 
notched. 

Var.  Mackenziana,  Hook.  Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  at 
base,  subentire  ;  stipules  small :  aments  shortly  peduncled  ;  pedicels  long  and 
slender,  much  exceeding  the  small,  sparsely  villous  tawny  scale. 

Var.  vestita,  Anders.  Recent  twigs  tomentose  ;  young  leaves  silky : 
aments  thick,  closely  sessile,  preceding  the  leaves :  scales  clothed  with  long 
silky  hairs. 

Northern  States  clear  across  the  continent  and  northward  to  the  Arctic 
coast.  The  var.  vestita,  growing  on  the  banks  of  the  Missouri  and  Yellow- 
stone Rivers,  L.  F.  Ward,  known  as  "  Diamond  Willow  "  from  the  peculiar 
arrest  of  wood- growth  at  the  base  of  the  atrophied  twigs,  is  said  to  afford 
very  durable  timber.  It  is  altogether  incredible,  however,  that  any  form  of 
S.  cordata  ever  attains  tree-like  size. 

5.  S.  Nov36-Anglise,  Anders.     Leaves  obovate-oblong  or  oval,  somewhat 
obtuse,  closely  crenate,  green  and  glabrous  both  sides,  young  drying  black,  adult 
rigid,  striate-nerved,  shining ;  stipules  small  or  none:  aments  short,  oval-oblong, 


336  SALTCINE^E.       (  WILLOW   FAMILY.) 

at  first  wrapped  in  the  leaves  of  the  short  peduncle :  scales  obovate-roundish, 
apex  black,  villous  with  white  hairs :  capsules  conic-rostrate  glabrous,  green 
or  reddish,  short-pedicelled  :  style  medium  ;  stigmas  thick,  entire,  erect. 

Var.  pseudo-myrsinites.  Small  shrub  1  to  3  feet  high,  divaricately 
branched  :  leaves  l£  inches  long,  £  inch  wide,  short  petioled,  membranaceous  : 
prominently  nerved  aments  leafy-bracted,  l£  inches  long. 

Var.  pseudo-COrdata,  Anders.  By  no  means  a  tall  shrub,  branches 
upright:  leaves  oval-oblong,  l.£  inches  long,  £  inch  wide,  scarcely  narrower 
below  the  middle,  roundish  at  base,  apex  produced,  rather  acute,  margin 
minutely  serrulate  :  aments  about  an  inch  long. 

Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Montana  (valley  of  Nevada  Creek, 
Canby),  and  northward  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Mackenzie  Rivers. 

6.  S.  irrorata,  Anders.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3  to  4  inches  long,  ^  inch 
or  less  wide,  very  smooth,  somewhat  coriaceous,  bright  green  and  shining  above 
except  the  yellowish  midrib,  paler  or  often  intensely  glaucous  beneath,  remotely 
undulate-serrate;  petioles  £  inch  long ;  buds  large,  roundish ;  stipules  evanescent : 
aments  all  appearing  before  the  leaves,  an  inch  long,  crowded  on  the  branches, 
sessile,  scarcely  bracted,  very  densely  flowered ;  males  oblong,  golden-yellow ; 
females  erect  or  spreading,  at  length  1  to  l£  inches  long  :  scales  dark,  obtuse, 
villous :    capsules    ovate-conical,   smooth,  green,   scarcely   pedicelled :    style 
medium ;  stigmas  very  short,  entire  or  bifid.  —  Shrub  6  to  8  feet  high,  with 
upright  branches.    One-year-old  twigs  often  covered  with  a  beautiful  glaucous 
bloom,  which  is  easily  rubbed  off;  not  present  on  vigorous  young  shoots. 
Mountains  near  Golden,   Greene;    Manitou,  Brandegee,  Jones;  Empire  City, 
Engelmann.     Only  the  very  young  leaves  (an  inch  long)  accompanying  the 
flowers  and  fruit  of  Fendler's  No.  812  were  known  to  Professor  Andersson. 

7.  S.    monticola,    Bebb.      Leaves   oblong-lanceolate,   the   earliest  obovate, 
acute,  3  to  6  inches  long,  1  to  If  inches  wide,  glabrous,  rigid  and  glaucous 
beneath  or  thin  and  pale  beneath,  unevenly  crenate  or  serrulate ;  stipules  large, 
semicordate,  acute ;  buds  large,  ovate  and  beaked  at  the  tip :  aments  thick,  densely 
flowered,  sessile ;  males  closely  so ;  females  with  a  few  broad  bracts  at  base, 
when  in  flower  about  an  inch  long,  lengthening  in  fruit  to  1^  or  2  inches  :  scales 
oval,  obtuse,  clothed  wtih  long  yellowish-white  silky  hairs:  capsules  ovate- 
conical,  glabrous,  sessile  or  nearly  so :  style  elongated ;  stigmas  erect,  bifid 
or  entire.  —  Marshy  places  along  streams,  mountains  of  Colorado :  Golden, 
Greene;  Georgetown,  Patterson;  Empire  City,  Engelmann.     Also  collected  in 
fragmentary  specimens,  mostly  old  fruiting  aments,  by  Hall  and  many  other 
subsequent  explorers:  probably  common.     A  densely  cespitose  shrub,  8  to  12 
feet  high,  stem  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter.     The  broad,  irregularly-toothed 
leaves  (especially  when  rigid  and  glaucous  beneath)  bear  a  remarkable  resem- 
blance to  those  of  S.  discolor ;  a  resemblance  heightened  by  the  conspicuous 
stipules  on  vigorous  shoots ;  but  the  aments  are  very  different.     Allied  to  the 
foregoing  and  more  nearly  representing  the  European  S.  daphnoides,  S.  irro- 
rata being  the  equivalent  as  it  were  of  S.  acutifolia. 

*  *  Capsules  tomentose  (rarely  glabrate  in  12  and  13). 
•t-  Pedicels  slender,  style  obsolete  or  none. 

8.  S.  flavescens,  Nutt.     Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or  the 
lower  obtuse,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  2  to  3  inches  long,  1  to  1£  inches  wide, 


SALICINEJ3.      (WILLOW   FAMILY.)  337 

downy  but  very  soon  glabrate  and  dull  green  above,  glaucous  and  rufous 
pubescent  beneath  or  often  when  young  clothed  with  a  lustrous  silky  tomen- 
tum ;  margin  entire  or  irregularly  subserrate ;  stipules  small,  denticulate, 
fugaceous :  aments  oblong,  densely  flowered,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  the 
males  closely  sessile,  an  inch  long,  the  females  on  distinct  peduncles,  rarely 
with  leafy  bracts,  in  fruit  2  inches  long  or  more  :  scales  blackish,  obovate,  very 
silky :  capsules  white-tomentose,  3  to  4  lines  long,  tapering  into  a  long  beak, 
the  slender  pedicels  about  equalling  the  scales:  styles  obsolete;  stigmas  long, 
entire  or  deeply  parted,  the  linear  lobes  inflexed.  —  A  shrub,  4  to  5  feet  high, 
alt.  6,500  feet.  The  geographical  equivalent  of  the  Eastern  S.  discolor,  and 
represented  on  the  western  coast  by  the  form  known  as  S.  Scouleriana. 

9.  S.  rostrata,  Richardson.     Leaves  varying  from  obovate  to  lanceolate, 
1  to  3  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  thin  at  first,  becoming  rigid,  serrate  or 
nearly  entire,  downy  or  smooth  above,  glaucous,  reticulate-veined  and  tomen- 
tose  beneath  ;  stipules  usually  small  and  deciduous  :  aments  bracteate,  appear- 
ing with  the  leaves  ;  male  sessile,  rather  short,  densely  flowered ;  female  becoming 
very  loose  in  fruit:  capsules  tomentose,  tapering  from  near  the  base  into  a  very 
long  slender  beak;  pedicels  thread-like,  conspicuously  exceeding  the  pale,  rosy- 
tipped,  linear,  thinly-villous  scales :  style  scarcely  any ;   lobes  of  the  stigma 
entire  or  deeply  parted.  —  Does  not  spread  from  the  root,  forming  a  clump, 
but  has  rather  the  habit  of  a  small  bushy  tree.     A  reduced  form,  divaricately 
much  branched  and  the  slender  twigs  thickly  set  with  small,  oblanceolate, 
mostly  entire  leaves,  is  common  in  the  mountains.     New  England  to  Van- 
couver Island  and  northward  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

S.  MACROCARPA,  Nutt.  (S.  Geyeriana,  And.),  collected   by  Geyer  on  the 
Cceur  d'Alene  River  in  Northern  Idaho,  is  likely  to  occur  within  our  limits. 
•»-  •+-  Pedicels  short  or  none. 
•»•+  Styles  distinct. 

10.  S.  chlorophylls,  Anders.    Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-obovate,  quite 
entire,  bright  green  above,  glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  none :  aments  short,  closely 
sessile,  naked  at  base,  cylindrical,  remarkably  compact:  scales  very  dark:  cap- 
sules sessile,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  densely  ashy-tomentose,  style  elongated, 
entire;  stigmas  entire.  —  A  straggling  bush,  l£  to  6  feet  high,  at  11,000  feet 
alt.    One-year-old  twigs  shining  chestnut,  sometimes  covered  with  a  glaucous 
bloom :  buds  large,  dark-colored  :  young  leaves  often  silky.   Cascade,  Wahsatch 
and  Rocky  Mountains ;  northward  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

11.  S.  Candida,  Willd.     Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  subcoriaceous,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  £  to  f  inch  wide,  acute  or  the  lowest  obtuse,  tapering  at  base 
into  a  short  petiole,  upper  surface  downy,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  when  old, 
under  surface  covered  with  a  dense  snow-white  tomentum  ;  margin  obscurely  crenu- 
late,  revolute:  aments  subsessile,  erect,  cylindrical,  when  in  flower  about  an 
inch  long,  anthers  red,  when  in  fruit  lengthening  to  1^  or  2  inches:  scales 
obovate,  clothed   with  long  white  hairs :    capsule  ovate-conic,  densely  white- 
woolly  ;  pedicel  about  twice  the  length  of  the  elongated,  dark-colored  nectary : 
style  elongated,  dark  red;  stigmas  short,  spreading,  notched.  —  Bogs,  foot- 
hills of  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  rare.    Near  Cutbank  Creek,  Montana,  Canby ; 
Colorado,  Hall.     Shrub  2  to  5  feet  high :  young  shoots  white-woolly,  older 
shining  red. 

22 


338  SALICINE^E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

12.  S.  glauca,  L.,  var.  villosa,   Anders.      Leaves  oblanceolate,  acute, 
attenuate  at  base,  entire,  2  to  4  inches  long,  varying  from  soft  villous  to 
scarcely  pilose  when  young,  at  length  glabrate  and  rigid,  more  or  less  glau- 
cous beneath;  stipules  lanceolate:   aments  short-peduucled,  cylindrical,  the 
fertile  when  mature  sometimes  very  large,  2  to  3  inches  long :  scales  oblong- 
obovate,  rather  acute,  brownish :  capsules  lanceolate-acuminate,  tomeutose,  at 
length  subglabrate :  pedicels  equalling  the  nectary :  style  produced,  entire  or 
deeply  bifid ;  stigmas  entire  or  bifid.  —  A  diffuse  shrub,  3  to  7  feet  high,  with 
short  and  stout  branches,  differing  from  typical  S.  glauca  only  in  the  less 
woolly  and  more  pointed  capsules  and  the  usually  entire  styles.    Low  meadows, 
foot-hills  of  the  mountains. 

13.  S.  desertorum,  Richards.    Leaves  elliptical-oblanceolate,  rigid,  more 
or  less  whitish-tomentose  beneath,  the  yellow  midrib  prominent :  aments  very 
short,  subglobose  or  oblong,  densely  flowered  :  scales  pale  rose-color,  densely  white- 
villous :  capsules  ovate-conical,  white-woolly,  sessile :  style  short ;  stigmas  bifid. 

Var.  ?  Wolfli.  Leaves  at  length  smooth,  scarcely  paler  beneath,  with  a 
tendency  to  blacken  in  drying :  scales  very  dark,  sparingly  villous :  capsules 
reddish,  glabrate:  style  entire;  stigmas  notched.  —  S.  Wolfii,  Bebb,  Bot. 
Wheeler  Exped.  241. 

A  low,  1  to  2  feet  high,  scraggy  shrub,  growing  in  clumps  on  alpine  slopes 
f;ir  above  the  timber  line.  The  leaves  scarcely  exceed  an  inch  in  length  by 
2  or  3  lines  in  width,  the  small,  roundish  compact  aments  very  numerous,  less 
than  half  an  inch  long,  on  short  peduncles  which  are  invested  with  two  or 
three  narrow  leaf-like  bracts  often  exceeding  the  ament  in  length.  This  is 
the  typical  form,  Drummond,  n.  657 ;  Hall  $•  Harbour,  n.  523.  Toward  the 
fcot-hills  occur  "  varieties  which  have  a  very  different  aspect,  with  much  larger, 
more  woolly  leaves,  and  longer  and  looser  catkins,"  (Hooker,)  presenting  a 
manifest  transition  into  S.  glauca-villosa. 

14.  S.  aretica,  R  Br.,  var.  petrsea,  Anders.     Leaves  obovate,  obtuse  or 
lanceolate  and  tapering  somewhat  equally  to  the  base  and  apex,  an  inch  long, 
£  to  £  inch  wide,  entire,  green  on  both  sides,  slightly  paler  and  prominently 
nerved  beneath  :  aments  terminal,  erect,  at  length  thick  and  densely  flowered, 
1  to  2  inches  long :  scales  dark,  thinly  pilose :  capsules  ovate-conical,  2  to  3 
lines  long,  tomentose,  subsessile,  the  nectary  rather  exceeding  the  base  of  the 
capsule  :    style  elongated,  slender,  entire ;   stigmas   bifid,  divaricate.  —  Far 
above  the  timber  line  in  little  patches  among  the  rocks,  frequently  blooming 
close  to  snow-banks.     A  very  small  creeping  shrub,  the  half-buried  hori- 
zontal branches  sending  up  short  few  leaved  twigs,  which,  with  the  conspicu- 
ous aments,  rise  only  2  to  3  inches  above  the  surface.     Colorado,  California, 
and  northward  in  other  forms  to  the  limit  of  vegetation. 

•M-  *+  Styles  none :  alpine  shrubs  with  orbicular,  reticulate-veined  leaves. 

15.  S.  vestita,  Pursh.     Leaves  elliptical  or  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  rounded 
at  base,  1  to  2  inches  long,  obscurely  crenulate,  strongly  reticulate  on  both 
surfaces,  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  and  beautifully  clothed  ivith  silky 
hairs,  especially  along  the  prominent  midrib  and  excurrent  veins;  petioles 
short,  about  the  length  of  the  large,  obtuse  buds :  aments  on  short  villous 
peduncles  opposite  the  last  of  2  or  3  leaves  on  the  branch,  elongate-cylindrical, 


SALICINE.E.      (WILLOW  FAMILY.)  339 

densely  flowered,  the  males  more  slender  :  scales  short,  broad-ovate,  silky : 
capsules  ovate-conical,  sessile,  tomentose  :  style  none,  lobes  of  the  stigmas 
bifid.  —  A  procumbent  shrub  rising  2  to  3  feet  above  the  rocks  or  boulders 
over  which  it  spreads,  making  a  dense  mass  4  to  10  feet  in  diameter.  Old 
Marias  Pass,  Montana,  alt.  6  to  8,000  feet,  Sargent  Sf  Canby.  Also  in  Canada 
and  Labrador. 

16.  S.  reticulata,  L.  Leaves  obovate  or  elliptic,  £  to  1  inch  long, 
rounded  at  base  or  mostly  subattenuate  into  a  long  and  slender  petiole,  quite 
entire,  glabrous,  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  strongly  reticulated,  stipules 
none  :  aments  |  to  1  inch  long  on  slender  peduncles  at  the  ends  of  the  short 
branches,  opposite  to  the  last  leaf  :  scales  obovate,  purplish  or  yellow :  capsule 
ovate,  tomentose,  sessile,  nectary  "  a  laciniate  cup  surrounding  the  base  of  the 
capsule":  style  very  short  or  none;  stigmas  2-cleft,  brown,  spreading. — A 
dwarf  shrub  of  high  alpine  regions,  with  tortuous,  buried  stems,  the  leafy 
tips  and  flowers  rising  a  few  inches  above  the  surface.  Rocky  Mountains 
and  northward  to  the  Arctic  coast.  Our  plant  is  smaller  than  the  European 
type,  with  narrower  and  thinner  leaves,  less  wrinkled  above  and  fewer-flowered 
aments.  Extreme  forms,  in  which  the  leaves  are  scarcely  more  than  2  to  3 
lines  in  length  and  the  aments  reduced  to  5  to  7  flowers,  are  designated  var. 
nivalis,  Hook.  sp. 

2.     POPULUS,    Tourn.        POPLAR.    COTTON  WOOD.    ASPEN. 

Trees  with  broad  and  more  or  less  heart-shaped  or  ovate-toothed  leaves, 
and  mostly  angular  branches  :  buds  scaly,  covered  with  a  resinous  varnish : 
catkins  long  and  drooping,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  P.  tremuloides,  Michx.     Tree  20  to  50  feet  high,  with  smooth  green- 
ish-white bark ;  branches  not  angled :  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  with  a  short 
sharp  point,  and  small  somewhat  regular  :eeth,  smooth  on  both  sides,  with  downy 
margins :  scales  cut  into  3  to  4  deep  linear  divisions,  fringed  with  long  hairs.  — 
From  California  eastward  across  the  continent,  and  northward  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean  ;  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  as  far  south  as  New  Mexico.     The  "  Quak- 
ing Asp."     The  petiole  is  long,  slender,  and  laterally  compressed. 

2.  P.  angulata,  Ait.     A  large  tree,  80  feet  high  or  upward ;  branches 
acutely  angular  or  winged:  leaves  broadly  deltoid  or  heart-ovate,  smooth,  crenate- 
serrate,  or  with  obtuse  cartilaginous  teeth.  —  Extending  from  the  Atlantic 
States  into  our  northeastern  border,  and  abundant  along  the  Platte.     "  Cot- 
tonwood." 

3.  P.  balsamifera,  L.,  var.  candicans,  Gray.     A  tall  tree ;  branches 
round :  leaves  more  or  less  heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  whitish  and  reticulate- 
veined  beneath ;  petioles  commonly  hairy :  scales  dilated,  slightly  hairy :  the 
large  buds  varnished  with  copious  fragrant  resinous  matter.  —  From  Colo- 
rado northward  and  eastward  to  Lake  Superior  and  New  England.     Com- 
monly called  "  Cottonwood." 

4.  P.   angUStifolia,    James.       Branches    terete,  glabrous:    leaves   ovate- 
lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  acute,  glabrous,  crenate-serrate.  —  P.  balsamifera, 
var.  angustifolia,  Watson.    From  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  California 
and  Washington  Territory. 


340  ORCHIDACE^E.      (ORCHIS   FAMILY.) 

SUBCLASS  II.      MONOCOTYLEDOSTOUS    OR    ENDOGE- 
NOUS PLANTS. 

Embryo  with  one  cotyledon.  Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined, 
alternate,  entire,  and  sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  usually  in 
threes. 

ORDER  76.    ORCHID ACE^E.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  distinguished  by  their  perfect  irregular  flowers,  with  6-merous 
periantb  aduate  to  a  1 -celled  ovary,  with  very  numerous  minute  ovules 
on  3  parietal  placentae,  and  with  one  or  two  gynandrous  stamens,  tbe 
pollen  cohering  in  masses.  Perianth  of  6  divisions  in  2  sets ;  tbe  3 
outer,  or  sepals,  mostly  petal-like  and  resembling  the  3  inner:  one 
of  the  inner  set  is  variously  modified  into  what  is  called  a  labeUum  or 
lip,  tbe  other  two  alone  being  called  petals.  Before  tbe  lip,  in  tbe  axis 
of  the  flower,  is  the  column,  composed  of  a  single  stamen  (more  in 
Cypripedium)  variously  coherent  with  or  borne  on  the  style  or  thick 
fleshy  stigma;  the  anther  2-celled,  each  cell  containing  one  or  more 
masses  of  pollen,  pollinia.  Stigma  a  broad  glutinous  surface  (except 
in  Cypripedium) .  —  Perennials,  often  tuberous,  sometimes  parasitic, 
with  leaves  mostly  alternate.  Flowers  showy  and  singular  in  shape, 
arranged  for  cross-fertilization  by  means  of  insects. 

Tribe  I.  Anther  one,  terminal  and  resting  like  a  lid  upon  the  column,  deciduous ; 
pollen-masses '4,  smooth  and  waxy:  leafless,  except  perhaps  a  single  radical  leaf: 
flowers  pedicellate. 

1.  Calypso.    Scape  1-flowered,  from  a  solid  bulb.     Lip  saccate.     Column  broadly-winged. 

Pollen-masses  sessile  on  a  large  square  membranaceous  gland. 

2.  Corallorliiza.     Flowers  racemose.,  spurred  or  gibbous  at  base.    Roots  branched,  coral- 

line.    Lip  expanded  or  concave,  crested.    Column  semiterete.     Pollen-masses  sessile 
on  a  short  oblong  gland. 

3.  A  plectrum.    Flowers  racemose,  not  spurred  nor  gibbous.     Lip  expanded,  deeply 

3-lobed.    Column  nearly  terete.     Pollen-masses  in  distinct  pairs,  without  glands. 
Rootstocks  bearing  a  solid  bulb  and  a  single  large  green  leaf. 

Tribe  II.  Anther  one,  connate  with  the  column  and  persistent  upon  its  face  just  above 
the  stigma;  pollen-masses  2,  of  coarse  grains  united  by  an  elastic  web,  each  mass 
attached  at  base  by  a  stalk  to  a  viscid  gland  :  stems  mostly  leafy  and  flowers  spicate 
or  racemose. 

4.  Habenaria.     Flowers  numerous,   white  or  greenish.     Lip    flat,    spurred.     Glands 

exposed. 

Tribe  III.  Anther  one,  erect  and  sessile  or  nearly  so  upon  the  top  of  the  column  and 
more  or  less  covering  and  declinate  upon  the  back  of  the  stigma,  persistent;  pollen- 
masses  2  or  4,  of  loosely  cohering  granules,  becoming  attached  by  their  upper  ends  to  a 
viscid  gland  on  the  beak  of  the  stigma :  without  spurs. 

5.  Spirant  lies.     Perianth  oblique  upon  the  ovary,  the  sepals  and  petals  connivent :  lip 

oblong,  embracing  the  column,  with  2  callosities  at  base.    Flowers  1  to  3-ranked  in  a 
twisted  spike.    Stems  leafy  below. 


OKCHIDACE^E.      (ORCHIS  FAMILY.)  341 

6.  Goodyera.    Like  the  last,  but  lip  saccate,  entire,  without  callosities  and  free  from 

the  column.     Leaves  all  radical,  white-reticulated. 

7.  lastera.     Perianth  spreading.     Lip  Hat,  2-lobed.     Stem  low,  with  a  pair  of  broad  ses- 

sile leaves  in  the  middle. 

8.  Epipactis.     Perianth  spreading  and  ovary  recurved.     Lip  somewhat  jointed  in  the 

middle,  concave  and  auriculate  at  base,  dilated  above.    Stem  leafy,  stout. 

Tribe  IV.    Perfect  anthers  2,  lateral,  the  sterile  one  forming  a  dilated  fleshy  appendage 
above  the  terminal  stigma ;  pollen  pulpy-granular. 

9.  Cypripedium.     Perianth  spreading.    Lip  an  inflated  sac.    Stems  leafy,  bearing  one 

or  a  few  showy  flowers. 

1.    CALYPSO,    Salisb. 

Petals  and  sepals  ascending,  similar  and  nearly  equal ;  lip  with  two  shcrt 
spurs  below  the  apex.  Column  petaloid,  oval  and  concave.  Lower  pair  of 
pollen-masses  smaller,  compressed.  —  A  low  herb,  in  bogs,  with  showy  flowers, 
a  scaly-sheathed  stem,  and  a  single  radical  broad  thin  leaf. 

1.  C.  borealis,  Salisb.  Stem  3  to  6  inches  high,  with  2  or  3  membrana- 
ceous  brownish  green  sheaths,  and  a  linear  acuminate  bract  at  the  summit : 
the  radical  leaf  broadly  ovate  or  slightly  cordate:  flower  drooping:  sepals 
and  petals  light  rose-color ;  lip  usually  longer,  brownish-pink  mottled  with  pur- 
ple, the  edge  margined  at  the  apex  and  bifid  or  entire,  about  equalling  the 
tooth-like  spurs  and  with  a  tuft  of  yellow  hairs  at  base.  —  From  Colorado  to 
Oregon  and  British  America ;  thence  eastward  to  the  North  Atlantic  States. 


2.    CORALLORHIZA,    Haller.        CORAL-ROOT. 

Petals  and  sepals  ascending,  similar  and  nearly  equal,  but  the  lateral  sepals 
oblique  at  base  and  either  decurrent  in  a  short  spur  adnate  to  the  side  of  the 
ovary,  or  forming  a  projecting  gibbosity  above  it.  Column  narrowly  mar- 
gined, broader  at  base,  somewhat  incurved.  —  Without  green  herbage,  the 
solitary  scape  with  2  to  4  membranaceous  sheaths,  and  bearing  a  simple  raceme 
of  brownish,  yellowish,  or  purple  flowers :  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit. 

*  Spur  present :  lip  3-lobed :  flowers  small,  yellowish-green  or  whitish,  often  tinged 
or  mottled  with  purple. 

1.  C.  multiflora,  Nutt.      Scape  a  foot  or  two   high,  many-flowered : 
sepals  and  petals  3-nerved ;   spur  manifest,  but  ivholly  adnate  to  the  ovary  ;  lip 
nearly  sessile,  3-lobed  by  a  deep  cleft  on  each  side,  the  middle  one  rounded  or 
emarginate,  with  undulate  or  denticulate  margin :  capsule  6  to  9  lines  long, 
narrowed  to  a  short  rather  stout  pedicel.  — Across  the  continent  in  north  tem- 
perate latitudes,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  southward  to  the  Wahsatch  and 
Colorado. 

2.  C.  innata,  R.  Br.    Scape  slender,  4  to  10  inches  high,  3  to  15-flowered  : 
sepals  and  petals  \-nerved ;  spur  very  short ;  Up  somewhat  3-lobed  by  a  lateral 
cleft,  abruptly  attenuate  to  the  base ;  column  stout,  constricted  in  the  middle  :  cap- 
sule 2  to  4  lines  long,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  short  very  slender  pedicel.  —  From 
Colorado  to  Washington  Territory,  and  thence  eastward  to  Canada  and  the 
Atlantic  States,  and  northward  to  the  Arctic  regions. 


342  ORCHIDACE^E.      (ORCHIS   FAMILY.) 


#  *  Spur  none,  the  lateral  sepals  and  base  of  the  column  strongly  gibbous  over  the 

top  of  the  ovary :  lip  entire :  flowers  larger,  purple  and  veined,  not  spotted. 
3.  C.  Striata,  Lindl.  Scape  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high,  many-flowered: 
flowers  often  6  or  7  lines  long ;  lip  fleshy,  somewhat  narrowed  below,  reflexed 
above  the  base  and  bearing  the  prominent  laminae  upon  the  arch.  —  C.  Macrcei, 
Gray,  Manual,  510.  From  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon  eastward  to 
the  Great  Lakes. 

3.    APLECTRUM,    Torr.        PUTTY-ROOT. 

Lip  3-ridged.  Column  nearly  straight,  not  broader  at  base.  Scape  lateral 
from  a  thick  globose  solid  bulb  upon  a  slender  horizontal  rootstock,  the  bulb 
bearing  at  summit  a  large  petioled  plaited  leaf.  Flowers  rather  large,  soon 
deflexed. 

1.  A.  hiemale,  Torr.  Scape  with  3  or  4  greenish  sheaths :  the  radical 
leaf  ovate-oblong  to  broadly  oblanceolate,  4  to  8  inches  long,  many-nerved, 
continuing  through  the  winter:  sepals  and  petals  greenish-brown,  5-nerved; 
lip  whitish  or  somewhat  spotted,  attenuate  into  a  distinct  claw  :  ovary  attenu- 
ate into  a  slender  pedicel.  —  Along  our  eastern  border  and  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic ;  found  also  in  Oregon. 

4.    HABENARIA,   Willd. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  convergent  or  the  lower  sepals  spreading. 
Lip  without  ridges  or  callosities.  Column  very  short.  Anther-cells  parallel 
or  divergent  at  base.  —  Stems  from  fleshy-fibrous  or  tuberous  roots  :  flowers 
greenish  or  white,  not  showy  in  our  species. 

*  Stems  slender,   bracteate,  with  2  or  3  leaves  at  base:  sepals  l-nerved:  spur 

longer  than  the  lip. 

1.  H.  Unalaschensis,  Watson.     Spike  of  flowers  elongated  and  rather 
open:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear:   bracts  ovate,  not  exceeding  the 
ovary  :  sepals,  petals,  and  lip  about  a  line  long,  the  narrow  or  somewhat  cla- 
vate  spur  scarcely  or  sometimes  nearly  twice  longer.  —  H.  fcetida,  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exped.  341.     In  the  Wahsatch,  Uinta,  and  Teton  Mountains,  and 
along  the  Pacific  coast  to  Unalaska. 

*  *  Sepals  3-nerved :  spur  not  longer  than  the  entire  lip. 
-t-  Stem  leafy. 

2.  H.  hyperborea,  R.  Br.    Leaves  lanceolate,  erect :  spike  dense  :  flowers 
greenish ;  lip  and  petals  lanceolate,  somewhat  equal,  the  latter  spreading  from 
the  base:  glands  orbicular:  stalk  of  the  pollen-masses  very  slender  and  weak. 
—  Colorado  and  northward,  thence  across  the  continent. 

3.  H.  dilatata,  Gray.    Like  the  last,  but  more  slender  and  with  narrower 
commonly  linear  leaves :  flowers  white ;  lip  lanceolate  from  a  rhomboid  al-dilated 
base,  its  base  with  the  bases  of  other  petals  and  sepals  erect-connivent :  glands 
approximate,  large  and  strap-shaped,  vertical,  nearly  as  long  as   the   pollen- 
mass  and  its  short  flat  stalk  together.  —  From  Colorado  northward  and 
eastward. 


ORCHID  ACE^E.      (ORCHIS   FAMILY.)  343 

•»-  •«-  Scape  or  stem  naked  above,  one-leaved  at  the  base. 

4.  H.  Obtusata,  Richardson.  Leaf  obovate  or  spatulate-oblong :  upper 
sepal  very  broad  and  rounded  :  lip  deflexed,  about  the  length  of  the  tapering 
and  curving  spur :  anther-cells  arcuate  and  widely  separated.  —  Colorado  and 
northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

5.    SPIRANTHES,    Richard.        LADIES'  TRESSES 

Dilated  summit  of  the  lip  spreading  and  undulate.  Column  very  short, 
oblique,  terminating  in  a  stout  terete  stipe.  —  Flowers  small,  white. 

1.  S.  Romanzoffiana,  Cham.  Glabrous,  rather  stout,  4  to  18  inches 
high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear :  spike  dense,  3-ranked,  conspicuously 
bracteate,  1  to  4  inches  long :  perianth  curved ;  lip  recurved,  contracted  below 
the  rounded  wavy-crenulate  summit ;  callosities  smooth,  often  obscure.  — 
From  Colorado  northward  and  ranging  across  the  continent. 

6.     GOO  DYER  A,    R.  Br.        RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN. 

Scapes  few-bracteate :  leaves  thickish,  rosulate  at  the  base,  petioled  :  root 
stock  creeping,  with  fibrous  fleshy  rootlets. 

1.  G.  Menziesii,  Lindl.  Scape  and  inflorescence  pubescent:  leaves 
smooth,  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  reticulated  with  light  greenish 
markings :  spike  many-flowered,  rather  dense,  secund  :  perianth  white,  puberu- 
lent :  column  short  and  straight :  gland  and  bifid  beak  very  narrow  and  elon- 
gated.—  From  Colorado  northward,  thence  eastward  along  the  northern 
border  to  W.  New  York ;  also  in  the  Pacific  States. 

7.    LISTER  A,    R.  Br.       TWAYBLADE. 

Sepals  and  petals  similar :  lip  free,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Column  free 
and  naked.  —  Stems  from  fibrous  and  creeping  roots  :  flowers  small,  in  a  loose 
raceme. 

1.  L.  COnvallarioides,  Nutt.     Stem  slender,  3  inches  to  a  foot  high, 
naked  excepting  one  or  two  sheaths  at  base  and  the  pair  of  orbicular  or  ovate 
leaves  just  below  the  raceme :  inflorescence  pubescent :  sepals  and  petals  linear; 
lip  oblontj-ovate  and  cuneate,  with  a  small  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base.  — 
From  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  across  the  continent. 

2.  Ii.  cordata,  R.  Br.     Leaves  smaller,  triangular-ovate  and  somewhat  cor- 
date :  flowers  minute,  on  short  pedicels  in  a  smooth  raceme :  sepals  ovate  ;  Up 
linear.  —  Same  range  as  last. 

8.    EPIPACTIS,   Haller. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal:  lip  narrowly  constricted  in  the  middle. 
Column  short,  erect.  —  Stem  from  creeping  rootstocks :  flowers  few  and  pedi- 
celled,  with  conspicuous  bracts  divergent,  and  the  ovaries  at  right  angles  to 
the  stem. 

1.  E.  gigantea,  Dougl.  One  to  four  feet  high,  nearly  smooth :  leaves 
from  ovate  below  to  narrowly  lanceolate  above,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the 


344  IRIDACE^:.     (IRIS  FAMILY.) 

veins  beneath:   raceme  pubescent:   flowers  greenish,  strongly  veined  with 
purple  :  saccate  base  of  the  lip  with  erect  win 
and  the  nerves  callous-tuberculate  near  the  ba 
rado  to  California  and  Washington  Territory. 


purple :  saccate  base  of  the  lip  with  erect  wing-like  margins,  strongly  nerved, 
and  the  nerves  callous-tuberculate  near  the  base.  —  W.  Texas  and  S.  W.  Colo- 


9.    CYPRIPEDITJM,    L.        LADY'S  SLIPPER. 

Lateral  sepals  often  united  into  one  under  the  lip :  sac-like  lip  with  the  in- 
curved margin  auricled  near  the  base.  —  Leaves  large  and  many-nerved, 
plaited,  sheathing  at  the  base.  In  ours  the  stem  is  1  to  3-flowered,  the  lip  is 
slipper-shaped  and  much  inflated,  and  the  sepals  and  linear  wavy-twisted  petals 
are  brownish,  pointed,  and  longer  than  the  lip. 

1.  C.  parviflorum,  Salisb.     Sepals  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate:  Up  flattish 
from  above,  bright  yellow,  fragrant :   sterile   stamen  triangular :   leaves  oval, 

pointed.  —  Colorado  and  eastward.  . 

2.  C.  pubesceus,  Willd.      Stem  pubescent:    sepals  elongated-lanceolate: 
lip  flattened  laterally,  very  convex  and  gibbous  above,  pale  yellow,  scentless : 
leaves  broadly  oval,  acute.  —  Colorado  and  eastward. 


ORDER  77.     IR1DACEJE.     (!RIS  FAMILY.) 

Perennial  herbs,  with  equitant  sheathing  2-ranked  linear  leaves,  and 
perfect  triandrous  regular  flowers,  the  six  divisions  of  the  superior 
perianth  petal-like;  stamens  on  the  base  of  the  sepals,  with  extrorse 
anthers;  ovary  3-celled,  becoming  a  3-lobed  or  triangular  pod  with  few 
or  many  seeds.  —  Flowers  showy,  few  or  solitary.  Style  3-cleft  at  the 
apex. 

1.  Iris.    Outer  segments  of  the  flower  recurved,  the  inner  erect.     Branches  of  the  style 

petaloid,  opposite  the  anthers.     Filaments  distinct.     Rootstocks  creeping.     Seeds 
flattened. 

2.  Sisyrinchium.     Segments  similar,  spreading.    Stigmas  filiform,  alternate  with  the 

anthers.    Filaments  connate.     Roots  fibrous.    Seeds  globular. 

1.    IRIS,    Tourn.        FLOWER-DE-LUCE.    FLAG. 

Perianth  tube  prolonged  above  the  ovary.  Stamens  beneath  the  arching, 
petal-like  branches  of  the  style.  Base  of  the  style  connate  with  the  perianth 
tube ;  the  divisions  stigmatic  at  the  thin  apex,  above  which  is  a  broad  2-parted 
crest,  which  is  decurrent  on  the  inner  side  to  the  base  of  the  style.  —  Stems 
from  usually  thickened  rootstocks :  flowers  large  and  showy,  solitary  or  few 
in  a  forked  corymb. 

1.   I.  Missouriensis,  Nutt      Stems  rather  slender,  naked  or  with  1  or 

2  leaves,  £  to  2  feet  high,  usually  2-flowered :  leaves  mostly  shorter  than  the 
stem :  bracts  dilated  and  scarious  :  flowers  pale  blue  ;  sepals  and  petals  2  or 

3  inches  long,  with  narrow  claws :   seeds  obovate,  acute  at  base.  —  /.  Tol- 
mieana,  Herbert.     /.  tenax  ?  of  Fl.  Colorado.     From  Montana  and  Colorado 
westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  being  probably  the  only  species  of  the  Great 
Basin. 


LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  345 

2.    SISYRINCHIUM,    L.        BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

Perianth  6-parted.  Capsule  membranaceous,  subglobose. —  Stems  simple 
or  branched,  usually  geniculate  and  winged,  with  linear-lanceolate  or  grass-like 
radical  leaves,  and  fugacious  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  clustered  within 
2  sheathing  herbaceous  bracts,  with  a  scarious  bractlet  subtending  each 
pedicel. 

1.  S.  anceps,  L.     Scape  broadly  winged,  and  the  outer  leaf  of  the  very 
unequal  spathe   longer  than  the  flowers.  —  S.  Bermudiana,  var.  anceps,  of 
Gray's  Manual.     In  the   Atlantic   States,  but  extending  westward  to  the 
Wahsatch  and  Uintas  (Watson). 

2.  S.  EQUCronatum,  Michx.    Scape  slender  and  narrowly  winged:  leaves 
very  narrow,  those  of  the  spathe  sharp-pointed  and  unequal,  one  of  them 
usually  longer  than  the  flowers.  —  S.  Bermudiana,  var.  mucronatum,  of  Gray's 
Manual.     Same  range  as  last,  but  extending  farther  westward. 


ORDER  78. 

Like  Liliacea,  but  ovary  inferior.  Differs  from  Iridacece  in  having 
six  stamens  and  leaves  not  equitant. 

1.    HYPOXYS,    L.        STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  persistent,  spreading;  the  3  outer  divisions  a  little  herbaceous 
outside.  Pod  crowned  with  the  withered  or  closed  perianth.  Seeds  globular. 
—  Stemless  small  herbs,  with  grassy  and  hairy  linear  leaves  and  slender  few- 
flowered  scapes,  from  a  solid  bulb. 

1.  H.  juncea,  Smith.  Sparingly  hairy:  scapes  1  to  3,  filiform,  1  or 
2-flowered,  4  to  9  inches  long  :  bracts  bristle-like,  shorter  than  the  villous 
pedicels :  the  three  exterior  divisions  of  the  perianth  greenish  and  hairy  with- 
out :  seeds  black,  minutely  fitted.  —  Colorado  (Brandegee). 


ORDER  79.     ULIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

Terrestrial  plants,  mostly  herbaceous,  with  perfect  flowers,  a  regular 
corolla-like  6-cleft  or  divided  perianth,  stamens  opposite  the  segments, 
ovary  3-celled  and  superior  becoming  a  few  or  many-seeded  3-celled 
capsule  or  berry.  —  Stems  chiefly  from  tunicated  or  scaly  bulbs,  or 
conns,  or  rhizomes.  —  Watson's  Revision,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  213. 

I.    Flowers  with  scarious  bracts,  a  persistent  perianth  with  segments  one  to  several-nerved, 
perigynous  stamens  with  introrse  anthers,  and  an  undivided  and  mostly  persistent 
style. 
*  Inflorescence  umbellate  upon  a  naked  scape  from  a  bulb  or  corm  ;  sessile  upon  a  short 

rootstoek  in  Leucocrinum. 

•*-  Bracts  (usually  2)  broad  and  spathaceous  :  capsule  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  :  perianth 
cleft  nearly  to  the  base :  bulb  mostly  tunicated. 


346  LILIACEJB.      (LILY   FAMILY.) 

1.  Allinm.    Flowers  deep  rose-color  to  white.    Base  of  the  style  enclosed  between  the 

lobes  of  the  capsule  and  jointed  upon  the.  short  axis.    Filaments  usually  dilated  at 
base.    Leaves  one  to  several     Taste  and  odor  strongly  alliaceous. 

2.  Nothoscordum.    Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish  white.     Capsule  somewhat  lobed, 

with  the  style  obscurely  jointed  on  the  summit.     Filaments  filiform.     Leaves  several. 
Bulb  not  alliaceous. 

•»-  t-  Bracts  several,  not  spathaceous,  distinct :  capsule  not  lobed  :  peiianth  funnel-form  : 
scape  from  a  membranous-  or  fibrous-coated  corm. 

3.  Brodiaaa*     Flowers  blue.     Stamens  6,  in  two  rows,  with  naked  filaments.    Capsule 

ovate  to  oblong. 

4.  Androstephlum.    Flowers  pale  lilac.     Stamens  6,  in  one  row  ;  the  filaments  united 

to  form  an  erect  tubular  crown,  with  bifid  lobes  alternate  with  the  anthers.    Capsule 
subglobose-triquetrous. 

•*-  •*-  t-  Acaulescent :  bracts  elongated  linear :  capsule  triangular-obovate  :  perianth  salver- 
form,  with  linear  tube  :  flowers  on  subterranean  pedicels,  from  a  short  rootstock. 
6.  Leucocrinum.    Flowers  white,  very  fragrant     Style  slender  and  elongated,  dilated 
at  the  summit     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  surrounded  at  base  by  scarious  bracts. 

*  «  Inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate. 

*•*  Flowers  racemose  on  a  naked  scape  from  a  tunicated  bulb :  fruit  an  ovate  or  oblong 

capsule. 

6.  Camassia.    Flowers  blue  (or  white),  slightly  gibbous  ;  segments  8  to  7-nerved ,  spread- 

ing.   Base  of  the  style  persistent     Raceme  open.     Leaves  linear,  flat. 
«-  •*-  Flowers  racemose,  raeemose-panicled,  or  in  axillary  fascicles,  on  leafy  simple  stems 
from  creeping  rootstocks  :  fruit  a  globose  berry. 

7.  Polygonatum.    Flowers  white  or  greenish,  gamophyllous,  6-lobed  at  the  summit,  in 

axillary  pedunculate  fascicles  (or  solitary).    Stamens  on  the  tube.     Style  slender, 
deciduous. 

8.  Smilacina.    Flowers  white,  with  distinct  perianth-oegments,  in  a  racemose  panicle  or 

simple  raceme.    Stamens  at  the  base.    Style  short,  thick,  persistent. 
•»-«-<»-  Flowers  racemose-paniculate  upon  a  stout  leafy  or  leafy  bracteate  stem  from  a  stout 
caudex  or  thick  rootstock ;  anthers  sagittate :  fruit  a  berry  or  capsule  :  leaves  nu- 
merous and  crowded,  linear,  thick  and  more  or  less  rigid,  spinescent  at  apex. 

9.  Yucca.     Perianth  campannlate,  white  or  whitish,  segments  distinct.    Filaments  cla- 

vate.    Style  stout  and  persistent     Usually  with  stout  woody  caudex. 

II.   Flower  bracts  none  or  foliaceous,  a  deciduous  perianth  with  net-veined   segments, 
hypogynous  stamens  with  extrorse  anthers,  deciduous  styles  united  at  least  at  base, 
and  the  fruit  a  loculicidal  (except  Calochortus)  capsule  or  a  berry. 
*  Stems  from  a  bulb  or  coated  corm  :  fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule  :  seeds  horizontal  or 

ascending. 

«-  Perianth-segments  similar,  naked  :  style  long. 
4-*  Bulb  scaly  :  stem  simple,  strict,  leafy :  anthers  versatila 

10    Lilian*.    Perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  with  a  linear  nectariferous  groove,  usually 
spotted.    Style  undivided. 

11.  Fritillaria.    Perianth-segments  broader  and  concave,  often  mottled ;  nectary  it  shal- 

low pit    Styles  united  to  the  middle  or  throughout 
4+  *  Stem  simple,  low  or  dwarf,  from  a  corm  or  tunicated  bulb :  anthers  basifixed. 

12.  Erythronium.    Perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  strongly  revolute,  callous-toothed 

each  side  of  the  grooved  nectary.     Styles  usually  distinct  above.     Stem  lax,  2-leaved. 

13.  Lloydia.    Perianth  small,  spreading,  white  with  purplish  veins  and  base.    Style  un- 

divided.   Stem  leafy,  usually  1-flowered.    Alpine. 

t-  •*-  Outer  perianth-segments  smaller,  somewhat  sepal-like ;  the  inner  broad  and  usually 
bearded :  stigmas  sessile. 

14.  Calochortus.     Stem  usually  branched,  from  a  coated  corm.     Anthers  basifixed. 

Capsule  usually  septicidaL 


LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  347 

*  *  Stems  from    a  short  or  creeping  rootstock :  fruit  a  reddish  lobed  berry :  seeds 

pendulous. 

15.  Streptopus.      Flowers  apparently  axillary,   greenish-white  or  purplish.      Anthers 

sagittate,  cuspidate,  on  short  deltoid  on  subulate  filaments.     Leaves  clasping. 

16.  Prosartes.     Flowers  in  fascicles  (1  to  6-flowered)  terminating  the  branches,  white  or 

greenish.     Anthers  oblong,  obtuse,  on  slender  filaments.     Leaves  with  reticulated 
veinlets. 

III.   Like  the  last,  but  perianth  persistent  with  nerved  segments,  styles  distinct,  and  cap- 
sule septicidal  (loculicidal  in  Xerophyllum). 

*  Flowers  usually  polygamous :  anthers  1-celled,  peltate  on  opening :  stems  leafy :  leaves 

not  rigid  nor  equitant. 

17.  Veratrum.    Stem  tall  and  stout,  from  a  thick  rootstock.     Inflorescence  paniculate, 

pubescent.     Leaves  broad,  strongly  nerved  and  plicate. 

18.  Zygadenus.    Stem  from  a  coated  bulb.     Inflorescence  a  raceme  or  subpaniculate, 

glabrous  ;  perianth-segments  glandular  at  base.    Leaves  linear. 

*  *  Flowers  dioacious,  on  naked  pedicels,  in  a  simple  elongated  raceme :  stem  very  leafy : 

leaves  thin,  oblanceolate. 

11  Chamrelirium.  Flowers  white  :  segments  narrowly  linear-spatulate,  equalling  the 
stamens,  which  are  shorter  and  abortive  in  the  pistillate  flowers.  Seeds  margined, 
and  \vinged  at  each  end. 

*  *  *  Flowers  perfect,  on  bracteolate  pedicels,  in  a  simple  raceme :  anthers  2-celled,  in- 

trorse :  seeds  numerous  :  stem  leafy :  leaves  equitant 

20.  Tofieldia.     Flowers  involucrate  with  3  scarious  united  bractlets.      Styles  short 

Seeds  appeudaged. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  perfect,  on  naked  pedicels,  in  a  simple  dense  raceme:  styles  reflexed: 

seeds  few  :  stem  very  leafy :  leaves  very  narrow,  rigid  and  rough-edged. 

21.  Xerophyllum.     Flowers  white,  on  long  pedicels  ;    segments  5  to  7-nerved.    Seeds 

not  appendaged. 

1.    ALLIUM,    L.       ONIOW. 

Perianth-segments  1-nerved,  usually  somewhat  spreading.     Ovules  2  at  the 
base  of  each  cell.     Capsule  often  crested.     Seeds  obovoid  and  wrinkled. 

§  1.    Bulbs  cespitose,  narrowly  oblong  and  crowning  a  more  or  less  persistent  rhi- 

zon.e:  spathe  mostly  2-valved:  leaves  several,  linear:  scape  terete. 

*  Leaves  terete,  hollow. 

1.  A.  SchCBnoprasum,  L.     Scape  stout:   umbel   subcapitate :   flowers 
rose-color ;  segments  4  or  5  lines  long,  acuminate  :  stamens  included  :  capsule 
not  crested.  —  From  Canada  and  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Wind  River  Moun- 
tains of  Wyoming,  Oregon,  and  Alaska. 

*  *  Leaves  fiat  or  channelled. 

2.  A.  cernuum,  Roth.     Scape  slender,  £  to  2  feet  high,  from  a  bulb: 
leaves  1  to  4  lines  wide  :  umbel  open,  nodding :  flowers  numerous,  on  very  slender 
pedicels,  rose-colored  or  white ;  segments  2  or  3  lines  long,  broad  and  acutish : 
stamens  and  style  exserted :  capsule  crested.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Oregon, 
British  Columbia,  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

3.  A.  brevistylum,  Watson.     Scape  1  to  l£  feet  high,  from  a  stout  rhi- 
zome:   leaves  2  to  4  lines  wide:   spathe  1-valved  :   umbel  erect,  few- flowered ; 
pedicels  6  to  12  lines  long:  flowers  deep  rose-color;  segments  4  to  5  lines  long, 
narrow,  long-acuminate,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  stamens  and  style:  capsule 
not  crested.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  350.     N.  W.  Wyoming  to  S.  Utah. 


348  LILTACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

§  2.    Bulbs  mostly  solitary,  globose  to  ovate,  not  rhizomatous:    leaves  narrowly 

linear,  flat  or  channelled:  scape  terete  or  nearly  so. 

*  Bulb-coats  more  or  less  fibrous:  leaves  several. 

•i—  Capsule  not  crested :  spathe  usually  3-valved. 

4.  A.  Canadense,  Kalm.     Bulb-coats  somewhat  fibrous :  scape  a  foot  or 
more  high :  umbel  mostly  bulbiferous  :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  (6  to  10  lines 
long),  white  or  pinkish;  segments  narrowly  lanceolate,  obtusish,  equalling  or  some- 
what exceeding  the  stamens.  —  Along  our  eastern  border  and  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic  States. 

5.  A.  mutabile,  Michx.    Like  the  last:  bulbs  densely  and  coarsely  fibrous- 
coated  :  scape  a  foot  or  two  high :  umbel  rarely  or  never  bulbiferous  :  flowers 
white  to  rose-color ;  segments  thin  and  lax  in  fruit,  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate, 
obtusish  or  acute,  a  third  longer  than  the  stamens.  —  A.  reticulatum,  var.  y,  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  486.    From  New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado  eastward  to  the 
Atlantic  States. 

6.  A.  Nuttallii,  Watson.     Bulb  usually  smaller,  very  fibrous :  scape  low 
(4  to  6  inches  high) :  pedicels  shorter  (4  to  6  lines  long)  and  usually  stouter: 
perianth-segments   usually  broader,   acute  or  acuminate,  rose-colored   or  white, 
rather  rigid  in  fruit.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  227.     A.  mutabile,  var.  ft,  Watson. 
From  Kansas  and  Colorado  southward. 

•i-  H-  Capsule  crested :  spathe  usually  2-valved. 

7.  A.  reticulatum,  Fraser.     Scape  3  to  8  inches  high  :  pedicels  usually 
short  (2  to  6  lines  long)  ;  otherwise  closely  resembling  A.  mutabile.  —  From 
New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  #  Bulb-coats  not  fibrous :  some  of  the  outer  membranous  coats  in  most  species 
marked  by  a  peculiar  reticulate  venation:  leaves  several  (2  to  4):  spathe 
2-valved. 

•i-  Ovary  not  crested  or  obscurely  so :  scapes  low. 

8.  A.  Brandegei,  Watson.     Bulbs  small,  the  reticulation  of  the  coats  hori- 
zontally oblong :  leaves  2,  exceeding  the  angular  scape  :  pedicels  slender,  equal, 
about  4  lines  long :  flowers  rose-colored ;  the  segments  broadly  lanceolate,  acute, 
nearly  twice  longer  than  the  stamens,  not  serrulate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii. 
380.     Elk  Mountains,  Colorado  (Brandegee). 

9.  A.  acuminatum,  Hook.     Outer  bulb-coats  with  a  distinct  coarse  quad- 
rate to  hexagonal  reticulation:  pedicels  &  to  12  lines  long:  flowers  deep  rose- 
color;  segments  lanceolate,  with  acuminate  recurved  tips,  rigid  in  fruit,  a  third 
longer  than  the  stamens,  the  inner  ones  undulate-serrulate.  —  From  S.  W.  Colo- 
rado to  the  Wahsatch  and  Uinta  Mountains,  N.  California  and  Washington 
Territory. 

•«-  •)-  Ovary  conspicuously  ^-crested:  perianth-segments  not  serrulate,  mostly  rose- 
colored. 

10.  A.  Stellatum,  Fraser.     Outer  bulb-coats  reddish,  with  a  very  close 
linear  longitudinal  reticulation :  scape  6  to  18  inches  high :  pedicel  4  to  9  lines 
long  :  perianth-segments  broad,  acute  :  stamens  and  style  exserted.  —  From  Wyo- 
ming to  the  Saskatchewan. 

11.  A.  bisceptrum,  Watson.    Bulbs  light-colored ;  reticulation  indistinct : 
scapes  lower,  frequently  in  pairs :  perianth-segments  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 


LTLIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  349 

slightly  exceeding  the  stamens:  the  alternate  filaments  with  a  broad  deltoid  adnate 
base.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  351,  pi.  37.  In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  and 
westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

#  *  *  Bulb-coats  not  fibrous:  leaf  solitary,  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  equalling 
or  somewhat  exceeding  the  low  scape  (1  to  3  inches):  capsule  prominently 
G-crested :  stamens  and  style  included. 

12.  A.  Nevadense,  Watson.      Bulb-coats  light-colored,  with  evident 
close  very  much  distorted  reticulation  :  spathe-valves  acuminate :  leaf  flat : 
pedicels  half-inch  long :  perianth  white  or  pinkish ;  segments  lanceolate,  little 
exceeding  the  stamens  and  style.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  351,  pi.  38.     From 
the  Wahsatch  Mountains  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

§  3.  Bulbs  ovate,  not  rhizomatous,  the  membranous  coats  mostly  without  reticula- 
tion :  leaves  2,  broadly  linear,  fiat  and  falcate,  thick :  scape  stout,  much  com- 
pressed and  2-winged,  low  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

13.  A.  Tolmiei,  Baker.      Scape  2  to  4  inches  high:   spathe  2-valved: 
flowers  light  rose-color  with  a  darker  midvein ;   segments  lanceolate,  acute, 
gibbous  at  base,  a  half  longer  than  the  stamens  :  ovary  very  obscurely  crested. 
—  A.  tribracteatum,  Watson  in  Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  353,  in  part.     From  the 
Wahsatch  Mountains  to  S.  Idaho. 

2.    NOTHOSCORDUM,    Kunth. 

Like  Allium.  Capsule  oblong-obovate ;  cells  several-ovuled.  Bracts  2. 
Bulb  tunicated. 

1 .  N.  striatum,  Kunth.  Bulb  small,  often  bulbif erous  at  base  :  leaves  a 
line  or  two  broad :  scape  a  foot  high  or  often  much  less  :  flowers  few,  on  slen- 
der pedicels :  capsule  2  lines  long.  —  Allium  striatum,  Jacq.  From  New  Mexico 
to  Nebraska  and  eastward  to  Virginia  and  Florida. 

3.    BRODI^A,    Smith. 

Scape  erect,  with  linear  leaves :  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels :  brown-coated 
corms  small,  ^  to  f  inch  in  diameter  or  less.  In  ours  the  perianth  is  broadly 
tubular  and  the  flowers  subcapitate. 

1.  B.  Douglasii,  Watson.  Scape  smooth,  a  foot  or  two  high,  erect  and 
usually  stout :  leaves  carinate :  perianth-tube  subsaccate,  about  equalling  the 
lobes  :  anthers  oblong ;  the  lower  on  the  throat  opposite  the  outer  segments, 
the  upper  on  the  inner  segments,  on  a  short  free  filament  which  forms  below 
a  prominent  wing  within  the  tube. — Bot.  Calif,  ii.  154.  Milla  grandifiora, 
Baker.  "  Blue  Cammas."  From  W.  Wyoming  and  the  Wahsatch  to  Oregon 
and  Washington  Territory. 

4.    ANDKOSTEPHIUM,    Torr. 

Perianth  6-cleft,  the  cylindric  tube  nearly  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
lobes.  —  Scape  bearing  a  few-flowered  umbel  with  unjoiuted  pedicels :  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  channelled. 


350  LILIACE.E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  violaceum,  Torr.  Scape  2  to  6  inches  high:  flowers  8  to  12  lines 
long  or  more,  usually  exceeding  the  stout  pedicels ;  tube  nearly  as  long  as  the 
limb;  crown  scarcely  shorter  than  the  limb,  the  lobes  exceeding  the  anthers. 
—  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  218.  W.  Kansas  to  Texas. 

5.    LEUCOCRINUM,   Nutt. 

Stamens  6  :  filaments  inserted  below  the  throat.  —  Blooming  in  early  spring, 
the  pure  white  and  very  fragrant  flowers  appearing  just  above  the  ground. 

1.  L.  montanum,  Nutt.  Leaves  several,  rather  thick:  flowers  4  to  8, 
the  very  slender  tube  an  inch  or  two  long :  capsule  truncate,  with  4  to  6  seeds 
in  each  cell.  —  From  Colorado  to  N.  California. 

6.    CAMASSIA,    Lindl.        CAMASS. 

Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  perianth,  shorter  than  the  segments.  Style 
slightly  trifid  at  the  apex.  —  Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  with  narrow  scarious 
bracts ;  pedicels  jointed  at  the  summit. 

1.  C.  GSCUlenta,  Lindl.  Scape  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  pedicels  rather 
stout,  mostly  shorter  than  the  usually  dark-blue  flowers :  perianth -segments 
scarcely  exceeding  the  style,  a  little  longer  than  the  stamens.  —  From  the 
Wahsatch  Mountains,  northward  and  westward.  The  bulb  largely  collected 
for  food  by  the  Indians,  and  called  "  Green  Cammas." 

7.  POLYGONATUM,    Tourn.        SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Ovules  1  to  3  pairs  in  each  cell.  Berry  blue  or  black ;  cells  1  to  2-seeded.  — 
Stem  somewhat  curved  :  leaves  sessile  :  bracts  caducous,  minute. 

1.  P.  giganteum,  Dietr.  Glabrous  throughout:  stem  2  to  7  feet  high: 
leaves  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate,  usually  clasping  by  a  broad  base  :  pedicels 
jointed  below  the  base  of  the  flower.  —  From  the  Upper  Missouri  and  New 
Mexico  to  New  England  and  Virginia. 

8.  SMILACINA,    Desf.        FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Stamens  6 :  filaments  subulate.  Stigma  3-lobed  at  the  summit :  ovules 
2  in  each  cell. —  Stems  simple,  leafy,  from  running  rootstocks :  leaves  mostly 
sessile,  oblong  or  lanceolate :  pedicels  jointed  at  the  summit. 

*  Flowers  in  a  terminal  racemose  panicle  :  stamens  exserted :  berry  reddish. 

1.  S.  amplexicaulis,  Nutt.     More  or  less  pubescent :  stem  1  to  3  feet 
high :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  mostly  sessile  and  clasping  at  base  :  style 
nearly  equalling  the  ovarv-  —  S.  racemosa,  var.  amplexicaulis,  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Exped.  v.  345.     From  New  Mexico  to  Wyoming  and  westward  to  Cali- 
fornia and  British  Columbia. 

#  *  Flowers  in  a  simple  few-flowered   open  raceme :    stamens   included :    berry 

blue-black. 

2.  S.  Stellata,  Desf .     Glabrous  or  pubescent :    stem  a  foot  high  or  less : 
leaves  lanceolate,  acutisk,  sessile  and  closely  clasping,  usually  ascending  and 


LILIACE.E.      (LILY   FAMILY.)  351 

folded:   raceme  about  an   inch  long,  —  From   New   Mexico   to   Oregon  and 
Labrador. 

3.  S.  sessilifolia,  Nutt.  Rootstock  slender :  stem  a  foot  or  two  high  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  usually  flat  and  spreading,  somewhat 
puberulent :  raceme  larger  and  pedicels  longer  (2  to  7  lines).  —  Watson  in 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  245.  From  the  Wahsatch  to  California  and  British 
Columbia.  Usually  referred  to  S.  stellata. 

9.    YUCCA,    L.        SPANISH  BAYONET. 

Segments  of  perianth  ovate-lanceolate,  many-nerved.  Stigmas  emarginate 
and  more  or  less  connate  into  a  stigmatic  tube.  Fruit  incompletely  6-celled. 
Flowers  usually  solitary  and  nodding.  —  In  ours  the  caudex  is  short  or  none. 

*  Fruit  baccate,  pendulous :   seeds  thick,  rugose,  not  margined,  with  lobed  or 

ruminated  albumen. 

1.  Y.  baccata,  Torr.     Leaves  coarsely  filamentose  on  the  margin,  very 
thick  and  rigid,  l£  to  3  feet  long  by  an  inch  or  two  wide,  channelled  or  con- 
cave, rough  especially  on  the  back,  tipped  by  a  very  stout  brown  spine: 
panicle  pedunculate :    perianth-segments  narrow,  2£  to  3  inches  long :   fruit 
oval  or  cylindric,  dark  purple,  often  long-beaked.  —  S.  Colorado  and  W. 
Texas  to  S.  California  and  Northern  Mexico. 

*  *  Fruit  capsular,  erect:  seeds  thin,  smooth,  broadly  margined,  with  entire 

albumen. 

2.  Y.  angUStifoliaj  Pursh.    Leaves  filamentose  on  the  margin,  very 
stiff  and  pointed,  usually  1  to  3  feet  long  by  3  to  6  lines  wide,  smooth :  ra- 
ceme usually  simple,  nearly  sessile,  1  to  4  feet  long :   flowers  greenish- white 
or  tinged  with  brown ;  segments  broadly  ovate,  an  inch  or  two  long :  fruit 
6-sided.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Dakota. 

10.  L  ILIUM,    L.        LILY. 

Stems  leafy,  simple :  leaves  narrow,  sessile,  whorled  or  scattered,  net- 
veiued  :  flowers  large  and  showy,  in  ours  usually  solitary  and  erect. 

1.  L.  Philadelphicum,  L.  Bulb  small,  of  thick  fleshy  jointed  scales: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  whorled  or  scattered  :  perianth-segments  reddish- 
orange,  coarsely  spotted  on  the  lower  half,  acute,  spreading,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed to  the  claw.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward  to 
N.  Carolina  and  Canada. 

11.  PRITILLARIA,   L. 

Stems  erect,  simple,  leafy :  flowers  often  nodding  and  much  smaller  than 
in  Lilium. 

1 .  P.  atropurpurea,  Nutt.  Bulb  of  numerous  thick  scales :  stem  8  to 
15  inches  high  or  more,  I  to  6-flowered :  leaves  6  to  20,  scattered  or  somewhat 
verticillate  :  flowers  dull  purple  with  more  or  less  of  yellowish  green :  styles  dis- 
tinct above  ;  stigmas  linear :  capsule  acutely  angled,  broadly  obovate.  —  From 
Wyoming  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 


352  LILIACEJE.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

2.  F.  pudica,  Spreng.  Bulb  of  numerous  very  small  rounded  scales : 
stem  3  to  8  inches  high,  1  to  6-flowered :  leaves  3  to  8,  scattered  or  somewhat 
verticillate :  flowers  usually  solitary,  nodding,  yellow  or  orange  and  tinged  with 
purple:  styles  connate  and  stigma  shortly  3-lobed:  capsule  oblong  to  subglobose. — 
From  Utah  and  Montana  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  British  Columbia. 

12.    ERYTHRONIUM,    L.        DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET. 

Stem  bearing  near  Ihe  base  a  pair  of  closely  approximate  flat  dilated  net- 
veined  leaves :  flowers  showy,  solitary  or  few  in  a  naked  raceme. 

1.  E.  grandiflorum,  Pursh.  Leaves  not  mottled,  opposite :  flowers 
1  to  6,  yellow  or  cream-colored,  with  a  more  or  less  orange  base,  1  or  2  inches 
long :  capsule  narrowly  oblong. 

Var.  minor,  Morren.  Flowers  smaller,  an  inch  long,  bright  yellow.  — 
Colorado  and  Utah. 

13.    LLOYD  I  A,    Salisb. 

The  bulb  upon  an  oblique  rhizome,  covered  by  the  persistent  scarious  bases 
of  the  nearly  filiform  leaves. 

1.  L.  serotina,  Reichenb.  Stem  2  to  6  inches  high,  equalling  the  leaves  : 
flowers  erect;  perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  obscurely  pitted  at 
base,  capsule  obovate,  obtusely  angled  :  seeds  chestnut-colored.  —  Mountains 
of  Colorado  and  northward  throughout  the  alpine  and  arctic  regions  of  the 
northern  hemisphere. 

14.    CALOCHORTUS,   Pursh. 

Stems  usually  flexuous  and  branching  :  leaves  few,  linear-lanceolate,  radical 
and  cauline,  the  latter  alternate  and  clasping,  all  with  many  nerves  and  trans- 
verse veinlets :  flowers  few,  showy.  In  ours  the  flowers  are  open-cam panu- 
late,  white  or  lilac,  with  densely  hairy  glands,  and  the  capsule  narrowly  oblong 
with  thick  obtusely  angled  lobes. 

1.  C.  Nuttallii,  Torr  &  Gray.     Stem  slender,  bulbiferous  at  base,  with 
a  single  narrow  canline  leaf  (sometimes  2  or  3),  umbellately  1  to  5-flowered  : 
sepals  often  with  a  dark  or  hairy  spot :  petals  an  inch  or  two  long,  white 
tinged  with  greenish  yellow  or  lilac,  with  a  purplish  spot  or  band  aboce  the  yellow 
base,  and  hairy  around  the  circular  or  oblong  gland:  anthers  obtuse.  —  Pacif.  R. 
Rep.  ii.  124.     From  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Dakota  and  California. 

2.  C.  Gunnisoni,  Watson.     Like  the  last,  but  with  acuminate  anthers 
and  a  broad  transverse  gland:  petals  light  lilac,  yellowish  green  Lelow  the  middle, 
banded  and  lined  with  purple.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  v.  348.     Mountains  from 
Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

15.    STREPTOPUS,    Michx. 

Stems  rather  stout,  with  forking  and  divergent  branches,  ovate  and  taper- 
pointed  rounded-clasping  membranaceous  leaves,  and  small  flowers  on  slender 
peduncles,  which  are  abruptly  bent  or  contorted  near  the  middle. 


LILIACE^E.      (LILY  FAMILY.)  353 

1.  S.  amplexifolius,  DC.  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  very  smooth, 
glaucous  underneath  :  anthers  tapering  to  a  slender  point :  stigma  entire, 
truncate.  —  Across  the  continent  in  northern  latitudes  and  ranging  south  to 
New  Mexico. 

16.    PROSARTES,   D.Don. 

Low  and  pubescent,  divergently  branched  above,  with  closely  sessile  ovate 
and  membrauaceous  leaves,  and  drooping  flowers.  In  ours  the  stigma  is 
3-cleft. 

1.  P.  trachycarpa,  Watson.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute 
or  rarely  acuminate:  perianth-segments  whitish,  slightly  spreading,  acute: 
fruit  broadly  obovate,  obtuse  and  rather  deeply  lobed,  papillose.  —  Bot.  King 
Exped.  v.  344.  Colorado  to  Utah  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

17.    VERATRUM,   Tourn.        FALSE  HELLEBORE. 

The  pubescent  panicle  mostly  staminate  below,  with  green  or  greenish 
bracts.  In  ours  the  leaves  are  broad-elliptical  and  sheathing,  the  ovary  gla- 
brous, and  the  capsule  many-seeded. 

1.  V.  Calif ornieum,  Duraiid.  Stem  2  to  7  feet  high:  upper  leaves 
lanceolate,  but  rarely  acuminate :  branches  of  the  sometimes  compound 
panicle  ascending :  perianth-segments  obtuse,  whitish  with  greener  base, 
often  denticulate  above.  —  V.  album,  Watson.  From  Colorado  and  Wyoming 
to  N.  California  and  Oregon. 

18.    ZYGADENUS,   Michx. 

Stem  from  a  coated  bulb  crowning  a  short  rhizome,  with  narrowly  linear 
obscurely  nerved  leaves  mostly  near  the  base :   otherwise  as  Veratrum.     In 
ours  the  gland  covers  more  or  less  of  the  base  of  the  perianth-segments. 
#  Flowers  rather  large,  mostly  perfect. 

1.  Z.  elegans,  Pursh.     Stem  \  to  3  feet  high :  leaves  glaucous,  2  to  6 
lines  broad  :    raceme  often  few-flowered :    bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  pur- 
plish:  perianth  adnate  at  base;  segments  broad,  greenish,  the  inner  abruptly 
contracted  to  a  broad  claw ;  gland  obcordate.  —  Z.  glaucus,  Nutt.     From  New 
Mexico  to  Oregon  and  Canada. 

2.  Z.  Nuttallii,  Gray.     Stem  stout,  2  feet  high:  leaves  3  to  8  lines 
broad  :  raceme  rather  densely  flowered,  with  narrow  membranous  bracts:  perianth 
free  from  the  ovary  ;  segments  not  clawed,  with  an  ill-defined  gland  at  base.  — 

Manual,  525.    From  Colorado  to  Texas. 

#  *  Flowers  smaller,  polygamous. 

3.  Z.  veneilOSUS,  Watson.     Stem  slender,  £  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  2  or 
3  lines  broad,  scabrous,  the   cauline   not   sheathing :    raceme  simple,  short : 
perianth-segments  triangular-ovate  to  elliptical,  obtuse  or  rarely  acutish,  all  ab- 
ruptly contracted  to  a  short  glandular  claw ;  gland  extending  slightly  above 
the  claw  with  a  well-defined  irregular  margin:  seeds  1£  to  2£  lines  long. — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  279.     From  the  Wahsatch  to  California  and  British 
Columbia.    Known  as  "  Death-Camass  "  or  "  Hogs'  Potato." 

23 


854  SMILACE^E.      (SMILAX  FAMILY.) 

4.  Z.  paniculatUS,  Watson.  Very  similar  :  usually  stout :  leaves  3  to 
8  lines  broad,  usually  all  sheathing  :  raceme  compound:  perianth-segments  del- 
toid, acute  or  acuminate ;  gland  less  definitely  margined,  often  reaching  nearly 
to  the  middle  of  the  blade :  seeds  3  to  5  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  v. 
344.  From  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  to  California  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


19.    CHAM^LIRIUM,    Willd.        DEVIL'S-BIT, 

Stem  wand-like,  from  a  thick  and  abrupt  tuberous  rootstock,  terminated  by 
a  long  spiked  raceme  of  small  bractless  flowers :  fertile  plant  more  leafy  than 
the  staminate. 

1.  C.  Carolinianum,  Willd.  Stem  1  to  4  feet  high:  lower  leaves 
spatulate-oblanceolate,  2  to  6  inches  long,  the  cauline  narrower.  —  C.  luteum, 
Gray,  Manual,  527.  Coming  into  our  eastern  limit  in  W.  Nebraska  and 
extending  eastward. 

20.    TOFIELDIA,    Huds.        FALSE  ASPHODEL. 

Mostly  tufted,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  simple  stems  leafy  only  at  base,  bear- 
ing small  flowers  in  a  close  raceme :  leaves  linear,  grass-like.  Ours  has  stem 
and  inflorescence  pubescent,  and  pedicels  fascicled. 

1.  T.  glutinosa,  Willd.  Glutinous-pubescent:  stem  slender,  £  to  1 J  feet 
high :  raceme  short :  pedicels  bearing  the  scarcely  lobed  involucre  near  the 
flower:  capsule  shortly  beaked:  seeds  minute,  with  brownish  testa,  and  a 
contorted  tail  at  each  end.  —  From  Wyoming  to  Oregon  and  northward,  also 
eastward  to  Canada  and  N.  Carolina. 

21.    XEROPHYLLUM,   Michx. 

Stem  from  a  bulbous  base,  bearing  a  compact  raceme  of  showy  white  flowers, 
thickly  beset  with  needle-shaped  leaves,  the  upper  ones  reduced  to  bristle-like 
bracts ;  those  from  the  root  very  many  in  a  dense  tuft. 

1.  X.  Douglasii,  Watson.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high:  leaves  often  2  or  3 
feet  long:  pedicels  £  to  l£  inches  long:  flower-segments  2^  lines  long,  exceed- 
ing the  stamens:  capsule  cordate-ovate,  6-valved,  the  abruptly  acute  cells 
separating  and  then  dehiscing.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  284.  X.  tenax  of  the 
Hayden  Reports.  Headwaters  of  the  Yellowstone  and  westward  to  Oregon. 


ORDER  80.    SMILACE^.     (SMILAX  FAMILY.) 

Shrubby  or  rarely  herbaceous  plants,  climbing  or  supported  by  a  pair 
of  tendrils  on  the  petiole  of  the  ribbed  and  netted-veined  simple  leaves ; 
with  dioecious  small  flowers;  regular  perianth  of  6  similar  deciduous 
sepals,  free  from  the  ovary ;  as  many  stamens  as  sepals ;  with  introrse 
1 -celled  anthers;  ovary  with  3  cells  and  as  many  elongated  spreading 
sessile  stigmas. 


COMMELYNACE^E.      (SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.)          355 

1.     SMIL  AX,    Tourn.        GREEN  BRIER. 

Characters  of  the  order :  flowers  in  umbels. 

1.  S.  rotundifolia,  L.  Stem  armed  with  scattered  prickles,  as  well  as 
the  terete  branches  :  branchlets  more  or  less  4-angular :  leaves  ovate  or  round- 
ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped,  abruptly  short-pointed :  berries  blue-black,  with 
a  bloom.  —  Colorado  and  eastward. 


ORDER  81.     COUHTIELYNACC^E.     (SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  thickened  roots,  jointed  and  often 
branching  leafy  stems,  and  chiefly  perfect  and  6-androus,  often  irregular 
ilowers,  with  the  perianth  free  from  the  2  to  3-celled  ovary,  and  having 
a  distinct  calyx  and  corolla,  of  3  persistent  sepals  and  as  many  ephe- 
meral or  deciduous  (in  ours  blue)  petals.  Style  one,  stigma  undivided. 
Pod  3  to  several-seeded.  —  Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  linear,  parallel- 
veined,  flat,  sheathed  at  the  base  ;  the  uppermost  often  forming  a  kind 
of  spathe. 

1.  Commelyna.    Flowers  irregular.    Three  stamens  fertile  and  three  sterile  and  smaller : 

li laments  naked. 

2.  Tradescantia.     Flowers  regular.     Stamens  all  fertile  :  filaments  bearded. 

1.    COMMELYNA,   Dill.        DAY-FLOWER. 

Sepals  somewhat  colored,  unequal;  the  2  lateral  partly  united  by  their 
contiguous  margins.  Two  lateral  petals  rounded,  on  long  claws,  the  odd 
one  smaller.  Sterile  stamens  with  imperfect  cross-shaped  anthers. — Stems 
branching,  often  procumbent  and  rooting  at  the  joints:  floral  leaf  heart- 
shaped  and  clasping,  folded  together  or  hooded,  forming  a  spathe  enclosing 
the  flowers,  which  expand  for  a  single  morning  and  are  recurved  on  their 
pedicels  before  and  afterwards. 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Stems  slender,  erect,  or  reclined  and  rooting  towards 
the  base :  leaves  oblong-  or  linear-lanceolate :  spathes  peduncled,  conduplicate, 
round-heart-shaped  when  expanded,  in  fruit  somewhat  hood-like.  —  E.Colo- 
radii  and  eastward  to  New  York. 

2.    TRADESCANTIA,    L.        SPIDERWORT. 

Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  all  alike,  ovate,  sessile.  —  Stems  mostly  upright, 
nearly  simple,  leafy :  leaves  keeled  :  flowers  ephemeral,  in  umbelled  clusters, 
terminal  (in  ours)  :  floral  leaves  nearly  like  the  others. 

1.  T.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  lance-linear,  elongated,  tapering  from  the 
sheathing  base  to  the  point,  ciliate  :  umbels  sessile,  clustered,  usually  involu- 
crate  by  2  leaves,  many-flowered.  —  From  New  Mexico  northward  and  east- 
ward across  the  continent. 


356  JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 


ORDER  82.     JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

Grass-like  or  sedge-like  herbs,  with  small  flowers,  a  regular  and 
hypogynous  persistent  perianth  of  6  similar  glumaceous  sepals,  6  or 
rarely  3  stamens,  a  single  short  style,  3  filiform  hairy  stigmas,  and  an 
ovary  1  or  3-celled.  —  Plants  with  liliaceous  flowers  and  sedge-like 
appearance  and  texture. 

1.  Laizula.    Pod  1-celled,  3-seeded.     Plant  often  hairy. 

2.  Juncus.    Pod  3-celled,  or  1-celled  by  the  placentae  not  reaching  the  axis,  many-seeded. 

Plant  never  hairy. 

1.    LUZULA,    DC.      WOOD-RUSH. 

Pod  with  one  seed  to  each  parietal  placenta.  Generally  in  dry  ground,  with 
usually  flat  and  soft  usually  hairy  leaves,  and  spiked-crowded  or  umbelled 
flowers. 

*  Pedicels  \-flowered,  in  a  loose  compound  cyme. 

1.  L.  spadicea,  DC.     Glabrous  or  slightly  villous  :  stems  6  to  18  inches 
high  or  more:  inflorescence  lax  and  nodding,  much  exceeding  the  usually 
small  involucral  bracts :   perianth  straw-color  or  more  or  less  tinged  with 
brown ;  segments  slightly  shorter  than  the  acute  apiculate  capsule :  anthers 
much  exceeding  the  filaments :  seed  oblong,  brownish,  not  appendaged,  — 
Ranging  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  southward  into  California,  Colorado,  and  the 
N.  Atlantic  States;  chiefly  the  following  varieties: 

Var.  parviflora,  Meyer.  Inflorescence  often  3  to  6  inches  long,  with 
elongated  unequal  drooping  branches  and  slender  pedicels :  flowers  smaller : 
anthers  about  equalling  the  filaments. 

Var.  melanocarpa,  Meyer.  Similar,  but  capsule  dark  brown.  —  L.  par- 
viflora, var.  melanocarpa,  Gray,  Manual. 

Var.  subcongesta,  Watson.  Like  the  others,  but  the  pedicels  short  and 
more  or  less  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  the  cyme. — Bot.  Calif. 
ii.  202. 

#  *  Flowers  spicate :  spikes  erect,  mostly  pedunculate  in  a  cymose  umbel. 

2.  L.  COIQOSa,  Meyer.    Villous:  stem  6  to  15  inches  high,  leafy :  the  folia' 
ceous  bract  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence:  peduncles  2  to  12,  unequal,  the 
longer  1  to  3  inches  long:  spikes  simple,  usually  oblong,  loosely  flowered:  peri- 
anth pale  or  somewbat  tinged  with  brown,   equalling  the  capsule :   anthers 
small,  equalling  the  filaments  :  seed  dark,  with  a  white  conical  appendage  some- 
times half  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  The  type,  together  with  the  following  varie- 
ties, ranges  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  westward  and  northward. 

Var.  macrantha,  Watson.  Perianth  longer,  much  exceeding  the  capsule: 
anthers  equalling  or  twice  longer  than  the  filaments :  seed  larger,  the  appendage 
always  short.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  203. 

Var.  subsessilis,  Watson.  Spikes  solitary  or  few,  nearly  sessile,  loose  j 
perianth-segments  lax  and  scarious.  —  Bot.  Calif,  loc.  cit. 

3.  L.  campestris,  DC.     Similar  to  the  preceding  type,  but  usually  less 
villous:    bracts  short:   spikes   dense,  short,  and  ovate:  perianth-segments  often 


JUNCACE.E.      (RUSH  FAMILY.)  357 

dark-brown.  —  Rather  rare  in  California,  Colorado,  etc.,  but  common  in  the 
Atlantic  States. 

4.  L.  spicata,  Desv.  Leaves  carinate  and  folded :  flowers  in  a  solitary 
and  compound  dense  nodding  spike :  seed  not  appendaged. —  An  alpine  species 
in  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  and  in  similar  situations  northward  and  east- 
ward. 

2.    JUNG  US,   L.        RUSH.     BOG-RUSH. 

Stamens  when  3  opposite  the  3  outer  sepals.  —  Generally  in  wet  soil  or 
water,  with  pithy  or  hollow  simple  stems,  and  panicled  or  clustered  small 
greenish  or  brownish  flowers. 

*  Scape  naked,  the  basal  sheath  also  leafless,  or  rarely  bearing  terete  leaves  simi- 

lar to  the  scape :  flowers  in  sessile  apparently  lateral  panicles :  stamens  6  in 
ours.  —  TRUE  JUNCI. 

•t-  Flowers  many ;  panicle  more  or  less  compound :  sheaths  leafless. 

1.  J.  Balticus,  Deth.     Rather  stout:  sepals  nearly  equal  and  similar,  or 
the  inner  more  obtuse :  capsule  ovate-pyramidal,  angled,  beaked :  seeds  smaller, 
narrower,  and  longer  apiculate  than  in  the  eastern  form.  —  Ranging  across 
the  continent.     Known  as  "  Wire  grass." 

2.  J.  filiformis,  L.     Very  slender :  panicle  almost  simple :  sepals  exceed- 
ing the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  short-pointed  greenish  capsule, — From  Colorado  to 
the  Saskatchewan  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

•t-  •«-  Flowers  few ;  panicle  scarcely  ever  compound:  sheaths  often  leaf-bearing: 
seeds  caudate :  low  and  alpine. 

3.  J.  Drummondii,  E.  Meyer.     Stems  1  to  U  feet  high,  terete  and  fili- 
form :  sheaths  bristle-pointed:  spathe  more  or  less  exceeding  the  simple  1  to 
3-flowered   panicle  :    capsule   ovate-oblong,  triangular,  refuse :    seeds   ovate.  — 
Mountains  of  Colorado  to  California  and  northward. 

4.  J.  Hallii,  Engelm.     Stems  6  to  12  inches  high,  terete  and  filiform, 
much  longer  than  the  terete  bristleform  leaves :  spathe  scarcely  exceeding  the 
close  subsimple  2  to  5-flowered  panicle :  sepals  white-margined :  capsule  ovate, 
angled,  retuse :  seeds  oblong-linear.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii.  446.    Colorado. 

5.  J.  Parryi,  Engelm.     Stems  4  to  8  inches  high,  setaceous,  longer  than 
the  sulcate  subterete  leaves :   spathe  exceeding  the  1  to  3-flowered   panicle : 
outer  sepals  bristle-pointed :  capsule  prismatic,  pointed :  seeds  oblong.  —  Loc.  cit. 
Mountains  of  Colorado  to  California  and  northward. 

*  *  Stems  naked  or  leafy :    leaves  flat,  or  semi-terete  and  channelled,  never 

knotted:  panicle  or  head  evidently  terminal:  stamens  6  in  ours.  —  GRASSY- 
LEAVED  JUNCI. 

•*-  Alpine:  seeds  caudate:  leai^es  flstulous :  flowers  in  small  heads. 

6.  J.  triglumis,  L.    Leaves  roundish,  channelled  and  2  to  3-tubular 
below,  flattened  upward :   sheaths  auricled  at  top :  head  equalling  the  membra- 
nous spathe :  capsule  elliptical,  acute.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  northward 
to  the  Arctic  coast. 

7.  J.  castaneus,  Sm.     Stem  leafy :  leaves  terete,  deeply  channelled  at 
base :  heads  somewhat  in  pairs  sessile  or  peduncled,  shorter  than  the  rather  large 
spathe  :  capsule  oval-triangular  and  rather  long  mucronate.  —  Mountains  of  Colo- 
rado northward  to  British  America  and  thence  across  the  continent. 


358  JUNCACE^:.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

•«-  -1-  Flowers  solitary,  panided. 
•«-»•  Stems  slender,  simple,  tufted,  leafy  below. 

8.  J.  Vaseyi,  Engelm.     Leaves  slightly  channelled  at  base :  panicle  light- 
colored,  loose,  few-flowered :  capsule  ovate,  retuse  :  seeds  conspicuously  caudate 
al  both  ends.  —  Loc.  cit.     From  Colorado  to  Michigan  aiid  the  Saskatchewan. 

9.  J.  tenuis,  Willd.      Leaves  flat :   perianth-segments    pale :   sepals  ex- 
ceeding the  ovoid  retuse  green  capsule:  seeds  white-pointed  at  both  ends. — 
Everywhere  throughout  the  United  States. 

Var.  COngestUS,  Engelm.     Panicle   contracted  and  somewhat  capitate: 
perianth  and  capsule  darker.  —  Loc.  cit.  450.     Colorado  and  California. 
•w-  ••-*•   Stems  branched,  diffused,  leafy. 

10.  J.  bllfonius,  L.     Low  and  slender  :  panicle  spreading,  mostly  with 
one-sided  dichotomous  branches :   the  3  outer  sepals  much  longer  than  the 
inner  and  than  the  oblong  obtuse  pod :  seeds  elliptical,  obtuse.  —  Common 
everywhere. 

•«-•*-•»-  Flowers  capitate :  seeds  not  caudate. 

1 1 .  J.  longistylis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  leafy :  leaves 
flat,  grass-like:  heads  few  in  a  contracted  panicle,  or  rarely  single :  flowers 
greenish  with   brown   lines  :   sepals  equal,  a  little  shorter  or  equalling  the 
ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate  or  rostrate,  chestnut  colored  capsule :  seeds  oblan- 
ceolate  or  obovate,  pointed.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan  and 
Washington  Territory. 

*  *  *  Stem  leafy :   leaves  knotted  by  internal  cross-partitions :  panicle  terminal, 

with  the  flowers  in  heads.  —  KNOTTY-LEAVED  JDNCI. 

•+-  Leaves  terete  or  slightly  compressed. 

•*-»•  Seeds  barely  pointed :  stamens  6. 

12.  J.  alpinus,  Vill.,  var.  insignis,  Fries.     Stem  9  to  18  inches  high: 
panicle  erect,  elongated,  greenish  or  light-brown;  heads  few-flowered :  sepals 
obtuse :   capsules  light-brown,  obtuse,  mucronate,  3-celled :  seeds  spindle-shaped. 
—  From  Colorado  northward,  also  eastward  to  New  York. 

13.  J.  nodosus,  L.,  var  megacephalus,  Torr.     Stem  stout,  1  to  3  feet 
high,  with  thick  leaves  :  panicle  pale  green  ;  heads  many-flowered :  sepals  awl- 
pointed:  capsules  slender,   triangular,  taper-pointed,  one-celled:   seeds  obovate, 
abruptly  mucronate.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  California  and  New  York. 

•M-  -M-  Seeds  caudate :  stamens  3. 

14.  J.  Canadensis,  J.  Gay.     Tufted  stems  erect,  bearing  2  or  3  leaves  : 
heads  few  to  many-flowered  :    outer  sepals  the  shorter :   capsule  triangular- 
prismatic,  one-celled,  mostly  exsert  and  short-pointed. 

Var.  COarctatUS,  Engelm.  Stem  slender,  bearing  fewer  deep-brown  3  to 
5-flowered  heads  in  a  somewhat  erect  contracted  panicle  :  sepals  much  shorter 
than  the  pod.  —  Gray's  Manual,  544.  Yellowstone  Park ;  also  eastward  from 
Wisconsin  to  New  England. 

•»—  -i-  Leaves  compressed  and  equitant,  ensiform :  stem  compressed  and  usually 

acutely  edged. 

15.  J.  MertensianilS,  Meyer.     Stems  weak,  from  slender  matted  root- 
stocks,  6  to  18  inches  high,  not  2-edged :  leaves  very  narroiv,  the  sheaths  with 
ligules:  heads  solitary,  densely  many-flowered,  dark  brown:  capsule  obovate, 
obtuse.  — From  Colorado  to  California  and  Alaska. 


TYPHACE^E.     (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.)  359 

16.  J.  xiphioides,  Meyer.  Stems  from  a  thick  creeping  rootstock,  2  to 
4  feet  high,  2-edged :  leaves  usually  broad,  the  sheaths  without  ligules :  heads 
numerous,  brownish,  few  to  many-flowered,  in  a  compound  panicle :  capsule 
oblong,  acute. 

Var.  montanus,  Engelm.  Lower  and  leaves  narrower:  heads  few, 
usually  many-flowered.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii.  481.  From  New  Mexico 
to  Washington  Territory  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


ORDER  83.    TYPHACE^.     (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  with  nerved  and  linear  sessile  leaves,  and 
monoecious  flowers  on  a  spadix  or  in  heads,  destitute  of  proper  floral 
envelopes.  Ovary  tapering  into  a  style.  Fruit  nut-like,  1  or  2-seeded. 

1.  Typha.     Flowers  in  a  long  very  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  stem. 

2.  Sparganium.     Flowers  in  separate  dense  spherical  leafy-bracted  heads,  which  are 

scattered  along  the  summit  of  the  stem. 

1.    TYPHA,    Tourn.         CAT-TAIL  FLAG. 

Upper  part  of  the  spike  consisting  of  stamens  only,  intermixed  with  long 
hairs ;  the  lower  or  fertile  part  consisting  of  ovaries,  surrounded  by  club- 
shaped  bristles.  Nutlets  minute,  very  long-stalked.  — Leaves  long,  sheathing 
the  base  of  the  simple  jointless  stems. 

1.  T.  latifolia,  L.  Leaves  flat:  staminate  and  pistillate  parts  of  the 
spike  approximate. — Across  the  continent. 

2.     SPARGANIUM,    Tourn.        BUR-REED. 

The  upper  heads  consisting  of  stamens  only,  with  minute  scales  irregularly 
interposed ;  the  lower  larger,  consisting  of  numerous  sessile  pistils,  each  sur- 
rounded by  3  to  6  scales.  Fruit  wedge-shaped  or  club-shaped.  —  Stems 
simple  or  branching,  sheathed  below  by  the  base  of  the  linear  leaves. 

*  Erect,  with  branched  inflorescence  of  numerous  heads:  pistil  as  lonq  as  the 

truncate  scales:  nuts  sessile,  wedge-shaped,  angular:  leaves  mostly  flat  and 
merely  keeled,  the  base  triangular  with  concave  sides. 

1.  S.  eurycarpum,  Engelm.    Stems  stout,  2  to  4  feet  high :  fruit  many- 
angled  when  ripe,  with  a  broad  and  depressed  summit  abruptly  tipped  in  the 
centre.  —  From  Nevada  northward  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

*  *  Erect  or  rarely  floating,  with  simple  or  branched  inflorescence  of  numerous 

heads:  pistil  with  conspicuous  style  longer  than  the  spatulate  denticulate 
scales :  nuts  attenuated  at  both  ends,  with  a  stalked  base,  nearly  terete :  leaves 
floating  or  triangular  with  flat  sides  in  the  lower  half. 

2.  S.  simplex,  Hudson.     Erect,  9  to  15  inches  high,  slender:  inflores- 
cence simple,  the  lower  heads  supra-axillary,  sessile  or  peduncled  :  fruit  more 
or  less  contracted  in  the  middle. — Across  the  continent.     Exceedingly  vari- 
able, the  following  varieties  coming  within  our  range : 


360  LEMNACE.E.      (DUCKWEED   FAMILY.) 

Var.  androcladum,  Engelm.  Stouter  and  taller :  inflorescence  branched 
below ;  branches  bearing  numerous  sterile  heads  :  fruit  larger,  not  contracted, 
long-tapering  at  both  ends.  —  Gray's  Manual,  481. 

Var.  angustifolium,  Engelm.  Leaves  floating  :  inflorescence  simple : 
fruit  smaller,  short-stiped,  contracted  in  the  middle.  —  Loc.  cit. 

#  #  #  Usually  floating,  with  very  slender  stems  and  delicate  always  flat  and 
narrow  leaves :  inflorescence  simple,  of  few  small  heads :  scales  oval  or  obovate, 
denticulate :  nuts  oval,  with  a  very  short  stipe  and  short  point. 
3.   S.  minimum,  Bauhin,  Fries.    Fertile  heads  solitary  or  two,  axillary, 
sessile,  or  the  lower  one  peduncled :    nuts  somewhat  triangular,  contracted 
below :  stems  when  out  of  the  water  only  5  to  6  inches  high.  —  Uinta  Moun- 
tains, and  northward,  thence  eastward  to  New  England. 


ORDER  84.    L,EUINACEjE.     (DUCKWEED  FAMILY.) 

Minute  stemless  plants,  floating  free  on  the  water,  destitute  of  distiuct 
stem  and  foliage,  being  merely  a  disk-like  frond  producing  one  or  few 
monoecious  flowers  from  the  edge  or  upper  surface,  and  commonly  hang- 
ing roots  from  underneath ;  fruit  a  utricle,  and  seed  large. 

1.  Liemna.    Frond  1  to  5-nerved,  with  a  single  rootlet. 

2.  Speirodela.    Frond  7  to  11-nerved,  with  several  rootlets. 


1.    LEMNA,    Linn.        DUCKWEED.    DUCK'S-MEAT. 

Flowers  marginal,  bracteate,  diandrous.  Anther-cells  bilocellate  by  a  trans- 
verse partition,  dehiscing  transversely.  Seeds  1  to  6.— Rootlet  destitute  of 
vascular  tissue. 

1.  L.  trisulca,  L.    Fronds  thin,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base 
into  a  slender  stalk,  very  obscurely  3-nerved,  usually  several  series  of  offshoots 
remaining  connected:  seeds  ovate.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  Oregon,  the  Sas- 
katchewan, and  eastward  through  most  of  North  America. 

2.  Ii.  minor,  L.     Fronds  rather  thick,  round-  to  elliptic-obovate,  sessile,  very 
obscurely  3-nerved,   the  offshoots  soon  separating :   seeds  oblong-obovate.  — 
Abundant  everywhere,  closely  covering  the  surface  of  stagnant  pools. 

2.    SPEIRODELA,    Schleiden. 

Like  Lemna,  but  anther-cells  bilocellate  by  a  vertical  partition  and  dehiscent 
longitudinally,  and  ovary  2-celled.  —  Rootlets  with  axile  vascular  tissues. 

1 .  S.  polyrrhiza,  Schleid.  Fronds  round-obovate,  purple  beneath  :  roots 
clustered,  usually  3  to  5.  —  Lemna  polyrrhiza,  L.  Nevada,  Montana,  Wyoming, 
and  eastward  throughout  the  continent.  Very  rarely  seen  in  flower  or  fruit. 


NAIADACE^E.      (PONDWEED  FAMILY.)  861 


ORDER  85.    ALJSUIACEjE.     (WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  herbs,  with  scape-like  stems,  sheathing  leaves,  and  perfect  or 
monoecious  flowers  not  on  a  spadix,  furnished  with  both  calyx  and 
corolla;  sepals  and  petals  each  3,  distinct;  ovaries  numerous,  distinct, 
becoming  akenes  in  fruit.  —  Roots  fibrous ;  leaves  radical,  petiolate, 
strongly  nerved  with  transverse  veinlets,  the  earlier  sometimes  without 
blade;  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme  or  panicle. 

1.  Alisma.    Flowers  perfect.    Carpels  verticillate,  obovate-oblong,  flattened. 

2.  Sag!  tt  aria.    Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.    Carpels  capitate,  flattened  and  mem- 

branously  winged. 

1.    A  L  IS  MA,    L.        WATER-PLANTAIN. 

Petals  small.  Stamens  6,  rarely  more.  Ovaries  on  a  disk-like  receptacle. 
Akenes  in  a  crowded  whorl,  somewhat  channelled  on  the  back,  obtuse.  — 
Herbs  in  shallow  water  or  mud,  with  small  flowers  in  a  verticillately  branched 
panicle. 

1.  A.  PlantagO,  L.,  var.  Americanum,  Gray.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  pointed,  mostly  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  3  to  9-nerved  :  carpels  obliquely  obovate,  forming  an  obtusely  triangular 
whorl  in  fruit.  —  From  the  base  of  the  mountains  eastward  across  the  conti- 
nent ;  also  from  California  to  Washington  Territory. 

2.    SAGITTABIA,    L.       ARROW-HEAD. 

Staminate  flowers  above.  Petals  usually  conspicuous.  Stamens  numerous, 
rarely  few.  Ovaries  crowded  in  globose  heads.  Akenes  abruptly  beaked  by 
the  very  short  style.  —  Stoloniferous  herbs  with  milky  juice,  broadly  sheathing 
leaves  often  without  a  blade,  and  mostly  simple  stems  bearing  one  to  few  whorls 
of  flowers  usually  in  threes. 

1.  S.  variabilis,  Engelm.  Rootstock  tuberiferous :  scape  £  to  2  feet 
high  or  more,  angled :  leaves  very  variable,  ovate-sagittate,  or  more  or  less 
narrowed,  or  even  linear,  acute,  the  similar  lobes  more  or  less  divergent,  acu- 
minate: petals  white,  rounded,  exceeding  the  sepals:  fruiting  heads  nearly 
half  an  inch  in  diameter :  akenes  obovate,  with  a  conspicuous  acute  horizontal 
beak  at  the  upper  angle.  —  From  the  mountains  eastward  across  the  conti- 
nent ;  also  from  Nevada  and  California  to  British  Columbia. 


ORDER  86.     NAIADACE^E.     (PONDWEED  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  or  mostly  immersed  aquatic  herbs,  with  stems  jointed  and 
leafy  (naked  and  scape-like  in  Triglochin),  leaves  sheathing  at  base  or 
stipulate,  and  flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  often  spathaceous,  with  or 
without  perianth  ;  ovaries  1 -celled,  1-ovuled. 


362  NAIADACE^E.      (PONDWEED   FAMILY.) 

»  Immersed  aquatics  with  flat  leaves  :  ovaries  4,  distinct.  —  NAIADES. 

1.  Zanichellia.    Flowers  monoecious,  axillary.     Stamen  1,  with  slender  filament.    Fertile 

flowers  solitary,  with  a  cup-shaped  membranous  spathe  or  perianth.     Ovaries  nearly 
sessile,  becoming  more  or  less  stipitate :  stigmas  peltate.     Leaves  opposite. 

2.  Potamogeton.     Flowers  perfect,  with  herbaceous  4-sepaled  perianth,  in  a  peduncled 

spike.    Anthers  4,  sessile.    Ovaries  sessile :  stigma  sessile,  unilateral.    Leaves  mostly 
alternate. 

*  *  Marsh  plants  with  terete  bladeless  leaves :  flowers  perfect,  spicate  or  racemose,  with 
herbaceous  6-lobed  perianth :  carpels  more  or  less  united,  separating  at  maturity.  — 

JUNCAGINEjB. 

3.  Triglochin.    Ovaries  3  to  6,  united  until  maturity.     Leaves  radical.     Flowers  bract- 

less,  in  a  spike-like  raceme  terminating  a  jointless  scape. 

4.  Scheuchzeria.    Ovaries  3,  nearly  distinct,  at  length  divergent     Flowers  bracteate  in 

&  loose  raceme  upon  a  leafy  stem. 


1.    ZANICHELLIA,    Micheli.        HORNED  PONDWEED. 

Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Male  flowers  of  a  single  naked  stamen.  Fertile 
flowers  usually  in  the  same  axils.  Fruit  an  obliquely  oblong  beaked  nutlet. 
—  Very  slender  and  branching,  with  very  narrow  and  filiform  leaves,  not 
sheathing  and  with  small  stipules. 

1.  Z.  palustris,  L.  Stems  2  inches  to  2  feet  long  or  more,  leafy  :  leaves 
£  to  3  inches  long :  fruit  somewhat  incurved,  often  more  or  less  toothed  on  the 
back.  —  From  New  Mexico  and  S.  Colorado  northward,  and  in  both  the  Pacific 
and  Atlantic  States.  In  fresh-water  ponds  and  slow  streams. 

2.    POTAMOGETOK",    Tourn.        PONDWEED. 

The  four  stamens  opposite  the  perianth  segments.     Fruit  somewhat  com- 
pressed, ovate,  drupe-like,  with  a  crustaceous  nutlet  within.  —  Slender,  jointed 
and  branching,  in  fresh  or  brackish  water,  with  linear  or  dilated  leaves,  and 
scarious  stipules :  spikes  enclosed  in  the  bud,  at  length  long-exserted.1 
*  Floating  leaves  more  or  less  coriaceous,  vrith  a  dilated  petioled  blade,  different 
in  form  from  the  thinner  submerged  ones;   stipules  free:    spikes  cylindrical, 
mostly  dense,  not  interrupted. 
H—  Submerged  leaves  reduced  to  narroicli/  grass-like  or  filiform  sessile  phi/Madia. 

1.  P.  natans,  L.      Stem   rather  stout,  simple  or  sparingly   branched: 
floating  leaves  thick,  ovate-elliptic  to  lanceolate,  acutish,  slightly  cordate  at 
base,  21  to  29-nerved,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  stipules  long  and  con- 
spicuous ;  upper  submerged  leaves  with  a  small  lanceolate  blade,  the  lower 
(formed  early  or  late  in  the  season)  reduced  to  phyllodia:  peduncle  stout, 
bearing  an  emersed  spike  :  fruit  turgid,  obliquely  obovate,  acute :  nutlet  with 
a  small  deep  pit  on  each  side.  —  Across  the  continent,  in  ponds  and  ditches. 
In  deeper  or  flowing  water,  the  plant  becomes  more  slender  and  often  sub- 
merged. 

•*-  •*-  Submerged  leaves  lanceolate,  rareh/  oral  or  linear. 

2.  P.  rufeseens,  Schrad.     Floating  leaves  (often  wanting)  rather  thin, 
II  to  17-nerved,  narrowly  oblong-elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  acutish,  attenuate  into 

1  Mature  fruit  is  necessary  for  positive  determination. 


NAIADACE.E.      (PONDWEED   FAMILY.)  £63 


a  very  broad  short  petiole;  submerged  leaves  as  large  as  the  floating  ones, 
or  nearly  so,  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute :  spikes  rather  slender, 
on  stout  often  elongated  peduncles .  fruit  round-obovate,  acutely  margined,  beaked 
by  the  rather  long  style:  nutlet  pitted  on  each  -side.  —  In  Colorado  and  Montana, 
and  common  in  the  Atlantic  States ;  also  collected  sparingly  in  California.  In 
streams  or  ponds. 

3.  P.  lonchites,  Tuckerman.     Stem  rather  slender,  branching:   floating 
leaves  thickish,  1 1  to  23-nerved,  long  elliptical  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acutish,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  petiole  usually  longer  than  the  blade ; 
submerged  leaves  thinner  and  longer,  mostly  linear-lanceolate,  more  attenuate  at 
base,  the  lower  sessile  :  spikes  on  stout  peduncles  :  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  cari- 
nate,  acufe:  nutlet  somewhat  3-keeled,  the  sides  scarcely  impressed.  — Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  ii.  vi.  226.     From  Mexico  to  the  Atlantic  States;  also  in  the  Pacific 
States.     Usually  in  streams. 

4.  P.  amplifolius,  Tuckerman.    Stems  often  stout,  simple :  floating  leaves 
(sometimes   wanting)    30   to   50-nerved,  elliptic   to   oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
most 1 1/  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  on  stout  petioles  about  equalling  the 
b'ade;  submerged  leaves  often  very  large,  mostly  falcate  and  somewhat  undulate, 
acute,  attenuate  to  a  usually  short  petiole :  spike  thick,  on  a  very  stout  peduncle : 
fruit  large,  3-keeled,  with  a  broad  stout  beak :   sides  of  the  nutlet  not  pitted.  — 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  loc.  cit.  225.  —  From  New  Mexico  to  the  Atlantic   States  ; 
also  in  California  and  Oregon.     In  ponds  and  streams. 

5.  P.   gramineus,  L.      Stems  very  slender,  branching :    floating  leaves 
rather  thin,  9  to  15-nerved,  small,  oblong-elliptic,  acutish,  rounded  or  cuneate  at 
base,  on  slender  petioles  mostly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  blade  ;  submerged  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  variable  in  length,  more  commonly  short,  acute  or  acuminate, 
narrowed  at  base :  spikes  rather  loose,  on  stout  often  elongated  peduncles  :  fruit 
round-obovate,  acute,  scarcely  keeled.  —  From  the  Yellowstone  eastward ;  also  in 
Nevada  and  California.     In  still  or  flowing  water. 

*  *  Leaves  all  submerged  and  uniform,  thin  and  dilated  (lanceolate  to  oval),  nu- 
merous, mostly  sessile :  spikes  dense,  on  stout  peduncles. 

6.  P.  lucens,  L.    Stem  stout,  branching :  leaves  usually  large  (2  to  6  inches 
long),  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  abruptly  acute  or  acuminate,  often  undu- 
late-serrate, narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole  or  subsessile;    stipules   large: 
peduncles  often  elongated :  fruit  acute,  slightly  keeled.  —  From  New  Mexico 
to  California ;  also  eastward  to  Florida  and  New  England. 

7.  P.  perfoliatUS,  L.      Stem  more  slender,  flexuous,  branching:   leaves 
broadly  cordate  to  cordate-lanceolate,  $  to  l£  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  clasp- 
ing at  base ;  stipules  small :  spikes  somewhat  compound,  on  mostly  short  pe- 
duncles :  fruit  obtusely  keeled,  beaked  by  the  short  slender  style. 

Var.  (?)  lanceolatUS,  Bobbins.  Leaves  longer  (2  to  4  inches  or  more), 
and  more  lanceolate,  acuminate,  undulate :  peduncles  thickened  upward :  fruit 
nearly  orbicular.  —  Gray's  Manual,  488. 

#  *  *  Leaves  all  submerged  and  uniform,  narrowly  linear  or  setaceous,  sessile. 
•«-  Stipules  free  from  the  narrow  base  of  the  leaf. 

8.  P.  pusillus,  L.    Stem  filiform  :  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  rarely  a  line 
wide,  often  nearly  setaceous,  1  to  5-nerved,  biglandular  at  base :  spikes  capi- 
tate, or  elongated,  or  interrupted,  on  slender  flattened  peduncles. 


364  NAIADACE^E.       (PONDWEED   FAMILY.) 

Var.  vulgaris,  Fries.  Leaves  3-nerved,  often  obtuse,  revolute  and  hence 
subulate.  —  From  the  Uintas  to  the  N.  Atlantic  States  and  Canada. 

•«-  H—  Stipules  united  with  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf:  spikes  interrupted. 

9.  P.  pectinatUS,  L.     Stem  filiform,  repeatedly  branched :  leaves  very 
narrowly  linear,  2  to  6  inches  long,  rarely  over  ^  line  broad,  often  setaceous, 
l-nerved,  acute  :  peduncles  elongated,  slender :  fruit  in  often  dense  verticils,  large 
(2  lines  long),  obliquely  obovate,  obtusely  keeled.  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains 
eastward  across  the  continent ;  also  in  the  Pacific  States. 

10.  P.  marinus,  L.     Resembling  narrow-leaved  forms  of  the  last,  low 
and  very  leafy :  peduncles  much  elongated :  fruit  much  smaller  (a  line  long)  and 
thinner,  round  obovate,  not  keeled  upon  the  rounded  back,  tipped  with  the  broad 
sessile  stigma. 

Var.  (?)  OCCidentalis,  Eobbins.  Often  taller  and  less  leafy:  peduncles 
usually  rather  short:  spikes  interrupted.  —  Bot.  King  Exped.  339.  Colorado, 
Utah,  Montana,  and  westward.  • 

11.  P.    Hobbinsii,    Oakes.      Stem    rather   stout,    often    branched    and 
flexuous :   leaves  numerous,  distichous,  the  close  sheaths  nearly  covering  the  stem, 
linear-lanceolate,  2  to  3  inches  long  by  2  lines  broad,  many-nerved,  acuminate, 
ciliate-serrulate :   spikes  usually  several,  on  rather  stout  pedicels :    fruit   obiong- 
obovate,  nearly  2  lines  long,  keeled  with  a  broadish  wing,  acutely  beaked.  — 
Gray's  Manual,  490.  •  From  Oregon  to  the  Yellowstone,  and  common  in  the 
N.  Atlantic  States. 

3.    TBIGLOCHIN,    L.        ARROW-GRASS. 

Stamens  3  or  6 :  anthers  nearly  sessile.  Ovary  with  sessile  stigmas  and 
solitary  ovules,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  central  axis  into  as  many  dis- 
tinct pods.  —  Herb  with  fibrous  roots. 

1.  T.  maritimum,  L.     Bather  stout,  a  span  to  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves 
shorter  than  the  scape,  a  line  or  two  broad :  raceme  usually  crowded,  4  to  12 
inches  long :  flowers  a  line  broad :  fruit  obtuse  at  base,  b-carpelled,  1-J-  to  2|  lines 
long,  and  about  equalling  the  pedicels.  —  In  saline  places  across  the  continent. 

2.  T.  palustre,  L.     Slender,  £  to  l£  feet  high:  leaves  less  than  a  line 
broad :  flowers  smaller :  fruit  attenuate  at  base,  3-carpelled,  2^  to  4  lines  long, 
exceeding  the  pedicels,  separating  from  below  upward.  —  From  the  Rocky 
Mountains  eastward  across  the  continent. 


4.    SCHEUCHZERIA,    L. 

Stamens  6  :  anthers  on  slender  exserted  filaments.  Ovary  of  3  nearly  dis- 
tinct carpels,  becoming  divergent  coriaceous  sub-globose  pods  :  stigmas  flat 
and  sessile.  —  Herb  with  a  creeping  jointed  scariously  sheathed  rootstock. 

1.  S.  palustris,  L.  Stems  a  span  high  or  less  :  leaves  exceeding  them, 
pitted  at  the  tip :  raceme  4  to  6-flowered,  with  sheathing  bracts,  the  upper 
ones  small. — From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  across  the  continent;  also 
in  California  and  Washington  Territory. 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  365 


ORDER  87.     CYPERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  mostly  solid  stems, 
closed  sheaths,  and  spiked  chiefly  3-androus  flowers,  one  in  the  axil  of 
each  of  the  glume-like  imbricated  bracts,  destitute  of  any  perianth,  or 
with  hypogynous  bristles  or  scales  in  its  place,  the  1 -celled  ovary  in 
fruit  forming  an  akene.  Style  2  or  3-cleft.  Stem  leaves  when  present 
3-ranked. 

*  Flowers  all  perfect :  spikelets  few  to  many-flowered,  solitary  or  spicate,  the  spikes  capi- 

tate or  umbellate :  only  1  or  2  of  the  lower  scales  usually  empty.  —  SCIKPINE^E. 

••-  Spikelets  more  or  less  flattened,  the  scales  being  in  2  ranks:    inflorescence  involu- 

crate.  —  CYPERE^E. 

1.  Cyperus.    Perianth  (bristles,  etc.)  none.     Style  slender,  deciduous.    Spikelets  spicate 

or  clustered.     Stamens  1  to  3. 

•»-  H-  Spikelets  many-flowered,  not  flattened,  the  scales  imbricated  all  around.  —  SCIRPE^E. 
•H-  Style  not  dilated  at  base. 

2.  Scirpus.     Spikelets  solitary  or  clustered  or  in  a  compound  umbel,  the  stem  6ften 

leafy  at  base  and  inflorescence  involucrate.  Style  deciduous  or  only  the  base  per- 
sistent. Barbed  bristles  present  at  the  base  of  the  akene  or  wanting.  Stamens 
mostly  3. 

3.  lOriophorum.    Like  the  last,  but  the  numerous  naked  bristles  long-exserted  and  silky 

in  fruit.     Spikelets  few.     Stamens  1  to  3. 

4.  Hemicarpha.    Like  Scirpus,  but  without  bristles  and  with  a  minute  hyaline  bractlet 

between  each  flower  and  the  rhachis.  Spikelets  solitary  or  few  in  a  sessile  apparently 
lateral  cluster.  Stamen  1. 

•H-  -H-  Style  enlarged  at  base. 

5.  Eleocharis.    Spikelet  solitary,  terminal  upon  a  leafless  bractless  stem.     Base  of  the 

style  persistent.    Bristles  usually  present.     Stamens  3. 

6.  Fimbristylis.    Spikelets  in  an  involucrate  umbel     Stem  leafy  at  base.     Style  usually 

wholly  deciduous.     Bristles  none.     Stamens  1  to  3. 

*  *  Flowers  monoecious ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  the  same  spike,  which  is  terminal 

(in  ours):  akene  naked,  without  bristles.  —  SCLERINE^E. 

7.  Kobresia.    Spikelets  sessile  in  a  terminal  spike,  with  a  glume-like  bract  under  each 

spikelet.     Stem  leafy  at  base.    Base  of  the  style  persistent.    Stamens  3. 

*  *  *  Flowers  monoecious,  in  the  same  or  distinct  spikelets,  or  dioecious :  akene  enclosed 

in  an  inflated  sac-like  persistent  perigynium.  — CARICINE^E. 

8.  Carex.    Spikelets  solitary,  spicate  or  paniculate.    Hypogynous  bristles  or  scales  wholly 

wanting  or  a  single  short  bristle  at  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

1.    C  Y  P  E  B,  U  S,   L.        GALINGALB. 

Scales  concave  or  keeled,  often  decurrent  upon  the  rhachis.  Akene  lenticu- 
lar or  triangular,  not  beaked,  usually  smooth.  —  With  mostly  triangular  and 
nearly  naked  simple  stems,  sheathed  at  base  by  the  nearly  radical  leaves : 
inflorescence  subtended  by  a  mostly  conspicuous  leafy  involucre,  usually  irregu- 
larly umbellate  with  unequal  rays,  the  spikelets  in  spikes  solitary  or  clustered 
upon  the  rays,  the  central  spike  or  cluster  always  sessile,  and  the  whole  often 
contracted  into  a  single  more  or  less  dense  head.  Ours  all  belong  to  EUCY- 
PERUS,  in  which  the  style  is  3-cleft  and  akene  triangular,  the  spikelets  many- 
flowered,  with  carinate  scales,  and  with  the  rhachis  naked  or  nearly  so. 


366  CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

#  Stamen  1 :  spikes  short  and  small,  collected  in  globular  heads,  ovate  or  linear- 
oblong,  compactly  many-flowered :  low  annuals,  with  a  2  to  3-leaved  involucre. 

1.  C.  aristatus,  Rottb.    Spikes  oblong  becoming  linear,  7  to  13-flowered, 
in  1  to  5  ovate  heads :   scales  nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  recurved  point : 
akene  obovate,  obtuse.  —  C.  inflexus,  Muhl.     Said  to  be  sweet-scented  in 
drying.     Across  the  continent. 

*  *  Stamens  3  :  spikes  loosely  or  somewhat  remotely  6  to  \2-Jlowered,  flatfish  and 

greenish,  several  crowded  together  in  one  sessile  or  in  a  few  peduncled  heads  or 
dense  clusters :  scales  convex  on  the  back,  many-nerved,  a  little  longer  than  the 
sharply  triangular  akene :  perennials,  with  hard  clustered  corms  or  bulb-like 
tubers  at  the  base  of  the  stems. 

2.  C.  Schweinitzii,  Torr.     Stem  rough  on  the  angles,  1  to  2  feet  high : 
leaves  linear:   umbel  simple,  4  to  8-rayed :   spikes  crowded  along  the  upper 
part  of  the  mostly  elongated  rays,  erect :  scales  awl-pointed :  joints  of  the  axis 
narrowly-winged.  —  In  dry  sandy  places  in  Colorado  ;  also  from  Lake  Ontario 
northwestward. 

3.  C.  flliculmis,  Vahl.     Stem  slender,  wiry,  often  reclined:  leaves  linear: 
spikes  numerous  and  clustered  in  one  sessile  dense  head,  or  in  1  to  1  additional 
looser  heads  on  spreading  rays  of  an  irregular  umbel :  joints  of  the  axis  naked : 
scales  blunt,  greenish.  —  In  dry  soil,  and  coming  into  our  range  from  W. 


2.    SCIKPUS,    L.        BULRUSH  or  CLUB-RUSH. 

Hypogynous  bristles  3  to  6,  barbed  or  ciliate,  or  wanting.     Style  2  to  3-cleft. 
Akene  lenticular  or  more  or  less  triangular,  obovoid.  —  Tufted  plants,  with 
creeping  rootstocks,  the  stem  sheathed  or  leafy  at  base,  and  the  spikelets  in 
an  apparently  lateral  cluster,  or  compound  umbel-like  panicle,  or  solitary. 
*  Bristles  when  present  rigid,  not  elongated  and  contorted  or  exserted  after  flower  - 

inq,  barbed  downwards  or  smooth. 
H—  Spike  solitary,  few-flowered,  small,  often  flattish :   akene  triangular,  smooth. 

1.  S.  CSeSpitOSUS,  L.     Stems  terete,   filiform,  in  compact  turfy  tufts, 
densely  sheathed  at  the  base,  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  very  short  awl- 
shaped  leaf  :  scales  of  the  ovoid  spike  rust-colored :  involucral  bract  a  rigid- 
pointed  scale,  resembling  the  lowest  proper  scale  of  the  spike  :   bristles  6, 
smooth,  longer  than  the  abruptly  short-pointed  akene.  —  Mountains  of  Colo- 
rado (Hall  and  Harbour] ;    also  from  the  mountains  of  New  England  and 
N.  Carolina  northwestward. 

•H-  •«-  Spikes  clustered  (rarely  only  one),  appearing  lateral  from  the  one-leaved 

involucre,  which  resembles  the  naked  stem,  seeming  to  be  a  continuation  of  it. 

++ Stem  sharply  triangular,  stout:   sheaths  at  base  more  or  less  leaf-bearing: 

spikes  rusty  brown,  closely  sessile  in  one  cluster. 

2.  S.  pungens,  Vahl.     Stem  sharply  3-angled  throughout,  1  to  4  feet  high, 
with  concave  sides:  leaves  1  to  3  elongated :  spikes  1  to  6,  capitate,  usually  long 
overtopped  by  the  pointed  involucral  leaf :  scales  ovate,  sparingly  ciliate,  2-cleft 
at  the  apex  and  awl-pointed  from  oetween  the  acute  lobes  :  anthers  tipped  with 
an  awl-shaped  minutely  fringed  appendage.  —  Borders  of  ponds  and  streams 
from  California  into  Mexico,  and  northward ;  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 


CYPERACEJS.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  367 

3.  S.  Olneyi,  Gray.     Stem  ^-wing-angled,  with  deeply  excavated  sides,  2  to 
7  feet  high,  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  short  triangular  leaf  or  none :  spikes 
6  to  12,  closely  capitate,  overtopped  by  the  short  involucral  leaf:  scales  orbicu- 
lar, smooth,  raucronate-pointed  :  anthers  with  a  vert/  short  and  blunt  minutely 
bearded  tip.  —  PI.  Lindh.  30.     Across  the  southern  part  of  the  continent  and 
nortlnvard  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 

•*-*•  -M-  Stem  terete,  very  tall  and  stout,  naked :  sheaths  at  the  base  bearing  a  short 
and  imperfect  leaf  or  none :  spikes  rusty  or  chestnut-brown,  numerous  and 
clustered  in  a  one-sided  compound  umbel-like  panicle,  the  principal  rays  of  which 
mostly  surpass  the  involucral  leaf:  scales  with  a  salitnt  midrib  extending  into 
a  mucronate  point. 

4.  S.  lacustris,  L.     Stem  3  to  9  feet  high,  scales  ciliate :  akene  pale  and 
dull,  obovate  with  a  narrowed  base,  usually  overtopped  by  the  4  to  6  slender 
downwardly  barbed   bristles.  —  S.  validus,  Vahl.     Common  in  fresh-water 
ponds  throughout  the  Atlantic  States,  and  extending  westward  to  the  moun- 
tains. • 

Var.  OCCidentalis,  Watson.  Scales  often  pubescent,  especially  on  the 
midvein,  usually  pale  with  fine  brown  lines :  bristles  not  exserted  :  akene 
broadly  obovate,  terminating  abruptly  in  a  rather  short  beak.  —  Bot.  Calif, 
ii.  218.  From  Texas  and  Colorado  to  British  Columbia  and  the  Pacific 
coast.  Known  as  "  Tule." 

•*-•»-•»-  Spikes  clustered  in  simple  or  mostly  compound  umbellate  or  cymose- 
panicled  clusters,  many-Jlowered,  terete :  involucre  of  mostly  several  obvious 
and  flat  leaves:  stems  tall,  triangular,  leafy. 

•M.  Spikes  large :  midrib  of  the  scales  extended  beyond  the  mostly  lacerate  or  2-cleft 
apex  into  a  distinct  awn. 

5.  S.  maritimus,  L.     Leaves  flat,  linear,  as  long  as  the  stout  stem  (1  to 
3  feet  high),  those  of  the  involucre  1  to  4,  very  unequal :  spikes  few  to  several 
in  a  sessile  cluster,  often  also  with  1  to  4  unequal  rays :  awns  of  the  scale  soon 
recurved :  akene  obovate-orbicular,  compressed,  flai  on  one  side,  convex  or  obtuse- 
angled  on  the  other,  minutely  pointed,  shining,  longer  than  the  bristles.  —  In  salt 
marshes  everywhere  across  the  continent. 

6.  S.  fluviatilis,  Gray.     Stem  stouter  and  taller :  leaves  flat,  broadly 
linear,  the  upper  and  those  of  the  very  long  involucre  much  exceeding  the 
compound  umbel :  rays  5  to  9,  elongated,  recurved-spreading :  scales  less  lacerate 
and  their  awns  less  recurved :    akene  obovate,  sharply  and  exactly  triangular, 
conspicuously  pointed,  dull,  scarcely  equalling  the  bristles.  —  Borders  of  lakes 
and  streams  from  W.  Vermont  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  and  extending  into 
our  range  at  its  northeastern  border. 

+*  -w  Spikes  very  numerous,  small:  scales  mucronate-pointed  or  blunt:  umbel-like 
cymose  panicle  irregular,  compound  or  decompound :  stem  tall  and  very  leafy  : 
bristles  very  slender  and  often  more  or  less  tortuous  and  naked  below. 

7.  S.  sylvaticus,  L.     Spikes  lead-colored,  3  to  10  in  a  cluster  at  the  end 
of  the  mostly  slender  ultimate  divisions  of  the  open  decompound  panicle :  scales 
bluntish:  bristles  6  and  downwardly  barbed  throughout:  akene  angled  on  the 
back,  short-pointed  :  style  3-cleft. 


CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  digynus,  Boeck.  Style  2-cleft,  akene  not  at  all  angled  on  the  back, 
stamens  2,  and  bristles  4.  —  S.  microcarpus,  Presl,  of  Gray's  Manual.  From 
California  to  Colorado  and  across  the  continent  northward.  The  type  is 
rarely  collected  in  New  England.  * 

8.  S.  atrovirens,  Muhl.     Very  similar  to  the  last :  panicle  more  con- 
tracted, the  smaller  spikelets  crowded  in  denser  and  larger  clusters:  scales 
narrower  and  narrowlt/  acuminate:   bristles  scarcely  barbed  below  the  middle: 
sti/le  3-cleft:  akene  oblong-obovate,  more  acuminate,  slightly  angled  on  the  back. 
—  In  wet  meadows  and  bogs  from  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon,  and 
eastward  to  New  England. 

#  #  Bristles  capillary,  naked,   not   barbed,  elongating,   becoming  tortuous  and 
entangled,  much  longer  than  the  triangular  akene. 

9.  S.  lineatus,  Michx.     Stem  triangular,  leafy,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves 
linear,  flat :   umbels  terminal  and  sometimes  axillary,  loose,  drooping,  the 
terminal  with  a  1  to  3-leaved  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  long  slender 
rays :    spikes  oblong,  becoming  cylindrical,  on   filiform  drooping  pedicels : 
bristles  at  maturity  scarcely  exceeding  the  green-keeled  and  pointed  scales : 
akene  sharp-pointed.  —  From  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward, 
coming  into  our  range  from  W.  Kansas. 

3.    ERIOPHOBUM,    L.        COTTON-GRASS. 

Distinguished  from  Scirpus  chiefly  by  very  numerous  naked  silky  bristles 
which  become  loug-exserted  in  fruit.  Style  very  slender  and  elongated, 
3-cleft.  Akene  acutely  triangular.  —  Perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks. 

1.  E.  gracile,  Koch.     Stem  very  slender,  1  or  2  feet  high :  leaves  slender, 
channelled-triangular :    involucre  of  I  to  3  brownish  scales :  spikelets  2  to  5  on 
short  tomentose-scabrous  slightly  nodding  rays :   akene  linear-oblong,  broadest 
above.  —  Cold  bogs  across  the  continent  in  the  northern  tier  of  States. 

2.  E.  polystachyum,  L.     Stouter :    leaves  linear,  flat  or  barely  chan- 
nelled below:  involucre  more  conspicuous,  2  or  3-leaved:  spikelets  more  numerous 
and  larger,  upon  longer  nodding  usually  smooth  rai/s :  akene  broader,  obovate.  — 
From  Colorado  northward,  and  thence  eastward  across  the  continent ;  also  in 
Oregon. 

4.    HEMICARPHA,    Nees. 

Distinguished  from  Scirpus  chiefly  by  the  minute  hyaline  bractlet  between 
the  flower  and  the  axis.  Style  2-cleft.  —  Low  setaceous  annuals,  with  flattened 
stems,  somewhat  leafy  at  base. 

1.  H.  SUbsquarrosa,  Nees.  Stems  numerous,  tufted,  1  to  6  inches  high, 
brown-sheathed  at  base,  with  1  or  2  very  short  filiform  leaves :  principal  invo- 
lucral  bract  continuous  with  the  stem,  the  others  much  smaller  or  none : 
scales  brown,  tipped  with  a  short  recurved  point.  —  From  California  to  New 
Mexico  and  Colorado  and  eastward  through  the  Atlantic  States. 

5.    ELEOCHARIS,   R.  Brown.        SPIKE-RUSH. 

Scales  closely  imbricated  all  around  the  rhachis.  Perianth  of  3  to  9  short 
retrorsely  barbed  bristles,  rarely  none.  Style  usually  3-cleft,  the  conical  or 


CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  369 

flattened  tuberculate  base  persistent  and  mostly  jointed  upon  the  summit  of 
the  turgid-triangular  or  lenticular  akeue.  —  Stems  tufted,  from  matted  or 
creeping  rootstocks,  terete  or  angular,  the  base  covered  with  closely  appressed 
sheaths  :  lower  scale  of  the  spikelet  sometimes  enlarged  and  bract-like. 

*  Spike  small  and  few -flowered,  the  scales  somewhat  distichous  or  only  3-ranked  : 

style  3-cleft  and  akene  triangular. 
•t-  Tubercle  contracted  at  its  junction  with  the  akene, 

t.  E.  acicularis,  R.  Br.  Stems  with  fibrous  roots  and  very  slender  run- 
ning rootstocks,  usually  setaceous,  1  to  8  inches  high  :  spike  3  to  9-flowered  : 
scales  acutish,  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  brown :  bristles  3  or  4,  often 
wanting:  akene  oblong-obovate,  obscurely  triangular  and  faintly  ribbed  on 
the  sides;  tubercle  broad,  short  and  blunt.  —  On  sandy  or  muddy  stream- 
banks  across  the  continent. 

+-  H—  Tubercle  continuous  with  the  akene  and  not  contracted  at  base. 

2.  E.  pauciflora,  Watson.     Stems  from  slender  running  rootstocks,  3  to 
8  inches  high,  striate:  spike  ovate-oblong:   scales  acute,  dark  brown:  bristles 
3  to  6,  usually  equalling  the  akene  :  akene  oblong-obovate,  obtusely  triangular ; 
tubercle  rather  stout,  pyramidal,  nearly  a  third  as  long  as  the  akene.  —  Bot. 
Calif,  ii.  221.     Scirpus  paucifloms,  Lightfoot,   Gray's   Manual,  560.      From 
Colorado  and  Wyoming  to  the  N.  Atlantic  States ;  also  in  California. 

*  *  Spike  terete,  man  '/-flowered :  tubercle  somewhat  contracted  at  its  junction  with 

the  akene :  st'/le  2-cleft  and  akene  lenticular. 

3.  E.  palustris,  R.  Br.     Stems  usually  slender,  terete,  striate,  £  to  4  feet 
high :  spike  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  acute,  3  to  12  lines  long  :  scales  obtuse  or 
the  upper  acutish,  thin,  brown  with  white  margin  and  greenish  keel :  bristles  4, 
about  equalling  the  akene:  akene  obovate,  turgid,  smooth ;   tubercle  broad-deltoid, 
acutish  or  acute,  rarely  acuminate.  —  Throughout  the  continent,  and  in  most 
parts  of  the  Old  World. 

4.  E.  olivacea,  Torr.     Stems  very  slender  and  spreading,  1  to  6  inches 
high :  spike  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  1  to  3  lines  long :   scales  obtuse,  rather  loosely 
imbricated,  purple  with  a  green  midrib  :   bristles  6  or  8,  longer  than  the  akene : 
akene  and  tubercle  as  in  the  last.  —  Colorado,  Montana,  and  Oregon ;  also  on 
the  Great  Lakes  and  the  Atlantic  coast. 

5.  E.  COmpressa,  Sulliv.    Stem  flat,  striate,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  spike  ovate- 
oblong,  at  length  lanceolate,  4  to  7  lines  long :  scales  acute,  dark  purple  with 
broad  white  pellucid  margins:  bristles  1  to  4  (or  none),  very  slender  and  fragile, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  akene :  akene  obovate-pear-shaped,  compressed  ;  tuber- 
cle small,  conical,  pointed.  —  Gray's  Manual,  558. 

6.    FIMBRISTYLIS,  Vahl. 

Scales  closely  imbricated  around  the  rhachis.  Styles  2  to  3-cleft,  often  flat- 
tened and  ciliate,  somewhat  dilated  at  base.  Akene  lenticular  or  triangular, 
usually  attenuate  at  base  or  suustipitate.  —  In  ours  the  style  is  2-cleft  and  the 
akene  lenticular. 

1.  F.  spadicea,  Vahl.  Stems  1  to  2£  feet  high,  from  a  perennial  root, 
rigid,  as  are  the  filiform  convolute-channelled  leaves :  spikes  ovate-oblong,  becom- 

24 


370  CYPERACE^.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

ing  cylindrical :  stamens  2  or  3 :  akenv  very  minutely  striate  and  obscurely  reticu- 
lated. —  Colorado  to  Indian  Territory  and  Texas ;  also  along  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

7.    KOBRESIA,   Willd. 

Lowest  glume  enclosing  an  ovary  with  a  long  trifid  style ;  the  next  one,  or 
rarely  the  next  two,  enclosing  3  stamens ;  often  a  rudimentary  glume  or  awn 
terminating  the  rhachis ;  occasionally  but  one  glume  to  a  spikelet.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs  with  filiform  leaves,  radical  or  sheathing  the  stems  at  base. 

1.  K.  scirpina,  Willd.  Stems  cespitose,  5  to  12  inches  high,  striate- 
angled  :  leaves  shorter  than  the  stem  :  spikelets  few,  small,  and  brown,  in  a 
somewhat  clavate  spike  one  inch  long.  —  Elyna  spicata,  Schrad.  South  Park, 
Colorado  (Hall  $  Harbour). 

8.    CAREX,    L.        SEDGE.     (By  L.  H.  BAILEY,  JR.) 

Flowers  in  spikes,  imperfect,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  different  parts 
of  the  same  spike  (spike  androgynous),  or  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  culm 
(plant  monoecious),  or  rarely  on  entirely  distinct  plants  (plants  dioecious). 
Staminate  flower  composed  of  3  stamens  borne  beneath  a  bract  or  scale. 
Pistillate  flower  composed  of  a  single  pistil  bearing  2  or  3  exserted  styles, 
forming  in  fruit  a  lenticular  or  triangular  acheuium  which  is  enclosed  in  a 
more  or  less  inflated  sac  (perigynium)  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  scale.  — Perennial 
grass-like  herbs  with  3-ranked  leaves,  mostly  triangular  culms,  and  spikes  in  the 
axils  or  exserted  from  the  sheaths  of  leaf-like  or  scale-like  bracts.  Theoreti- 
cally each  flower  is  entirely  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  and  borne  on  a  branch 
which  springs  from  the  axil  of  a  scarious  bract  (the  scale  of  the  following 
descriptions),  the  enclosing  perigynium  of  the  fertile  flowers  answering  to  one 
(or  two)  connate  bractlet.  The  teim  fruit  as  applied  to  the  perigynium  and 
its  contents  is  a  misnomer.  In  the  subgenus  Vignea  of  the  present  elabora- 
tion the  spikelets  or  spiculae  of  authors  are  called  spikes,  which  they  truly  are, 
and  they  are  conglomerated  into  heads.  The  genus  is  an  exceedingly  critical 
one  and  its  study  should  not  be  attempted  with  unripe  or  imperfect  specimens. 

Artificial  Key. 

T.    Spike  one,  terminal,  strictly  simple,  staminate  at  the  top,  or  in  dioecious  plants  (5  &  46) 

all  staminate  or  all  pistillate. 
Stigmas  three. 
Perigynium  spindle-shaped  or  lanceolate, 

Green 1 

Dark  brown  or  purple 2,  3 

Perigynium  short,  mostly  ovate  or  elliptic, 
Perfectly  smooth. 
Perigyuia  1  to  3,  conspicuously  spreading,  or  remote  from  the  stamitiate  portion, 

Obovate,  obtuse 10 

Elliptic,  sharply  beaked 16 

Perigynia  several,  continuous  with  the  staminate  portion. 

Scales  leaf-like 11 

Scales  short,  ciliate 46 

Scales  short,  entire, 


CYPERACE.E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  371 

Very  broad,  covering  the  perigynium. 

Leaves  short,  stiff,  involute 15 

Leaves  ordinary 14 

Narrower,  shorter  than  perigynium         .        .        .        ....        .        .  17 

Scabrous  or  hairy. 

Perigynia  1  to  4,  scabrous  above 4 

Perigynia  several  to  many,  hairy 5 

Stigmas  two 52,  53 

II.    Spikes  all  aggregated  into  a  round  or  ovoid  uninterrupted  head,  stigmas  two. 

Spikes  densely  packed,  the  individual  ones  scarcely  discernible. 

Head  black 50  var.  nigra. 

Head  tawny  or  brown, 

Subtended  by  1  or  2  long  leafy  bracts 80 

Naked  or  nearly  so. 

Perigynium  nearly  orbicular,  dark 70 

Perigynium  ovate  or  lanceolate. 

Spikes  staminate  at  base 78,  79 

Spikes  staminate  at  top. 

Perigynium  rough-angled 58,  59 

Perigynium  smooth 60,  61,  62 

Head  green 58 

Spikes  simply  aggregated,  the  individual  ones  readily  recognized. 

Spikes  nearly  linear,  light  colored 71 

Spikes  oval  or  ovoid. 
Perigynium  wing-margined, 

Broadly  ovate  or  oval 84,87 

Lanceolate 82,  83,  85 

Perigynium  wingless, 

Nerved,  beak  longer  than  the  body 64 

Nerved,  beak  short 57 

Nerveless. 

Heads  small  globular 62 

Heads  oblong 76 

III.    Some  or  all  the  spikes  distinct 

Terminal  spike  staminate  above  (staminate  flowers  inconspicuous),  spikes  often  all  approxi- 
mated into  an  interrupted  head  or  panicle,  stigmas  always  two. 

Spikes  conspicuously  panicled 65,  64  (sometimes). 

Spikes  not  panicled. 
Perigynium  strongly  nerved. 

Culm  flat 63 

Culm  broadly  3-angled 64 

Culm  nearly  terete  57 

Perigynium  nerveless  or  nearly  so. 

Spikes  1  to  3-flowered,  scattered  ;  perigynium  erect ;  plants  delicate      .        .  54 

Spikes  5  to  many-flowered  ;  perigynhim  divaricate  or  reflexed. 

Spikes  all  distinct 55 

Upper  spikes  aggregated 66 

Spikes  5  to  12-flowered  ;  perigynium  nearly  upright      ....  .59 

Terminal  spike  staminate  below. 
Stigmas  two. 
Spikes  very  dark. 

Scales  long  and  sharp 49 

Scales  ordinary 50,  51 

Spikes  tawny  or  whitish. 
Perigynium  lanceolate. 
Thin  and  scale-like  81,82,83 


372  CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

More  or  less  thick  and  rounded. 

Heads  fulvous 85 

Heads  silvery  or  silvery-tawny 72,  73,  74 

Perigynium  ovate,  wing-margined 86,  87 

Perigynium  ovate,  not  margined  75,  76,  77 

Perigynium  broadly  obovate,  nearly  pointless 22 

Stigmas  three. 

Pistillate  spikes  nodding 25 

Pistillate  spikes  erect 23,  24 

Intermediate  spikes  of  the  silvery  or  tawny  interrupted  head  staminate,  stigmas  two. 

Perigynium  short  and  broad,  dark-colored 68 

Perigynium  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  straw-colored 67,  69 

Perigynium  long-lanceolate,  silvery-green 72 

Terminal  spike  or  spikes  entirely  staminate. 
Stigmas  two. 
Perigynium  strongly  nerved. 

Plant  stout 40 

Plant  very  slender 45  var.  juncella. 

Perigynium  nerveless  or  nearly  so. 
Bracts  all  leaf-like, 

Scales  ciliate  at  top 41 

Scales  not  ciliate 42 

Bracts  not  conspicuously  leafy. 
Spikes  rounded  or  oval 

Staminate  spike  short-stalked 35,  45  var.  2 

Staminate  spike  sessile 47,  50 

Spikes  oblong  or  long-cylindrical 

Perigynium  ovate,  green  or  brown-purple 43,  44,  45 

Perigynium  obovate,  yellow  or  whitish 20 

Stigmas  three. 
Perigynium  hairy. 
Pistillate  spikes  few-flowered,  almost  globular,  mostly  sessile. 

Scales  ciliate .  5 

Scales  not  ciliate. 

Spikes  greenish  ;  culms  slender 7,  8 

Spikes  greenish  or  whitish  ;  culms  very  short 8,  9 

Spikes  colored 6 

Pistillate  spikes  few-flowered,  linear  ;  plant  delicate 12 

Pistillate  spikes  several  to  many-flowered,  oblong  or  cylindrical. 

Perigynium  conspicuously  nerved 32 

Perigynium  nerveless  or  nearly  so. 

Plant  hairy  throughout 13 

Plant  smooth 30 

Perigynium  smooth. 
Pistillate  spikes  pendulous  or  nodding. 

Beak  slender,  longer  than  body  of  perigynium  ;  spikes  greenish-white        .  29 

Body  of  perigynium  as  long  or  longer  than  beak. 

Spikes  small,  6  or  less-flowered  ;  plant  delicate 27 

Spikes  nearly  globular,  pendulous,  very  dark 48 

Spikes  very  loosely -flowered,  long-linear 26 

Spikes  thick  and  long  ;  perigynium  inflated, 

Greenish  straw-colored,  slender-beaked,  conspicuously  more  than  10-nerved    34 
Straw-colored  or  often  purplish, 

More  or  less  ascending  36,  37 

Conspicuously  squarrose 38,  39 

Spikes  all  erect, 

Short-oblong  or  round,  densely-flowered,  approximate. 
Beak  short,  bifid 31 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  373 

Beak  short,  stout,  truncate 18 

Beak  longer  than  body 29 

Spikes  cylindrical. 

Perigynium  beakless 19 

Perigynium  nearly  beakless,  the  point  bent 21 

Perigynium  conspicuously  beaked, 

Lanceolate,  flattened ,        .        28 

Greenish,  very  turgid  below,  large 33 

Brown  and  hard,  with  spreading  setaceous  teeth        ....        32  var. 
Thin,  inflated,  straw-colored  or  purple, 

More  or  less  ascending >.        .        .        .36,37 

Conspicuously  squarrose 38,  39 

SUBGENUS  I.  Eucarex.  Staminate  flowers  forming  one  or  more  ter- 
minal linear  or  club-shaped  spikes  which  are  often  pistillate  at  base  or  apex, 
or  occasionally  having  a  few  pistillate  flowers  intermixed.  Pistillate  flowers 
usually  in  distinct  and  normally  simple  mostly  peduncled  spikes  which  are 
seldom  aggregated  into  heads.  Cross-section  of  the  perigynium  circular  or 
obtusely  angular  in  outline.  Style  commonly  3-parted  and  the  achenium 
trigonous  or  triquetrous.  —  Passing  into  the  following  subgenus  through  the 
members  of  the  last  section. 

§  1.  Spike  single  (in  our  species),  androgynous,  male  at  the  top,  the  rhachis  con- 
spicuously jointed:  perigynium  lanceolate  or  spindle-shaped,  longer  than  the 
scale,  deflexed  at  maturity :  stigmas  very  rarely  two.  —  DEFLEXOCARP^E. 
Low  and  mostly  slender  species. 

*  Perigynium  green,  linear-lanceojate,  sessile,  several  times  longer  than  the  scale.  — 

PAUCIFLOR^E,  Tuckm. 

1.  C.  microglochln,  Wahl.     Culms  rigid  from  a  creeping  base,  2  to 
8  inches  high  :   leaves  few  and  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm :  staminate 
flowers  very  few :  perigynia  4  to  6,  the  orifice  closed  by  a  conspicuous  pro- 
jecting racheola  which  springs  from  the  inside  beneath  the  achenium :  scales 
deciduous.  —  Uncinia   microglochin,  Ledeb.      Colorado,   probably  from   high 
mountains  (Hall  $•  Harbour,  607) ;  also  in  subarctic  America.     (Eu.) 

C.  PAUCIFLORA,  Lightf.,  distinguished  by  the  orifice  of  the  perigynium 
being  closed  with  the  stiff  persistent  style,  occurs  in  British  America  and 
may  be  expected  northward. 

*  *  Perigynium  brown,  spindle-shaped  or  narrowly  ovate,  stipitate,  little  longer 

than  the  scale.  —  PUBLIC  ARES,  Tuckm. 

2.  C.  Pyrenaica,  Wahl.     Culm  2  to  8  inches  high,  slender:  spike  dense, 
oblong,  brown  or  purple,  the  fertile  flowers  erect  until  full  maturity :  leaves 
narrow,  mostly  involute- filiform,  .shorter  than  the  culms:  staminate  flowers  fe^v, 
occupying  $  or  less  the  length  of  the  spike :  perigynium  few-nerved  or  nerveless, 
usually  shining  at  maturity.  —  High  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  north- 
ward.    (Eu.) 

3.  C.  nigricans,  C.  A.  Meyer.     Stouter:  leaves  nearly  flat,  a  line  or  more 
broad :  staminate  Jlowers  usually  conspicuous  and  occupying  about  half  the  spike : 
perigynium  somewhat  ventricose,  dull :  otherwise  as  in  the  last,  with  which  it 
grows.  —  Evidently  the  more  common  species.     (Asia.) 


374  CYPERACE.E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

§  2.  Spikes  one  or  more :  staminate  spike  always  single,  usually  distinct,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  sometimes  androgynous  with  all  the  pistillate  flowers  borne  at  its 
base :  pistillate  spikes,  if  any,  small  and  globular,  mostly  sessile,  moi'e  or  less 
approximate :  bracts  short  or  none,  sheathless :  perigynium  ovate  or  globular, 
hirsute  (thin  and  scabrous  in  No.  4),  tightly  surrounding  the  achenium,  usually 
bearing  a  beak  half  its  length:  pistillate  scales  acute  (except  in  Nos.  4  and  5) : 
stigmas  rarely  2.  —  SPH^RIDIOPHOR^:,  Drejer.  Low  species  in  dry  places, 
the  leaves  all  radical.  No.  5  is  dioecious. 

*  Spike  one,  androgynous.  —  FILIFOLIA,  Tuckm. 

4.  C.  filifolia,  Nutt.     Cespitose:   culms   slender,   obtusely  angled  and 
smooth,  3  to  12  inches  high,  when  full  grown  longer  than  the  filiform  rigid 
leaves,  their  bases  surrounded  by  dry  brown  leafless  sheaths  which  at  length 
break  up  into  fibres:  spike  £  to  1  inch  long,  ferruginous  or  whitish,  bractless, 
the  staminate  portion  sometimes  nearly  free  from  the  pistillate  portion :  peri- 
gynium  broadly   triangular-obovoid,   thin,  few-nerved   or   nerveless,   scabrous   or 
slightly  hairy  above,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short,  stout,  white-hyaline  entire 
beak,  about  the  length  or  shorter  than  the  very  broad  hyaline-margined  clasping 
scale:  perigynium  containing  a  short  serrate  racheola,  whence  the  name 
Uncinia  breviseta,  Torr.  —  Dry  plains  and  mountains  from  Colorado  westward 
and  northward. 

Var.  valida,  Olney.  Culm  very  stout,  a  foot  high,  rigid,  sharply  angled, 
much  longer  than  the  long-pointed  broader  leaves :  spike  longer,  often  subtended  by 
a  hispid  bract:  perigynium  more  glabrous.  —  C.  filifolia,  var.,  Boott  in  Gray's 
Rocky  Mountain  Plants,  77.  Colorado. 

5.  C.  SCirpoidea,  Michx.     Creeping:  culms  in  flower  short,  elongating 
(6  to  16  inches  high)  in  fruit  and  exceeding  the  broad  and  flat  leaves,  more  or 
less  scabrous  on  the  angles  at  least  above,  the  basal  sheaths  not  splitting  into 
fibres :   spike  ferruginous,  linear  or  club-shaped,  |  to  2  inches  long,  occasion- 
ally with  1  or  2  accessory  spikes  at  base :  perigynium  ovate  or  obovate,  hairy, 
lightly  nerved,  about  the  length  (or  a  little  longer)  of  the  ciliate  more  or  less  obtuse 
scale:  scales  on  the  staminate  plant  hyaline-margined,  not  ciliate. — C.  Worm- 
skioldiana,  Hornem.     High  mountains,  Colorado  and  Utah,  northward  and 
westward.     (Asia,  Norway.) 

*  *  Spikes  two  to  several,  the  lower  occasionally  peduncled  or  sometimes  radical: 
perigynium  contracted  below,  usually  bearing  two  prominent  ribs,  the  very  short 
or  often  prolonged  beak  slightly  2-toothed.  —  MONTANA,  Fries  (in  part). 

•<-  Culms  upright,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  closely  flowered,  mostly 
aggregated  at  the  top  of  the  culm. 

6.  C.  Pennsylvanica,  Lam.     Extensively  creeping:  culms  few,  slender, 
4  to  10  inches  high  :  staminate  spike  conspicuous,  $  to  1  inch  long,  often  club- 
shaped,  sessile  or  shortly  peduncled,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  top :    pistillate 
spikes  1  to  4,  the  lower  one  very  rarely  an  inch  remote,  the  upper  ones  bract- 
less,  the  lower  sometimes  subtended  by  a  short  and  subulate  brown  bract:  peri- 
gynium globose  or  roundish-obovoid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  or  often 
long  beak,  usually  shorter  than  the  acute  or  cuspidate  brown  or  rarely  ivhitish 
scale.  —  C.  leucorum,  Willd.,  is  a  form  with  long  beaks.     Dry  sandy  plains 
about  Denver  (E.  L.  Greene],  Ute  Pass,  Col.  (T.  C.  Porter);  Fort  Pierre, 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  375 

Dak.,  and  probably  generally  distributed  northward.  A  variable  species; 
spikes  usually  brown  or  dark  purple,  sometimes  whitish,  the  pistillate  varying 
in  size  from  an  inch  long  to  very  small  and  almost  abortive.  A  form  with 
rigid  leaves,  a  single  whitish  pistillate  spike  with  large  perigynia  and  borne 
at  the  base  of  the  staminate  spike,  has  considerable  resemblance  to  forms  of 
C.  fili folia.  Radical  spikes  sometimes  occur. 

7.  C.  Emmonsii,  Dew.      Densely  cespitose :   culms  mam/,  very  slender, 
about  equalling  the  narrow  soft  leaves:  staminate  spike  very  small,  1  to  4  lines 
long,  often  nearly  concealed  by  the  pistillate  spikes,  which  are  2  to  5,  small,  3  to 
9-flowered,  green,  the  lower  usually  short-bracted,  very  closely  aggregated  at  the 
top  of  the  culm,  occasionally  1  or  2  of  the  lower  a  little  remote  or  rarely  on  a 
radical  peduncle  :  perigynium  small,  narrowly  oval  or  ovate  and  more  or  less 
3-sided,  with  a  conspicuous  more  or  less  toothed  beak.  —  C.  Novae- Anglice, 
var.  Emmonsii,  Carey.     Indian  Territory  (Geo.  D.  Butler)   and  southward. 
Readily  distinguished  by  its  closely  aggregated  green  spikes. 

•»-  -t-  Culms  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves:  spikes  looser  flowered  and  more  scat- 
tered, often  radical. 

8.  C.  NOVSB- AngliSB,  Schw.,  var.  Rossii,  Bailey.  Calms  few,  3  to  6  inches 
high,  nearly  or  about  the  length  of  the  narrow  and  straight  leaves :  pistillate  spikes 
few,  1  to  4-flowered,  linear  and  upright,  light  colored :  perigynia  loosely  alternate 
on  a  zigzag  rhachis,  ovoid,  the  flattened  mostly  cut  toothed  beak  either  longer 
or  shorter  than  the  body.  —  C.  Rossii,  Boott.     Frequent  from  New  Mexico 
(Fendler,  889)   to   the   mountains   of   Colorado  and   Utah;   also  in  British 
Columbia.     The  species  occurs  in  Washington  Territory  and  northward  and 
eastward  in  British  America.     It  is  distinguished  by  a  weaker  habit,  and 
darker  colored  and  more  aggregated  spikes. 

9.  C.  umbellata,  Schk.     Rootstock  stout,  mostly  horizontal:  culms  many, 
mostly  very  short  and  crowded  and  concealed  among  the  leaves,  sometimes  3  to  4 
inches  long :  leaves  many,  generally  short,,  stiff  and  curved,  sometimes  weak  and 
straggling  and  6  inches  long :  staminate  spike  %  inch  or  less  long,  not  usually  dis- 
tinct and  conspicuous :  pistillate  spike  usually  crowded  among  the  bases  of  the  leaves, 
sometimes  one  or  more  of  them  exserted  and  clustered  with  the  staminate 
spike :    perigynium  globose-elliptic,  more  or  less  flattened,  produced  into  a 
flattened  toothed  beak  as  long  as  the  body.  —  Indian  Territory ;  and  common 
eastward. 

Var.  brevirostris,  Boott.  Beak  much  shorter  and  minutely  toothed,  the 
perigynium  rounder  or  somewhat  3-sided.  —  Mogollon  Mountains,  New  Mexico, 
and  near  Golden  City,  Colorado  (E.  L.  Greene) ;  also  in  California  and  British 
America. 

§  3.  Spikes  androgynous,  staminate  above :  pistillate  flowers  few,  often  remote, 
usually  on  a  more  or  less  zigzag  rhachis:  scales  prolonged  and  leaf-like  (scari- 
ous  and  often  short  in  No.  10) :  perigt/nium  smooth,  or  slightly  hispid  above, 
mostly  tightly  enclosing  the  achenium,  the  beak,  if  any,  straight.  —  PHYLLO- 
STACHYS,1  Carey. 

1  A  peculiar  section,  including  one  Caucasian  and  five  American  species  which  fall  into 
two  well-marked  groups.  The  section  is  connected  with  the  Montana?  through  the  Brac- 
teatv,  and  with  the  Old  World  Depauperatce,  and  through  that  group  with  the  Laxijlorce,  by 
C.  GeyerL 


376  CYPERACE^J.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

*  Culms  all  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves :  staminate  flowers  conspicuous : 
pistillate  flowers  very  few  and  large:  beak  very  short.  —  PHYLLOSTACHY.S:, 
Bailey. 

10.  C.  Geyeri,  Boott.    Stoloniferous :  culms  very  slender,  angled,  rough, 
about  a  foot  high,  about  the  length  of  the  flat  rough-edged  leaves :  staminate 
portion  of  the  spike  usually  appearing  distinct,  £  to  1  inch  long :   pistillate 
flowers  1  or  2,  large,  erect  with  the  rhachis :  perigynium  triangular-obovoid, 
3  lines  long,  the  conspicuous  angles  obtuse,  one-nerved  on  the  two  inner  sides, 
very  smooth,  with  a  very  short  entire  erose  and  hyaline  beak  :  scales  thin  and 
brown,  acute,  2  to  4  times  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Mountains  of 
Colorado,  Utah,  and   Montana.      Hitherto   confounded  with   C.   multicaulis, 
Bailey,  a  California!!  and  Oregon  species  with  numerous  prolonged  stiff  terete 
and  smooth  culms. 

*  #  Culms  mostly  much  shorter  than  the  leaves :  staminate  flowers  inconspicuous: 

perigynium  small,  the  beak  produced  to  half  its  length  (or  more] :  scales  very 
green  and  much  dilated,  often  concealing  the  perigynia,  and  readily  mistaken 
for  bracts.  —  BRACTOIDE^:,  Bailey. 

11.  C.  Backii,  Boott.     Cespitose:  culms  1  to  7  inches  high,  sharply  an- 
gled :  leaves  lax  and  smooth  :  staminate  portion  of  the  spike  about  3-flowered  : 
pistillate  flowers  2  to  4,  aggregated,  more  or  less  spreading :  perigynium  glo- 
bose-ovate, inconspicuously  nerved,  smooth  or  very  slightly  scabrous  above : 
lower  scales  longer  than  the  culm.  —  Dry  and  rocky  hills,  Colorado  ( Hall  and 
Harbour),  and  British  America. 

§  4.  Staminate  and  pistillate  spikes  distinct :  staminate  spike  single,  more  or  less 
peduncled:  pistillate  spikes  more  or  less  elongated  and  peduncled,  loosely  alter- 
nate-flowered (except  in  C.  Richardsoni  and  No.  13) :  bracts  always  sheathed 
(except  in  No.  13),  the  sheaths  sometimes  membra naceons  and  leafless:  peri- 
gynium 3-ang/ed  or  globular,  tightly  enclosing  the  achenium,  faintly  nerved  or 
nerveless,  more  or  less  hairy  in  the  less  evolved  species,  smooth  and  the  short 
beak  curved  in  the  Laxiflorce.  —  DACTYLOSTACHY^E,  Drejer  (in  part). 
Mostly  low  or  undersized  species,  with  a  loose  habit,  growing  in  dry  or 
grassy  places. 

*  Sheaths  membranaceous  or  hyaline,  either  not  prolonged  into  a  bract  or  the  bract 

very  short  and  not  foliaceous :  perigynium  more  or  less  3-angled,  hairy  in  our 

species  and  the  beak  straight.  —  DIGITATE,  Fries. 

C.  RICHARDSONI,  R.  Br.,  connecting  this  section  with  §  2,  is  distinguished 
from  C.  Pennsylvania,  which  it  strongly  resembles,  by  its  peduncled  spikes 
and  dark  purple  leafless  sheaths.  It  occurs  in  the  Eastern  States,  British 
America,  and  California,  and  may  be  expected  in  Montana. 

12.  C.  COncinna,  R-  Br.     Stoloniferous:   culms  slender,  2  to  6  inches 
high,  longer  than  the  sharp-pointed  leaves :   staminate  spike  small,  shortly 
stalked,  its  scales  obtuse,  rarely  bearing  1  or  2  pistillate  flowers  at  the  top : 
pistillate  spikes  2  to  5,  short,  rather  loosely  2  to  8-flowcrcd,  at  least  the  lower 
ones  distinctly  peduncled  (the  peduncles  often  included  in  the  sheaths),  all  ap- 
proximate or  aggregated:  sheaths  very  short,  each  usually  bearing  an  awn-like 
bract  of  its  own  length :  perigynium  ovate,  strigose-hairy,  with  a  short  erose  beak, 
longer  than  the  obtuse  hyaline-margined  scale.  —  Cotton  wood  Lake,  Wahsatch 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  377 

Mountains,  9,000  feet  altitude ;  and  high  northward.     A  delicate  and  pretty 
species.    The  terminal  spike  is  rarely  all  pistillate. 

*  #  Sheathless:  bracts  green  or  foliaceous:  perigynium  triquetrous.  —  TRI- 

QUETR^E. 

13.  C.  pubescens,  Muhl.      Whole  plant  soft  hairy:  culms  slender,  1  to  2 
feet  high  :  leaves  flat  and  soft :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4,  oblong  and  rather  tightly 
flowered,  i  to  f  inch  long,  scattered  near  the  top  of  the  culm,  the  lowest  shortly 
peduncled  and  subtended  by  a  leafy  sheathless  bract  from   I   to  3  inches  long; 
perigynium  ovate,  boldly  triquetrous,  very  hairy,  contracted  into  a  slender  nearly 
entire  beak  over  half  as  long  as  the  body  :  scale  broad  below,  white  and  thin  on  the 
margins,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  rough  awn  ivhich  equals  or  exceeds  the  peri- 
gynium. —  Missouri  River  below  Fort  Pierre  (Hayden).    A  species  of  doubtful 
affinity,  placed  here  provisionally. 

§  5.  Spike  one  (in  our  species),  small,  the  pistillate  flowers  few :  perigynium 
smooth  (sometimes  minutely  dentate  on  the  angles),  firm  or  horny,  mostly  shin- 
ing or  glossy,  lightly  nerved  or  nerveless,  bearing  a  short  beak:  scales  obtuse 
with  hyaline  margins:  stigmas  3.  (The  mature  perigynium  of  No.  15  is 
unknown  ) — LAMPROCHL^EN^E,  Drejer.  Small  plants,  with  creeping  root- 
stocks.  Our  species  all  fall  under  the  group  Rupestres,  Tuckm. 

14.  C.  rupestris,  All.     Cespitose  and  somewhat  stoloniferous :  culms  ob- 
tusely angled,  erect,  1  to  4  inches  high,  usually  a  little  longer  than  the  long- 
pointed  and  mostly  channelled  leaves ;  spike  linear  or  clavate  (£  to  1  inch  long)  : 
perigynium  upright,  plano-convex,  obovate  or  elliptic,  firm  in  texture,  dull,  very 
lightly  nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  and  stout  truncate  beak,  hidden  by 
the  amplectant  and  very  broad  dark  scale  —  C.  Drummondiana,  Dew.     Sierra 
Blanca,  Col.  (Hooker  fr  Gray),  and  Hall  fr  Harbour  No.   273,  according  to 
Wm.  Boott;  British  America  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

15.  C.  LyODi,  Boott.     Rootstocks  somewhat  creeping  or  perhaps  strictly 
cespitose  :  culms  short,  1  to  6  (usually  2  or  3)  inches  high,  rigid,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  very  rigid,  bristle-like  glaucous  leaves,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  mass 
of  brown  leafless  sheaths:   spike  linear;  the  staminate  flowers  3  to  6 ;  the 
pistillate  7  to  9 :  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  pallid,  finely  few-nerved ;  the 
beak  hyaline,  minutely  and  obliquely  toothed,  about  the  length  or  a  little 
shorter  than  the  obtuse  and  hyaline-margined  scale.  —  Twin  Lakes   (John 
Wolfe)   and   Berthoud   Pass   (Vasey),  Colorado;    also   in   British   America. 
Known  only  from  immature  specimens.     Its  stiff  and  bristle-like  leaves  and 
culms  are  its  best  known  characters. 

16.  C.  obtusata,  Lilj.     Very  extensively  creeping  by  long  and  slender  brown- 
ish rootstocks:  culms  2  to  7  inches  high,  longer  than  the  flat  and  long-pointed 
leaves :  spike  at  maturity  ovate  or  narrowly  ovoid,  half-inch  or  less  long,  the  pistil- 
lute  flowers  4  to  10 :  perigynium  at  first  pa'e,  brownish  at  the  top,  when  mature 
spreading  and  becoming  brown  or  dark  brown-purple,  glossy,  very  horny  in  texture, 
turgid-ovate,  stipitate,  contracted  into  a  stout  obliquely  cut  and  conspicuously  white- 
hyaline  beak,  longer  and  broader  than  the  membranaceous,  acute,  and  often  de 
ciduous  scale :  achenium  short  and  broadly  triangular.  —  C.  spicata,   Schk 
C.  affinis,  R.  Br.     C.  obesa,  All.,  var.  monostachya,  Bceckeler.     South  Park, 
Colorado,  to  Montana,  westward  and  northward.     (Eu.) 


378  CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

§  6.  Spikes  2  or  more  (1  in  No.  17),  more  or  less  pedunded :  staminate  spike  one 
in  our  species :  pistillate  spikes  mostly  compactly  flowered  and  cylindrical, 
erect:  bracts  leafy,  sheathing  or  sheathless :  perigynium  firm  in  texture,  smooth 
(except  in  No.  24,  and  in  young  specimens  of  No.  23),  slightly  inflated,  very 
shortly  and  stoutly  beaked  or  sometimes  beakless,  conspicuously  nerved  (except 
in  No.  22).  —  BRACHYRHYNCH^E.  Slender,  not  very  leafy  species. 

*  Spike    one,    staminate    above:    perifjynium     beakless.  —  POLYTRICHOIDE^E, 

Tuckm.  Including  one  very  slender  species  of  doubtful  affinity,  interme- 
diate between  the  Pallescentes  and  the  Elongates. 

17.  C.  polytrichoides,  Muhl.    Cespitose-:  culms  many,  almost  capillary, 
usually  longer  than  the  very  narrow  leaves  :  staminate  flowers  very  few  :  peri- 
gynia  2  to  8,  alternate  and  appressed,  green,  triangular  below,  flattened  to- 
wards the  top,  blunt  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  much  longer  than  the  ovate 
acute  scale  :  stigmas  rarely  2.  — Low  ground,  Colorado  and  northward. 

*  *  Staminate  spike  in  our  species  sessile  or  short-stalked :  pistillate  spikes  short 

(occasionally  an  inch  long  in  No.  19)  :  perigynium  obtuse  or  short  beaked, 
straight  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  white  or  tawny  acute  scale.  —  PALLES- 
CENTES, Fries. 

18.  C.  Torreyi,  Tuckm.     Culms  8  to  16  inches  high,  sharply  angled, 
longer  than  the  hairy  leaves :  pistillate  spikes  1   to  3,  roundish,  approximate, 
almost  sessile :  perigynium  round-obovate,  sunken  at  the  lop,  very  abruptly  tipped 
with  a  short  stout  hyaline-margined  beak:  bracts  short,  about  the  length  of  the 
culm,  sheathless.  —  Clear  Creek  Canon,  near  Golden  City,  Colorado  (Rev.  E.  L. 
Greene) ;  also  in  British  America;  rare. 

19.  C.  grisea,  Wahl.     Culms  lax,  8  to  20  inches  high :  leaves  smooth,  lax, 
and  flat  (3  lines  wide  in  typical  forms,  often  much  narrower) :  pistillate  spikes 
3  to  6,  rather  loosely  flowered  and  cylindrical,  or  sometimes  reduced  to  2  or  3 
flowers,  remote,  all  more  or  less  pedunded :  bracts  wide  and  leaf-like,  surpassing 
the  culm:  perigynium  large,  turgid-oblong,  green,  finely  many-nerved,  flnely  punc- 
tate with  shining  glands,  beakless  or  very  nearly  so:  scale  rough-awned. —  S.  Utah 
(Dr.  E.  Palmer)  and  southeastward;  Nebraska  (Hayden).    This  species  bears 
little  general  resemblance  to  the  preceding. 

*  *  *  Staminate  spike   usually  long-pedunded :  pistillate  spikes   scattered,  all 

(at  least  the  lower)  on  exserted  stalks:  bracts  shorter  than  the  culm  (longer  in 
No.  20),  sheathing :  perigynium  glaucous-green  before  maturity,  becoming  pale 
or  yellow,  the  apex  oblique  or  bent  and  short-beaked  (or  nearly   beakless  in  \ 
No.  20).  —  PANICE^E,  Tuckm. 

20.  C.  aurea,  Nutt.     Stoloniferous :    culm  1   to  12  inches  high,  slender, 
sharply  angled,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  flat  and  narrow  glaucous  leaves : 
bracts  leaf-like,  the  hirer  much  exceeding  the  culm :  spikes  3  to  6,  the  stamiuate 
often  nearly  sessile,  the  pistillate  loosely  flowered,  the  lower  remote,  often  on  radi- 
cal peduncles :  scales  colored  on  the  margins,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  turgid, 
globose  or  pear-shaped,  bright  yellow  or  straw-colored  and  wholly  obtuse  or  slightly 
pointed  perigi/nium :   stigmas  commonly  2.  —  Common  throughout  on  moist 
grassy  hillsides  and  low  mountains.     A  delicate  and  pretty  species,  readily 
distinguished  when  mature  by  its  bright  colored,  often  almost  fleshy  peri- 
gynia.     The  staminate  spike  is  occasionally  pistillate  at  the  apex.     The  apex 
of  the  perigynium  is  often  slightly  excurved  as  in  the  true  Panicece. 


CYPERACE.E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  379 

21.  C.  tetanica,  Schk.     Creeping:  culms  strict,  slender,  6  to  20  inches 

high,  sharply  angled,  longer  than  the  pale  or  bluish  leaves :  staminate  spike  long- 
peduncled:  pistillate  spikes  1  to  4,  usually  all  peduncled,  slender,  cylindrical, 
varying  from  compactly  to  loosely  flowered,  attenuated  at  the  base :  perigynium 
tapering  at  each  end,  more  or  less  3-angled,  scarcely  inflated,  with  a  very  short 
bent  point,  longer  than  the  nearly  obtuse  or  shortly  cuspidate  scale.  —  Indian  Ter- 
ritory and  northward ;  also  in  British  America.  Distinguished  from  its  east- 
ern allies,  C.  panicea  and  C.  Meadii  (the  latter  of  which  may  occur  within  our 
limits),  by  its  more  slender  spikes,  which  are  loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  and 
its  less  inflated  perigyuium. 

*  *  #  *  Terminal  spike  stalked,  pistillate  at  the  top :  pistillate  spikes  oblong  or 

cylindrical,  densely  flowered,  erect :  bracts  sheathless  or  nearly  so,  leaf-like : 
perigynium  ovate  or  obovate,  straight,  nearly  or  quite  beakless.  —  VIRESCENTES, 
Kunth. 

22.  C.  Shortiana,  Dew.     Culms  leafy,  1  to  2£  feet  high :  leaves  long, 
flat,  rather  wide,  smooth  or  very  nearly  so:  pistillate  spikes  3  to  6,  evenly  cylindri- 
cal, f  to  2  inches  long,  the  lower  long  peduncled,  all  sparingly  staminate  at  the 
base:  perigynium  broadly  and  shortly  obovate,  nerveless,  minutely  pointed,  squar- 
rose,  somewhat  longer  than  the  rather  obtuse  scale.  —  Indian  Territory  ( Geo.  D. 
Butler);  Nebraska  (Hayden). 

23.  C.  triceps,  Michx.     Cespitose:   culms  slender,  8  to  18  inches  high, 
shorter  or  longer  than  the  soft,  narrow,  flat  and  hairy  (rarely  nearly  smooth 
eastward)  leaves:  spikes  1  to  3,  approximate  and  nearly  sessile,  globular,  ovoid, 
or  short  cylindrical,  thick   (£  inch  or  less  long)  :   perigynium  sparsely  hairy 
when  young,  smooth  when  mature,  ovate  or  broadly  obovoid,  turgid  and  conspicu- 
ously many-nerved  when  ripe,  pointless  and  nearly  entire  or  tipped  with  a  very 
short  and  slightlij  %-toothed  beak,  about  the  length  of  the  acute  or  awn-pointed  scale. 
—  C.  hirsuta,  Willd.     C.  Mnithii,  T.  C.  Porter.     Indian  Territory  ( Geo.  D. 
Butler)  and  southward. 

24.  C.  virescens,  Muhl.     Cespitose :  culms  many,  very  slender,  8  inches  to 
3  feet  high,  often  much  attenuated,  about  the  length  of  the  narrow  and  flat 
long-pointed,  hairy  leaves :  spikes  green,  oblong  or  narrowly  cylindrical,  ^  to  2 
inches  long,  rarely  nearly  globose  in  attenuated  specimens,  short-stalked  and 
ascending :  perigynium  ovate  or  oval,  thickly  hairy  at  maturity,  strongly  few-nerved, 
beakless,  mostly  longer  than  the  acute  whitish  scale.  —  Indian  Territory  ( Geo.  D. 
Butler). 

§  7.  Staminate  spike  mostly  solitary  and  peduncled  (sometimes  sessile  in  No.  26), 
the  upper  part  usually  pistillate  in  the  Gracillima? :  pistillate  spikes  several  or 
many,  more  or  less  loosely  flowered,  all  or  the  lower  on  filiform,  weak  or  nodding 
peduncles:  bracts  foliaceous  and  sheathing :  perfgi/nium  thin  and  membrana- 
ceous,  usually  slender  or  oblong,  tapering  gradually  into  a  distinct  or  long 
minutely  toothed  straight  beak,  smooth  and  shining  (in  No.  23  usually  hairy  on 
the  angles  and  not  lucid),  mostly  light-colored,  somewhat  inflated.  Scales 
thin,  white,  tawny,  or  brown.  —  HYMENOCHL^N^E,  Drejer.  Mostly  slender 
and  open-flowered  lax-growing  species. 

*  Terminal  spike  usually  pistillate  above :  pistillate  spikes  narrow,  long-cylindri- 

cal, rather  compactly  flowered,  the  lower  on  long-exserted  or  nodding  peduncles : 


380  CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

perigynium   ovate-oblong \  many-nerved,  turgid,  green  at  maturity.  —  GRACIL- 
IJM^E,  Carey. 

25.  C.  Davisii,  Schw.  and  Torr.     Culm  leafy,  lax,  1  to  2  feet  high: 
leaves  wide  and  flat,  pale,  more  or  less  hairy :  pistillate  spikes  about  three, 
usually  an  inch  or  more  long  and  two  or  three  lines  broad :  perigynium  large 
and  turgid,  prominently  12  to  15-nefved,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  and 
stout  slightly  2-toothed  beak,  about  the  length  of  the  pale  awned  scale.  — 
C.  Torreyana,  Dew.     Moist  grassy  places,  Indian  Territory  ( Geo.  D.  Butler) 
and  northward. 

#  #  Terminal  spike  all  staminate :  pistil/ate  spikes  in  our  species  very  narrow  and 

slender  and  long-exserted  and  nodding,  loosely  flowered:  perigijnium  small, 
not  inflated.  —  DEBILES,  Carey. 

26.  C.  arctata,  Boott.     Slender,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  culm  leaves  short  (2  to 
4  inches)  and  broad;  radical  leaves  mostly  short  and  spreading,  all  smooth: 
pistillate  spikes  long-linear,  1  to  3  inches  long  and  a  line  wide,  all  nodding  at 
maturity,  very  loosely  flowered  towards  the  base :  perigynium  small,  some- 
what 3-angled,  prominently  about  2  or  3-nerved,  pointed,  rather  longer  than 
the  acute,  white  scale.  —  Along  the  Missouri  at  Fort  Pierre  (Dewey). 

*  #  #  Terminal  spike  all  staminate:  pistillate  spikes  oblong,  club-shaped  or  cy- 

lindrical (very  small  in  No.  27),  less  drooping:  perigynium  few-nerved  or 
nerveless,  tawny  or  whitish. —  FLEXILES,  Tuckm. 

27.  C.  capillaris,  L.     Usually  densely  cespitose:  culms  very  slender,  vary- 
ing from  an  inch  to  15  inches  (var.  elongata,  Gluey)  in  height,  much  longer  than 
the  numerous  very  narrow  radical,  leaves:  pistillate  spikes  1  to  4,  loosely  3  to  10- 
Jlowered,  long-exserted  and  nodding,   the  lower  often  very  remote :  perigijnium 
small,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  contracted  into  a  nearlt/  entire  beak  of  about  half  its 
length,  about  the  length  or  longer  than  the  white  or  tawny  hyaline  scale.  —  High 
mountains  from  Colorado  westward  and  northward.    A  delicate  species,  vari- 
able in  size  and  in  the  length  and  shape  of  the  pistillate  scales.     (Eu.) 

28.  C.  frigida,  All.     Stoloniferous :  culm  slender,  1  to  1^  feet  high,  much 
longer  than  the  short  and  rather  broad  many-nerved,  lax  radical  leaves:  bracts 
conspicuously  and  loosely  sheathing,  the  lower  more  or  less  leaf-like,  the  upper 
setaceous :  pistillate  spikes  ferruginous,  nearly  or  quite  an  inch  long,  the  lower 
club-shaped  and  long-exserted,  the  upper  more  or  less  cylindrical  and  often  sessile 
or  nearly  so  and  approximate :  perigi/nium  lanceolate,  slightly  inflated,  flattened, 
at  first  wholly  or  partly  green,  at  length  becoming  more  or  less  ferruginous, 
obscurely  neri'ed,  hair-/  on  the  angles,  tapering  and  2-toothed,  longer  than  the 
acute  dark-brown  scale.  —  Cottonwood  Lake,  Utah  (Sereno   \Yat»O*)\  also  in 
Oregon.     (Eu.)  —  (See  Addendum.) 

29.  C.  longirostris,  Torr.,  var.  minor,  Boott.     Cespitose :  culm  rather 
strong,  6  to  8  inches  high,  obtusely  angled,  rather  longer  than  the  fiat  and 
soft  leaves:  pistillate  spikes  2  to  3,  greenish-white,  short  (^  inch  long),  thick, 
nearly  erect :  perigi/nium   large,  2-nerved,  green  and  shining,  produced  into  a 
slender  white-tipped  toothed  beak  of  half  or  more  its  length :  scale  white,  acute 
or  cuspidate,  about  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Colorado  (Hall  $*  Har- 
bour). —  The  species,  differing  in  its  much  greater  size,  longer  and  at  length 
long-pendulous  spikes,  and  very  long-beaked  perigymum,  occurs  near   the 
boundary  in  British  America. 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  381 

§  8.  Staminate  spikes  one  or  more :  pistillate  spikes  two  to  several,  stout,  erect, 
mostly  shortly  peduncled,  somewhat  squarrose  or  comose  in  appearance :  peri- 
gynium  thick  in  texture,  hairy,  more  or  less  spreading,  distinctly  and  stoutly 
straight-beaked,  the  teeth  short:  scales  prominent.  —  LASIOCARP^E,  Fries. 
Stout,  mostly  tall  species,  in  wet  or  grassy  places.  Our  species  falls 
under  the  group  Lanuginosce,  Carey. 

30.  C.  filiformis,  L.,  var.  latifolia,  Beklr.     Stoloniferous :  culms  1  to 
2|  feet  high,  strong  :  leaves  flat  1  to  2  lines  broad,  about  the  length  or  longer 
than  the  culm :  staminate  spikes  1  to  3,  the  lower  small  and  aggregated  at  the 
base  of  the  terminal  one :   pistillate  spikes  1  to  4,  remote,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
or  the  lower  peduncled,  f  to  2  inches  long,  often  loosely  flowered  at  the  base  : 
bracts  leaf -like,  usually  much  exceeding  the  culm,  the  upper  sheathless :  peri- 
gynium  ovate  or  shortly  ovoid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  very  short,  erect, 
divergently  and  very  shortly  toothed  beak :  scales  ovate,  purple,  acute  or  cus- 
pidate, shorter  or  longer  than  the  turgid  and  densely  hairy  perigynium.  — 
C.  lanuginosa,  Michx.     C.  pellita,  Muhl.     Throughout,  in  wet  and  swampy 
places. 

Var.  aematorhyncha,  W.  Boott,  is  a  form  with  purple  beaks :  scarcely 
distinct  from  the  last  variety. —  C.  cematorhyncha,  Desv.  Jordan  Valley, 
Utah  (Sereno  Watson). 

The  species  may  be  expected  in  Montana.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  filiform 
and  involute  leaves. 

§  9.  Staminate  spike  mostly  single :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4,  short,  oblong  or  globu- 
lar, sessile  or  nearly  so,  erect,  compactly  /lowered,  in  our  species  approximate 
at  the  top  of' the  culm  and  subtended  by  long  and  leafy  bracts:  perigynium 
smooth,  nerved,  conspicuously  beaked,  not  prominently  toothed.  —  SPIROSTA- 
CHY^E,  Drejer.  Rather  slender  species. 

31.  C.  flava,  L.     Culm  slender,  4  to  18  inches  high,  smooth,  longer  than 
the  narrow  stem  leaves :   bracts  much  longer  than  the  culm,  leaf-like,  very 
shortly  sheathed :  staminate  spike  short,  mostly  sessile  :  perigynium  shining, 
yellowish,  reflexed  at  maturity,  twice  the  length  of  the  scale.  —  Meadows 
and  wet  places,  Hudson's  Bay  Creek,  Montana  (  W.  M.  Canby),  and  north- 
ward.    (Eu.) 

§  10.  Staminate  spikes  two  or  more,  long-stalked:  pistillate  spikes  2  to  several, 
usually  all  peduncled,  long  and  heavy,  loosely  flowered,  erect  or  nodding:  peri- 
gynium large,  thick  in  texture,  strongly  nerved,  hairy  or  smooth,  produced  into 
a  long  beak  which  terminates  in  very  conspicuous  awl-like  erect  or  spreading 
teeth.  —  ECHINOSTACIIY^:,  Drejer.  Coarse  species. 

32.  C.  trichocarpa,  Muhl.,  var.  aristata,  Bailey.     Culms  very  stout, 
sharply  angled  :  sheaths  and  under  side  of  the  leaves  sparsely  hairy :  stami- 
nate spikes  3  to  8,  usually  considerably  separated ;  the  scales  very  long,  loose 
and   pointed  :   pistillate  spikes  2  to  3  inches   long,  5  lines  or  more    broad, 
upright,  scattered,  loosely  flowered  at  the  base :   perigynium  very  strongly 
nerved,  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  terminated  by  very  conspicuous  divaricate, 
smooth  and  slender  teeth  (which  are  l£  to  2  lines  long),  usually  longer  than 
the  rough-awned  scale. —  C.  aristata,  R.  Br.     C.  mirata,  Dew.     Bogs  and 
creeks,  Utah  (  Watson,  L.  F.  Ward ) ;  to  British  America. 


332  CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

Var.  Deweyi,  Bailey.  Usually  more  slender  than  the  last,  the  leaves 
and  sheaths  smooth :  pistillate  spikes  1  to  2  inches  long  and  £  inch  or 
less  broad  :  perigynium  very  smooth,  usually  somewhat  polished,  rather 
coriaceous,  the  nerves  not  conspicuous,  the  teeth  mostly  short :  scale  usually 
not  conspicuously  awned.  —  C.  Iceviconica,  Dew.  Big  Sioux  and  Yellow- 
stone Rivers  (Hayden),  Bismarck,  Dakota  (A.  B.  Seymour).  These  varieties 
pass  by  all  gradations  into  the  species,  which  may  occur  within  our  eastern 
limits. 

§11.  Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  one  to  several  or  many:  fertile  spikes  mostly  large 
and  compactly  flowered:  perigynium  much  inflated  (cross -sect  ion  nearly  twice 
or  much  more  than  twice  the  width  of  the  mature  achenium),  membranaceous, 
smooth,  conspicuously  nerved  (or  nearly  nerveless  in  No.  35),  tapering  into  a 
toothed  beak  as  long  as  the  body  or  longer.  —  PHYSOCARP^E,  Drejer.  Mostly 
large  and  stout  species,  to  be  regarded  as  the  most  developed  of  the  genus. 
No.  35  is  the  least  developed  of  the  section,  and  in  some  forms  it  appears 
to  ally  itself  with  other  and  very  dissimilar  sections. 

*  Staminate  spike  solitary,  stalked:  pistillate  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  short  and 

thick,  at  maturity  green  or  greenish-tawni/,  usually  turning  dark-colored  in  dry- 
ing: perigynium  large,  very  turgid  at  the  base,  gradually  lengthened  into  a  long- 
conical  slenderly  toothed  beak  which  much  exceeds  the  scale.  —  LUPULIN^E, 
Tuckm. 

33.  C.  lupulina,  Muhl.     Tall  and  leafy  (2  to  3  feet  high) :  fertile  spikes 
2  to  4,  several  to  many-flowered,  heavy,  turgid-oblong  or  cylindrical,  approxi- 
mate or  the  lower  remote  and  on  more  or  less  exserted  stalks,  becoming  nearly 
straw-colored  at  full  maturity:   bracts  wide,  long  and  leaf-like,  the  lower 
sheathing :   perigynium  upright.  —  Indian  Territory  and  southward  in  wet 
places. 

C.  INTUMESCEXS,  Rudge,  distinguished  by  its  few-flowered  and  aggregated 
sessile,  greener  spikes,  sheathless  bracts,  and  more  spreading  perigynia,  has  a 
similar  range  as  the  last,  but  has  not  yet  been  found  within  our  limits.  It 
also  occurs  in  British  America. 

#  *  Staminate  spikes  commonly  more  than  one :  pistillate  spikes  usually  long  and 

densely  cylindrical  (short  in  ATo.  35  and  occasionally  in  No.  38) :  perigynium 
smooth  and  shining,  long-beaked,  at  maturity  yellow  or  straw-colored,  or  occa- 
sionally partly  reddish  purple.  —  VESICAKI^S,  Tuckm. 

•t-  Staminate  spike  one:  pistillate   spikes  comose,  cylindrical  and  drooping  or 
spreading :  bracts  sheathless  or  nearly  so :  beaks  long. 

34.  C.  hystricina,  Muhl.     Plant  rather  slender,  pale,  12  to  18  inches 
high  :  spikes  2  to  4,  narrow  (f  to  2  inches  long  and  |-  inch  and  less  wide),  nod- 
cling  or  the  upper  one  nearly  erect  or  spreading,  decidedly  comose  in  appear- 
ance :  perigynium  15-nerved,  not  prominently  inflated,  prolonged  into  a  very 
slender  and  setaceously  toothed  beak,  the  lobes  of  which  are  spreading :  scales 
awn-like,  shorter  than  the  perigynium.  —  C.  Cooleyi  and  C.  Thurberi,  Dew. 
Wet  places,  New  Mexico  and  northeastward  to  Nebraska.     Distinguished 
from   C.  tentaculata,  Muhl.,  which  may  occur  within  our  southeastern  bor- 
der, by  its  smaller,  more  comose  and  more  nodding  spikes,  and  by  its  smaller 


CYPERACE^.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  383 

or  more  nerved  (10-nerved  in  that  species)  perigynia.     C.  hystricina  affords  a 
transition  to  the  Echinostachyce. 

C.  SQUARKOSA,  L.,  occurs  at  Fayetteville,  N.  W.  Arkansas  (F.  L.  Harvey). 
It  is  at  once  distinguished  by  its  exceedingly  densely  flowered  short,  upright 
spikes,  the  terminal  one  being  androgynous.  It  is  one  of  the  Squarrosce, 
Carey. 

•»-  H-  Staminate  spike  one,  rarely  two :  pistillate  spikes  short,  erect,  more  or  less 
purplish :  beaks  short :  stigmas  usually  two. 

35.  C.  saxatilis,  L.     Stoloniferons  :  culm  4  to  12  inches  high,  sharply 
angled,  about  the  length  of,  or  a  little  longer  than,  the  narrow  and  sharp- 
pointed  leaves :  pistillate  spikes  one  to  three,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
the  lower  mostly  more  or  less  peduncled,  all  dark  purple  or  at  maturity  becom- 
ing brown :   bracts  narrow,  long-pointed,  shorter  or  a  very  little  longer  than 
the  culm :  perigynium  ovate-oblong  or  elliptic,  nerveless  or  very  inconspicu- 
ously nerved  at  the  apex,  rather  abruptly  contracted  into  a  very  short  nearly 
entire  beak,  mostly  longer  than  the  more  or  less  obtuse  membranaceous  scale. 
—  C.  pulla,  Goodeu.     C.   vesicaria,  var.  alpigena,  Fries.     Rocky  mountains 
of    British  America  and   northward,  and   no   doubt   on  our   higher   moun- 
tains.    (Eu.) 

Var.  Grahami,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stouter,  12  to  20  inches  high  :  perigynium 
lighter  colored,  often  nearlv  straw-colored,  prominently  few-nerved,  the  beak 
longer  and  more  conspicuously  toothed.  —  C.  Grahami,  Boott.  C.  vesicaria, 
var.  dichroa,  Anderss.  C.  saxatilis,  var.  major,  Gluey.  High  mountains  of 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

•t-  -t—  •*-  Staminate  spikes  two  or  more:  pistillate  spikes  normally  long,  spreading 
or  drooping:  stigmas  three. 

•w-  Perigynium  conspicuously  turgid,  ascending  at  maturity. 

36.  C.  vesicaria,  L.     Stoloniferons :  culms  stout,  1  to  2^  feet  high,  sca- 
brous, shorter  than  the  upper  leaves:  leaves  flat,  2  to  3  lines  broad:  pistillate 
spikes  2  to  4,  thick  (4  to  8  lines  in  diameter),  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  on  weak 
or  nodding  peduncles:  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  one  third  or  less  as  broad  as 
long,  gradually  tapering  into  a  slender  beak,  12  or  more  nerved,  longer  than  the 
inconspicuous  scale.  —  Uinta  Mountains,  Utah?   (No.  1270  King's  Survey,  an 
immature  specimen),  California,  and  Oregon.     (Eu.) 

37.  C.  monil8,  Tttckm.     Culms  usually  more  slender  and  leaves  a  little  nar- 
rower: spikes  more  slender:  perigi/niuin  subglobose,  much  inflated  towards  the 
base,  one  half  or  more  as  broad  as  long,  abruptly  short-beaked,  10  or  less  nerved : 
otherwise  as  in  the  last. —  C.  Vaseji,  Dew.     Colorado  (  Vasey). 

•*-»•  •*-*•  Perigynium  not  conspicuously  turgid,  squarrose  at  maturity,  and  the  spikes 
comose  in  appearance. 

38.  C.  lltriculata,  Boott.    Somewhat  stoloniferous:  culm  very  stout  (1  to 
3  feet  high),  acutely  angled  above,  very  thick  and  spongy  at  the  base:  leaves 
broad  (2  to  6  lines),  carinate  at  the  base,  much  exceeding  the  culm,  conspicu- 
ously nodulose-reticulated :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  6,  more  or  less  remote,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  lower  often  on  weak  peduncles  an  inch  or  two  long,  long-cylindri- 
cal or  terete  (1  to  7  inches  long),  thick  and  compactly  flowered  (sometimes 


384  CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

loosely  flowered  at  the  base),  often  staminate  at  the  top:  perigynium  ellipsoid 
or  globose-ovoid,  usually  gradually  tapering  into  a  short  beak,  broader  and  com- 
monly longer  than  the  very  acute  or  rough-awned  scale.  —  Var.  MINOR,  Sart- 
well,  is  a  form  smaller  in  all  its  parts,  with  spikes  an  inch  or  so  long.  — 
Common  in  swamps  from  Colorado  and  Utah  northward.  Too  near  the 
next. 

39.  C.  ampullacea,  Good.     Culm  rather  slender,  obtusely  angled,  not  con- 
spicuously thickened  at  the  base :  leaves  narrow  (f  to  2  lines  broad),  canaliculate, 
finely  and  inconspicuously  nodulose  below, gradually  tapering  into  very  long  points: 
spikes  fewer,  narrower  and  shorter,  more  approximate,  the  lower  seldom  much  ex- 
serted :  perigynium   subglobose  or  globose-elliptic,  in  typical  forms  shortly  and 
abruptly  beaked,  longer  than  the  normally  muticous  scale.  —  In  similar  situa- 
tions with  the  last,  but  evidently  less  common,  from  Colorado  and  Utah 
northward.     (Eu.) 

§  12.  Staminote  spikes  one  or  more,  long:  pistillate  spikes  one  to  several,  brown, 
purple,  or  greenish,  commonly  approximate,  sessile  or  peduncled,  oblong  or  linear, 
mostly  elongated:  perigynium  not  inflated,  biconvex,  minutely  beaked  or  beak- 
less,  smooth:  stigmas  2.  —  MICRORIIYNCH^E,  Drejer.  Paludose  and  alpine 
species  of  upright  habit,  often  growing  in  tufts  or  tussocks.  Our  species 
fall  under  the  group  Acutce,  Fries. 

#  Perigynium  strongly  nerved. 

40.  C.  Jamesii,  Torr.     Stoloniferous :  culm  1  to  2  feet  high,  rough  on 
the  sharp  angles,  longer  than  the  glaucous,  long-pointed  leaves :  staminate 
spikes  1  to  4,  usually  one,  large,  occasionally  bearing  a  few  pistillate  flowers 
at  the  top :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4,  erect,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the 
lower  more  or  less  peduncled,  broadly  cylindrical,  often  inclining  to  club- 
shaped  ;  lower  bract  often  leaf -like :  perigynium  oval  or  obovate,  ascending, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short,  toothed  (rarely  nearly  entire)  beak,  green- 
ish, about  the  length  of,  or  a  little  longer  than,  the  obtuse  or  abruptly  cuspi- 
date scale,  and  twice  as  broad.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and  southward.     Spikes 
sometimes  purplish. 

Var.  Nebraskensis,  Bailey.  Culm  stouter,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  about 
the  length  of  the  leaves  :  pistillate  spikes  mostly  short,  narrowly  cylindrical 
or  terete :  perigynium  squarrose  or  spreading,  usually  rusty  brown,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  gradually  pointed,  narrower  scale.  —  C.  Nebraskensis,  Dew. 
With  the  species  and  eastward. 

*  *  Perigynium  slightly  nerved  or  nerveless. 

•»-  Robust  species  (mostly) :   bracts  Ieaf4ike,  usually  exceeding  the 
culm. 

41.  C.  laciniata,  Boott.     Culm  very  sharply  angled,  2  to  3  feet  high,  rough 
on  the  angles,  at  least  above :  leaves  very  long :  pistillate  spikes  3  to  6,  dark 
brown,  1  to  3  inches  long,  cylindrical  and  closely  flowered,  remote,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  lower  nodding  or  spreading  on  exserted  peduncles  and  loosely 
flowered  at  the  base  :  perigtjnium  oval  or  elliptic,  sometimes  nearly  circular,  con- 
tracted into  a  short,  toothed  beak,  usually  toothed  on  the  angles  above  (the  teeth 
deciduous  with  &gs),  faintly  several  nerved,  about  the  length  of  the  narrow  pale- 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  385 

ribbed,  dilate  (laciniate)  scale.  —  Provost  River,  N.  Utah  (Sereno  Watson;  an 
ambiguous  specimen).  The  leaves  usually  dry,  stiff  and  hard.  The  lowest 
bract  is  often  very  much  prolonged. 

42.  C.  aquatilis,  Wahl.     Stoloniferous  :  culm  obtusely  angled,  2  to  3  feet 
high,  smooth,  leafy :  leaves  flat,  pale,  scarcely  longer  than  the  culm :    pistillate 
spikes  2  to  4,  erect,  thick  and  compactly  flowered  throughout  or  more  commonly 
inclining  to  club-shaped  with  a  gradually  attenuated  base,  the  upper  sessile,  the 
lower  more  or  less  peduncled  and  often  long-exserted  :  perigynium  broadly 
elliptic  or  obovate,  rarely  circular,  nerveless,  tipped  with  a  minute  and  entire  point, 
green  or  light-colored,  wider  and  either  longer  or  shorter  than  the  green  or  purple- 
margined  acutish  scale.  —  Wyoming  (  W.  Boott) ;  probably  generally  distrib- 
uted.    A  large  species  in  wet  places,  readily  distinguished  from  the  next  by 
its  stout  and  leafy  smooth  culms,  wide  and  amplectant   bracts,  and  thick 
spikes.     (Eu.) 

Var.  sphagnophila,  Anders.  Slender,  8  to  16  inches  high:  leaves  very 
narrow,  long-pointed  :  spikes  slender,  very  loosely  flowered  and  long-attenuated 
below,  the  lower  peduncles  slender  and  flexuose :  perigynium  about  the  width  of 
or  a  little  ivider  than  the  dark  purple  scale.  —  C.  aquatilis,  var.  minor,  Boott. 
C.  borealis,  Lange.  C.  personata,  Olney.  Twin  Lakes,  Colorado  (John  Wolfe) ; 
also  in  British  America.  (Eu.) 

C.  LENTICULARIS,  Michx.,  may  be  expected  northward.  It  may  be  dis- 
tinguished from  C.  aquatilis  by  its  smaller  size,  narrower  spikes  the  terminal 
one  of  which  is  pistillate  at  the  top,  and  the  nerved  perigynium. 

•*-  •*-  Low  or  tall  and  slender  species:   bracts  mostly  short  and  narrow,  often 
setaceous  (rarely  long  in  Nos.  42  and  43). 

•w-  Culms  slender  and  tall  (2  feet  or  more  high) :  leaves  with  more  or  less  revolute 
margins  when  dry. 

43.  C.  Stricta,  Lam.     Densely  cespitose,  forming  high  tussocks  in  wet  places : 
culms  2  to  5  feet  high,  sharply  angled,  rough,  leafy  only  at  the  base,  longer  than 
the  narrow  and  long-pointed  carinate  leaves,  when  full  grown  surrounded  below 
by  the  conspicuous  reticulated  fibrous  remains  of  the  oldei-  sheaths :    pistillate 
spikes  2  to  4,  erect  or  spreading,  sessile  or  the  lower  shortly  peduncled  and 
sometimes  loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  linear,  often  male  at  the  top;  lower 
spike  or  two  often  subtended  by  a  narrow  bract  barely  as  long  as  the  culm : 
perigynium  oval  or  ovate,  green  or  light-colored,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  the  point 
entire  or  slightly  emarginate,  little  broader  and  longer  or  shorter  than  the  purple- 
margined  ascending  acute  or  acutish  scale.  —  C.  Virginiana,  Smith.     C.  acuta, 
Muhl.,  etc.     C.  angustata,  Boott.     C.  xerocarpa,   S.   H.  Wright.     Colorado 
(Brandeqee,  Vasey). 

44.  C.  aperta,  Boott,  var.  divaricata,  Bailey.     Differs  from  the  last  in 
its  smoother  culm,  in  the  absence  of  reticulated  fibrous  sheaths,  and  in  the  broader 
perigynium  which  is  subtended  by  an  acute  spreading  scale  of  more  than  its  own 
length:    bracts   sometimes   leaf-like.  —  Colorado  (Vasey).     Differs  from  the 
typical  Eastern  C.  aperta,  which  may  be  expected  in  our  region,  in  its  greater 
size,  wider  leaves,  and  looser  habit,  larger  perigynia,  and  more  conspicuously 
divaricate,  darker  scales. 

25 


386  CYPEKACE^E.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

•w-  ++  Culms  3  to  18  inches  high:  leaves  more  or  less  involute  when  dry. 

45.  C.  Vlllgaris,  Fries.  Stoloniferous,  not  tufted,  bluish  in  appearance: 
culms  mostly  stout,  sharply  angled,  smooth  except  near  the  top,  longer  than 
the  narrow  leaves :  staminate  spikes  1  to  3,  usually  2  :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4, 
usually  about  an  inch  long,  stout,  densely  flowered  (or  the  lower  rarely  loosely 
flowered  at  the  base),  erect,  sessile  or  the  lower  shortly  peduncled,  green  and 
black  in  appearance,  with  a  bract  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  culm :  bracts 
usually  bearing  minute  purple  auricles  at  the  top  of  the  sheath :  perigynium 
appressed,  oval,  ovate  or  round-ovate,  finely  striate  towards  the  base,  bright 
green  above  the  middle,  the  distinct  beak  entire  or  emarginate,  longer  and 
broader  than  the  obtuse,  black,  green-nerved  appressed  scale.  —  Twin  Lakes, 
Colorado  ( John  Wolfe :  these  specimens  were  named  C.  turfosa,  Fries,  in  the 
Preliminary  Report  of  Wheeler's  Survey,  but  they  lack  the  yellowish-purple 
spikes  and  rough-angled  perigynia  of  that  Scandinavian  plant). 

A  perplexingly  variable  species,  distinguished  from  Nos.  43  and  44  by  its 
lower,  stiffer,  less  cespitose  habit,  and  thicker,  oblong,  conspicuously  green 
and  black  spikes,  and  more  nerved  perigynia,  rather  than  by  any  positive 
descriptive  characters.  Scandinavian  caricographers  state  that  reticulated 
basal  sheaths  never  occur  in  any  of  the  forms  of  this  species.  The  auricles  at 
the  base  of  the  bracts  are  often  inconspicuous,  and  they  are  sometimes  present 
in  C.  stricta  and  others  of  the  Acutoz.  The  type  of  the  species  is  common  in 
the  Eastern  United  States,  in  Europe,  and  in  Asia.  In  our  region  the  follow- 
ing varieties  appear  to  be  clearly  made  out :  — 

Var.  juncella,  Fries.  Cespitose  and  very  slender:  leaves  narrow,  longer 
than  the  culm  :  spikes  linear,  often  much  attenuated  at  the  base :  perigynium 
elliptic  or  broader,  distinctly  nerved  and  beaked,  longer  than  the  obtuse 
black-margined  scale.  —  C.  Kelloggii,  W.  Boott.  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah 
(  Watson,  M.  E.  Jones).  Different  from  all  other  forms  of  C.  vulgar  is  in  its 
slender  and  lax  habit.  It  much  resembles  the  type  in  the  green  and  black  of 
its  spikes.  (Eu.) 

Var.  hyperborea,  Boott.  Culms  and  leaves  as  in  the  species :  staminate 
spike  one  :  pistillate  spikes  3  to  5,  slender,  lax,  loosely  flowered  at  the  base, 
the  lower  peduncled  and  often  remote,  black-purple  or  fuscous-purple :  peri- 
gynium narrow,  mostly  elliptic,  almost  pointless,  entire  at  the  orifice,  very 
faintly  nerved  towards  the  base,  shorter  or  rarely  a  little  longer  than  the  acute 
or  acutish  dark  purple  scale.  —  C.  hyperborea,  Drejer.  C.  limula,  Fries. 
C.  Bigelovii,  Torr.  C.  Washingtoniana,  Dew.  C.  rigida,  var.  Bigelovii, 
Tuckm.  Alpine  regions,  Colorado,  northward  and  westward.  (Eu.) 

Var.  alpina,  Boott.     Leaves  broad  (2  lines)  and  flat:  staminate  spikes 
sometimes  2,  usually  1 :  pistillate  spikes  3  to  5,  short  and  thick  (3  to  9  lines 
long),  erect,  approximate  or  the  lowest  sometimes  remote  and  shortljr  pedun- 
cled, dark  purple :  auricles  very  prominent :   perigynium  obovate  or  nearty 
circular,  nerveless,  shortly  beaked,  pale  below,  usually  more  or  less  purple 
above,  commonly  shorter  than  the  very  dark,  acute  scale.  —  C.  rigida,  Gooden. 
C.  saxatilis  of  Scand.  authors,  not  L.     With  the  last.     (Eu.) 
§  13.    Staminate  spike  one,  short,  either  pistillate  above  or  not  conspicuous  (except 
in  No.  46) :  pistillate  spikes  none  to  several,  short  and  thick,  mostly  dark- 
colored,  commonly  aggregated  (often  only  approximate)  sometimes  staminate  at 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  387 

the  base :  perigynhim  biconvex  or  very  obtusely  3-angled,  with  a  very  short  entire 
or  emarginate  beak,  or  beakless :  stigmas  2  or  3.  —  MELANOSTACHY^E,  Tuckm. 
Mostly  mountain  or  boreal  species,  distinguished  by  the  aggregated  spikes 
and  inconspicuous  or  androgynous  terminal  spike  and  nigrescent  color.  To 
be  regarded  as  probably  the  least  evolved  section  of  the  genus,  connecting 
the  two  subgenera. 

*  Terminal  spike  all  staminate  (in  No.  46  often  with  a  few  pistillate  flowers  at 

base  or  apex,  or  rarely  all  pistillate  and  dioecious),  cylindrical:  pistillate  spikes 
approximate,  erect:  stigmas  usual.lt/  3.  —  STYLOS^E. 

46.  C.  Parry  ana,  Dew.    Stoloniferous  :  culms  rigid,  2  to  16  inches  high, 
stout,  obtusely  angled,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  granulated,  longer  than  the  rigid,  long- 
pointed,  narrow  leaves :   terminal  spike  usually  largest,  about  an  inch  long,  brown, 
with  I  to  5  small,  globular,  oblong,  or  cylindrical  erect  spikes  near  its  base  (or 
sometimes  entirely  solitary!),  the  lower  usually  subtended  by  a  narrow  bract 
shorter  than  the  culm  and  often  more  or  less  remote  and  shortly  peduncled : 
perigynium  obovate  or  triangular-obovoid,  somewhat  plano-convex,  scabrous  above, 
lightly  nerved  especially  on  the  outer  side,  very  abruptly  short-beaked,  the  orifice 
entire  or  erose-hi/aline,  shorter  and  about  the  width  of  the  very  obtuse,  brown,  white- 
nerved,  hyaline-margined,  sometimes  minutely  apiculate  and  ci/iate  scale.  —  C.  arc- 
tica,  Dew.     C.  Hallii,  Olney.     South  Park,  Colorado,  and  northward  in  the 
mountains  :  rare.     Named  for  Capt.  Parry,  the  Arctic  explorer.     The  mono- 
stachyous  specimens  resemble  No.  5,  from  which  they  are  readily  distinguished 
by  the  hairless  perigynia. 

47.  C.  Raynoldsii,  Dew.    Stoloniferous :  culms  13  inches  to  3£  feet  high, 
sharply  angled,  longer  than  the  flat,  glaucous  leaves :   staminate  spike  sessile, 
about  half  an  inch  long:  pistillate  spikes  3  to  6,  short  and  thick  (4  lines  wide), 
not  commonly  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad  (and  usually  less),  sessile  or  short 
peduncled,  aggregated,  or  the  lowest  an  inch  or  two  remote  and  exserted  :  lower 
bract  about  the  length  of  the  culm,  bearing  conspicuous  purple  auricles:  perigy- 
nium large,  obovoid,  3-angled,  prominently  nerved,  green  or  light-colored,  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  nearly  entire  purple  beak,  somewhat  spreading,  when  mature  much 
longer  and  broader  than  the  acute  black  scale.  —  C.  Lyallii,  Boott.     Mountains, 
Utah  to  Wyoming. 

*  *  Terminal  spike  staminate:  pistillate  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong  and  drooping: 

stigmas  3.  —  LIMOS^S,  Tuckm. 

48.  C.  Magellanica,  Lam.     Loosely  tufted:  culms  1   to  2  feet  high, 
smooth,  about  the  length  of  or  shorter  than  the  leaves :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4, 
rather  loosely  llowered,  on  peduncles  of  about  their  own  length,  sometimes 
with  a  few  stamiuate  flowers  at  their  base  or  apex,  the' lowest  with  a  bract 
which  exceeds  the  culm :    perigynium   nearly   orbicular,   granular,  whitish, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  few-nerved,  about  half  as  long  as  the  long-pointed  brown- 
purple  scale. —  C.  irrigua,  Smith.     Uinta  Mountains,  Utah.     (Ku.) 

*  *  *  Terminal  spike  club-shaped,  staminate  below:  lateral  spikes  occasionally 

bearing  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  base.  —  ATRAT^E,  Kunth. 

-i-  Scales,  especially  of  the  terminal  spike,  narrow  and  acuminate,  very  acute  or 

awned,  much  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

49.  C.  Buxbaumii,  Wahl.    Stoloniferous :  culm  1  to  2  feet  high,  sharply 
angled,'  rough  above,  about  the  length  of  the  firm,  narrow  leaves :  pistillate 


388  CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

spikes  2  to  5,  erect,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  very  shortly  ped uncled,  distinct, 
usually  more  or  less  remote,  glaucous-purple :  perigynium  elliptic,  glaucous, 
nerved,  rough-granular,  contracted  into  a  short  emarginate  or  entire  beak.  — 
Bogs  throughout,  but  evidently  nowhere  common.  The  terminal  spike  is 
rarely  all  staminate.  The  lower  leaf  sheaths  are  purple  and  at  length  fibril- 
lose.  (Eu.) 

•*-  -*-  Scales  broad,  not  conspicuously  acute. 

50.  C.  atrata,  L.    Cespitose :  culm  6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  sharply  angled, 
smooth  or  roughish,  longer  than  the  long-pointed  leaves:   bracts  about  equal- 
ling the  culm,  mostly  with  conspicuous  auricles :   spikes  2  to  4,  densely  flow- 
ered,  clavate  or   oblong,   thick,  £   to    l£   inches   long,    black   or   dark   brown, 
approximate  or  often  aggregated,  all  more  or  less  peduncled,  at  first  upright  or 
spreading,  at  length  usually  drooping  and  often  exserted,  and  the  top  of  the  culm 
appearing  as  if  bent  over :  perigynium  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  nerveless,  bearing 
a  short  notched  beak,  commonly  a  little  broader  and  about  the  length  or  a  little 
shorter  than  the  black  or  dark  brown  obtuse  or  acutish  scale.  —  Varies  much  :  the 
spikes  are  sometimes  more  or  less  erect  at  maturity,  the  upper  spike  is  rarely 
all  staminate,  and  the  upper  scales  are  often  acuminate  but  never  awned. 
High  mountains,  Colorado  and  Utah  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  nigra,  Boott.  Spikes  short,  about  as  broad  as  long,  densely  aggregated 
and  capitate,  sessile,  erect :  midnerve  of  the  scale  generally  projecting  into  a  short 
cusp:  perigi/nium  usually  scabrous. —  C.  nigra,  All.  With  the  last.  (Eu.) 

Var.  OVata,  Boott.  Resembling  the  drooping  or  open  forms  of  the  spe- 
cies, but  the  spikes  more  slender,  the  whitish  or  green  perigynium  conspicuously 
broader  and  mostly  longer  than  the  brown  scale,  giving  to  the  graceful  spikes  a 
conspicuous  light  and  dark  appearance.  —  C.  ovata,  Rudge.  Colorado,  Utah, 
and  southward. 

Var.  erecta,  W.  Boott.  Like  the  last,  but  the  spikes  erect,  short,  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  and  the  staminate  scales  narrow.  —  Nevada  and  westward  ;  probably 
in  our  region. 

51.  C.  alpina,  Swartz.     Culms  very  slender,  6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  smooth, 
longer  than  the  narrow  leaves:  spikes  2  to  4,  small  (J  inch  and  less  long), 
mostly  compactly  flowered,  black  or  black  and  green,  closely  aggregated,  erect  and 
capitate,  the  lowest  very  short-stalked  and  usually  subtended  by  a  green  bract: 
perigynium  ovate  or  elliptic,  obscurely  nerved  or  nerveless,  with  a  short  slightly 
notched  beak,  green  or  fuscous,  commonly  a  little   longer  than   the  ovate,  black, 
nearly  obtuse  scale.  —  C.  Vahlii,  Schk.     High  mountains,  South  Park,  Colo- 
rado, and  northward.     A  delicate  species,  distinguished  from  erect  forms  of 
the  preceding  species  by  its  slender  naked  culm,  and  small,  nearly  globular 
spikes. 

SUBGENUS  II.  Vignea.  Staminate  flowers  few  and  inconspicuous,  borne 
at  the  base  or  apex  of  the  pistillate  spikes.  Pistillate  flowers  in  short, 
sessile  spikes  (spike  single  in  Nos.  52  and  53),  which  are  commonly  more  or 
less  aggregated  into  heads,  or  even  panicled.  Cross-section  of  the  perigynium 
plano-convex  in  outline.  Styles  two  and  achenium  lenticular.  —  The  spikes, 
and  especially  the  terminal  one,  usually  have  contracted  bases  when  the  stami- 
nate flowers  are  borne  below,  and  empty  scales  at  the  top  when  the  staminate 
flowers  are  borne  above. 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  389 

§  14.  Staminate  flowers  borne  at  the  top  of  the  pistillate  spikes  ;  or  in  the  Are- 
narice  spikes  often  iv holly  staminate  and  the  plants  occasionally  dicecious. — 
ACROARRHEN.E,  Anderss. 

#  Spike  one  and  simple :  plants  very  small.  —  NARDIN^E,  Tuckm. 

52.  C.  nardina,  Fries.     Densely  cespitose:  culms  ^  to  5  inches  high,  rigid, 
about  the  length  of  the  very  numerous,  setaceous,  rigid  or  stiffly  recurved  leaves : 
spike  1  to  4  lines  long,  compactly  flowered :  perigynium  oval  or  elliptic,  obscurely 
nerved,  abruptly  very  short  beaked,  erect,  ivhen  mature  usually  about  the  length 
of  the  broad  and  obtuse  brown  scale,  —  Upper  Marais  Pass  (  W.  M.  Canby),  and 
high  northward.     Resembles  the  tristigmatous  No.  14,  with  which  it  should 
perhaps  be  associated.     (Eu.) 

53.  C.  gynocrates,  Wormsk.     Creeping  :  culms  3  to  8  inches  high,  longer 
than  the  rigid,  erect  or  spreading  leaves :  spike  2  to  6  lines  long,  loosely  flow- 
ered (perigynium  sometimes  but  one,  C.  monosperma,  Macoun) :  perigi/nium 
ovate,  prominently  nerved,  gradually  and  conspicuously  beaked,  spreading  at  ma- 
turity, longer  than  the  acute  scale.  —  South  Park,  Colorado  (John  Wolfe),  and 
in  British  America.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Spikes  green  when  mature,  aggregated  or  remote,  never  in  compound  heads. 

(Here  may  be  sought  forms  of  No.  59.)  —  MUHLENBERGIAN^E,  Tuckm. 

•4-  Spikes  few-flowered,  distinct,  often  remote. 

54.  C.  tenella,    Schk.      Tufted  and   stoloniferous :   culms  very  slender, 
almost  capillary,  6  to  16  inches  high,  about  the  length  of  the  narrow,  loose 
leaves :  spikes  scattered,  1  to  6-flowered :  perigynium  shortly  oval,  rounded  on  the 
outside,  finely  nerved,  abruptly  and  minutely  beaked,  longer  than  the  very  thin 
scale. —  C.  disperma,  Dew.     C.  gracilis,  Carey.     Swamps  throughout. 

55.  C.  rosea,  Schk.,  var.   retroflexa,  Torr.      Tufted:   culms  slender, 
smooth,  longer  than   the  narrow  leaves:  spikes  3  to  8-ftowered,  mostly  approxi- 
mate, the  lower  distinct  but  not  remote,  stellate  in  appearance  when  mature :  peri- 
gynium sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,   smooth  throughout,  finely   nerved  and   spongy- 
thickened  at  the  base  on  the  inner  side,  gradually  tapering  into  a  toothed  beak,  at 
maturity  widely  spreading  or  refiexed,  a  little  longer  than  the  very  acute  scale.  — 
C.  retroflexa,  Muhl.     Dry  banks  and  copses,  Indian  Territory  and  southward. 
The  species  which  probably  occurs  within  our  limits  is  distinguished  by  its 
more  scattered  spikes,  shorter  scales,  and  scabrous  upper  angles  of  the  peri- 
gynium.    From  its  allies,  the  species  and  its  variety  are  distinguished  by 
their  small  and  stellate  spikes. 

•+-  -»-  Spikes  several  to  many-flowered,  aggregated  into  a  globular  or  oblong 

head. 

56.  C.  Cephalophora,  Muhl.     Cespitose  :  culms  rather  stout,  rough,  rather 
longer  than  the  narrow  leaves :  spikes  3  to  6,  small,  very  densely  aggregated, 
the  head  subtended  by  a  setaceous,  rarely  leaf  if  bract :  perigynium  broadly  ovate, 
rather  abruptly  short-beaked,  obscurely  nerved  on  the  outer   side,  rough  above, 
mostly  longer  than  the  acute  or  cuspidate  scale.  —  Indian  Territory  and  south- 
westward. 

57.  C.  Muhlenbergii,  Schk.     Culm  stiff,  1  to  2  feet  high,  very  sharply 
angled,  rough,  usually  a  little  longer  than  the  narrow  and  long-pointed  leaves : 


390  CYPERACEJE.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

spikes  6  to  10,  aggregated  into  an  oblong  more  or  less  interrupted  heavy  head,  each 
one  subtended  by  a  short  setaceous  bract :  perigynium  large,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicu- 
lar-ovate, very  conspicuously  nerved,  about  the  length  of  the  rough-awned  scale.  — 
Sterile  soil  "on  the  Missouri  below  Fort  Pierre"  (Prof.  Dewey). 

58.  C.  cephaloidea,  Boott.    Distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  broad  and 
long  flat  leaves  (about  £  inch  wide),  icing-margined  entirely  nerveless  perigynium, 
and  somewhat  tawny  heads. — Fort  Pierre,  Dakota,  and  southward. 

#  *  #  Spikes  tawny  or  brown,  somewhat  chaffy  in  appearance,  closely  aggregated 
or  densely  capitate :  perigynium  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  not  conspicuously 
nerved.  —  FCETID^E,  Tuckm. 

H-  Perigynium  conspicuously  rough  on  the  angles  above. 

59.  C.  muricata,  L.     One  to  two  feet  high,  erect,  the  culm  scabrous : 
spikes  3  to  12-flowered,  approximate  into  a  loosely  interrupted  head,  the  lower 
distinct,  the  pointed  perigynia  and  scales  conspicuous :  perigynium  green  or 
greenish,  stalked,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  gradually 
beaked,  spreading,  about  the  length  of  the  acute  brown  scale.  —  Banks,  Colo- 
rado, Utah,  and  southward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  confixa,  Bailey.  Culms  very  slender,  usually  prolonged  (1  to  2^ 
feet  high) :  spikes  5  to  10-flowered,  brown  and  green  or  tawny,  aggregated 
into  a  rather  loose  continuous  oval  or  oblong  naked  head  (which  is  \  to  1  inch 
long) :  perigynium  usually  narrower  than  in  the  species.  —  C.  Hoodii  of 
authors,  not  Boott.  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah  ( Watson,  1228);  N.  W. 
Wyoming  (Parry  281);  also  in  British  America,  Oregon,  and  California. 
Distinguished  from  No.  58  by  its  smaller  size,  weak  culm,  narrow  leaves,  nar- 
row perigynium,  and  rounder,  smaller  head.  Much  like  C.  Hoodii,  Boott, 
which  is  distinguished  by  its  stiff er  culm,  much  heavier,  more  compact,  and 
browner  heads,  which  are  made  up  of  more  numerous-flowered,  more  chaffy, 
and  much  longer  more  or  less  pointed  spikes,  and  more  upright  perigynia 
which  are  mostly  concealed  beneath  the  scales.  That  species  occurs  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon. 

Var.  gracilis,  Boott.  Slender :  head  more  interrupted  than  in  the  spe- 
cies, almost  linear,  more  fuscous,  each  spike  subtended  by  a  pointed  or  awned 
bract :  perigynium  erect,  shorter  than  the  very  acute  or  cuspidate  scale.  — 
C.  Hookeriana,  Dew.  With  the  species,  and  northward  and  eastward. 

n~  -t-  Perigynium  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous. 

60.  C.  fOBtida,  All.      Creeping:  culm  5  to  16  inches  high,  rather  stout, 
scabrous,  longer  than  the  long-pointed  leaves :  spikes  very  densely  aggregated  into 
a  globose  or  ovoid  brown  head:  perigynium  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed 
at  the  apex,  about  the  length  of  the  acute  or  mucronate  brown  scale.  —  Mountains, 
Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming.     (Eu.) 

61.  C.  incurva,  Lightf.  ?     Extensively  creeping:  culm  stiff  and  short  (£  to 
6  inches  long),  smooth,  usually  curved,  about  the  length  of  the  narrow  and  stiff 
curved  leaves :  spikes  2  to  5,  crowded  into  a  short-ovoid  or  globular  brown  or 
tawny  head   (which  is  only  ^  to  f  inch  long) :  perigynium  large  and  turgid, 
stipitate,  broadly  ovate,  conical  above,  purple  towards  the  top,  faintly  many  nerved 
on  one  side  at  least,  narrowed  into  a  short  and  stout  entire  beak,  not  covered  by  the 
acute,  thin  scale.  —  Rocky  Mountains  of  British  America.     Immature  speci- 


CYPEKACE^J.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  391 

mens  from  an  alpine  ridge  near  Middle  Park  ( C.  C.  Parry]  and  from  near 
Mt.  Gray  (H.  N.  Patterson],  Colorado,  are  probably  to  be  referred  here.  The 
specimens  are  peculiar  for  their  upright  habit,  large  and  dark  heads,  and  very 
broad,  inflated  perigynia. 

62.  C.  Stenophylla,  Wahl.     Stoloniferous :  culms  stiff,  1  to  6  inches  high 
from  a  mass  of  fibrillose  sheaths,  usually  longer  than  the  stiff  involute  filiform 
leaves:  spikes  3  to  6,  short  (2  to  4  lines  long),  nearly  globose,  loosely  conglomer- 
ated into  a  small  subglobose  or  shortly  oblong  head,  each  spike  subtended  by  a 
scarious  mucronate  bract  of  less  than  its  own  length  :  perigynium  ovate,  brown, 
nerved,  gradually  contracted  into  a  short,  blunt,  entire  beak,  tightly  enclosing  the 
achenium,  at  maturity  longer  than  the  hyaline,  brown,  acutish  scale.  —  Dry  hills 
and  mountains,  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  eastward  and  northward;  also  in 
Iowa.     (Eu.) 

C.  TERETIUSCULA,  Gooden.,  distinguished  by  small  chestnut-colored  spikes 
disposed  in  an  appressed  or  loose  nearly  simple  panicle,  will  probably  be  found 
in  Montana. 

#  #  #  *  Spikes  yellow  or  tawny  when  mature  (in  No.  63  often  green],  aggregated 
into  more  or  less  compound  heads  or  panicles :  perigynium  many-nerved,  stipi- 
tate,  tapering  from  a  spongy  base  into  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  beak.  — VUL- 
PINE, Kunth. 

H-  Beak  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  perigynium. 

63.  C.  COnjuncta,  Boott.    Culms  flat,  about  the  length  of  the  broad  and 
lax  leaves :  spikes  6  to  many,  loosely  disposed  into  a  long  and  interrupted 
head,  the  lower  branches  of  which  are  sometimes  compound  :  perigynium  ovate, 
rough  on  the  angles  above,  the  base  cordate  on  the  outer  side  and  conspicu- 
ously white-thickened,  broader  and  a  little  longer  than  the  acute  scale. — 
C.  vulpina,  Carey,  etc.,  not  L.    Fort  Pierre,  Dakota  (Dewey) :  rare.    Readily 
distinguished  by  its  flat  culm. 

-*-  -i-  Beak  twice  or  more  the  length  of  the  body. 

64.  C.  Stipata,  Muhl.    Cespitose:  culms  thick  and  spongy,  1  to  2  feet  high, 
very  sharply  3-angled,  almost  winged,  about  the  length  of  the  broad  light  green 
canaliculate  rough-edged  leaves:   spikes  10  to  20,  loosely  aggregated  into  an 
oblong  or  pyramidal  head  (1  to  3  inches  long),  which  is  somewhat  branching  or 
occasionally  nearly  simple  at  the  base :  perigynium  lanceolate,  finely  nerved,  the 
rough  beak  about  twice  the  length  of  the  rounded  base,  the  whole  about  twice  (or  a 
little  more)  as  long  as  the  scale.  — Pastures  and  wet  places  throughout. 

65.  C.  crus-COrvi,  Shuttl.     Culms  2  to  4  feet  high,  stout,  sharply  angled, 
leafy  and  glaucous :  leaves  4  to  9  lines  wide,  glaucous :  spikes  very  numerous, 
disposed  in  a  large  panicle  which  is  4  to  9  inches  long  with  the  lower  branches  con- 
spicuous and  usually  long :  perigynium  peculiarly  corky-thickened  and  truncate  at 
the  base,  conspicuously  few-nerved,  the  rough  and  slender  beak  thrice  or  more  the 
length  of  the  body,  the  whole  three  or  four  times  the  length  of  the  inconspicuous 
scale.  —  Indian  Territory  and  southward.    A  conspicuous  species  with  much 
the  aspect  of  Panicum  crus-galli. 


*  *  *  #  Spikes  yellow  or  tawny,  aggregated  into  a  long,  appressed,  compound 
or  rarely  simple  head:  perigynium   small,  ovate,  few-nerved  or  nerveless, 


392  CYPERACE.E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

scarcely  longer  or  shorter  than   the  rough-pointed   scale.  —  MULTIFLOR^:, 
Kunth. 

66.  C.  VUlpinoidea,  Michx.    Culms  stiff,  sharply  angled,  often  scabrous, 
about  the  length  of  the  narrow  leaves :  spikes  8  to  20,  forming  an  interrupted 
brown  or  greenish-tawny  head  an  inch  or  two  long  and  composed  of  6  to  10 
crowded  clusters,  one  or  more  of  the  lower  spikes  subtended  by  a  short  and 
setaceous  or  rarely  somewhat  leafy  bract :  perigynium  diverging  at  maturitv, 
more  or  less  rough  on  the  angles.  —  C.  multiflora,  Dew.     C.  setacea,  Dew. 
Colorado  (Vasey),  Nebraska  (Hat/den).     A  widely  variable  species,  running 
into  a  multitude  of  forms,  of  which  only  the  following  has  decisive  char- 
acters. 

Var.  platycarpa,  Gay.  Culms  mostly  rather  longer  than  the  leaves; 
lower  sheaths  transversely  striate  opposite  the  leaves :  spikes  more  scattered, 
forming  a  very  narrow  head,  the  upper  aggregated,  the  lower  distinct  and 
oblong  (i  inch  or  less  long)  and  very  densely  flowered  and  spreading  with  a 
truncate  top  :  perigynium  larger,  orbicular-ovate,  winged,  nearly  green,  spread- 
ing at  nearly  right  angles  to  the  rhachis.  —  Indian  Territory  and  probably 
southwestward. 

******  Staminate  flowers  variously  situated,  usually  some  of  the  intermedi- 
ate or  terminal  spikes  all  staminate,  or  the  plant  entirely  dioecious:  spikes 
aggregated  in  more  or  less  chaffy  heads,  straw-colored  or  brown.  (The  student 
may  seek  here  No.  72,  which  has  the  intermediate  spikes  staminate,  but 
which  is  distinguished  from  all  members  of  this  group  by  its  few,  erect, 
and  long-lanceolate  perigyuia.)  —  ARENARI^E,  Tuckm. 

H-  Spikes  short :  scales  ovate,  not  awned  or  conspicuously  acute. 

67.  C.  siccata,  Dew.    Extensively  creeping:  culm  erect  (1  to  2  feet  high), 
sharply  angled,  rough,  mostly  longer  than  the  rather  narrow  leaves :  spikes  4 
to  12,  simple,  alternate,  ferruginous,  longer  than  the  scale-like  bracts,  the  middle 
ones  or  sometimes  the  lower  ones  all  staminate,  loosely  aggregated  into  an  oblong  or 
cylindrical  head  (which  is  f  to  2  inches  long)  :  perigynium  green,  nerved,  the 
margins  slightly  incurved,  ovate  below,  contracted  into  a  rough  and  slightly  toothed 
beak  which  is  longer  than  the  bodi/,  the  whole  longer  than  the  hyaline-margined 
acute  scale.  —  Dry  places,  Colorado  and  northward.    The  forms  with  the  lower 
spikes  all  masculine  resemble  those  species  of  the  next  section  with  a  single 
terminal  spike  which  is  prolonged  and  staminate  at  the  base. 

68.  C.  marcida,  Boott.     Culm  erect,  1  to  2  feet  high,  sharply  angled, 
scabrous,  longer  than  the  narrow  leaves:  spikes  4  to  15, ferruginous  or  dark 
brown,  the  lower  usually  somewhat  compound,  staminate  at  the  apex  or  nearly  dioe- 
cious, spreading  and  imbricated  into  an  oblong-conical  or  broadly  cylindrical  head: 
perigynium  brown,  becoming  very  dark  at  maturity,  nerved,  ovate  or  orbicular-ovate, 
with  incurved  and  serrate  margins,  contracted  into  a  beak  shorter  than  the  body, 
about  the  length  of ,  or  a  little  shorter  than,  the  acute  or  cuspidate  scale.  —  Sandy 
meadows  and  mountains  throughout. 

69.  C.  disticha,  Hudson.     Extensively  creeping :  culm  stout,  1  to  3|  feet 
high,  sharply  angled,  rough  above,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  10 
to  25,  globose  or  ovoid,  compactly  flowered,  ferruginous  or  straw-colored,  usually 
all  simple,  the  middle  or  terminal  ones  staminate,  loosely  aggregated  (the  two  or 
three  lowest  sometimes  distinct)  into  a  cylindrical  or  oblong  thick  and  heavy 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  393 

head  (1  to  3  inches  long  and  3  to  9  lines  wide)  which  is  sometimes  sub- 
tended by  a  bract  of  its  own  length:  perigynium  tawny,  ovate,  promi- 
nently mrved,  scarcely  winy -margined,  rough  above,  shortly  beaked  (the  orifice 
nearly  entire),  bearing  a  conspicuous  fissure  on  the  outer  side,  commonly 
longer  than  the  acute  brown  scale.  —  Dry  places,  Utah,  Colorado,  and  north- 
ward. (Eu.) 

70.  C.  Gayana,  Desv.     Creeping:  culms  slender  (1  to  2  feet  high),  longer 
than  the  leaves :   spikes  4  to  15,  globose  or  loosely  ovoid,  dark  brown,  simple, 
nearly  dioecious  (rarely  staminate  at  the  top),  rather  loosely  aggregated  into  a 
small  ovoid  head  (8  lines  to  one  inch  long)  :  perigynium  triangular-obovoid,  about 
as  wide  as  long  (sometimes  wider),  gibbous  below,  rough  on  the  top,  squarely 
contracted  into  a  very  short  nearly  entire  beak,  obscurely  nerved  below,  brown  and 
shining  at  maturity,  shorter  than  the  acute  chaffy  scale.  —  Colorado  and  south- 
ward. 

•f-  •*-  Spikes  mostly  nearly  linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  chaffy :   the  scales  long, 
attenuated  or  awned:  heads  pale. 

71.  C.  Douglasii,  Boott.     Creeping:  culm  6  to  12  inches  high,  obtusely 
angled  and  mostly  smooth,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  long-pointed  leaves : 
spikes  usually  many,  simple  or  compound,  pale  and  chaffy,  dioecious  or  nearly 
so,  densely  aggregated  into  a  conspicuous  and  heavy  head  an  inch  or  two 
long  and  often  an  inch  wide,  which  is  sometimes  subtended  by  a  setaceous 
bract  of  nearly  its  own  length  :    perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  nerved,  pro- 
duced into  a  slender  toothed  beak,  much  shorter  and  entirely  concealed  by 
the  long,  acute,  scarious  scale  :   stamens  and  stigmas  long  and  conspicuous.  — 
C.  Fendleriana,  Bckler.     Var.  MINOR,  Olney,  includes  small  forms  2  to  6 
inches  high,  with  smaller  spikes  not  closely  aggregated.     Common,  especially 
in  Wyoming,  Colorado,   Utah,  and   southward.     Mature   perigyuia  of  this 
species  are  rarely  seen. 

Var.  brunnea,  Olney.  Usually  taller  than  the  species  and  more  slender 
(12  to  20  inches  high) :  leaves  equalling  or  exceeding  the  culm :  spikes  fewer 
(3  to  8),  the  lower  distinct,  borne  in  an  oblong  fuscous  head  :  lower  bract 
short-awned.  —  Nevada  and  westward ;  probably  in  our  region. 

§  15.  Spikes  staminate  at  the  base.  (No.  77  is  sometimes  dioecious,  No.  72 
has  the  central  spikes  staminate  or  is  rarely  dioecious,  and  No.  78  some- 
times has  spikes  staminate  at  the  top.)  —  HYPARRHEN.E,  Anderss. 

*  Spikes  silvery  green  or  taivny  when  mature,  distinct,  mostly  small :  perigynium 
not  wing-margined  nor  conspicuously  broadened,  mostly  nearly  flat  on  the  inner 
surface.  —  ELONGATE,  Tuckm. 

•«-  Perigynium  nearly  linear  or  ovate-lanceolate,  in  loose  spikes. 

72.  C.  bromoides,  Schk.     Cespitose :  culms  usually  very  slender,  1  to  2 
feet  high,  longer  than  the  narrow  and  grass-like  leaves  :  spikes  4  to  8,  becoming 
tawny  with  age,  erect,  loosely  aggregated  into  a  narrow  and  lax  head  about  an  inch 
long,  the  middle  ones  usualli/  staminate,  or  some  rarely  staminate  at  top  or  bottom 
(or  dioecious),  mostly  much  longer  than  the  inconspicuous  scarious  bracts: 
perigynium  linear-lanceolate,  contracted  below,  strongly  nerved,  erect,  attenuated 
into  a  long  rough  beak  which  has  a  fissure  on  its  outer  side,  the  whole  longer  than 


394  CYPERACE^:.    (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

the  lanceolate  and  acute  scale.  —  Wet  places,  Canon  City  (Brandegee)  and 
Middle  Park  (Parry),  Colorado. 

73.  C.  Deweyana,  Schw.     Cespitose :  culms  weak  and  slender,  1  to  3 
feet  high,  longer  than  the  flaccid  and  flat  leaves  :  spikes  3  to  6,  silvery  green, 
erect,  4  to  8-flowered,  the  two  or  three  upper  ones  approximate,  the  lower  more  or 
less  remote,  the  lowest  subtended  by  a  setaceous  bract  of  more  than  its  own  length, 
all  uniformly  staminate  at  the  base :  perigynium  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, very  thin  in  texture,  spongy  at  the  base,  nerveless  or  very  nearly  so,  nearly 
erect,  prolonged  into  a  long  and  rough  toothed  beak,  little  longer  than  the  very  acute 
or  awned  white  scale.  —  Moist  copses  throughout. 

Var.  Bolanderi,  W.  Boott  (C.  Bolanderi,  Olney),  with  stouter  culms, 
5  to  10  spikes  which  are  mostly  10  to  30-flowered,  nerved  perigynium,  and 
mostly  hispid-awned  scales,  may  be  found  westward.  It  occurs  in  California 
and  Oregon. 

74.  C.  elongata,  L.     Cespitose:  culms  very  slender,  1^  to  2^  feet  high, 
sharply  and  roughly  angled,  about  the  length  of  the  numerous  rough-edged  leaves  : 
spikes  8  to  12,  oblong,  loosely  8  to  30-flowered,  somewhat  spreading,  loosely  ap- 
proximated into  an  interrupted  head,  tawny  or  brown,  longer  than  the  almost 
obsolete  bracts  J  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  firm  in  texture,  strongly  many-nerred 
on  both  sides,  spreading,  mostly  excurved  when  mature,  narrowed  into  a  nearly 
smooth  rather  obtuse  point,  longer  than  the  obtuse  or  obtusish  broad  and  white- 
margined  scale.  —  "  Uinta  Mountains,  shore  of  a  small  subalpine  lake  near  the 
head  of  Bear  River."    (Olney  in  Bot.  King  Exped.)    Readily  distinguished  by 
its  rusty  spikes  and  spreading  strongly  nerved  perigynia.     (Eu.) 

•t-  •«-  Perigynium  ovate  or  nearly  so,  not  sharp-margined,  firm  in  texture,  erect  in 
closely  fiowered  and  rounded  spikes. 

75.  C.  canescens,  L.     Culms  slender,  1   to  2  feet  high,  often  weak, 
rough,  about  the  length  or  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves  :  spikes  3  to  10,  pale 
or  glaucous,  scattered  or  remote   (the  upper  usually  approximate),  small  and 
densely  10  to  20- flowered,  obovoid  or  ellipsoid,  mostly  conspicuously  narrowed  at 
the  base  with  staminate  flowers:  perigynium  small,  short-ovate  or  oval,  whitish  and 
granular,  mostly  obscurely  nerved,  abruptly  and  minutely  beaked,  rather  longer 
than  the  acutish  scale.  —  C.  curta,   Gooden.     Colorado  and  northward ;    not 
common.     (Eu.) 

Yar.  alpicola,  Wahl.  Usually  more  slender :  spikes  smaller  (3  to  9-flow- 
ered),  usually  tawny  or  brown :  perigynium  somewhat  spreading.  — C.  vitilis,  Fries. 
C.  canescens,  var.  vitilis,  Carey.  Colorado,  Utah,  and  northward.  Including 
a  variety  of  weak,  few-flowered  forms,  and  passing  by  numerous  gradations 
into  the  species.  (Eu.) 

Var.  dubia,  Bailey.  Culm  stiff  (a  foot  high),  longer  than  the  long-pointed 
leaves:  spikes  3  to  6,  all  approximated  at  the  top  of  the  culm,  oblong,  10  to  20- 
fiowered,  light  tawny :  perigynium  gradually  narrowed  into  a  beak  haff  as  long  as 
the  body  or  more,  minutely  rough  on  the  angles  above,  nerved,  about  the  length  of  or 
a  little  longer  than  the  scale.  —  Bear  River  Canon,  Utah  (  Watson,  1231a).  An 
imperfectly  known  variety,  much  resembling  the  European  C.  helvola,  Blytt, 
from  which  it  differs  in  its  narrower  scales,  and  in  the  nerved  and  rough- 
angled  perigynium. 


CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  395 

76.  C.  lagopina,  Wahl.      Cespitose:    culms  4   to   10   inches  high,  erect, 
rather  longer  than  the  leaves :  spikes  usually  3,  often  5  or  6,  subglobose  or  ovoid, 
reddish-brown,  compactly  flowered,  contiguous  or  the  lowest  a  little  remote,  all 
small,  longer  than  the  scale-like  bracts  :  perigynium  small,  obocate  or  elliptical, 
usually  colored  above,  thick  in  texture,  nerved,  tapering  towards  the  base,  often 
curved,  rather  abruptly  short-beaked,  the  beak  with  a  closed  fissure  on  the  outer 
side,  longer  than  the  ovate,  broad,  brown,  hyaline-margined  acute  scale.  —  Uinta 
Mountains,  Utah  (  Watson).    A  small  alpine  species,  distinguished  by  its  heads 
of  few  dark-colored  spikes,  its  narrow  leaves,  and  cespitose  habit.     (Eu.) 

•*-•«--»-  Perigi/nium   ovate,  sharp-margined,  firm,  often  thickened  at  the   base, 
spreading,  in  open  and  at  maturity  stellate  spikes. 

77.  C.  echinata,  Murr.     Cespitose :   culms  sharply  angled,  smooth  or 
rough,  slender  and  erect  (6  inches  to  2  feet  high),  usually  longer  than  the 
narrow,  pale  leaves:  spikes  small,  about  8  to  15-flowered,  scattered,  globular, 
the  upper  one   conspicuously  contracted   below  with   staminate  flowers,  or 
rarely  all  the  spikes  staminate  or  all  pistillate  (C.  sterilis,  Willd.)  :  perigynium 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed   into  a  sharp-edged,  rough, 
toothed  beak,  nerved,  spreading  or  reflexed,  about  the  length  of  or  longer 
than  the  acute  scale.  —  C.  stellulata,  Gooden.     Var.  MICROCARPA,  Bcklr. 
(C.  scirpoides,  Schk.,  C.  stellulata,  var.  scirpoides,  Carey)  includes  small  and 
fewer-flowered  forms.     Twin  Lakes,  Colorado  (John  Wolfe) ;  also  in  Arizona 
and  British  America.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Spikes  tawny  or  dark,  rather  large,  sometimes  crowded:  perigynium  ivith 
a  more  or  less  thin  or  winged  margin  which  is  mostly  incurved  at  maturity, 
rendering  the  perigi/nium  concave  inside.  —  OVALES,  Kunth. 

•»-  Spikes  aggregated  into  a  more  or  less  dense  head. 

78.  C.  Bonplandii,  Kunth,  var.  angUStifolia,  Boott.     Stoloniferous  : 
culm  slender  and  nearly  naked  (a  foot  or  more  high),  longer  than  the  grass-like 
leaves:  spikes  3  to  6,  small  and  chaff }/,  crowded  into  a  small  capitate  dark  brown 
head  which  is  a  half-inch  or  less  long:   bracts  scale-like,  often  setaceously 
pointed,  sometimes  inconspicuous,  never  longer  than  the  head  :  perigynium 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  colored,  narrowed  into  a  serrate  beak  about  as 
long  as  the  body,  nerved,  narrowly  winged,  about  the  length  of  the  acutish  scale  or  a 
little  longer  and  about  as  wide.  —  C.  Bonplandii,  var.  minor,  Olney.     Mountains 
of  Colorado  and  Utah.    The  species,  which  is  South  American,  evidently  occurs 
in  California,  and  the  C.  tenuirostris,  Olney  in  herb  ,  collected  in  Wyoming  by 
C.  C.  Parry,  may  be  the  same.    It  is  lower  and  stiffer  in  habit  than  the  variety 
with  larger   heads  (which  are  lighter  colored)   and  a  greenish  perigynium. 
Forms  of  this  species  appear  to  unite  it  with  the  next,  but  in  general  they 
may  be  distinguished  by  the  narrowly  winged  perigynium. 

79.  C.  festiva,  Dew.     Cespitose:  culms  usually  slender,  6  inches  to  2£ 
feet  high,  longer  than  the  flat  stem-leaves:  spikes  6  to  15,  roundish,  small,  densely 
aggregated  (occasionally  somewhat  loosely)  into  a  fulvous  dark  brown  or  green 
and  brown  ovoid  head  (which  is  £  to  1  inch  in  diameter) :  bract  usually  incon- 
spicuous, sometimes  as  long  as  the  head,  narrow :  perigynium  varying  from 
broad-ovate  at  base  to  long-lanceolate,  greenish,  conspicuously  winged  (half  its  width 
or  more  being  consumed  in  the  thin  margins),  narrowed  gradually  into  a 


396  CYPERACE^E.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

rough  beak  about  as  long  as  tbe  body,  nerved  or  almost  nerveless,  longer  and 
broader  than  the  acute  or  somewhat  obtuse  brown  scale.  —  On  grassy  mountain- 
sides and  alpine  summits  throughout.  A  variable  and  widely  distributed 
species.  Through  its  looser  forms  it  approaches  No.  84.  (N.  Eu.) 

Var.  Haydeniana,  W.  Boott.  Low  (4  to  8  inches  high) :  head  very  dense 
and  dark :  perigijnium  tawny :  bracts  cuspidate.  —  C.  Haydeniana,  Olney.  Uinta 
Mountains,  Eastern  Utah  (Hay den). 

80.  C.  athrostachya,  Olney.     Differs  from  the  last  in  the  presence  of 
elongated  bracts  which  are  expanded  and  strongly  nerved  at  the  base,  the  two  or 
three  lower  much  exceeding  the  mostly  paler  head :  lowest  spike  rarely  distinct.  — 
Colorado   ( Vasey)   and   Upper  Flathead   River  Valley,  Montana   ( W.  M. 
Canby.) 

•«—  H—  Spikes  mostly  separated,  or  if  aggregated  the  individual  spikes  well  de- 
fined. 

•w-  Perigynium  thin  and  scale-like,  with  little  distinction  between  the  margin  and 
the  body,  mostly  greenish. 

81.  C.  lagopodioides,  Schk.     Culm  stout  and  leafy,  1|  to  3  feet  high, 
sharply  angled,  rough  above:  sheaths  of  the  leaves  dilated:  spike  7  to  15  or 
more,  mostly  large,  compactly  flowered,  mostly  obovoid,  not  pointed,  disposed  in  a 
loose  and  heavy  long  greenish  or  straw-colored  head :  bracts  filiform  or  none : 
perigynium  erect,  lanceolate,  nearly  nerveless,  with  narrow  serrate  margins,  longer 
than  the  similarly  colored  scale.  —  New  Mexico,  near  Santa  Fe  (Fendler),  and 
probably  northward. 

82.  C.  cristata,  Schw.     Differs  from  the  last  in  its  smaller  size,  fewer, 
smaller,  more  densely  flowered  and  more  aggregated  spikes  which  are  globular: 
perigijnium  smaller,  spreading  at  right  angles  or  even  rejlexed,  giving  a  character- 
istic cristate  appearance  to  the  spikes.  —  C.  lagopodioides,  var.  cristata,  Carey. 
Laramie  hills,  E.  Wyoming  (Hayden),  and  eastward. 

Var.  mirabilis,  Boott,  is  a  form  with  long  and  lax  culms,  broader,  ovate 
perigynium  with  the  points  loosely  conspicuous,  and  the  spikes  looser  flowered.  — 
C.  mirabilis,  Dew.  C.  lagopodioides,  var.  mirabilis,  Olney.  Nebraska  (Deweij), 
and  probably  common  along  our  eastern  borders.  Transition  to  C.  straminea, 
from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  lax  culms  and  leaves,  aggregated  and 
rounded  spikes  which  are  green  or  greenish,  and  much  narrower  and  thinner 
perigynia. 

83.  C.  SCOparia,  Schk.     Culms  rather  stiff,  about  as  long  as  the  very 
narrow  and  long-pointed  leaves :  spikes  4  to  8,  generally  aggregated  into  a  close 
head,  club-shaped  or  ovate,  pointed,   straw-colored  tvhen   mature:   perigynium 
elliptic-lanceolate,   straw-colored:    runs   into   No.   81. —  C.  lagopodioides,  var. 
scoparia,  Bcklr.     Colorado  (Herb.  Olney),  and  probably  throughout  the  conti- 
nent to  the  east. 

**  H-H.  Perigynium  thickened  in  the  middle,  with  conspicuous  wing-margins  which 
are  more  or  less  incurved,  mostly  tawny  or  brown. 

84.  C.  leporina,  L.     Cespitose :  culms  erect,  6  to  16  inches  high,  scabrous 
above,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves  :  spikes  3  to  6,  erect,  ovoid,  all  contiguous 
into  an  oblong  dark  brown  head :  lower  bracts  often  green  and  as  long  as  the 
head,  but  usually  all  scale-like :  perigynium  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  broadly 


GRAMINEJE.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  397 

winged,  nerved,  rough  on  the  margins,  contracted  into  a  beak  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  body,  the  whole  not  longer  than  the  thin-margined  scale.  —  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
northward.  (Eu.) 

85.  C.  Liddoni,  Boott.     Culm  erect  or  nearly  so :  spikes  3  to  6,  obovoid  or 
oblong,  pointed,  erect,  chaffy  at  the  base,  conspicuously  fulvous  in  color,  contiguous, 
or  loosely  aggregated  into  an  oblong  head  (about  an  inch  long) :  perigynium  large 
and  conspicuous,  greenish  or  tawmj ,  firm  in  texture,  lanceolate  (4  to  6  lines  long), 
thrice  as  long  as  the  elliptic  brown  achenium,  few-nerved  when  mature,  rough  on 
the  narrowly  winged  and  incurved  margins,  very  gradually  beaked,  about  the 
length  of  the  acute  and  thin-margined  scale.  —  C.  adusta,  var.  congesta,  W.  Boott. 
Mostly  at  high  altitudes,  South  Park,  Colorado  (John  Wolfe),  and  Montana 
(F.  L.  Scribner) ;  said  to  occur  in  Arizona. 

86.  C.  adusta,  Boott,  var.  minor,  Boott.     Culm  very  slender  towards 
the  top,  weak  and  nodding  at   maturity,  erect   when    young :    leaves   narrow, 
very  long-pointed :  spikes  all  silvery  brown,  long-attenuated  at  the  base,  the  lower 
rather  remote:  perigynium  thin  and  papery,  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  nerveless. 
—  C.  pratensis,  Drejer.    South  Park,  Colorado  (John  Wolfe) ;  also  in  British 
America. 

87.  C.  Straminea,  Schk.    Culms  erect,  1  to  2  feet  high,  mostly  stiff,  much 
longer  than  the  erect  long-pointed  stem-leaves :  spikes  3  to  8,  all  distinct,  ovoid  or 
globose,  tawny  or  straw-colored,  mostly  approximate  at  the  top  of  the  culm : 
perigynium  orbicular  or  ovate-orbicular,  often  cordate  at  base,  few-nerved,  thin,  very 
ividely  ivinged,  spreading,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  smooth  or  nearly  smooth  beak 
which  is  not  longer  than  the  body,  much  ivider  and  usually  longer  than  the  acute 
scale. —  C.  festucacea,  Schk.    Vars.  festucacea  and  aperta,  Boott.     Dry  banks, 
New  Mexico  (Fendler),  Uintas,  Northern  Utah  (  Watson),  Colorado  (Vasey), 
Bitter-Root  Valley,  Western  Montana  (  Watson),  and  eastward ;  also  in  British 
America. 

Var.  tenera,  Boott.    Top  of  the  culm  slender  and  somewhat  nodding:  spikes 
more  tawny. —  C.  tenera,  Dew.     Indian  Territory  (Geo.  D.  Butler). 


ORDER  88.     GRAMIrYEJE.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

Grasses,  with  usually  hollow  stems  (culms}  closed  at  the  joints,  alter- 
nate 2-ranked  leaves,  their  sheaths  split  or  open  on  the  side  opposite 
the  blade ;  the  hypogynous  flowers  imbricated  with  2-ranked  glumes 
or  bracts ;  tho  outer  pair  (glumes  proper)  subtending  the  spikelet  of 
one  or  several  flowers ;  the  inner  pair  (flowering  glume  and  palet)  en- 
closing each  particular  flower,  which  is  usually  furnished  with  2  or 
3  minute  hypogynous  scales.  Stamens  1  to  6,  mostly  3:  anthers 
versatile.  Styles  2  or  2-parted :  stigmas  hairy  or  plumose.  Ovary 
1 -celled,  1-ovuled,  forming  a  seed-like  grain  in  fruit.  —  Roots  fibrous. 
Sheaths  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  extended  above  the  base  of  the 
blade  into  a  scarious  appendage  (ligule).  See  Vasey's  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue of  U.  S.  Grasses. 


398  GE AMINES.    (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

SERIES  I.  Spikelets  articulated  with  the  pedicel  below  the  glumes,  and  consisting  of  one 
fertile  terminal  flower,  and  usually  an  inferior  one  which  is  male  or  sterile.  —  PANI- 
CACE.E. 

Tribe  I.  Fertile  spikelets  perfect,  rarely  by  abortion  unisexual,  spicate  or  paniculate : 
outer  glumes  usually  two,  rarely  one  or  none  ;  flowering  glume  indurated  in  fruit,  or  at 
least  more  rigid  than  the  outer  ones,  awnless.  —  PANICE^E. 

*  Branches  of  the  simple  panicle  spike-like,  or  variously  branched,  not  produced  beyond 

the  spikelets. 

1.  Paspalum.    Spikelets  in  one  or  two  rows  along  one  side  of  the  solitary,  subdigitate,  or 

scattered  flattened  spikes.  Glumes  3  (rarely  2),  the  two  outer  ones  membranous, 
equal,  or  sometimes  the  outer  one  smaller  or  disappearing  :  the  flowering  glume  more 
or  less  concave,  becoming  indurated,  embracing  the  shorter  palet,  which  is  of  the 
same  texture. 

2.  Beckmannia.    Spikelets  subsessile,  crowded  in  two  rows  upon  the  short  simple  or 

compound  branches  of  a  long  narrow  panicle.  Glumes  3,  sub-coriaceous,  obovate  or 
boat-shape,  compressed  and  inflated,  empty :  the  flowering  glume  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  of  thinner  texture. 

3.  Panicum.    Spikelets  spicate  or  paniculate.     Glumes  3  (rarely  2),  the  two  outer  ones 

empty  and  one  of  them  smaller  (often  very  small)  than  the  other :  fertile  glume  with 
its  palets  usually  coriaceous  in  texture  and  obtuse  or  obtusish. 

4.  Setaria.     Spikelets  in  a  cylindrical  spike,  or  sometimes  an  interrupted  panicle  ;  several 

bristles  below  the  articulation  of  the  spikelets,  which  are  persistent  after  the  fall  of 
the  spikelets.  Glumes  3  (rarely  2),  the  two  outer  ones  empty  and  membranous,  as  is 
also  the  lower  flowering  one  :  the  flowering  glume,  with  its  palets,  indurated  and 
striate. 

*  *  Spikelets  surrounded  by  or  intermixed  with  abortive  branches  of  the  panicle,  forming 

a  bristly  involucre,  which  is  deciduous  with  the  spikdet. 

5.  Cenchrus.     Spikelets  enclosed  1  to  3  together  in  a  coriaceous,  spiny  involucre  or  bur  ; 

these  arranged  in  an  oblong  or  cylindrical  panicle. 

*  *  *  Spikes  one  to  many  on  a  common  peduncle,  rhachis  produced  beyond  the  uppermost 

spikelet. 

6.  Spartina.    Spikelets  one-flowered,  much  flattened,  sessile  along  one  side  of  the  long 

triangular  rhachis,  or  in  racemose  spikes.  Outer  glumes  strongly  compressed,  with  a 
rigid  keel,  unequal,  awnless :  flowering  glume  membranaceous,  compressed,  carinate  : 
palet  nearly  equalling  its  glume,  2-keeled. 

Tribe  II.  Spikelets  usually  perfect,  or  some  of  them  imperfect,  articulated  in  fascicles 
with  the  rhachis  of  the  simple  spike :  flowering  glumes  membranaceous  ;  generally 
the  outer  or  empty  ones  smaller  and  hyaline.  —  ZOYSIE.E. 

7.  Hilaria.    Inflorescence  in  terminal  spikes.    Spikelets  in  small  clusters  of  three,  closely 

sessile  at  the  joints  of  the  rhachis  ;  the  central  spikelet  containing  a  single  fertile 
flower,  either  female  or  perfect :  the  lateral  spikelets  each  with  2  or  3  male  flowers. 

Tribe  III.  Spikelets  arranged  along  the  rhachis  of  the  spike  or  the  branches  of  the 
panicle  generally  in  twos,  or  the  terminal  one  in  threes.  Flowering  glume  hyaline, 
smaller  than  the  empty  ones,  often  bearded.  —  ANDROPOGONE^E. 

8.  Aiiclropogon.     Inflorescence  in  simple  or  paniculate  spikes.     Spikelets  in  pairs  in 

the  alternate  notches  of  the  rhachis,  one  sessile  and  fertile,  the  other  pedicelled  and 
sterile. 

9.  Chrysopogon.     Inflorescence  loosely  paniculate.    Fertile  spikelets  one-flowered,  ses- 

sile between  two  pedicellate  sterile  spikelets  at  the  end  of  the  slender  branches  of 
the  panicle,  with  sometimes  1  to  3  pairs  of  spikelets  on  the  branch  below  the  termi- 
nal three. 

SERIES  II.  Spikelets  usually  not  articulated  with  the  pedicel  below  the  glumes ;  the 
rhachis  continuous  above  the  persistent  lower  glumes,  and  disarticulating  with  the 
flowers  or  persisting  ;  consisting  rarely  of  a  single  flower,  or  of  one  perfect  and  one  or 


GR AMINES.      (GRASS  FAMILY).  399 

two  inferior  imperfect  ones,  or  of  from  two  to  many  flowers,  the  upper  ones  or  some 
of  them  imperfect.  The  rhachis  sometimes  produced  beyond  the  upper  flower  as  a 
stipe-like  pedicel  or  as  an  imperfect  flower.  —  POACE^E. 

Tribe  IV.    Spikelet  one  to  three-flowered,  perfect  flower  solitary  and  terminal :  glumes 

one-nerved  or  keeled  (sometimes  three-nerved  in  Phalaris).  —  PHALARIDE^E. 

*  Rhachis  articulated  above  the  outer  glumes. 

10.  Phalaris.    Spikelets  one-flowered,  compressed,  on  the  densely  flowered  branches  of 

a  panicle  (in  ours).  Outer  glumes  acute,  boat-shaped,  becoming  coriaceous  or  carti- 
laginous ;  within  these  the  flower  consisting  of  two  glumes,  sometimes  called  palets, 
enclosing  stamens  and  pistil ;  below  the  flower  one  or  two  small  scales  or  bristles. 

11.  Hierochloa.    Spikelets  3-flowered,  in  an  open  panicle :  terminal  flower  perfect,  but 

with  only  2  stamens ;   the  two  lower  flowers  male  only,  each  with  3  stamens.    Two 
outer  glumes  thin  and  scarious,  acutely  keeled ;  glumes  of  the  male  flowers  thicker, 
sometimes  short-awned,  each  enclosing  a  narrow,  thin,  bifid,  two-keeled  palet ;  the 
upper  or  perfect  flower  has  a  one-nerved  glume  in  place  of  a  palet. 
*  *  Rhachis  articulated  below  the  spikelet. 

12.  Alopecurus.    Spikelets  one-flowered,  crowded  in  a  cylindrical  spike.    Outer  glumes 

strongly  compressed,  boat-shaped,  keeled,  nearly  equal,  frequently  united  at  base ; 
flowering  glume  shorter,  keeled,  with  a  slender  dorsal  awn,  frequently  more  or  less 
united  below  by  the  opposite  margins  and  enclosing  the  stamens  and  styles. 

Tribe  V.    Spikelet  perfect,  one-flowered  ;  rhachis  often  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  as  a 
bristle  or  stipe.  — AGROSTIDE^E. 

*  Spikelets  paniculate :  rhachis  not  produced  beyond  the  flower :  beard  of  the  flowering 

glume  terminal. 

13.  Aristida.    Spikelets  in  a  spicate  or  open  branching  panicle,  generally  on  filiform 

pedicels.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  often  bristle-pointed:  flowering  glume  narrow, 
rolled  around  the  flower,  terminating  with  a  triad  awn,  or  apparently  3-awned :  palet 
small  and  thin,  enclosed  in  the  flowering  glume. 

14.  Stipa.     Spikelets  terete.     Outer  glumes  membranaceous,  keeled:    flowering  glume 

narrow,  coriaceous,  rigid,  involute,  with  a  simple  twisted  awn  from  the  apex :  palet 
small  and  thin. 

15.  Oryzopsis.     Resembling  Stipa,  but  the  flowering  glume  shorter  and  broader,  often 

oblique  at  top.  and  the  awn  usually  short,  slender  and  very  deciduous. 

16.  Muhlenbergia.     Spikelets  small,  articulated  above  the  glumes.     Outer  glumes  vari- 

able in  size,  from  minute  to  nearly  as  large  as  the  flowering  glume,  sometimes  bristle- 
pointed,  keeled,  persistent,  thin :  flowering  glume  3  to  5-nerved,  rigid  or  thinnish, 
mucronate  or  awned,  sometimes  with  a  long  capillary  awn  from  the  apex  between  the 
short  teeth,  frequently  pubescent  below  :  palet  about  as  long  as  the  flowering  glume 
and  of  the  same  texture. 

*  *  Spikelets  in  a  dense  spike-like  cylindrical  panicle :  rhachis  produced  beyond  the  flower 

in  a  bristle,  or  naked :  flowering  glumes  awnless,  or  produced  in  1  to  3  straight  bristles. 

17.  Phleum.     Outer  glumes  one-nerved,  mucronate  or  short-awned :    flowering  glume 

membranaceous,  shorter  and  broader  than  the  outer  glumes,  truncate  and  toothed  at 
the  apex :  palet  hyaline,  narrow. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  small,  loosely  spicate  or  variously  paniculate :  rhachis  not  produced  beyond 

the  flower:  glumes  awnless  and  beardless. 

IS.  Sporobolus.  Spikelets  rarely  2-flowered.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  the  lower  one 
shorter,  1  to  3-nerved :  flowering  glume  mostly  longer :  palet  about  equalling  the 
flowering  glume  and  of  the  same  texture,  2-nerved. 

*  *  *  *  Spikelets  small,  variously  paniculate :  flowering  glume  usually  with  a  more  or 

less  twisted  dorsal  awn,  rarely  mucronate  or  awnless. 

••-  No  bristle  standing  opposite  the  palet. 

19.  Agrostis.  Outer  glumes  nearly  equal  or  the  lower  rather  longer,  1-nerved,  awnless  : 
flowering  glume  shorter  and  wider,  hyaline,  3  to  5-nerved,  awnless,  or  sometimes 


400  GKAMINE^E.       (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

with  dorsal  awn :  palet  shorter  than  flowering  glume,  often  reduced  to  a  small  scale 
or  wanting.  Stamens  3. 

20.  Cinna*     Spikelets  much  flattened,  in  an  open  spreading  panicle.     Outer  glumes 

strongly  keeled,  hispid  on  the  keel,  the  upper  somewhat  longer  :  flowering  glume 
stalked  above  the  outer  glumes  and  about  the  same  length,  3-nerved,  short-awned  on 
the  back  near  the  apex  :  palet  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  one-nerved.  Stamen  one. 

21.  Ammophila.     Outer  glumes  large,   nearly  equal,   rigid,   thick,   keeled,   5-nerved : 

flowering  glume  similar  in  texture,  about  equal  in  length,  sometimes  raucronate : 
palet  as  long  as  its  glume,  of  similar  texture,  2-keeled  and  sulcate  between  the  keels. 
Hairs  at  the  base  of  the  flower  usually  scanty  and  short. 

•i-  •*-  A  glabrous  or  hairy  bristle  standing  opposite  the  palet. 

22.  Deyeuxia.    Outer  glumes  about  equal,  keeled,   awnless  :    flowering  glume  usually 

with  a  ring  of  hairs  surrounding  its  base,  entire  or  2  to  4-toothed,  usually  with  a 
dorsal  awn  :  palet  narrow,  2-nerved  and  2-keeled. 

Tribe  VI.  Spikelets  2  to  many-flowered,  often  paniculate  :  flowering  glumes  commonly 
with  a  dorsal  or  terminal  geniculate  awn  :  rhachis  more  or  less  produced  beyond  the 
flowers.  —  AVENE^E. 

23.  Descliampsia.    Spikelets  2-flowered,  mostly  in  a  loose  panicle  with  slender  branches. 

Rhachis  hairy  and  produced  into  a  hairy  bristle,  which  rarely  bears  an  empty  glume. 
Outer  glumes  acute,  keeled,  with  scarious  margins :  flowering  glumes  obtuse  or 
toothed,  with  a  fine  dorsal  awn  below  the  middle :  palet  prominently  2-nerved,  often 
2-toothed. 

24.  Trisetum.    Spikelets  2  to  5-flowered,  in  a  dense  or  open  panicle.     Rhachis  usually 

hairy  and  produced  into  a  bristle  at  the  base  of  the  upper  flower.  Outer  glumes 
unequal,  keeled,  with  scarious  margins :  flowering  glumes  of  similar  texture,  keeled, 
2-toothed  at  apex,  the  teeth  sometimes  prolonged  into  bristle-like  points,  the  middle 
nerve  furnished  with  an  awn  attached  above  the  middle,  which  is  usually  twisted  at 
the  base  and  bent  in  the  middle  :  palet  hyaline,  narrow,  2-nerved,  2-toothed. 

25.  A  vena.    Spikelets  unusually  large,  2  to  5-flowered,  the  uppermost  generally  imperfect, 

in  a  loose  panicle.  Rhachis  hairy  below  the  flowers.  Outer  glumes  nearly  equal, 
lanceolate,  scarious  :  flowering  glumes  firmer,  shortly  bifid,  with  a  long  dorsal  twisted 
awn  below  the  apex :  palet  as  in  last. 

26.  Danthoma.     Spikelets  3  to  many-flowered,  in  a  panicle  or  simple  raceme.    Rhachis 

hair}7  and  produced  beyond  the  flowers  in  a  stipe  or  imperfect  flower.  Outer  glumes 
narrow,  keeled,  usually  as  long  as  the  spikelet :  flowering  glumes  convex  on  the  back, 
7  to  9-nerved,  with  two  terminal  teeth  or  lobes,  and  with  a  flattish  twisted  and  bent 
awn  between  the  teeth  :  palet  broad,  2-keeled,  obtuse  or  2-pointed. 

Tribe  VII.    Spikelets  one  to  many-flowered,  sessile  and  secund  in  two  rows  along  the 

rhachis  of  one-sided  spikes.  —  CHLORIDES. 

*  One  fertile  flower  in  each  spikelet. 

27.  Scliedonnardns.    Spikelets  one-flowered,  solitary  at  each  joint  of  the  slender  tri- 

angular rhachis  of  the  paniculate  spikes,  and  partly  immersed  in  an  excavation  ;  the 
spikes  alternate  and  distant.  Outer  glumes  acuminate,  unequal,  the  longer  equalling 
the  flowering  glume,  which  is  linear-acuminate  and  thickish  at  the  keel 

28.  Bouteloua.    Spikes  numerous  in  a  racemose  panicle ;  spikelets  densely  crowded,  each 

consisting  of  one  perfect  flower,  and  a  stalked  pedicel  bearing  empty  glumes  and  1  to 
3  stiff  awns.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  acute,  keeled  :  flowering  glume  broader,  usually 
thicker,  with  3  to  5  lobes,  teeth,  or  awns. 

*  *  Two  to  many  fertile  flowers  in  each  spikelet. 

29.  BucWoe.    Spikelets  dio?cious,  or  rarely  monoecious,  heteromorphous.  —  Male  plant. 

Spikelets  2  to  8-flowered  in  2  or  3  short  spikes  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  5  or  6 
closely  approximated  in  each  spike.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  1-nerved,  the  lower  one 
half  as  long  as  the  flower  above  it,  the  upper  shorter :  flowering  glumes  and  palets  of 
equal  length,  membranaceous,  the  former  3-ncrved,  the  latter  2-nerved.  —  Female 
plant.  Spikelets  closely  approximated  in  short  capitate  spikes,  which  are  mostly 


GEAMINE^E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  401 

near  the  ground  and  partly  enclosed  in  the  bract-like  sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves,  one- 
flowered,  all  the  upper  glumes  indurated  and  cohering  at  their  bases  with  the  thick- 
ened rhachis,  the  lower  glume  of  the  lowest  spikelet  lanceolate  with  an  herbaceous  tip, 
or  2  to  3-cleft,  thickened  and  adnate  to  the  upper  glume,  the  lower  glumes  of  the  other 
spikelets  free,  much  smaller,  membranaceous,  one-nerved:  flowering  glume  shorter, 
3-nerved,  tricuspidate. 

Tribe  VIII.     Spikelets  2  to  many-flowered,  variously  paniculate  or  rarely  racemose: 
flowering  glumes  awnless  or  terminated  by  one  to  many  awns.  —  FESTUCACEJS. 

*  Glumes  1  to  3-nerved,  or  rarely  many-nerved,  3-toothed,  3-divided,  or  3-awned :   rhachis 

glabrous  or  short  pilose. 

30.  Triodia.    Spikelets  in  a  strict  spicate  or  open  spreading  panicle,  some  of  the  upper 

flowers  male  or  imperfect.  Outer  glumes  keeled,  awnless :  flowering  glumes  imbri- 
cated, rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below,  hairy  or  smooth,  3-nerved,  either  nmcro- 
nate,  3-toothed,  or  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  or  obscurely  erose  :  palet  broad,  prominently 
2-keeled. 

31.  Dlplacline.     Spikelets   narrow,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  distant  on  the   long   slender 

branches  of  the  panicle,  usually  in  two  rows.  Outer  glumes  keeled,  awnless  :  flower- 
ing glumes  1  to  3-nerved,  with  a  thin  shortly  2-lobed  apex,  the  keel  produced  into  a 
short  point  or  awn  between  the  lobes  :  palet  thin,  prominently  2-nerved. 

32.  Triplasis.     Panicle  simple  and  scanty,  partly  included  in  the  leaf-sheath.     Spikelets 

remotely  2  to  5-flowered.  Outer  glumes  much  shorter  than  the  flowers,  1-nerved  : 
flowering  glumes  2-lobed  or  2-cleft,  3-nerved,  strongly  fringed  on  the  nerves,  the  mid- 
nerve  extended  into  an  awn  between  the  lobes :  palet  shorter,  2-keeled,  long  ciliate  on 
the  keels. 

*  *  Tall  grasses  with  a  many-flowered  panicle  :  flowering  glumes  3-toothed,  or  1  to  3-awned  : 

rhachis  or  the  flowering  glumes  long  pilose. 

33.  Phragmites.     Flowers  rather  distant,  silky,  villous  at  the  base  and  with  a  conspicu- 

ous silky-bearded  rhachis,  all  perfect  but  the  lowest  flower  of  the  spikelet,  which  is 
male  and  glabrous.  Outer  glumes  narrow,  unequal,  glabrous,  keeled  :  flowering 
glumes  slender,  awl-pointed :  palets  much  shorter,  2-keeled,  pubescent  on  the 
keels. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  capitate :  flowering  glumes  3  to  5-nerved. 

34.  Munroa.    Spikelets  2  or  3  together  in  small  sessile  leafy  heads  or  clusters  terminating 

the  numerous  fasciculate  and  lateral  branches,  and  at  the  nodes,  each  about  3-flow- 
ered,  the  upper  flower  imperfect.  Outer  glumes  shorter  than  the  flowers,  1-nerved : 
flowering  glumes  larger,  rather  rigid,  3-nerved,  entire  or  2-toothed,  the  central  nerve 
excurrent  in  a  mucro  or  short  awn. 

*  *  *  #  Spikelets  variously  paniculate :  flowering  glumes  mostly  3-nerved,  rarely  1-nerved. 

35.  Koeleria.    Spikelets  3  to  5-flowered,  compressed,  numerous  in  a  dense  spike-like  cy- 

lindrical or  interrupted  panicle.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  keeled,  lanceolate,  about  as 
long  as  the  spikelet :  flowering  glumes  similar,  rarely  mucronate,  the  upper  one  usually 
smaller  and  imperfect. 

36.  Eatonia.    Spikelets  usually  2-flowered  and  with  an  abortive  rudiment  or  pedicel,  nu- 

merous in  a  contracted  or  slender  panicle,  very  smooth.  Outer  glumes  unequal ;  the 
lower  narrowly  linear,  keeled,  1-nerved  ;  the  upper  broadly  obovate.  shorter  than  the 
spikelet,  not  keeled,  3-nerved  :  flowering  glumes  oblong,  obtuse,  chartaceous. 

37.  Catabrosa.    Spikelets  2  to  3-flowered,  in  a  loose  panicle.     Outer  glumes  unequal, 

shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  the  lower  short  and  narrow  ;  the  upper  obovate,  3-nerved, 
erosely-dentate  at  the  apex  :  flowering  glumes  obtuse,  prominently  3-nerved. 

38.  Eragrostis.    Spikelets  usually  many-flowered,  pedicellate  or  sessile  in  a  loose  and 

spreading  or  narrow  and  clustered  panicle.  Outer  glumes  unequal  and  rather  shorter 
than  the  flowering  ones,  keeled,  1-nerved :  flowering  glumes  obtuse  or  acute,  unawned, 
3-nerved,  with  prominent  keel  and  the  lateral  nerves  sometimes  very  faint. 

26 


402  GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

*****  Flowering  glumes  3  to  5  or  many-nerved,  more  or  less  involute,  the  upper  two  or 
more  empty  or  imperfect. 

39.  Melica.    Spikelets  2  to  many-flowered,  usually  convolute  around  each  other,  the  upper 

1  to  3  smaller  and  imperfect.  Outer  glumes  awnless,  the  lower  3  to  5-nerved,  the 
upper  sometimes  7  to  9-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  vanishing  within  the  scarious  mar- 
gin: flowering  glumes  thicker,  rounded  or  flattish  on  the  back,  5  to  9-nerved,  the 
lateral  nerves  vanishing  below  the  apex,  the  central  one  sometimes  ending  in  a  point 
or  awn :  palets  ciliate  on  keels  and  apex. 

******  Flowering  glumes  5  to  many-nerved,  the  upper  one  empty,  style  short,  stigmas 
plumose  :  leaves  generally  narrow,  without  transverse  veins. 

40.  Distielilis.     Spikelets  dioecious,  many-flowered,  compressed,  crowded  in  a  dense  spi- 

cate  or  capitate  or  rather  open  panicle.  Outer  glumes  herbaceous,  narrow,  keeled  : 
flowering  glumes  rigidly  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  keeled  :  keels  of  the  palet 
narrowly  winged. 

41.  Poa.     Spikelets  somewhat  compressed,  usually  2  to  5-flowered,  in  a  narrow  or  loose 

and  spreading  panicle,  the  rhachis  between  the  flowers  glabrous  or  hairy,  the  flowers 
generally  perfect,  occasionally  dioecious.  Outer  glumes  keeled,  1  to  3-nerved,  not 
awned :  flowering  glumes  5  to  7-nerved,  the  intermediate  nerves  frequently  obscure, 
often  with  a  few  loose  or  webby  hairs  at  the  base. 

42.  Grapliephorum.     Spikelets  2  to  5-flowered,  rather  terete,  in  a  narrow  or  loose  pani- 

cle. Outer  glumes  nearly  equalling  the  rather  remote  flowers,  keeled,  3  to  5-nerved: 
flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back  or  obscurely  keeled,  faintly  or  strongly  nerved  ; 
a  tuft  of  villous  hairs  at  the  base  of  each  flower. 

43.  Glyceria.    Spikelets  several  to  many-flowered,  terete  or  flattish,  in  a  narrow  or  diffuse 

panicle,  the  rhachis  smooth  and  readily  disarticulating  between  the  flowers.  Outer 
glumes  unequal,  1  to  3-nerved  :  flowering  glumes  obtuse,  more  or  less  denticulate  at 
the  apex,  rounded  (never  keeled)  on  the  back,  5  to  9-nerved,  the  nerves  separate  and 
all  vanishing  before  reaching  the  apex. 

44.  Festuca.     Spikelets  3  to  many-flowered,  variously  panicled,  pedicellate,  rhachis  not 

hairy.  Outer  glumes  unequal,  the  lower  1-nerved,  and  the  upper  3-nerved,  narrow 
and  keeled :  flowering  glumes  narrow,  rounded  on  the  back,  more  or  less  distinctly 
3  to  5-nerved,  acute  or  tapering  into  a  straight  awn. 

45.  Bromus.    Spikelets  5  to  many-flowered,  in  a  dense  or  lax  or  diffuse  panicle,  subterete 

or  compressed,  the  rhachis  between  the  flowers  glabrous.  Outer  glumes  more  or  less 
unequal,  acute,  awnless  or  short  mucronate,  1  to  9-nerved  :  flowering  glumes  rounded 
on  the  back  or  compressed  and  keeled,  5  to  9-nerved,  acute,  or  awned  from  below  the 
mostly  2-cleft  apex. 

Tribe  IX.    Spikelets  one  to  many-flowered,  sessile  on  the  teeth  or  excavations  of  the  rha- 
chis of  the  simple  stout  spike.  —  HORDEACE.E. 
*  Spikelets  solitary  at  the  nodes,  3  to  many-flowered,  rarely  2-flowered. 

46.  Agropyrum.     Spikelets  compressed,  alternately  sessile  on  the  continuous  or  slightly 

notched  rhachis.  Outer  glumes  nearly  equal  and  opposite,  1  to  3-nerved,  scarcely 
keeled,  tapering  to  a  point  or  awned  :  flowering  glumes  similar,  rounded  on  the  back, 
3  to  7-nerved,  pointed  or  awned  from  the  apex :  the  two  prominent  nerves  of  the 
upper  palet  almost  marginal  and  scabrous  ciliate. 

*  *  Spikelets  two  to  many  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis. 

47.  Hordeum.    Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  an  awl-shaped  rudiment  of  a  second  flower, 

in  a  dense  spike,  in  clusters  of  2  or  3  ;  central  spikelet  of  each  cluster  perfect  and 
sessile,  the  lateral  ones  short-stalked  and  imperfect  or  abortive.  Outer  glumes  side 
by  side,  two  to  each  spikelet  or  6  at  each  joint,  slender  and  awn-pointed  or  bristle- 
form  :  flowering  glume  herbaceous,  shorter,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  rounded  on  the  back, 
not  keeled,  5-nerved,  acute  or  long-awned. 

48.  Elymus.     Spikelets  2  to  4  at  each  joint,  sessile,  1  to  6-flowered.    Outer  glumes  two  for 

each  spikelet,  nearly  side  by  side  in  its  front,  forming  a  kind  of  involucre  for  the  clus- 
ter, narrow,  rigid,  1  to  3-nerved,  acuminate  or  awned  :  flowering  glumes  herbaceous, 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  rounded  on  the  back,  not  keeled,  acute  or  awned. 


GKAMINE^E.      (GKASS   FAMILY.)  403 

1.    PASPALUM,    L. 

Ours  are  perennials,  with  very  obtuse  orbicular  spikelets  and  a  narrow  wing- 
less rhachis. 

1.  P.  setaceum,  Michx.  Stems  ascending  or  decumbent  (1  to  2  feet 
long),  slender :  leaves  and  sheaths  clothed  with  soft  spreading  hairs :  spikes 
very  slender  (2  to  4  inches  long),  mostly  solitary  on  a  long  peduncle,  and 
usually  one  from  the  sheaths  of  each  of  the  upper  leaves  on  short  peduncles 
or  included:  spikelets  narrowly  2-rowed.  —  Colorado  (Hall  fr  Harbour),  and 
very  common  eastward. 

2.    BECKMANNIA,    Host. 

A  coarse  perennial  aquatic,  with  flat  scabrous  leaves  and  glabrous  sheaths. 

1.  B.  erucaeformis,  Host.  Stems  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high:  leaves  4  to  8 
inches  long ;  ligules  elongated  :  panicle  4  to  12  inches  long,  erect,  strict,  secund, 
the  short  crowded  branchlets  densely  flowered  from  the  base  :  spikelets  nearly 
orbicular,  the  upper  rudimentary  floret  minute,  stipitate.  —  Widely  distributed 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 

3.    PANICUM,   L.        PANIC  GRASS. 

Panicle  sometimes  with  the  inflorescence  crowded  upon  one  side  of  a  narrow 
rhachis.  Grasses  of  various  habits,  from  low  and  almost  prostrate  to  stout 
and  several  feet  high. 

*  Spikelets  disposed  in  diffuse  and  spreading  panicles,  scattered,  awnless.1 
•*-•  Spikelets  pointed. 

1.  P.  capillare,  L.     Sheaths  and  usually  the  leaves  very  hairy:   panicle 
half  the  length  of  the  stem,  very  open,  its  long  slender  branches  solitary  or 
in  pairs,  divaricate  when  old ;  spikelets  ovoid  to  narrowly  oblong,  scattered, 
on  long  pedicels  :  sterile  flower  neutral  and  of  a  single  glume,  twice  the  length 
of  the  acute  1 -nerved  lower  glume ;  upper  glume  5-nerved,  pointed,  nearlv  a 
half  longer  than  the  somewhat  obtuse  perfect  flower.  —  An  abundant  grass 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  mostly  in  sandy  soil.     Known  as  "  Old- Witch 
Grass." 

2.  P.  Virgatum,  L.     Taller  (3  to  5  feet  high)  and  glabrous:  leaves  very 
long,  fiat :  branches  of  the  compound  loose  and  large  panicle  at  length  spread- 
ing or  drooping;  spikelets  ovate,  scattered,  usually  purplish:    sterile  fiower 
staminate  and  of  a  flowering  glume  and  a  single  palet;  lower  glume  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  upper.  —  About  Denver,  and  common  in  the  Eastern 
States. 

3.  P.  amarum,  Ell.     Like  the  last,  but  much  smaller,  with  stems  sheathed 
to  the  top,  leaves  involute,  glaucous,  coriaceous,  the   uppermost  exceeding  the 
contracted  panicle.  —  Canon   City  (Brandegee),  and  in  sandy  soil  along  the 
Atlantic  coast. 

1  P.  sanguinale,  L.,  an  introduce.fi  species,  has  spikelets  in  pairs,  one  sessile,  the  other 
peclicelled,  crowded  on  one  side  of  four  or  more  simple  flattened  branches  digitately  clustered 
at  the  top  of  the  stem ;  the  lower  glume  very  minute,  the  upper  half  the  length  of  the 
flower.  —  Appearing  late  in  the  season,  and  known  as  CRAB  GRASS  or  FINGER  GKASS. 


404  GRAMINE.E.       (GKASS   FAMILY.) 

H-  +-  Spikelets  obtuse. 

4.  P.  scoparium,  Lam.     Stem  geniculate  at  the  lower  nodes  and  at 
length  branched  and  reclining :  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  erect  and  somewhat 
rigid,  hairy  beneath  and  fringed  with  spreading  hairs  at  base  :  panicle  nearly 
simple,  with  slender  hairy  branches;  spikeletsfew,  large,  tumid,  obovate,  usually 
hairy  :   upper  glume  9-nerved,  twice  or  three  times  the  length  of  the  lower  one : 
flowering  glume  with  a  transverse  fold  or  furrow  near  the  base.  —  P.  pauciflorum, 
Ell.  ?  of  Gray's  Manual.     Colorado,  Oregon,  and  eastward  to  New  England. 

5.  P.  dichotomum,  L.     Stem  erect  and  simple,  or  late  in  the  season 
decumbent  and  variously  branched  :  lower  leaves  usually  ovate,  the  upper  linear- 
lanceolate,  smooth  or  hairy  or  velvety :  terminal  panicle  open,  ovoid,  those  of 
the  branches  short  and  often  included  in  the  sheaths ;   spikclets  oblong-obovate, 
smooth  or  hairy :  upper  glume  5  to  7-nerved,  three  times  the  length  of  the 
lower  one.  —  Found  everywhere,  and  exceedingly  variable. 

*  *  Spikelets  crowded  in  3  or  4  rows  or  irregularly  on  the  one-sided  spike-like 
branches  of  the  panicle.1 

4.    SET  ARIA,    Beauv.        BRISTLY  FOXTAIL  GRASS. 

Annuals,  with  linear  or  lanceolate  flat  leaves.  Closely  related  to  Panicum, 
but  easily  distinguished  by  the  bristly  appearance  of  the  spike.2 

1.  S.  setosa,  Beauv.,  var.  caudata,  Vasey.  Stem  flattened  below, 
leafy:  leaves  and  sheaths  retrorsely  scabrous,  hairy  at  the  mouth  of  the 
sheath,  upper  leaves  involute-pointed :  spikes  cylindrical,  4  to  6  inches  long, 
often  nodding,  usually  much  interrupted  below,  pale  green :  bristles  up- 
wardly serrulate :  perfect  flowers  ovate,  acute,  finely  punctate.  —  Grasses 
U.  S.  13.  S.  caudata,  R.  &  S.  S.  W.  Colorado  (Brandegee)  to  Arizona,  New 
Mexico,  and  Texas. 

5.     CENCHRUS,    L.        BUR  GRASS.    HEDGEHOG  GRASS. 

Annual.  A  troublesome  grass,  in  sandy  localities,  the  spiny  heads  being 
deciduous  and  parting  readily  from  the  stem. 

1.  C.  tribuloides,  L.  Stems  branching  and  ascending:  leaves  flat: 
panicle  of  8  to  20  spherical  heads :  involucre  prickly  all  over  with  spreading 
and  barbed  short  spines,  more  or  less  downy. — Found  everywhere,  especially 
on  the  margins  of  lakes  and  rivers. 

1  P.  Crus-rjaUi,  L. ,  very  widely  introduced,  possibly  indigenous  somewhere  on  the  conti- 
nent, has  stems  from  an  inch  or  two  to  five  feet  high,  leaves  lanceolate  and  rough  on  the 
margins,  panicle  mostly  dense  and  pyramidal,  often  tinged  with  purple,  outer  glumes  rough 
upon  the  nerves  and  abruptly  pointed,  glume  of  sterile  flower  awl-pointed  or  short-awned, 
but  mostly  with  a  rough  awn  an  inch  long  or  more.  — Known  as  BARN-YARD  GRASS. 

2  The  following  species,  all  of  which  have  bristles  in  clusters  and  roughened  or  barbed 
upwards,  are  very  commonly  introduced  :  — 

S.  glaitca,  Beauv.,  known  by  its  dense  tawny  yellow  cylindrical  spike  (2  to  4  inches  long), 
6  to  11  bristles  in  a  cluster,  and  perfect  flower  transversely  wrinkled.  —  FOXTAIL. 

S.  viridis,  Beauv.,  has  a  green  more  or  less  compound  nearly  cylindrical  spike,  few  bris- 
tles, and  perfect  flower  striate  lengthwise  and  dotted.  —  GREEN  FOXTAIL.  BOTTLE  GRASS. 

S.  Italica,  Kunth,  has  thick  compound  yellowish  or  purplish  nodding  spikes  (6  to  9 
inches  long)  and  2  or  3  bristles  in  a  cluster.  —Sometimes  cultivated  under  the  name  of 
MILLET,  or  BENGAL  GRASS. 


GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  405 

6.     SPABTINA,    Schreber.        CORD  or  MARSH  GRASS. 

Perennials,  with  simple  and  rigid  reed-like  stems,  from  extensively  creeping 
scaly  rootstocks,  very  smooth  sheaths,  and  long  tough  leaves. 

1.  S.  CynoSUroideS,  Willd.     Stems  2  to  6  feet  high:  leaves  2  to  4  feet 
long,  tapering  to  a  long  slender  involute  point :  spikes  5  to  20,  scattered  and 
spreading,  at  least  at  maturity,  the  pedicels  and  common  axis  strongly  hispid  on 
the  angles :  lower  glume  very  narrow ;  the  upper  broad,  spinulose-hispid  on  the 
keel  and  tapering  to  a  rough  awn :  the  flowering  glumes  very  rough  on  the 
midrib  which  terminates  just  below  its  tip.  —  Across  the  continent  along 
the  borders  of  lakes  and  rivers,  especially  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  S.  gracilis,  Trin.     Stems   more  slender,  I  to  3  feet  high,  exceeding  the 
spreading  distichous  rough  and  rigid  leaves :  spikes  4  to  10,  mostly  sessile,  closely 
oppressed  to  the  nearly  smooth  rhachis :  outer  glumes  very  unequal,  the  lower 
acuminate,  the  upper  acute,  they  and  the  flowering  glume  ciliate  and  hispid 
upon  the  keel.  —  Steud,  Gram.  214.     In  saline  soils  from  Oregon  to  Texas, 
also  in  Florida. 

7.    HILARIA,    HBK. 

Creeping  plants,  with  spikelets  so  closely  sessile  as  to  require  some  care  in 
their  separation. 

1.  H.  Jamesii,  Benth.  Stems  1  to  l£  feet  high,  hairy  at  the  nodes: 
leaves  glaucous,  rigid,  scabrous,  mostly  convolute,  the  upper  ones  short  and 
pungent;  sheaths  scabrous,  hairy  at  the  throat;  ligule  laciniate:  spike  2  to  3 
inches  long,  erect :  outer  glumes  of  the  perfect  spikelet  ciliate,  cleft  nearly 
to  the  middle,  the  lobes  1-nerved  on  the  inner  margin  with  3  to  5  interme- 
diate bristles,  the  central  one  longer :  flowering  glume  3-nerved,  bifid  :  palet 
2-nerved,  slightly  bifid :  lower  glume  of  the  sterile  spikelets  slightly  2-cleft, 
awned  above  the  middle ;  upper  glume  emarginate,  cuspidate  —  Pleuraphis 
Jamesii,  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i.  148.  From  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to 
S.  Colorado  and  Nevada. 


8.    AJSTDROPOGON,    L.        BEARD  GRASS. 

Coarse,  mostly  rigid  perennials,  with  lateral  or  terminal  spikes  commonly 
clustered  or  digitate,  the  rhachis  hairy  or  plumose-bearded,  and  often  the 
sterile  and  staminate  flowers  also. 

1.  A.  furcatus,  Muhl.     Tall,  3  to  4  feet  high,  the  naked  summit  of  the 
stem  terminated  by  2  to  5  rigid  digitate  spikes :  spikelets  approximated,  ap- 
pressed :  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  fertile  spikelet,  on  the  rhachis,  and  on  the 
stout  pedicel  of  the  awnless  staminate  spikelet  short  and  rather  sparse :  awn 
of  fertile  flower  long  and  bent.  —  In  dry  sterile  soil  from  Colorado  to  Texas, 
and  very  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  A.  SCOpariuS,  Michx.     Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  numerous  paniculate 
branches :  spikes  single,  scattered,  mostly  peduncled,  very  loose,  often  purplish, 
silky  with  lax  dull  white  silky  hairs  shorter  than  the  flowers :  awn  of  fertile 
flower  twice  as  long  as  the  flower,  twisted  or  bent.  —  In  S.  Colorado  and 
common  eastward. 


406  GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

3.  A.  sac  Char  Oides,  S\vz.  Stems  slender,  I  to  3  feet  high :  spikes  in 
pairs  (or  fours)  on  short  mostly  exserted  and  loosely  paniculate  peduncles,  densely 
flowered,  very  silky  with  long  bright  white  hairs :  fertile  flower  monandrous, 
with  a  capillary  awn.  —  A.  argenteus,  DC.  Probably  including  also  (at  least 
in  S.  Colorado)  A.  James ii,  Torr.  Colorado  and  southward. 

9.    CHRYSOPOGON,    Trin.         INDIAN  GRASS.    WOOD  GRASS. 

A  tall  simple  perennial,  with  glaucous  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and  yellow- 
ish or  russet-brown  and  shining  spikelets. 

1.  C.  nutans,  Benth.  Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  terete :  panicle  narrowly 
oblong;  the  perfect  spikelets  at  length  drooping,  clothed,  especially  towards 
the  base,  with  fawn-colored  hairs,  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  twisted  awn  ; 
sterile  spikelets  small  and  imperfect,  deciduous,  or  reduced  to  a  mere  plumose- 
hairy  pedicel.  —  Sorghum  nutans,  Gray.  Southern  Colorado,  and  common  in 
the  Atlantic  States. 

10.    PHALARIS,    L.        CANARY  GRASS. 

Ours  is  a  perennial,  with  broad  flat  leaves,  branched  panicle,  and  glumes 
not  winged  on  the  back.1 

1.  P.  arundinacea,  L.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  reed-like  :  outer  glumes 
open  at  flowering,  3-nerved,  thrice  the  length  of  the  fertile  flower  :  rudimen- 
tary flowers  reduced  to  a  minute  hairy  scale  or  pedicel.  —  Wet  grounds  and 
river  banks  across  the  continent,  especially  northward. 

11.    HIEROCHLOA,    Gmelin.       HOLY  GRASS.    VANILLA  GRASS. 

Perennials  with  flat  leaves,  the  dried  plants  giving  off  a  pleasant  vanilla- 
like  odor. 

1.  H.  borealis,  R.  &  S.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  with  short  lanceolate 
leaves :  panicle  somewhat  one-sided,  pyramidal ;  spikelets  chestnut-color : 
staminate  flowers  strongly  hairy-fringed  on  the  margins ;  the  flowering  glume 
mucronate  or  bristle-pointed  at  or  near  the  tip :  fertile  flower  hairy-friuged 
at  the  tip.  —  From  California  to  Colorado  and  far  northward,  thence  eastward 
through  the  northern  border  States  and  Canada  to  Labrador. 

12.    A  LOPE  CUR  US,    L.        FOXTAIL  GRASS. 

Perennials,  with  the  flower  clusters  contracted  into  a  cylindrical  and  soft 
dense  spike,  whence  the  name. 

1.  A.  alpinus,  Sm.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  6  inches  to  a  foot  high:  upper 
leaf  much  shorter  than  its  inflated  sheath  :  outer  glumes  rather  acute,  3-ribbed, 
covered  on  the  back  with  long  dense  white  hairs :  flowering  glume  about 
equalling  the  outer  ones,  the  awn  exserted  more  than  half  its  length,  slightly  bent 
but  not  twisted.  —  English  Fl.  i.  81.  High  mountains  of  Colorado  and  north- 
ward. 

1  It  is  probable  that  P.  Canariensis,  L.,  is  sparingly  naturalized  within  our  range,  the 
seed  being  a  favorite  food  of  cage-birds.  It  may  be  known  by  its  very  dense  spike-like 
panicle  and  wing-keeled  outer  glumes. 


GR AMINES.       (GRASS   FAMILY.)  407 

2.  A.  aristulatUS,  Michx.  Stem  ascending  from  a  decumbent  base,  1  to  2 
feet  higli :  leaves  glaucous :  spike  about  2  inches  long,  slender  and  very  pale 
green  :  outer  glumes  obtuse,  the  flowering  one  slightly  exceeding  them,  its  awn 
attached  just  below  the  middle  and  barely  exceeding  it.  —  A.  gemculatus,  var. 
aristulatus,  Torr.  From  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon,  and  eastward 
across  the  continent. 

13.    ARISTIDA,   L.        TRIPLE-AWNED  GRASS. 

Stems  generally  branching;  leaves  narrow,  often  involute;  spikelets  in 
simple  or  panicled  racemes  or  spikes ;  grain  linear.  All  grow  in  sterile,  dry 
soil. 

*  Awns  unequal,  the  middle  one  longer  than  the  lateral  ones. 

1.  A.  basiramea,  Eugelm.     Stems  erect,  6  to  15  inches  high,  slender, 
much  branched  at  the  base,  and  with  short  floriferous  branches  enclosed  in  the 
upper  leaf  sheaths:  leaves  flat,  becoming  involute  towards  the  apex,  sparsely 
hairy  on  the  margins  below:  panicle  1|  to  3  inches  long,  erect,  rather  lax,  its 
base  sheathed  by  the  upper  leaf :   glumes  linear,  unequal,  1 -nerved,  with  a 
short  bristle-like  point:   flowering  glume  nearly  terete,  spotted  with  black, 
with  a  short,  acute  hairy  callus :  middle  awn  about  6  lines  long,  the  lateral 
ones  4  lines  long,  spirally  twisted  below  (when  mature).  —  Bot.  Gazette,  ix. 
76.     Minnesota,  }V.  Upham,  and  ranging  through  the  prairie  region  of  the 
Northwest. 

*  *  Awns  about  equal  in  length. 

2.  A.  purpurea,  Nutt.     Stem  simple,  erect,  slender,  6  to  15  inches  high: 
sheaths  scabrous,  exceeding  the  iuternodes,  pilose  at  the  throat:  panicle  slen- 
der, 3  to  6  inches  long,  loosely  few-flowered  :  outer  glumes  purplish,  unequal, 
bifid  and  shortly  awned :  flower  densely  short-pilose  at  the  pointed  base,  sca- 
brous above :  awns  I  to  2  lines  long,  not  exceeding  the  flower,  scabrous.  —  Steud. 
Gram.  134.     From  Colorado  to  Texas  and  westward  to  the  Great  Basin. 

Var.  longiseta,  Vasey.  With  very  long  awns.  —  A.  longiseta,  Steud. 
Colorado  and  southward  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

3.  A.  Oligantha,  Michx.     Stems  tufted,  bearing  a  loosely  few-flowered 
raceme :  leaves  short :  outer  glumes  nearly  equal,  the  lower  ones  3  to  5-nerved, 
nearly  an  inch  long  ;  awns  capillary,  1^-  to  3  inches  long,  much  exceeding  the 
slender  flower.  —  Colorado  and  southward,  thence  eastward  to  Illinois,  Vir- 
ginia, and  the  Southern  States. 

14.     STIPA,   L.        FEATHER  GRASS. 

Perennials,  with  narrow  involute  leaves  and  a  loose  panicle  of  early,  decidu- 
ous florets.  Some  of  the  species  are  called  "  Bunch  Grass."  The  flower  has 
a  hardened,  often  sharp-pointed  and  bearded  pedicel  or  stipe  at  its  base,  the 
callus. 

#  Awn  for  a  part  of  its  length  distinctly  plumose  with  silky  hairs. 

1.  S.  Mongolica,  Turcz.  Slender,  a  foot  high,  with  filiform  leaves  and 
a  loose  few-flowered  panicle :  glumes  membranous,  obtuse,  about  2  lines  long, 
not  quite  equal,  purplish :  flowering  glume  scarcely  shorter,  hairy :  the  bent 
awn  6  lines  in  length.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado. 


408  GRAMINE,E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

2.  S.  pennata,  L.,  var.   Neo-Mexicana,   Thurber.  —  Easily  distin- 
guished by  the  awns,  which  are  6  inches  or  more  long,  twisted  for  1  £  to  2  inches 
below,  the  upper  part  flat  and  beautifully  plumose-pennated.  —  Gram.   Mex. 
Bound,  ined.    Extending  into  S.  W.  Colorado  from  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

#  *  Awn  not  plumose,  often  strongly  pubescent. 
-t-  Panicle  loose,  open. 

3.  S.  Bichardsonii,  Link.     Stem  l£  to  2  feet  high,  slender:  panicle  4  to 
5  inches  long,  with  slender  few-flowered  branches ;  callus  short  and  blunt :  outer 
glumes  pointless,  nearly  equal,  about  equalling  the  pubescent  flowering  glume ; 
awn  6  to  8  lines  long.  —  Mountains   of   Montana,  Scribner,  and   northward ; 
Manitoba  and  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Macoun ;  also  in  Maine. 

4.  S.  COmata,  Trin.  &  Rupr.    Stems  1  to  4  feet  high,  stout,  mostly  scabrous : 
leaves  roughened,  the  radical  4  °r  i  the  length  of  the  stem:  panicle  included 
at  base  by  the  upper  sheath,  8  to  12  inches  long ;  callus  pointed:  outer  glumes 
nearly  equal,  with  a  long  subulate  point:  flowering  glume  pubescent  with  coarse 
hairs :  awn  4  to  6  inches  long,  scabrous  especially  above,  shining,  variously 
curled  and  twisted.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King   Exped.  380.      From  the  Upper 
Missouri  to  California,  New  Mexico,  and  Nebraska. 

•*-  -i—  Panicle  narroic,  contracted. 

5.  S.  spartea,  Trin.     Stems  1  i  to  3  feet  high,  rather  stout :  callus  pun- 
gently  pointed,  villous-bearded  (wheu  mature) :  glumes  lanceolate,  slender  subu- 
late-pointed, greenish,  longer  than  the  palets  which  are  linear  and  pubescent 
below.  —  From  Colorado  to  the  Upper  Missouri,  thence  eastward  to  Illinois 
and  Michigan. 

6.  S.  viridula,  Trin.     Stems  l£  to  5  feet  high,  with  numerous  withered 
sheaths  at  base  :  panicle  6  to  18  inches  long;  callus  very  short:  glumes  ovate, 
bristle-pointed,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple  :  lower  palet  with  short  scattered 
hairs  which  form  a  rather  irregular  crown,  and  with  2  very  minute  hyaline  teeth : 
awn  1  to  1  £  inches  long,  usually  twice  bent,  pubescent  below  and  scabrous 
above.  —  Watson,  Bot.   King  Exped.  380.     From   Colorado  to  California, 
Oregon,  the  Upper  Missouri,  and  British  America. 

15.    ORYZOPSIS,    Michx.        MOUNTAIN  RICE. 

Perennials,  with  rigid  leaves  and  a  narrow  raceme  or  panicle.    Spikelets 
rather  large. 

1.  O.  micrantlia,  Thurber.    Leaves  linear-setaceous,  involute :  branches 
of  the  panicle  in  pairs,  many-flowered ;  spikelets  shining,  florets  smooth,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  linear  acutish  glumes :  awn  about  thrice  longer  than  the  glumes  : 
anthers  naked  at  apex. —  Steud.  Glum.  122.     Colorado  and  southward. 

2.  O.  cuspidata,  Benth.     Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  rather  rigid  and  some- 
what scabrous:  leaves  narrow,  involute,  elongated  (2  to  18  inches):  panicle 
frequently  included  at  base,  dichotomoiisly  branched ;  the  spikelets  solitary  upon 
capillary  peduncles :   outer  glumes  more  or  less  purple,  pubescent,  attenuate- 
rostrate:  flowering  glumes  rigid,  densely  covered  with  lonq  white  silk//  hairs:  the 
stout  nearly  straight  awn  mostly  longer :  palet  rigid  :  anthers  bearded  at  apex. 
—  Eriocoma  cuspidata,  Nutt.     From  the  Sierras  eastward  to  Missouri  and 
Texas. 


GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  409 

16.     MUHLENBERGIA,    Schreb.        DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

The  grain  is  lance-oblong  and  drops  enclosed  in  the  palets. 

#  Panicles  contracted  or  glomerate. 
•i-  Flowering  glumes  barely  mucronate  or  sharp-pointed. 

1.  M.  Mexicana,  Trin.     Stems  ascending,  much  branched,  2  to  3  feet 
high :  leaves  short  and  narrow :  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  often  included 
at  the  base,  the  branches  densely  spiked-clustered,  linear :  outer  glumes  awn- 
less,  sharp-pointed,  unequal,  the  upper  about  the  length  of  the  very  acute 
flowering  glume.  —  Wyoming  and  eastward,  where  it  is  very  common. 

•t-  •»-  Flowering  glume  bristle-awned  from  the  tip. 

2.  M.  Wrightii,  Vasey  iued.     Stems  erect,  9  inches  to  a  foot  high  or 
more:  leaves  involute,  rather  rigid  and  pungently  pointed,  scabrous,  pale; 
sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes :  panicle  spike-like,  1  to  3  inches  long,  the 
two  or  three  lowest  clusters  of  spikelets  somewhat  distant :  the  glumes  and 
palets  scabrous,  especially  on  the  midribs ;  lower  glume  the  shorter,  i  to  ^  the 
length  of  the  flowering  glume,  mucronate  pointed ;  upper  glume  longer,  l-nerved 
and  short-awned :  flowering  glume  l-nerved,  tipped  bj  a  stout  rough  awn  about 
•J  the  length  of  the  palet.  —  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  M.  gracilis,  Trin.     Stems  erect,  rigid,  clothed  below  with  withered 
sheaths,  6  inches  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  filiform,  convolute,  scabrous,  with  the 
whole  .plant  pale ;  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes :  panicle  3  to  6  inches  long, 
often  bronzed  or  blackish,  very  narrow,  the  erect  rays  mostly  solitary :  lower 
glume  a  little  the  shorter,  more  or  less  acute ;  the  upper  half  the  length  of 
the  floret,  3-nerved,  obtuse,  erose  at  apex  or  with  several  teeth,  some  of  them  with 
short  awns :  flowering  glume  with  a  short-bearded  minute  callus,  pubescent, 
often  thickly  marked  with  blackish  green  spots,  terminated  by  a  slender  rough- 
ish  awn  4  to  9  lines  long.  —  Colorado  and  southward,  thence  westward  into 
California. 

Var.  breviaristata,  Vasey.  Cespitose,  low,  often  growing  in  ring-like 
patches :  leaves  very  short  and  rigid :  panicle  short,  2  or  3  inches  long,  very 
close:  aim  about  the  length  of  the  flowering  glume.  —  Rothrock,  in  Wheeler's  Rep. 
vi.  284.  Colorado  and  eastward. 

4.  M.  sylvatica,  Torr.  &  Gray,  var.  setiglumis,  Watson.     Stems  a 
foot  high,  nearly  erect :  panicle  contracted  into  a  glomerate  spike;  the  branches 
solitary  and  densely  flowered,  mostly  to  the  base  :  outer  glumes  attenuate  into 
a  scabrous  bristle :  flowering  glume  with  its  awn  about  twice  longer.  —  Bot.  King 
Exped.  v.  378.     Colorado  and  Nevada. 

5.  M.  comata,  Benth.    Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  smooth  except  at  the  nodes 
where  they  are  retrorsely  pubescent :  leaves  flat,  roughish  on  both  sides ;  lower 
sheaths  equalling  the  internodes,  the  upper  somewhat  shorter:  panicle  3  to 
4  inches  long,  pale  green,  lead-colored  or  purplish,  either  narrow  throughout 
or  lobed  below,  the  lower  rays  2  or  3  together,  the  upper  solitary,  all  very 
densely  many-flowered  :  outer  glumes  narrow,  very  acute,  the  lower  a  little  the 
longer,  serrulate  on  the  keel :  floret  with  an  oblique  callus  bearing  hairs  as  long  as 
the  floret:  flowering  glume  3-nerved,  with  a  long  (3  to  4  lines),  flezuose,  rough,  often 
purplish  awn.  —  Vaseya  comata,  Thurb.    From  Nebraska  to  Colorado,  Nevada, 
and  California. 


410  GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

*  *  Panicle  loose  and  open. 

6.  M.  pungens,  Thurb.    Stems  erect,  from  1  to  U  feet  high:  leaves  very 
pale  green,  hard  and  rigid,  terminated  by  a  hardened  point:  panicle  very  open, 
its  solitary  rays  fasciculately  branched  just  above  the  base  into  long  1-flowered 
divisions  :  outer  glumes  half  as  long  as  the  floret,  pointed  by  a  distinct  bristle  : 
flowering  glume  acute,  the  awn  a  line  long  or  less :  palet  with  2  setose  teeth,  which, 
nearly  equalling  the  awn,  give  the   appearance  of  an  undeveloped  Aristida. — 
Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  1863,  78.    From  S.  California  to  Arizona,  Colorado,  and 
Nebraska. 

7.  M.  gracillima,  Torr.    Cespitose,  glabrous :  stem  simple,  6  to  12  inches 
high :  leaites  very  narrow,  involute,  short,  mostly  in  radical  tufts :  panicle  5  to 
6  inches  long,  pyramidal,  capillary ;  branches  sub-solitary,  widely  spreading : 
spikelets  lanceolate,  mostly  purplish :  outer  glumes  acute,  scarcely  twice  shorter 
than  the  palets  :  flowering  glume  glabrous,  3-nerved,  minutely  bifid,  witli  a  straight 
awn  of  equal  length:  callus  naked.  —  Whipple,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  155.    Colorado 
and  southward. 

8.  M.  Texana,  Thurb.     Stems  geniculalefy  decumbent,  branching:  panicle 
few-flowered,  rays  solitary  or  in  pairs,  naked  below,  at  last  widely  spreading : 
outer  glumes  shorter  than  the  floret,  1 -nerved,  setaceously  mucronate:  flowering 
glume  and  palet  pilose,  the  former  terminated  by  an  awn  thrice  its  length  and 
equalled  or  exceeded  by  the  latter :   callus  conspicuous,  glabrous.  —  Gram. 
Mex.  Bound,  ined.     From  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas. 

9.  M.  debilis,  Trin.     Stems  3  to  18  inches  high,  ascending  from  a  genicu- 
late  base,  branching  from  the  lower  nodes:  leaves  mostly  flat,  acuminate,  puberu- 
lent  on  both  surfaces,  and  with  the  whole  plant  purple  tinged  or  dark  purple 
throughout:  panicle  2  to  6  inches  long,  the  few  mostly  solitary  ra.ys  spreading, 
distant,  a  little  longer  than  the  interspaces,  included  below  by  the  upper 
sheath ;  floret  very  early  deciduous :  outer  glumes  £  to  £  its  length,  equal  or 
the  lower  slightly  shorter,  the  upper  or  both  eroded  at  t/ie  obtuse  or  truncate  apex: 
flowering  glume  scabrous  throughout,  terminated  by  a  slender  awn  1  to  1^  inches  long. 
—  S.  California  to  Northern  Mexico  and  extending  into  S.  Colorado  and 
eastward. 

17.    PHLETJM,    L.        CAT'S-TAIL  GRASS.    TIMOTHY. 

Perennials,  with  spikes  very  dense  and  harsh.1 

1 .  P.  alpinum,  L.  Culms  1  to  2  feet  high :  sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves 
very  loose  or  inflated,  the  lower  ones  close ;  ligule  short :  spike  ovoid  or  ob- 
long, rarely  more  than  an  inch  long,  usually  purplish  :  outer  glumes  strongly 
fringed  on  the  back,  bearing  an  awn  about  their  own  length.  —  In  alpine 
regions  throughout  N.  America,  Europe,  and  Asia. 

18.    S  P  O  R  O  B  O  L  TJ  S,  R.  Rr.        DROP-SEED  GRASS.    RUSH  GRASS. 

Stems  wiry  or  rigid.  Leaves  usually  involute  and  bearded  at  the  throat, 
their  sheaths  often  enclosing  the  panicles.  Includes  Vilfa,  Beauv. 

1  P.  pratense,  L.,  the  cultivated  '*  Timothy  "  and  frequently  naturalized,  can  be  distin- 
guished from  P.  alpinum  by  its  close  sheaths,  long  ligule,  much  longer  spike  (1  to  6  inches), 
and  glumes  with  scarious  margins  and  green  keel,  which  is  ciliate  with  stiff  hairs  and  pro- 
longed into  a  rigid  rough  awn  shorter  than  itself. 


GRAMINEJB.      (GRASS  FAMILY.)  411 

*  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp :  panicle  spiked  or  contracted.  —  VILFA. 

1.  S.  CUSpidatUS,  Torr.     Root  perennial:  stems  and  leaves  very  narrow, 
the  latter  awl-shaped:  panicle  exserted,  very  simple  and  narrow:  outer  glumes 
very  acute :   flowering  glume  cuspidate.  —  Vilfa    cuspid  ata,  Torr.      Colorado 
and  northward ;  eastward  through  northern  latitudes  to  Canada  and  Maine. 

2.  S.  depauperatus,  Torr.     Stems  tufted,  very  slender,  3  inches  to  2  feet 
long,  often  much  branched:   leaves  very  minutely  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface: 
panicle  \  to  2  inches  long,  very  narrow,  of  few  solitary  distant  erect  rays,  which 
are  branched  and  flower-bearing  nearly  to  the  base :  outer  glumes  obtuse,  nearly 
equal:  flowering  glume  and  palet  nearly  equal,  the  former  obscurely  3-nerved, 
often  with  a  minute  mucro.  —  Vilfa  depauperata,  Torr.     Varying  greatly  with 
the  locality.    From  W.  Texas  and  Mexico  to  the  Saskatchewan,  Oregon,  and 
California. 

3.  S.  Wolfii,  Vasey.    Stems  erect,  1  to  1%  inches  high,  very  slender,  branched 
at  the  base:  leaves  mostly  radical,  short,  strongly  nerved:  spikes  simple,  few- 
fiowered,  terminal  and  lateral,  the  lateral  ones  partly  enclosed  in  the  loose 
sheaths;  flowers  alternate,  pointed  :  outer  glumes  membranaceous,  obtuse:  flow- 
ering glume  and  palet  nearly  equal  in  length.  —  Vilfa  minima,  Vasey,  Bot. 
Wheeler  Exped.  283.     About  Twin  Lakes,  Colorado. 

4.  S.  tricholepis,  Torr.     Stems  erect,  simple,  terete,  9  to  18  inches  high, 
tufted:  leaves  glabrous:  branches  of  the  oblong  rather  dense  panicle  alternate; 
pedicels  longer  than  the  spikelets  :  outer  glumes  nearly  equal,  acutish,  %  shorter 
than  the  nearly  equal  pilose  flowering  glume   and  palet:    flowering   glume 
3-uerved.  —  Vilfa  tricholepis,  Torr.     Colorado  and  southward. 

*  *  Seed  free  from  the  pericarp :  panicle  generally  open. 
•*-  Outer  glumes  very  unequal. 

5.  S.  cryptandrus,  Gr.     Stems  2  or  3  feet  high,  usually  geniculate  and 
branched  below :   leaves  fiat,  acuminate,  scabrous   especially  above ;   sheaths 
strongly  bearded  at  throat :  panicle  narrowly  pyramidal,  more  or  less  enclosed 
by  the  upper  sheath,  4  to  8  inches  long,  its  rays  mostly  in  pairs,  fiower-bearwg 
to  the  base :   spikelets  lead-colored,  short-pedicelled :   outer  glumes  somewhat 
acute. — Vilfa  cryptandra,  Trin.     From  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  Colorado 
and  Oregon,  and  eastward  to  New  England. 

6.  S.  airoid3S,  Torr.     Stems  forming  large  tufts,  clothed  below  by  the 
dead  sheaths,  2  to  3  feet  high,  somewhat  rigid,  smooth :  leaves  very  pale,  con- 
volute and  tapering  to  a  filiform  apex ;  sheaths  with  a  few  long  hairs  at  the 
throat:  panicle  broadly  pyramidal,  soon  exserted,  6  to  12  inches  long,  its  rays 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  naked  below:  spikelets  brownish,  on  rather  long  pedicels: 
outer  glumes   rather    obtuse.  —  Marcy's    Rep.   300.     Vilfa  airoides,   Steud. 
California  to  Nebraska  and  southward  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

-*-  H-  Outer  glumes  nearly  equal. 

7.  S.  ramulosus,  Kunth.     Stems  tufted,  3  to  8  inches  high,  very  slender 
and  branched  below  :  leaves  flat  or  involute,  scabrous  on  the  margins :  panicle  very 
long  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  constituting  £  of  its  height,  the  capillary  fete-flowered 
mostly  solitary  rays  rather  distant  and  spreading,  the  secondary  branches  1  to 
2-jlowered :  spikelets  less  than  J  line  long :  outer  glumes  mostly  ciliate-f ringed  on 
the  margin.  —  Vilfa  ramulosa,  HBK.     From  Colorado  to  Texas,  New  Mexico, 
and  California. 


412  GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

8.  S.  asperifolius,  Thurb.  Stems  6  to  15  inches  long,  branched,  de- 
cumbent at  base  and  forming  broad  matted  tufts :  leaves  flat,  scabrous,  espe- 
cially on  the  margins  and  upper  surface :  panicle  included  at  base,  3  to  5  inches 
long,  pyramidal  or  ovoid  in  outline,  the  scabrous  rays  solitary  or  in  pairs,  bearing 
3  to  4-flowered  capillary  branches :  spikelets  less  than  a  line  long :  outer  glumes 
minutely  scabrous.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  269.  Vilfa  asperifolia,  N.  &  M.  From 
Nebraska  to  Texas,  Mexico,  California,  and  Oregon. 

19.    AGROSTIS,    Linn.        BENT  GRASS. 

Mostly  perennials,  with  slender  low  culms  which  form  dense  tufts.  Ours 
are  strictly  one-flowered. 

*  Palet  present. 

1.  A.  alba,  L.    Stems  varying  from  a  few  inches  to  2  feet  high,  sometimes 
decumbent  at  base :  leaves  flat,  short,  smooth  or  roughened  ;  ligule  short  and  trun- 
cate or  long  and  acute :  panicle  slender,  usually  spreading  when  in  flower  and  more 
or  less  contracted  afterwards,  green,  purplish,  or  brownish :  flowering  glume 
very  thin,  3  or  5-nerved,  rarely  with  a  short  awn :  paid  ^  to  ^  the  length  of  the 
flowering  glume.  —  Includes  A.  vulgaris,  With.    Found  in  all  cultivated  regions. 
A.  vulgaris  differs  from  A.  alba  principally  in  the  ligule  of  the  former  being 
short  and  truncate  and  that  of  tbe  latter  elongated  and  acute,  hence  they  are 
both  here  included  under  the  older  name  of  A.  alba.     The  form  vulgaris  is 
often  called  "  Red-top." 

2.  A.  exarata,  Trin.     Stem  erect,  1  or  2  feet  high  or  more,  at  length 
naked  for  some  distance  below  the  panicle :    leaves  mostly  erect  and   flat, 
the  radical  2  to  4  and  those  of  the  stem  6  inches  long  or  more,  roughish  or  very 
rough ;  ligule  obtuse,  more  or  less  decurrent :  panicle  erect,  rather  narrow,  dense 
to  very  dense  and  crowded,  pale  greenish,  rarely  tinged  with  purple :  flowering 
glume  J  to  \  shorter  than  the  outer  glume,  4  to  5-nerved,  and  marked  on  the 
back  by  a  longitudinal  furrow,  sometimes  awned  above  the  middle :  palet  usu- 
attt/  shorter  than  the  ovary,  sometimes  longer.  —  Common  west  of  the  Mississippi 
and  exceedingly  variable,  so  much  so  that  many  forms  described  as  distinct 
species  must  be  included  under  it. 

*  #  Palet  entirely  wanting  or  very  minute. 
-t-  Spikelets  awnless  or  short-awned. 

3.  A.  perennans,  Tuckm.     Stems  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  flat: 
panicle  at  length  diffusely  spreading,  pale  green  ;  the  brandies  short,  divided  and 
flower-bearing  from  or  below  the  middle.  —  In  Montana  and  Wyoming,  and  very 
common  eastward.     Called  "  Thin  Grass." 

4.  A.  SCabra,  Willd.     Stems  very  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  short 
and  narrow,  the  lower  soon  involute :  panicle  very  loose  and  divergent,  purplish, 
the  long  capillary  branches  flower-bearing  at  and  near  the  apex.  —  Common 
throughout  the  whole  continent.     Called  "  Hair  Grass  "  or  "  Fly-away  Grass." 

-i_  H_  Spikelets  awned. 

5.  A.  canina,  L.     Stems  £  to  2  feet  high  :  root-leaves  involute  bristle- 
form,  those  of  the  stem  flat  and  broader :  panicle  2  to  6  inches  long,  spread- 
ing, the  unequal  rays  in  clusters  of  five  below,  in  pairs  or  solitary  above, 
roughened,  branching    above   the   middle :    spikelets  purple  or  brownish : 


GR  AMINES.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  413 

flowering  glume  exsertly  awned  on  the  back  at  or  below  the  middle.  — 
Found  everywhere,  and  very  variable,  the  mountain  forms  especially  bearing 
many  names.  Known  as  "  Brown  Bent  Grass." 

20.     CINNA,    L.        WOOD  REED  GRASS. 

A  perennial  grass,  with  simple  and  upright  somewhat  reed-like  stems,  2  to 
7  feet  high,  bearing  an  ample  compound  terminal  panicle,  its  branches  in 
fours  or  fives ;  the  broadly  linear-lanceolate  flat  leaves  with  conspicuous 
ligules. 

1.  C.  arundinacea,  L.,  var.  pendula,  Gray.  Stem  smooth,  with 
conspicuous  brownish  nodes  :  leaves  rough  on  both  sides  and  margins :  pani- 
cle 8  to  12  inches  long,  drooping  at  apex,  the  capillary  rays  clustered,  distant, 
flexuose,  very  unequal,  the  longer  flower-bearing  above  the  middle,  very  sca- 
brous. —  California  and  northward,  thence  eastward  through  Montana  to  the 
northern  border  States. 

21.    AMMOPHILA,    Host. 

Perennials,  with  stout  stems  from  thick  running  rootstocks.  This  is  repre- 
sented in  Gray's  Manual  by  the  Calamovilfa  and  Ammopkila  sections  of 
Cala  magrostis. 

1.  A.  longifolia,  Benth.  Stems  1  to  4  feet  high:  leaves  rigid,  elon- 
gated, involute  above  and  tapering  into  a  long  thread-like  point :  branches 
of  the  pyramidal  panicle  smooth :  the  copious  hairs  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  naked  flowering  glume  and  palet.  —  Calamagrostis  longifolia, 
Hook.  From  Colorado  northward,  thence  eastward  to  Michigan  and  Illinois. 

22.    DEYEUXIA,    Clarion.        REED  BENT  GRASS. 

Perennials  with  running  rootstocks  and  mostly  tall  erect  and  rigid  stems. 
This  genus  includes  all  the  species  of  Calamagrostis  in  the  section  Deyeuxia. 
*  Panicle  loose  and  open. 

1.  D.  Canadensis,  Beauv.     Sterns  tall,  erect,  smooth,  3  to  5  feet  high: 
leaves  about  a  foot  long,  flat,  minutely  scabrous  :  panicle  4  to  6  inches  long, 
oblong,  the  common  axis  and  rays  scabrous:  spikelets  l£  to  If  lines  long: 
outer  glumes  lanceolate,  acute :  flowering  glume  nearly  as  long,  surrounded  by 
copious  white  hairs,  and  awned  on  the  back  from  near  the  middle  with  a  very 
delicate  bristle  not  much  stouter  than  the  hairs,  and   usually  barely  equalling 
or  rarely  slightly  exceeding  the  palet.—  Calamagrostis  Canadensis,  Beauv. 
From  New  Mexico  northward  and  across  the  continent. 

2.  D.  Langsdorffii,  Trin.      Closely  resembling  the  last,  but  distin- 
guished by  its  longer  spikelets  (2  to  3  lines),  attenuate-acuminate  outer  glumes, 
which  are  often  cinereously  strigose-pubescent,  and  its  stouter  and  usually 
exserted  awn. 

*  *  Panicle  narrow,  the  erect  branches  oppressed  after  fiowering. 

3.  D.  Lapponica,  Trin.     Stem  about  a  foot  high  :  radical  leaves  nearly 
as  long ;  stem  leaves  much  shorter  and  divergent,  all  convolute,  rigid  and  strongly 


414  GRAMINE^i.      (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

striate,  rough  above  and  on  the  margins :  panicle  an  inch  or  two  long,  very 
dense :  outer  glumes  ovate,  acute :  flowering  glume  acute,  lacerate-fringed, 
with  numerous  delicate  basal  hairs  longer  than  in  the  next ;  awn  very  slightly 
exceeding  the  glume,  attached  just  above  the  base,  straight.  —  Calamagrostis  Lap- 
ponica,  Trin.  Rocky  Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  northward  to  Alaska. 

4.  D.  Stricta,  Trin.     Stem  taller  :   leaves  mostly  setaceously  involute,  erect, 
scabrous  on  both  sides :  panicle  at  first  included  at  base,  at  length  exserted,  2  to 
5  inches  long,  narrow,  somewhat  lobed,  interrupted  below :  outer  glumes  ovate- 
oblong,  acute,  rough  upon  the  keel  and  minutely  scabrous  all  over :  Jlowering 
glume  bearing  the  straight  awn  at  or  below  the  middle  and  slightly  exceeding  it ; 
the  hairs  at  the  base  about  two  thirds  the  length.  —  Calamagrostis  stricta,  Trin. 
From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  California,  and  eastward  along  the  north- 
ern border  to  Vermont  and  Canada. 

5.  D.  sylvatica,  DC.     Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  clothed  at  base  by  crowded 
dead  sheaths:   radical  leaves  reaching  nearly  to   the   panicle;    stem  leaves 
gradually  becoming  shorter,  all  attenuate-pointed,  more  or  less  scabrous  and 
involute :  panicle  enclosed  at  base  when  young,  spike-like,  3  or  4  inches  long, 
very  dense ;  rays  mostly  in  fives,  appressed  and  like  the  rhachis  very  rough  : 
outer  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute  :  flowering  glume  acute,  4-toothed, 
grooved  on  the  back,  its  awn  attached  very  near  the  base,  twisted  and  rough 
below,  bent  at  the  middle,  and  exserted  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  glumes ; 
hairs  unequal,  the  longest  at  the  sides  about  £  as  long  as  the  glume.  —  Calama- 
grostis sylvatica,  DC.     Mountains  of  Colorado,  thence  northward  and  west- 
ward. 

23.    DESCHAMPSIA,    Beauv.        HAIR  GRASS. 

Perennials,  formerly  included  under  Aira  as  a  subgenus.     The  flowering 
glume  is  delicately  3  to  5-nerved,  and  the  grain  is  free. 

*  Outer  glumes  barely  equalling  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  florets. 

1.  D.  flexuosa,  Beauv.     Stem  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high,  nearly  naked 
above  the  small  tufts  of  involute  bristle-form  root-leaves  (1  to  6  inches  long): 
panicle  small  and  spreading,  its  branches  capillary:  awn  longer  than  the  glume, 
at  length  bent  and  twisted. — Aira  flexuosa,  L.     Mountains  of  S.  W.  Colorado 
(Brandegee)  and  northward;  common  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  D.  C86SpitOSa,  Beauv.     Stem  tufted,  2  to  4  feet  high :  leaves  fiat  and 
linear:   panicle  6  inches  long,  pyramidal  or  oblong  :  awn  straight,  barely  equal- 
ling the  glume.  —  Aira  ccespitosa,  L.     Across  the  continent  and  northward  to 
Alaska.     Very  variable,  especially  the  mountain  forms.     The  dwarf  moun- 
tain plant,  6  or  8  inches  high,  with  a  tuft  of  short  setaceous  leaves,  is  var. 

arctica. 

*  *  Outer  glumes  longer  than  the  florets. 

3.  IX  danthonioides,  Munro.     Stem  slender,  from  a  few  inches  to 
2  feet  high :  leaves  very  narrow :  panicle  very  loose  and  open :  outer  glumes 
linear-lanceolate :  flowering  glume  with  hairs  at  base  \  as  long,  shining  below ; 
awn  inserted  just  below  the  middle,  about  3  times  its  length,  light  brown, 
twisted  below  and  geniculate  near  the  middle.  —  Aira  danthonioides,  Trin. 
From  Texas  to  Colorado,  California,  and  Oregon. 


GR AMINES.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  415 

4.  D.  latifolia,  Hook.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high  :  lower  haves  2  or  3  inches 
long,  about  3  lines  wide,  flat  and  smooth :  panicle  with  a  few  slender  rays, 
which  are  densely  flowered  above  :  outer  glumes  ovate-lanceolate :  flowering 
glume  with  silky  hairs  %  as  long  or  more ;  au'n  stout,  attached  just  above  the 
middle,  somewhat  divergent,  exceeding  the  flowering  glume  bnt  included  by 
the  outer  ones.  —  Aira  latifolia,  Hook.  In  the  Northern  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  westward  into  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

24.  TRISETUM,    Pers. 

Perennials,  resembling  the  next  genus  and  by  some  made  a  section  under 
it.  Ours  have  a  dense  and  spike-like  panicle,  and  a  smooth  ovary. 

1.  T.  SUbspicatum,  Beanv.  Stems  tufted,  4  inches  to  2  feet  high, 
smooth  or  downy :  leaves  flat  and  smooth,  or  with  the  loose  sheaths  pubes- 
cent :  panicle  2  to  6  inches  long,  dense  and  oblong-ovate,  or  elongated  and 
several  times  interrupted  below :  lower  glume  shorter,  the  upper  about  equal- 
ling the  florets,  both  ciliate  on  the  keel :  flowering  glume  with  a  divergent 
awn  about  its  own  length.  —  In  the  mountains  from  Colorado  to  California 
and  northward ;  eastward  along  the  northern  border  to  New  England. 

Var.  molle,  Gray.  Stem  and  foliage  minutely  soft-downy.  —  Man.  641. 
Same  range. 

25.  A  VENA,    L.        OAT. 

The  grain  is  oblong-linear,  grooved  on  one  side,  hairy  throughout  or  at  the 
tip  only,  free  but  closely  invested  by  the  palet. 

1.  A.  Striata,  Michx.  Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  slender,  1  to 
2  feet  high  :  leaves  narrow :  panicle  simple,  loose,  with  spikelets  on  capillary 
pedicels:  lower  glume  1 -nerved  ;  the  upper  3-nerved  :  flowers  short-bearded 
at  base ;  the  soon  bent  or  divergent  awn  inserted  just  below  the  tapering  very 
sharply  cuspidate  2-cleft  tip  of  the  palet.  —  Colorado  (Hall  Sf  Harbour),  and 
in  the  mountains  of  New  York  and  New  England. 

26.    DA  NTH  ON  I  A,    DC.        WILD  OAT  GRASS. 

Ours  are  perennials,  with  narrow  leaves,  hairy  sheaths,  and  a  small  simple 
panicle  or  raceme. 

1.  D.  Calif ornica,  Boland.  Stems  sometimes  decumbent  at  base, 
from  £  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves,  especially  the  lower,  convolute  and  setaceously 
pointed,  with  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat :  panicle  mostly  a  simple  raceme : 
outer  glumes  mostly  purplish  with  scarious  margins,  pointed,  the  upper  5  to 
7-nerved  :  flowering  glume  broad,  its  teeth  about  half  its  own  length,  with  mar- 
ginal tufts  of  long  silky  hairs  at  or  below  the  middle ;  awn  about  equalling  the 
glume.  — Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  182. 

Var.  unispicata,  Thurber.  Stems  6  inches  high  or  less,  from  dense  tujls 
of  somewhat  hairy  leaves,  the  sheaths  of  which  are  densely  villous  with  white  spread- 
ing hairs,  arising  in  small  clusters  from  white  minute  papillae :  spikelet  solitary 
and  terminal  (rarely  2  or  3).— Bot.  Calif  ii.  294.  Both  forms  occur  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  the  Wahsatch,  and  westward  to  California  and  Oregon. 


416  GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

2.  D.  sericea,  Nutt.  Stems  not  tufted,  1  to  3  feet  high :  leaves  narrow, 
with  sheaths  silky-hairy  at  the  throat:  panicle  narrow,  the  lower  rays  some- 
times 2  to  3-flowered  and  spreading :  outer  glumes  acuminate,  much  exceed- 
ing the  florets  :  flowering  glumes  ivith  very  long  teeth,  and  villous  with  long  silky 
hairs  all  over  or  only  below  and  on  the  margins.  —  Gray,  Man.  640.  Colorado  to 
California ;  also  eastward  in  the  Atlantic  States. 


27.    SCHEDONNARDTJS,    Steud. 

Low  and  branching,  often  procumbent,  chiefly  annuals,  with  narrow  leaves 
and  slender  spikes. 

1.  S.  Texanus,  Steud.  Stems  4  to  2  feet  high,  leafy  below,  naked  and 
curved  above :  panicle  of  3  to  10  recurved  secund  distant  spikes,  3-angled 
and  rough  :  outer  glumes  suddenly  narrowing  to  awn-like  points  :  flowering 
glume  but  partly  covered  by  the  outer  ones.  —  Lepturus  paniculatus,  Nutt. 
From  Illinois  to  Texas,  Colorado,  and  California. 

28.    BOUTELOUA,    Lag.        GRAMA  GRASS. 

Very  slender  grasses,  often  geniculate  at  base,  with  short  leaves  less  than 
a  line  broad,  and  ligule  a  hairy  fringe. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii. 
178. 

§  1.  Spikes  two  or  more,  linear  or  oblong,  more  or  less  falcate,  the  usually  very 
numerous  spikelets  pectinately  crowded  on  one  side  of  the  rhachis:  terminal 
empty  glume  usually  3-awned. 

*  Lower  glumes  villous. 

1.  B.  hirsuta,  Lag.      Tufted,  8  to  20  inches  high:    leaves  flat,  lance- 
linear,  papillose  hairy  or  glabrous  :   spikes  1  to  4,  oblong-linear,  very  dense : 
upper  glume  hispid  with  strong  bristles  from  dark  warty  glands :  flowering 
glume  pubescent,  3-cleft :  sterile  glume  and  its  pedicel  glabrous,  the  3  awns 
longer  than  the  glumes  and  fertile  flower.  —  Colorado  to  Mexico,  and  east- 
ward to  Texas  and  Illinois. 

2.  B.  oligOStachya,  Torr.     Glabrous,  6  to  18  inches  high:  leaves  very 
narrow :  spikes  1  to  5,  oblong-linear,  very  dense  :  glumes  sparingly  soft-hairy : 
pedicel  of  the  sterile  glume  copiously  villous-tufted  at  the  summit ;  the  3  awns 
equalling  the  larger  glume.  —  Gray,  Man.  621.    From  the  Saskatchewan  to 
Texas,  Mexico,  and  S.  California. 

*  *  Lower  glumes  glabrous. 

3.  B.  polystachya,  Torr.     Stems  3  to  15  inches  long :  leaves  scabrous : 
spikes  3  to  6  or  more,  narrowly  linear,  dense,  the  scabrous  rhachis  hispid- 
ciliate :  flowering  and  sterile  glumes  3-awned,  with  usually  broad  lobes  be- 
tween the  awns.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  366.     From  S.  Colorado  to  S.  California, 
Mexico,  and  Texas. 

4.  B.  eriopoda,  Torr.    Spikes  more  loose  and  slender :  flowering  and  sterile 
glumes  l-awned,  bearded  at  base:  peduncle  villous.  —  S.  Colorado  (Brandegee) 
to  New  Mexico  and  W.  Texas. 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  417 

§  2.   Spikes  numerous,  usually  short,  straight,  not  pectinate,  in  a  long  and  virgate 

one-sided  spike  or  raceme :  terminal  empty  glume  rudimentary. 
5.  B.  racemosa,  Lag.  Stems  tufted,  1  to  3  feet  high :  leaves  narrow : 
spikes  £  inch  long  or  shorter,  nearly  sessile,  30  to  60  in  number  in  a  loose 
general  spike  (8  to  15  inches  long) :  sterile  glume  reduced  to  a  single  small 
awn,  or  mostly  to  3  awns  shorter  than  the  flower.  —  B.  curtipendula,  Torr- 
From  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  Texas  and  northeastward. 

29.    BITCH  LOB,    Engelm.        BUFFALO  GRASS. 

A  densely  tufted  grass,  forming  broad  mats  and  spreading  by  stolons : 
stems  of  the  female  plant  much  shorter  than  those  of  the  male.  The  two 
forms,  at  first  described  as  different  genera,  were  shown  to  be  related  by  Dr. 
Engelmaun. 

1.  B.  dactyloides,  Engelm.  Flowering  stems  of  the  male  plant  4  to 
6  inches  long,  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy :  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long :  spikelets 
alternate  in  2  rows,  uppermost  abortive,  bristle-form :  stems  of  the  female 
plant  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  l£  to  2  inches  high. —  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  i.  432.  On  the  elevated  plains  from  British  America  to  Texas  and 
New  Mexico.  One  of  the  many  "  Buffalo  Grasses/'  but  probably  one  of  the 
most  widely  distributed  and  valuable  grasses  of  the  plains. 

30.    TRIODIA,    R.  Br. 

Stems  tufted:  leaves  very  narrow  and  taper-pointed;  sheaths  bearded 
at  the  throat :  panicle  simple  or  compound ;  spikelets  often  racemose, 
purplish. 

1.  T.  mutica,  Benth.     Stem  rigid,  erect,  very  simple,  a  foot  high:   leaves 
convolute-filiform,  3  to  6  inches  long:  panicle  much  exserted,  racemose,  with 
short  appressed  branches;  spikelets  5  to  8 -flowered:  outer  glumes  rather  acute, 
scarcely  half  the  length  of  the  florets  :  flowering  glume  aumless,  entire  or  bifid, 
long-ciliate  on  the  margin  and  back.  —  Tricuspis  mutica,  Torr.     Bot.  Whipple, 
156.    From  Texas  to  Arizona,  and  extending  into  S.  Colorado. 

2.  T.  pulchella,  HBK.     Stems  crowded,  wiry,  2  to  6  inches  high,  fas- 
cicdately  branched  above :  leaves  setaceously  convolute,  rigid,  scabrous;  radical 
leaves  crowded,  an  inch  long ;  upper  leaves  shorter,  the  uppermost  even  appear- 
ing like  large  awned  glumes:  panicle  of  about  3  spikelets,  6  to  1 -flowered : 
outer  glumes  white,  acuminate  or  subulate-pointed,  the  upper  slightly  exceeding 
the  lower  and  the  florets :  flowering  glume  white,  densely  silk y-v ill ous  to  near 
the  middle,  deeply  bifid,  with  a  strong  awn  slightly  exceeding  the  obtuse  lobes. 
—  Tricuspis  pulchella,  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  156.     From  W.  Texas  to 
S.  Colorado,  Utah,  Arizona,  and  S.  California. 

3.  T.  acuminata,  Benth.     Stems  simple,  6  inches  or  more  high,  usually 
with  but  a  single  node,  which  bears  a  very  short  leaf :  radical  leaves  an  inch 
or  two  long;  those  of  the  stem  shorter:  panicle  dense,  ovoid,  1  to  2  inches 
long,  with  a  few  erect  branches;    spikelets  8  to  12-flowered :    outer  glumes 
acuminate,  the  upper  subaristate  :  flowering  glume  scarcely  bifld,  with  a  central 
seta  J  its  length,  densely  silky  below,  with  a  conspicuously  silky  tuft  near  the 

27 


418  GRAMINEJE.      (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

base.  —  Tricuspis  acuminata,  Munro.    From  Texas  to  Arizona,  and  extending 
into  S.  Colorado. 

31.    DIPLACHNE,    Beauv.        SLENDER  GRASS. 

Ours  are  annuals,  with  flat  leaves  and  geniculate-decumbent  and  branching 
Stems. 

1.  IX  fascicularis,  Beauv.  Smooth  :  leaves  longer  than  the  stems,  the 
Upper  sheathing  the  base  of  the  crowded  panicle-like  raceme,  which  is  com- 
posed of  many  strict  spikes:  spikelets  short-pedicelled,  7  to  11 -flowered: 
flowering  glume  hairy-margined  towards  the  base,  with  two  small  lateral  teeth 
as  well  as  the  short  awn.  —  Leptochloa  fascicularis,  Gray,  Man.  623.  From 
New  England  across  the  continent. 

32.    TRIPLASIS,   Beauv.        SVND  GRASS. 

A  tufted  grass,  with  numerous  bearded  joints,  and  short  involute-awl- 
shaped  leaves. 

1.  T.  purpurea,  Chap.  Stems  ascending,  6  to  12  inches  high  :  panicles 
very  simple,  of  few  spikelets,  the  terminal  one  usually  exserted,  the  axillary 
ones  included  in  the  commonly  hairy  sheaths :  awn  much  shorter  than  its 
glume,  seldom  exceeding  the  eroded-truncate  or  obtuse  lateral  lobes.  —  Tri- 
cuspis purpurea,  Gray.  Colorado  (Hall  fy  Harbour] ;  about  the  Great  Lakes 
and  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

33.    PHRAGMITES,    Trin.       REED. 

Tall  and  stout  perennials,  with  numerous  broad  leaves  and  a  large  terminal 
panicle,  the  silky  hairs  of  the  rhachis  becoming  very  conspicuous  as  the  seed 
ripens. 

1.  P.  COmmunis,  Trin.  Stems  5  to  12  feet  high  :  panicle  loose,  nod- 
ding ;  spikelets  3  to  5-flowered ;  flowers  equalling  the  wool.  —  Found  every- 
where along  the  margins  of  streams  and  ponds.  Looks  like  Broom-Corn  at  a 
distance. 

34.    M  UN  BO  A,   Torr. 

Creeping  annuals,  very  much  branched  from  the  base,  with  fasciculate 
branches. 

1.  M.  SQUarrOSa,  Torr.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  flat,  1  to  2  lines  wide, 
somewhat  pungent,  scabrous  on  the  margin  :  spikelets  mostly  3 :  glumes  al- 
most unilateral,  linear-lanceolate,  keeled.  —  Bot.  Whipple,  158.  On  the  plains. 

35.    KCELERIA,   Pers. 

Tufted  grasses,  with  simple  upright  stems :  the  sheaths  often  downy." 
1.   K.  cristata,  Pers.    Panicle  narrowly  spiked,  interrupted  or  lobed  at 
the  base :  spikelets  2  to  4-flowered :  flowering  glume  acute  or  mucronate : 
leaves  flat,  the  lower  sparingly  hairy  or  ciliate.  —  From  California  and  Oregon 
eastward  to  Pennsylvania. 


GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  419 

36.    EATONIA,   Raf. 

Perennial,  slender  grasses,  with  simple  and  tufted  stems,  and  often  sparsely 
downy  sheaths,  flat  lower  leaves,  and  small  greenish  (or  purplish)  spikelets. 

1.  E.  obtusata,  Gray.  Panicle  dense  and  contracted,  somewhat  inter- 
rupted, rarely  slender  :  spikelets  crowded  on  the  short  erect  branches :  upper 
glume  rouuded-obovate,  truncate-obtuse,  rough  on  the  back.  —  Manual,  626. 
Across  the  continent,  occurring  most  abundantly  in  the  southern  part  of  our 
range. 

37.  CATABROSA,    Beauv. 

Glabrous  creeping  aquatics,  with  flat  leaves,  elongated  membranous  ligules, 
and  diffusely  branched  panicles  with  semi-verticillate  branches  :  flowers  jointed 
at  base  and  deciduous. 

1.  C.  aquatica,  Beauv.  Stems  4  inches  to  2  feet  high,  rather  stout,  as- 
cending :  leaves  2  to  6  inches  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margin  : 
panicle  uniform,  branchlets  numerous,  divided  :  flowers  light-brown :  glumes 
purplish.  —  In  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

38.  ERAGROSTIS,   Beauv. 

Stems  often  branching :  leaves  linear,  frequently  involute,  and  the  ligule  or 
throat  of  the  sheath  bearded  with  long  villous  hairs.1 

1.  E.  Purshii,  Schrad.  Sparingly  branched  at  the  decumbent  base,  then 
erect,  ^  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  narrow,  flat  and  soft :  panicle  elongated,  the 
branches  widely  spreading,  very  loose ;  spikelets  5  to  18-flowered,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, at  length  linear,  mostly  much  shorter  than  their  capillary  pedicels : 
glumes  ovate  and  acute,  the  flowering  glume  3-nerved.  —  From  Nevada, 
Colorado,  and  New  Mexico  eastward  to  New  Jersey. 

39.    ME LIC  A,    L.        MELIC  GRASS. 

Perennials  with  soft  and  flat  leaves :  panicle  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ; 
the  rather  large  spikelets  racemose-one-sided.  Ours  belong  to  §  EUMELICA,  in 
which  the  spikelets  are  4  to  8  lines  long,  with  2  to  8  perfect  florets ;  flowering 
glume  apparently  many-nerved  below  (at  least  when  dry),  with  a  broad  scari- 
ous  margin  above.  —  Scribner,  Proc.  Philad.  Acad.,  1885,  p.  40. 
#  Stems  not  bulbous  at  base. 

1.  M.  Porteri,  Scribner.  Panicle  narrow,  the  slender  branches  erect,  or 
the  lower  slightly  divergent,  the  pedicels  flexuose  or  recurved,  densely  pubes- 
cent :  empty  glumes  very  unequal  and  decidedly  shorter  than  the  3  to  5-flow- 
ered  spikelets.  —  Rusby's  Arizona  Plants.  M.  mutica,  var.  parviflora,  Porter. 

1  E.  poceoides,  Beauv.,  var.  megastachya,  Gray,  is  a  very  common  introduced  species,  and 
may  be  recognized  by  its  large,  short-pedicelled,  densely-flowered  (10  to  50),  fiat,  lea.d-colored 
spikelets,  which  become  linear  and  whitish  when  old,  forming  a  narrow  crowded  panicle  ; 
its  diffusely  spreading  habit,  and  its  mostly  glabrous  sheaths.  It  is  said  to  emit  an  unpleas- 
ant odor. 

E.  pilosa,  Beauv.,  is  another  introduced  species,  like  E.  Purshii  in  general  habii;  but  may 
be  distinguished  by  its  spikelets  about  equalling  their  pedicels,  its  obtuse  glumes,  and  the 
1-uerved  flowering  glume. 


420  GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

M.  stricta  of  Brandegee's  Fl.  S.  W.  Colorado.    From  Colorado  to  Arizona, 
New  Mexico,  and  Texas. 

*  *  Stems  usually  bulbous  at  base. 
•»-  Second  glume  decidedly  shorter  than  the  third. 

2.  M.  Spectabile,  Scribner.     Panicle  nodding,  loosely  few-flowered,  the 
slender  branches   erect  spreading :   terminal  floret  acute :    flowering  glume 
very  broadly  acuminate,  obtuse  or  notched  at  the  tip.  —  Proc.  Philad.  Acad., 
1885,  p.  45.    M.  bulbosa  of  Bot.  King  Exped.,  and  Fl.  Colorado.     This  differs 
from  M.  bulbosa,  Geyer,  in  its  usually  taller  and  more  slender  stems,  more 
open  and  nodding  panicle,  more  slender  and  flexuose  pedicels,  shorter  empty 
glumes,  and  broader  flowering  glumes  which  taper  abruptly  to   a  rounded 
and  usually  two-lobed  summit.     In  the  mountains,  from  Colorado  and  Utah 
to  Montana  and  Idaho. 

-i—  -i—  Second  glume  as  long  as  the  third. 

3.  M.   Californica,    Scribner.      Panicle   erect,    densely   many-flowered, 
branched  below,  spicate  above ;  spikelets  about  4  lines  long,  with  about  three  perfect 
florets,  the  rudimentary  one  obtuse. — Loc.  cit.  p.  46.     M.  bulbosa  of  Bot.  Cali- 
fornia.    From  the  Upper  Yellowstone  (T.  C.  Porter),  where  the  stem  may 
lack  the  bulbous  character,  to  California. 

4.  M.  bulbosa,  Geyer.     Stems  singly  or  densely  tufted,  usually  about 

2  feet  high,  simple :  sheaths  and  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  scabrous :  pani- 
cle erect,  the  branches  oppressed,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  5  to  6  lines  long,  with 
5  to  8  perfect  flowers,  the  terminal  floret  acute.  —  From  Utah  and  Montana  to 
Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

40.    DISTICHLIS,   Raf.        SPIKE  GRASS. 

Perennials  with  widely  creeping  rootstocks  and  short  stems  clothed  to  the 
top  with  crowded  sheaths :  leaves  rigid,  mostly  involute  :  pistillate  spikelets 
much  more  rigid  than  the  staminate. 

1.  D.  maritima,  Raf.  Stems  6  to  18  inches  high,  sometimes  branched 
below :  leaves  about  4  inches  long,  usually  distichously  spreading,  long-acumi- 
nate: spike  oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long;  spikelets  5  to  12-flowered.  —  Journ. 
Phys.  Ixxxix.  104.  Brizopyrum  spicatum,  Hook.  &  Arn. 

Var.  stricta,  Thurber.  Leaves  setaceously-convolute  :  panicle  loose ; 
spikelets  few,  erect,  often  an  inch  long,  10  to  20-flowered.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii. 
306.  From  Mexico  northward  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  west- 
ward to  California. 

41.    POA,  L.        MEADOW  GRASS. 

Stems  tufted  from  mostly  perennial  roots  :  leaves  smooth,  usually  flat  and 

soft. 

§  1.    Flowering  glume  rounded  on  the  back,  obtuse. 

1.  P.  Californica,  Munro.  Densely  tufted  perennial,  its  somewhat  rigid 
stems  4  inches  to  2  feet  high  :  radical  leaves  about  half  as  long  as  the  stem,  mostly 
flat ;  stem-leaves  short,  the  uppermost  often  reduced  to  a  mucro  :  panicle  2  or 

3  inches  long,  narrow  or  linear,  or  with  the  rays  spreading;  spikelets  3  to 


GRAMINE,£.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  421 

7-flowered :  outer  glumes  acute,  rough  on  the  back :  flowering  glume  with  a 
broadly  scarious  irregularly  erose  apex,  the  lower  half  of  the  middle  and  marginal 
nerves  usually  silky-pubescent.  —  P.  andina,  Nutt.,  not  of  Trin.  From  California 
to  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  southward. 

2.  P.  tenuifolia,  Nutt.     Stems  very  slender,  densely  tufted,  1  to  2  feet 
high,  the  foliage  glabrous  or  scabrous :  radical  tufts  3  or  4  inches  high,  of  ex- 
ceedingly narrowly  linear  mucronate-pointed  leaves ;  stem-leaves  scarcely  wider  : 
panicle  2  to  6  inches  long,  the  erect  rarely  spreading  distant  rays  mostly  in 
threes ;   spikelets  mostly  3-flowered  :  outer  glumes  very  acute,  rough  on  the 
midnerve  :  /lowering  glume  narrowly  lanceolate,  often  erose  at  the  apex,  puberu- 
lent  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  near  the  base.  —  From  Colorado  to  California 
and  Oregon.     One  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  "  Bunch  Grasses." 

§  2.    Flowering  glume  compressed-keeled,  acute. 

*  Low  and  spreading,  or  tufted  alpine  species,  flaccid  or  rigid. 

•H-  Root  annual:   branches  of  the  short  panicle  single  or  in  pairs. 

3.  P.  annua,  L.     Stems  (3  to  6  inches  high)  flattened,  geniculate  below, 
weak :  leaves  bright  green,  short,  obtuse,  sometimes  wavy :   panicle  often 
I -sided ;  spikelets  very  short-pedicelled,  3  to  7-flowered.  —  Everywhere  in  cul- 
tivated and  waste  grounds,  generally  introduced,  but  probably  indigenous  on 
our  southern  border  in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  W.  Texas,  etc. 

•*-  •+-  Stems  geniculate- ascending  from,  a  running  rootstock,  rigid,  very  much  flat- 
tened :  panicle  simple  and  contracted. 

4.  P.  compressa,  L.     Pale,  as  if  glaucous  :  leaves  short :  panicle  dense 
and  narrow,  somewhat  1-sided,  the  short  branches  mostly  in  pairs ;  spikelets 
almost  sessile,  3  to  10-flowered,  flat.  —  Indigenous  within  our  range  at  the 
northeast,  and  common  eastward  in  sterile  soil.     Known  as  "  Wire  Grass." 

•i-  ••-  H-  Low  mountain  or  alpine  species,  erect  in  perennial  tufts. 
•M.  Leaves  broadly  linear,  short  and  flat,  short-pointed ;  ligule  elongated. 

5.  P.  alpina,  L.     Soft  and  flaccid,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  even  to  the 
branches  of  the  panicle :  stems  rather  stout,  6  to  18  inches  high  :  stem-leaves 
l£  to  2  inches  long,  l£  to  3  lines  wide:  panicle  short  and  broad;  spikelets 
broadly  ovate,  3  to  9-flowered.  —  Frequent  in  the  mountains  and  extending 
northward  and  eastward.    Extremely  variable,  some  of  the  numerous  forms 
being  described  as  varieties. 

•n-  -w.  Leaves  narrowly  linear  or  setaceous. 

6.  P.  laxa,  Haanke.     Soft  and  smooth  as  in  the  last :  stems  slender,  3  to 
10  inches  high:  leaves  narrowly  linear;  ligule  elongated:  panicle  somewhat 
raceme-like,  narrow,  often  1-sided  and  nodding;  spikelets  2  to  4-flowered. — 
In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward  in  the  mountains  of  New  York  and 
New  England. 

7.  P.  csesia,  Smith.    More  strict  and  rigid,  roughish,  especially  the  panicle : 
stems  6  to  20  inches  high  :  leaves  short,  soon  involute ;  ligule  short :  branches 
of  the  panicle  2  to  5  together,  very  scabrous ;  spikelets  2  to  5-flowered  :  outer 
glumes  ovate  lanceolate  and  taper-pointed.  —  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
eastward. 

Var.  strictior,  Gray,  is  6  to  12  inches  high,  with  a  contracted  grayish- 
purple  panicle  of  smaller  flowers.  —  Same  range  as  the  type. 


422  GR  AMINES.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

*  #  Tall  perennials  (I  to  3  feet),  with  open  oblong  or  pyramidal  panicles,  the 

rather  short  and  rough  branches  mostly  in  Jives,  sometimes  in  twos  or  threes. 

8.  P.  pratensis,  L.     Ste?ns  with  running  rootstocks,  and  with  the  sheaths 
smooth :  leaves  dark  green,  the  radical  very  long,  those  of  the  stem  short, 
scabrous  on  the  margins;  ligule  short  and  blunt :  panicle  pyramidal;  spikelets 
3  to  5-flo\vered,  somewhat  crowded  and  almost  sessile :  outer  glumes  acuminate, 
scabrous  on  the  keel :  flowering  glume   distinctly  5-nerved,  silky-hairy  on  the 
margins  and  keel.  —  Across  the  continent,  and  one  of  the  most  valuable  of 
pasture  and  meadow  grasses.     Known  variously  as  "June  Grass,"  "Green 
Meadow-Grass,"  "Spear  Grass,"  and  "Kentucky  Blue-Grass" 

9.  P.   serotina,   P^hrh.      Stems   tufted,   without   distinct   running   root- 
stocks  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  soft  and  smooth ;  ligule  elongated,  acute :  pan- 
icle 6  to  10  inches  long,  at  length  somewhat  nodding  at  apex,  often  purplish ; 
spikelets  2  to  4-flowered,  all,  short-pedicel  led :  outer  glumes  narrow:  Jlowering 
glume  very  obscurely  nerved.  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  across  the 
continent.    Quite  variable,  some  Rocky  Mountain  forms  having  been  described 
as  varieties.    Known  as  "  False  Red-top  "  and  "  Fowl  Meadow-Grass." 

10.  P.  flexuosa,  Muhl.,  var.  OCCidentalis,  Vasey.    Stems  erect,  rather 
stout,  tufted  :  sheaths  mostly  smooth  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  3  to  5  inches 
long,  gradually  tapering  to  a  point,  rather  scabrous :  panicle  more  diffuse,  4  to 
8  inches  long;  its  branches  mostly  in  twos  or  threes  (sometimes  fives),  long  and 
capillary,  smooth  or  scabrous,  diverging,  flower-bearing  mostly  for  the  upper 
third :  spikelets  4  to  6-flowered  :  outer  glumes  acute,  thin,  slightly  hispid  on 
the  keel :  Jlowering  glume  distinctly  3  to  5  nerved,  slightly  pubescent,  rather  more 
so  on  the  keel  and  margins.  —  Bot.  Wheeler  Exped.  290.     Includes  P.  flexu- 
osa (?)  of  Bot.  King  Exped.     Colorado  and  Utah. 

*  *  *  Perennials  not  so  tall  (1  to  2  feet)  :    branches  of  the  panicle  solitary  or 

in  pairs. 

11.  P.  Eatoni,  Watson.     Allied  to  the  last :  stems  smooth  :  sheaths  and 
leaves  scabrous;  leaves  mostly  radical  and  narrowly  linear,  3  to  6  inches  long, 
the   cauline   few  and  very  short :    panicle   loose   and  spreading,  with  short 
(an  inch  long  or  less)  branches ;  spikelets  4  to  G-flowered,  purplish  :  outer  glumes 
acutish :  flowering  glume  very  villous  on  back  and  margins,  obtuse  and  keeled. 
—  Bot.  King  Exped.  386.     In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah,  Nevada,  and 
S.  W.  Wyoming. 

12.  P.  arctica,  R.  Br.     Stems  erect,  slender,  very  smooth,  as   are   the 
sheaths  and  leaves:  leaves  about  two  on  the  stem,  narrowly  linear,  2  to  3  inches 
long:  panicle  4  to  5  inches  long,  with  longer  (lower  2  to  3  inches)  capillary 
branches,  which  are  spreading  or  reflexed  with  age  :  spikelets  mostly  3-flowered : 
outer  glumes  broadly  ovate,  rather  acute,  purple-margined  :  flowering  glume 
obscurely  3  to  5-nerved,  acute,  smooth,  except  pubescent  on  the  keel  and  lateral 
nerves.  —  In  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  far  northward. 

42.    GRAPHEPHORUM,    Desv. 

Perennial  and  northern  or  alpine  grasses,  with  linear  flat  leaves,  their 
sheaths  closed  at  the  base,  and  spikelets  in  a  loose  panicle. 

1.  G.  flexuosum,  Thurber.  Stem  3  feet  high,  smooth:  leaves  1£  feet 
long,  setaceous-acuminate :  panicle  loosely  flowered ;  branches  scattered ;  spike- 


GEAMINEJE.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  423 

lets  ovate,  3  to  ^-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  pedicels :  outer  glumes 
1 -nerved,  acute,  half  shorter  than  the  spikelet:  flowering  glume  keeled,  3-nerved 
(lateral  nerves  prominent),  scabrous-pubescent,  erose-dent'tculate  at  apex,  mucro- 
nate,  villous  at  base.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1863,  78.  Plains  of  Colorado  and 
adjacent  regions. 

2.  G.  melicoides,  Beauv.     Stem  not  so  tall,  1  to  2  feet  high,  smooth 
above  :  leaves  somewhat  scabrous,  the  lower  4  to  6  inches  long,  the  upper  short: 
panicle  loosely  flowered,  open ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  2  to  ^-flowered,  with  the 
rhachis  unilaterally  bearded  between  the  flowers:  outer  glumes  quite  unequal, 
acuminate,  equalling  the   spikelet:    flowering   glume  convex,  scarcely  keeled, 
faintly  nerved,  entire,  pointless  and  awnless.  —  From  N.  E.  Utah  and  Wyoming 
northward ;  found  also  at  isolated  stations,  as  in  Michigan  and  Maine. 

3.  G.  Wolfli,  Vasey.     Closely  resembling  the  last ;  but  the  panicle  close, 
almost  spicate ;  the  spikelets  2-flowered  with  a  rudiment  of  a  third  :  outer 
glumes  not  so  unequal :  flowering  glume  obscurely   5-nerved,  slightly  split  or 
2-toothed  at  apex,  bearing  near  the  point  a  straight  oppressed  awn  equalling  or  a 
little  exceeding  the  glume.  —  Bot.  Wheeler  Exped.  294,  as  Trisetum  Wolfli. 
Colorado. 

43.     G  L  Y  C  E  R I  A,    R.  Br.        MANNA  GRASS. 
Perennial,  smooth  marsh-grasses,  mostly  with  creeping  bases  or  rootstocks. 

*  Flowering  glume  faintlj  5-nerved,  truncate,  erose-toothed  or  subacute :  stigmas 

with  simple  hairs. 

1.  G.  distans,  Wahl.     Stems  tufted,  ^  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  short  and 
narrow,  mostly  convolute  and  glaucous :  panicle  very  variable,  erect,  narrow 
and  one-sided,  its  rays  in  fives  or  fewer;  spikelets  3  to  12-flowered:  outer 
glumes  from  narrow  and  acute  to  broad  and  obtuse,  3- nerved  or  the  lower 
1 -nerved  :   flowering  glume  oblong-linear,  minutely  pubescent  at  base,  with 
broadly  scarious  apex.  —  Atropis  distans,  Griseb.     Includes  G.  airoides,  Thurb. 
Poa  airoides,  Nutt.     From  New  Mexico  to  Nebraska  and  westward  to  the 
coast;  also  on  the  Atlantic  coast.     This  species  is  very  variable,  and  has 
been  referred  to  so  many  genera  that  its  synonymy  is  quite  perplexing. 

#  *  Flowering  glume  prominently  5  to  7-nerved,  truncate-obtuse :   stigmas  with 

much  branched  hairs. 

2.  G.  nervata,  Trin.     Stems  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  variable,  some- 
times 12  to  15  inches  long,  usually  roughish  above,  as  are  the  closed  sheaths: 
panicle  4  to  8  inches  long,  its  flexuoSe  capillary  branches  in  twos  or  threes,  and  soon 
diffusely  spreading  and  pendulous ;  spikelets  1  or  2  lines  long,  5  to  7-flowered, 
sometimes  purplish  :  flowering  glume  7 -nerved,  fine  scabrous,  strongly  convex 
near  the  ajiex.  —  In  moist  meadows  and  along  water-courses,  across  the  con- 
tinent. 

3.  G.  aquatica,  Smith.     Stems  stout,  erect,  3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves 
large,  1  to  2  feet  long:  panicle  ample,  8  to  15  inches  long,  much  branched,  the 
numerous  branches  ascending,  spreading  with  age  :  spikelets  2  or  3  lines  long, 
5  to  9-flowered,  usually  purplish :  flowering  glume  1-nerved,  entire.  —  In  wet 
grounds,  from  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon,  thence  eastward  across  the 
continent.     Called  "  Reed  Meadow-Grass." 


424  GRAM1NE.E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

4.  O.  pauciflora,  Presl.  Stems  1  to  3£  feet  high  from  a  creeping  root : 
leaves  3  to  12  inches  long,  scabrous  on  the  margins;  sheaths  split :  panicle  6  to 
8  indies  long,  loose,  its  capillary  branches  in  threes  below,  in  pairs  above, 
flower-bearing  from  near  the  middle ;  spikelets  2  to  2£  lines  long,  4  to  6-flow- 
ered :  flowering  glume  5-nerved,  scabrous,  its  scarious  tip  serrulate  or  toothed, 
more  or  less  purplish.  —  From  Colorado  and  Utah  northward  and  westward. 

44.    FES  TUG  A,   L.       FESCUE  GRASS. 

Includes  both  slender-stemmed  annuals  and  perennials,  the  flowers,  and 
often  the  leaves,  being  rather  dry  and  harsh. 

*  Annuals  or  biennials  with  setaceous  leaves :  panicle  contracted  or  spike-like. 

1.  P.  tenella,  Willd.    Stems  often  filiform,  6  to  18  inches  high  :  the  erect 
leaves  1  to  3  inches  long ;  sheaths  sometimes  pubescent :  panicle  2  to  3  inches 
long,  simple,  often  secund ;  spikelets,  including  awns,  4  or  5  lines  long,  7  to 
\3-flowered:  outer  glumes  subulate,  very  acute,  the  lower  at  least  half  the 
length  of  the  upper :  flowering  glume  involute,  rough,  2  lines  long  exclusive 
of  its  awn,  which  is  mostly  shorter  than  the  palet  and  often  very  short.  —  Across 
the  continent. 

2.  P.  microstachys,  Nutt.     Stems  4  to  15  inches  high,  the  filiform 
leaves,  sheaths,  etc.  smooth  to  strongly  pubescent :  panicle  1  to  5  inches  long, 
simple  and  racemose  or  spike-like ;  spikelets  1  to  5-flowered,  on  short  thickened 
pedicels,  from  scabrous  to  smooth :  outer  glumes  acute,  the  upper  little  ex- 
ceeding or  twice  as  long  as  the  lower :  flowering  glume  2  or  3  lines  long, 
with  an  awn  3  to  5  lines  in  length:  palet  with  2  long  setose  teeth.  —  From 
N.  E.  Utah  to  Nevada  and  westward  all  along  the  coast. 

*  *  Perennials:  the  mostli/  short-owned  spikelets  in  loose,  or  more  or  less  open 

panicles. 

3-  P.  OVina,  L.  Stems  6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  glaucous :  leaves  all  seta- 
ceous or  the  upper  flat  ;  ligule  2-lobed  and  auriculate:  panicle  short,  more  or 
less  compound,  somewhat  one-sided,  the  branches  mostli/  solitary;  spikelets  3  to 
8-flowered  :  flowering  glume  about  3  lines  long,  temate,  mucronate  or  with  an 
awn  less  than  half  its  own  length.  —  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  California  and 
northward,  thence  eastward  across  the  continent. 

Var.  durillSCllla,  Gray.  Taller,  less  densely  tufted :  stem-leaves  often 
flat  and  sheaths  pubescent :  panicle  more  open  and  spikelets  larger.  —  Same 
range  as  the  type. 

Var.  rilbra,  Gray.  Less  tufted,  with  running  rootstocks :  leaves  some- 
times flat,  and  with  the  spikelets  often  reddish  or  purplish.  —  High  alpine 
form  in  the  Colorado  Mountains  and  far  northward. 

Var.  brevifolia,  Watson.  Stems  4  to  8  inches  high  :  leaves  all  seta- 
ceous and  sheaths  glabrous;  uppermost  leaves  often  very  short  and  the 
sheaths  rather  loose :  panicle  racemose  and  nearly  simple,  1  to  2  inches  long; 
spikelets  1  to  4-flowered,  the  florets  terete  and  twice  the  length  of  the  awn. — 
Bot.  King  Exped.  389.  Same  range  as  the  last. 

4.  P.  SCabrella,  Torr.  Stems  I  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  crowded  below  with 
leafless  sheaths,  and  twice  longer  than  the  numerous  scabrous  radical  leaves  : 
stem-leaves  rarely  more  than  2,  long-pointed  ;  sheaths  scabrous  or  rough-pubes- 


GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  425 

* 

cent,-  ligule  a  dilate  fringe :  panicle  3  to  6  inches  long,  the  lower  rays  distant  in 
pairs ;  spikelet  4  to  6-flowered  :  flowering  glume  5-nerved,  rough,  with  a  narrow 
scarious  margin,  pointed,  or  with  an  awn  a  line  long  or  less.  —  F.  Thurberi,  Vasey. 
Melica  Hallii,  Vasey,  is  an  alpine  form.  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
westward.  One  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  numerous  "  Bunch  Grasses." 

45.    B  BOM  US,    L.        BROME  GRASS. 

Coarse  grasses,  with  large  spikelets  at  length  drooping,  on  pedicels  thick- 
ened at  the  apex.  Our  indigenous  species  are  perennials. 

*  Flowering  glume  convex  or  keeled  on  the  back:  flowers  imbricated  over  one 
another  before  expansion :  lower  glume  3  to  5-nerved,  the  upper  3  to  9-nervedJ- 

1.  B.  Kalmii,  Gray,  var.  Porteri.     Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  smooth: 
sheaths  and  leaves  minutely  scabrous :  panicle  6  inches  long,  compound,  branches 
minutely  downy ;  spikelets  an  inch  long,  canescent  with  short  oppressed  silki/ 
hairs,  7  to   9-flowered :    outer  glumes  each  3-nerved,   obtuse :  flowering  glume 
7 -nerved;  its  awn  1|  lines  long  —Colorado,  at  Twin  Lakes  (Porter),  Buffalo 
Peaks,  and  Sierra  Madre  Range  (Coulter). 

2.  B.  breviaristatUS,  Thurb.     Stem  2  to  3  feet  high:  leaves  broadly  lin- 
ear, a  little  hairy ;  sheaths  hairy  to  villose-tomentose,  sometimes  even  naked : 
panicle  elongated,  3  to  8  inches  long,  nearly  simple,  loose ;  spikelets  about 
an  inch  long,  lanceolate,  compressed  and  sharply  2-edged,  minutely  scabrous,  6  to 
8-flowered  :  outer  glumes  acute,  lower  about  5-nerved,  upper  S-nerved :  flowering 
glume  acutely  keeled,  9-nerved,  with  an  awn  1  to  2  lines  long.  —  Ceratochloa  bre- 
viaristata,  Hook.     From  Colorado  northward  to  Montana  and  Washington 
Territory. 

*  *  Flowering  glume  somewhat  convex,  but  keeled  on  the  back:  flowers  soon  sepa- 

rating from  each  other:  lower  glume  \-nerved,  the  upper  3-nervedt  or  with  an 
obscure  additional  pair. 

3.  B.  ciliatus,  L.     Tall,  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  the  large  leaves  smooth 
or  somewhat  hairy ;  sheaths  often  hairy  or  densely  downy  near  the  top  :  pani- 
cle compound,  very  loose,  the  elongated  branches  at  length  drooping ;  spikelets 
7  to  12-flowered :   flowering  glume  tipped  with  an  awn  £  to  f  its  length, 
7-nerved,  silky  with  appressed  hairs  near  the  margins,  smooth  or  smoothish 
on  the  back. — Across  the  continent  and  far  northward. 

46.    AGROPYRUM,   Beauv. 

Perennials,  with  nearly  lanceolate  glumes,  and  2-ranked  spikes ;  thus  differ- 
ing from  Triticum  (Wheat),  although  formerly  included  under  that  genus. 

*  Multiplying  by  long  jointed  creeping  rootstocks :  awn,  when  present,  not  longer 

than  the  flowering  glume. 

1 .  A.  repens,  Beauv.  Stems  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  flat  or  convolute 
and  with  sheaths  very  variable,  from  smooth  to  scabrous  or  pubescent :  spike- 

1  The  too  common  "  Cheat"  or  "Chess,"  B.  secalinus,  L.,  belongs  to  this  section.  It  is 
an  annual,  with  spreading  panicle,  oblong-ovate  turgid  smooth  spikelets  of  8  to  10  rather 
distant  flowers,  flowering  glume  short-awned  or  awnless,  and  nearly  glabrous  sheaths.  — 
Introduced  wherever  grain  is  cultivated. 


426  GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

lets  4  to  8-flowered,  in  an  erect  mostly  rigid  spike :  glumes  5  to  7-iiervccl, 
obtuse  or  notched,  with  a  rigid  short  point  or  awn  of  variable  length  :  flowering 
glume  similar,  but  nerved  only  above,  with  an  awn  nearly  its  own  length  or 
awnless.  —  Triticum  repens,  L.  Immensely  variable ;  its  many  perplexing 
forms  yielding  numerous  but  confusing  varieties.  Across  the  continent,  and 
known  by  a  great  variety  of  names,  such  as  "  Couch,"  "  Quack,"  and  "  Quitch 
Grass,"  "  Blue-joint,"  "  Bunch  Grass,"  "  Lagoon  Grass,"  etc. 

*  *  No  running  rootstock :  flowering  glume  and  sometimes  the  outer  glumes  long- 

awned. 

2.  A.  Caninum,  Reich.    Stems  1  to  3  feet  high,  geniculate  below  :  leaves 
flat  or  loosely  convolute,  pubescent  above  and  like  the  sheatlis  smooth  below :  spike 

more  or  less  nodding,  at  least  not  strict ;  spikelets  3  to  6-flowered  :  outer  glumes 
5  to  7-nerved,  with  long  awns  or  merely  acuminate :  flowering  glume  5-nerved 
near  the  tip,  with  mostly  spreading  awns  twice  as  long.  —  Triticum  caninum,  L. 
T.  cegilopoides,  Gray,  not  Turcz.  From  California  to  Colorado  and  Nevada, 
eastward  to  New  England.  Extremely  variable. 

3.  A.   Scribneri,  Vasey.    Stems  densely  tufted,  geniculate  and  usually 
prostrate,  1  to  \\  feet  high:  leaves  very  short  (1  to  l£  inches  long),  smooth,  rigid, 
sometimes  glaucous :  outer  glumes  3  to  5-nerved,  extended  into  a  long  hispid 
point :  flowering  glume  with  a  strong,  spreading  or  recurved  hispid  awn  at 
least  twice  as  long:  otherwise  as  in  the  last.  —  Torr.  Bull.  x.  128.     Possibly 
only  a  variety  of  the  last.     In  the  Sierras  (Pringle),  and  Montana  (Scribner). 
High  on  the  mountains,  in  crevices  and  among  loose  rocks. 

4.  A.  violaceum,  Beauv.     Stems  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high,  and  with  the 
short  mostlt/  convolutely-setaceous  leaves  and  sheaths  usually  smooth :  spike  1  to  3 
inches  long,  slender,  strict  and  rigid ;  spikelets  3  to  5-flowered,  usually  purple- 
tinged  :  outer  glumes  with  5  strong  rough  nerves,  short-pointed  or  short-owned: 
flowering  glume  strongly  5-nerved  and  rough  above,  with  an  awn  from  half  to 
fully  as  long.  —  Triticum  violaceum,  Hornem.      Rocky  Mountains  and  Sierra 
Nevada ;  also  mountains  of  New  York  and  New  England. 

5.  A.  StrigOSUm,  Beauv.     Stems  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high,  very  densely 
tufted,  with  setaceous  radical  leaves  half  as  tall,  glaucous  throughout ;  stem-leaves 
3,  all  narrowly  setaceously-convolute,  strigose-pubescent  on  the  upper  surface, 
below  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth  or  pubescent :  spike  2  to  6  inches  long,  very 
slender ;  spikelets  3  to  6-flowered :  outer  glumes  strongly  3  to  5-nerved,  some- 
what acute :  flowering  glume  5-nerved  near  the  apex  and  bearing  a  longer  strong  ( 
rough  divergent  awn.  —  Triticum  strigosum,  Less.     T.  cegilopoides,  Turcz.     In 
the  mountains  of  Colorado,  Montana,  and  westward. 

47.    HOKDEUM,   L.        BARLEY. 

Rather  low  grasses,  with  flowers  in  spikes  and  more  or  less  prominent 
bristle-form  glumes. 

1.  H.  nodosum,  L.  Stems  J'to  3  feet  high,  often  geniculate  below: 
leaves  flat  or  convolute,  varying  from  nearly  smooth  to  hairy :  spike  1  to  3 
inches  long,  narrow  and  readilv  separating  into  joints ;  the  lateral  neutral 
spikelets  merely  awn-pointed:  glumes  all  setaceous:  perfect  floret  8  lines  long  in- 
cluding the  awn.  —  H.  pratense,  Huds.  H.  pusillum,  Nutt.  From  California 


GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  427 

and  Oregon  eastward  into  the  Mississippi  Valley ;  introduced  on  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

2.  H.  jubatum,  L.  Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  usually  smooth  throughout, 
the  margins  of  the  leaves  sometimes  scabrous  :  spike  very  pale  green  or  straw- 
color,  shining,  sometimes  purplish,  2  to  4  inches  long,  broader,  the  very  slender 
rhachis  readily  separating;  lateral  floret  short-awned :  glumes  very  long  and 
capillary :  perfect  floret  3  lines  long,  with  an  awn  2  inches  long,  longer  than  the 
glumes  and  spreading.  —  Common  westward  and  northward,  extending  east- 
ward through  the  Northern  States.  Known  as  "  Squirrel-tail  Grass." 


48.     ELYMUS,   L.        LYME  GRASS.    WILD  RYE. 

*  Outer  glumes  subulate-setaceous,  shorter   than   the   spikelet:  flowering  glume 

merely  cuspidate. 

1.  E.  Condensatus,  Presl.     Stems  2  to  6  feet  high  or  more,  with  ample 
mostly  flat  leaves,  smooth  except  on  the  margins:  spike  5  to  15  inches  long, 
dense  or  interrupted,  simple  or  frequently  made  up  of  fascicled  short  few- 
flowered  branches ;  spikelets  3  to  G-flowered  :  flowering  glume  5-nerved  above, 
mucrouate-poiuted  or  somewhat  3-toothcd. — From  Colorado  and  Nevada  to 
California  and  Oregon. 

*  *  Outer  glumes  acuminate-pointed  or  awned :  flowering  glume  with  an  awn  longer 

than  itself. 

2.  E.  Sibiricus,  L.     Stems  2  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  mostly  ample,  often 
6  lines  broad,  glabrous  or  partly  scabrous :  spike  virgate,  2  to  8  inches  long, 
often   somewhat   nodding   above ;   spikelets  in  pairs,  3  to  several-flowered : 
glumes  I/near-lanceolate,  3  to  5-nerved,  pointed  or  short-awned :  flowering  glume 
5-nerved  and  rough  above,  with  an  awn  about  l£  times  its  own  length.  —  From 
California  and  Oregon  to  Lake  Superior. 

3.  E.  Canadensis,  L.     Like  the  last,  but  stouter  and  taller:   leaves 
rougher,  sometimes  glaucous  :   spikes  stouter,  somewhat  loose  and  more  nod- 
ding above :  outer  glumes  subulate,  3  or  perhaps  4-nerved,  tapering  into  an  awn 
shorter  than  itself:  flowering  glume  rough-hairy,  with  a  longer  usually  spreading 
awn.  —  Across  the  continent. 

*  *  *  Outer  glumes  veri/  long,  usually  2-parted   to  the  base,  the  divisions   un- 

equally 2-cleft  and  long-awned :  flowering  glumes  long-awned  and  2-toothed, 
or  3-awned. 

4.  E.  Sitanion,  Schult.     Stems  densely  tufted,  J  to  2  feet  high:  leaves 
and  sheaths  from  smooth  and  glaucous  to  roughly  hirsute ;  leaves  setaceously 
pungent  at  apex,  the  upper  one  an  inch  or  two  long,  its  sheath  often  loose  and 
including  the  base  of  the  spike :   spike  1  to  6  inches  long ;   spikelets  1  to 
5-flowered  :  awns  of  the  outer  glumes  1  to  3  inches  long :  flowering  glume 
3  lines  long,  its  central  awn  equalling  those  of  the  glumes.  —  From  Minnesota 
to  Texas  and  westward  across  the  continent.     Exceedingly  variable,  so  much 
so  that  the  collector  is  apt  to  discover  at  least  a  "  new  variety  "  in  almost  every 
locality. 


428  GNETACE^J. 


CLASS  II.    GYMNOSPEKM^:. 

Ovules  naked  upon  the  surface  of  a  scale  or  bract,  or 
within  a  more  or  less  open  perianth.  Flowers  monoecious  or 
dioecious.  Cotyledons  two  or  often  several  in  a  whorl. 

ORDER  89.     GNETACE^E. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  mostly  with  jointed  opposite  or  fascicled 
branches  and  foliaceous  or  scale-like  opposite  (or  ternate)  exstipulate 
leaves,  the  flowers  mostly  dioecious,  with  decussate  persistent  bracts; 
the  staminate  in  aments,  with  solitary  or  monadelphous  stamens  within 
a  membranous  bifid  calyx-like  perianth,  the  anther-cells  dehiscent  by  a 
pore  or  chink  at  the  apex  j  fertile  flowers  of  an  erect  sessile  ovule  termi- 
nated by  an  exserted  style-like  process,  included  within  a  perianth  which 
becomes  hardened  and  often  thickened  in  fruit. 

1.    EPHEDRA,    Tourn. 

Inflorescence  axillary :  the  3  to  8  filaments  united  into  a  clavate  stamineal 
column.  —  Shrubs  with  numerous  Equisetum-like  branches,  the  leaves  reduced 
to  sheathing  scales,  persistent  or  deciduous. 

1.  E.  Nevadensis,  Watson.     Erect,  2  feet  high  or  more  ;  branches  oppo- 
site: scales  sheathing,  2-lobed,  with  short  blunt  lobes  or  more  or  less  elon- 
gated tips :  bracts  opposite  and  evidently  connate :  staminate  aments  sessile  or 
shortly  pedunculate,  ovate,  of  4  to  6  pairs  of  bracts :  fertile  aments  pedun- 
culate.—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  298.     E.  antisyphilitica  of  Bot.  King  Exped. 
and  other  reports.     From  California  and  Nevada  to   Utah  and   the   llio 
Grande. 

2.  E.  trifurca,  Torr.     Erect,  with  spinosely  tipped  ternate  branches  and 
conspicuous  persistent  sheathing  acuminate  scales  becoming  white  and  shreddy: 
bracts  in  threes :  staminate  perianth  cuneate-oblong,  included  :  fertile  aments 
of  numerous  whorls  of  entire  bracts.  —  S.  W.  Colorado  (Brandegee),  New 
Mexico,  and  Arizona. 


ORDER  90.    CONIFERS.     (PiNE  FAMILY.) 

Resinous  and  mostly  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  awl-  or  needle- 
shaped  or  scale-like  mostly  rigid  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  rarely  dioe- 
cious flowers ;  male  flowers  reduced  to  stamens  only,  which  are  indefinite 
in  number  upon  a  central  axis ;  fertile  aments  of  few  or  many  scales, 
becoming  in  fruit  a  dry  cone  or  berry-like ;  ovules  two  or  more,  at  or  on 
the  base  of  each  scale. 


CONIFERJE.      (PINE    FAMILY.)  429 

*  Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  few,  decussately  opposite,  becoming  drupe-like  in  fruit  with 

bony  seeds :  leaves  opposite  or  in  threes,  usually  scale-like :  flowers  dioecious :  leaf- 
buds  not  scaly. 

1.  Juniper  us.     Ovules  in  pairs  or  solitary  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  (4  to  6,  or  3  to  9) 

scales.    Seeds  1  to  5  or  more.    Berry  globose,  reddish,  blue,  or  blackish,  ripening 
the  second  year. 

*  *  Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  numerous,  spirally  imbricated,  becoming  a  dry  coriareoua 

cone  in  fruit :  male  flowers  also  spirally  arranged  :  leaves  scattered  or  fascicled,  from 
linear  to  needle-shaped :  flowers  monoecious :  leaf-buds  scaly.  —  ABIETINE^E. 
•»-  Cones  maturing  the  first  year,  their  bracts  remaining  membranous :  leaves  solitary, 

mostly  entire. 
•H-  Branchlets  smooth,  the  leaf-scars  not  raised. 

2.  Abies.    Leaves  sessile,  leaving  circular  scars.     Cones  erect,  their  scales  deciduous 

from  the  axis.     Seeds  with  resin-vesicles. 

3.  Pseudotsuga*    Leaves  petioled,  the  scars  transversely  oval.     Cones  pendulous,  their 

scales  persistent  on  the  axis.     Seeds  without  resin-vesicles. 

•H-  -H-  Branchlets  rough  from  the  prominent  persistent  leaf-bases  :  cones  pendulous,  their 
scales  persistent  on  the  axis. 

4.  Picea.    Leaves  sessile,  keeled  on  both  sides,  with  two  lateral  ducts.    Seeds  without 

resin-vesicles. 
•«-  +-  Cones  maturing  the  second  year,  their  bracts  becoming  corky  and  thickened :  leaves 

in  bundles  of  2  to  5,  their  base  surrounded  by  a  sheath  of  scarious  bud-scales  usually 

serrulate. 
6.  Pinus.    Resin-ducts  inconstant  in  number  and  variously  placed. 


1.    JUNIPERUS,    L.        JUNIPER. 

The  small  solitary  aments  axillary,  or  terminal  upon  short  lateral  branch- 
lets  :  in  staminate  flowers  the  anther-cells  are  4  to  8  under  each  shield-shaped 
scale :  cotyledons  mostly  2.  —  Low  shrubs  or  trees,  with  mostly  thin  shreddy 
bark. 

*  Aments  axillary:  leaves  ternate,  free  and  jointed  at  base,  linear- subulate, 

pungent,  channelled  and  white-glaucous  above,  not  glandular-pitted.  —  OXY- 

CEDRUS. 

1.  J.  COmmunis,  L.  With  spreading  or  pendulous  branches:  leaves 
rigid,  more  or  less  spreading,  5  to  9  lines  long :  fruit  dark  blue,  3  lines  in 
diameter  or  more,  1  to  3-seeded. 

Var.  alpina,  Gaud.  Low  and  decumbent  or  prostrate:  leaves  shorter, 
2  to  4  lines  long,  and  less  spreading.  —  The  species  is  found  in  the  moun- 
tains from  New  Mexico  and  northward  throughout  British  America,  while 
the  variety  has  a  range  not  quite  so  extensive. 

*  *  Aments  terminal:  leaves  ternate  (or  opposite),  of  two  forms,  mostly  adnate 

and  scale-like,  closely  oppressed  and  crowded  upon  the  branches  and  often 
glandular-pitted,  occasionally  more  distant,  free  and  subulate.  —  SABINA. 
Ours  belong  to  the  group  with  bluish-black  pulpy  berries. 

•*-  leaves  fringed  on  the  edges. 

2  J.  OCCidentalis,  Hook.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  shreddy  bark 
and  pale  reddish-yellow  wood :  leaves  closely  appressed,  obtuse  or  acutish : 
berries  4  to  5  lines  in  diameter,  with  one  or  more  seeds.  —  Northwest  of  our 
range. 


430  CONIFERS.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  monosperma,  Eng.  Often  with  eccentric  layers  of  wood,  of 
scraggy  growth,  with  short  branchlets  at  right  angles:  leaves  as  often  in 
twos  as  in  threes  :  berries  smaller,  often  copper-colored,  with  mostly  one 
(sometimes  2  or  more)  grooved  seed.  —  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis,  iii.  590. 
From  the  Pike's  Peak  region  of  Colorado  to  W.  Texas,  Arizona,  and 
California. 

H—  -t—  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  and  opposite. 

3.  J.  Sabina,  L..  var.  procumbens,  Pursh.     A  prostrate  shrub  with 
appressed  or  slightly  squarrose  acute  leaves  in  pairs,  margin  slightly  or  indis- 
tinctly denticulate :   berries  on  short  recurved  peduncles,  3  to  4  lines  in  diameter, 
with  1  or  2,  rarely  3  rough  seeds.  —  From  British  Columbia  and  the  Pacific 
Coast  to  the  Yellowstone  River,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  eastward  to  Maine  and 
Hudson's  Bay. 

4.  J.  Virginiana,  L.     The  largest  of  our  Junipers,  sometimes  becoming  a 
tree  60  to  90  feet  high,  commonly  of  pyramidal  form,  sometimes  with  rounded 
spreading  top,  with  shreddy  bark  and  red  and  aromatic  heartwood :  branch- 
lets  slender,  4-angled,  with  obtuse  or  acutish  leaves  having  entire  margins  : 
berries  on  straight  ]>eduncles,  3  to  5  lines  in  diameter,  with  1  or  2  angled  mostly 
grooved  seeds.  —  Our  widest  spread  species,  with  almost  a  continental  distri- 
bution, the  region  from  Arizona  to  Utah,  California,  and  Oregon  alone  being 
excepted. 

2.    ABIES,    Link.        FIR. 

Trees  of  pyramidal  form  and  rapid  growth,  but  with  brittle  and  easily  decay- 
ing wood :  leaves  on  the  horizontal  branchlets  appearing  2-rauked  by  a  twist 
near  the  base,  in  ours  bearing  stomata  on  both  sides,  with  two  longitudinal 
resin-ducts. 

1.  A.  COnCOlor,  Lindl.     A  large  tree  80  to  150  feet  high  with  a  diameter 
of  2  to  4  feet  and  a  rough  grayish  ktrk:  leaves  mostly  obtuse,  pale  green,  with 
the  two  resin-ducts  close  to  the  epidermis  of  the  lower  surface  :  cones  oblong-cylin- 
drical, 3  to  5  inches  long  and  1  to  If  inches  in  diameter,  pale  green  or  some- 
times dull  purplish;  scales  12  to  15  lines  wide,  nearly  twice  icider  than  high. — 
Has  been  mostly  called  A.  grandis,  which  is  much  taller  and  has  a  more 
northwestern  range.    A.  amabilis  (?)  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exped.     Pinus  con- 
color,  Eng.     From  Arizona  and  S.  Colorado  to  Utah  and  California.     Known 
as  "  White  Fir"  on  account  of  its  gray  bark. 

2.  A.  SUbalpina,  Eng.     Not  so  tall,  60  to  80  feet  high,  with  very  pale 
and  thin,  smooth,  or  only  in  very  old  trees  cracked,  and  ashy-gray  bark:  leaves 
dark  green  above,  sharp-pointed,  with  the  two  resin-ducts  about  equidistant  front 
upper  and  lower  surface:  cones  oblong-cylindrical,  2^  to  3  inches  long  and  1  to 
1J   inches  in  diameter,  purplish  brown;   scales  nearly  orbicular  or  sometimes 
quadrangular,  6  to  10  lines  long  and  broad.  — Am.  Nat.  x.  555.     A.  grandis,  in 
part,  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  botanists.     On  the  higher  mountains  and  near 
to  timber  line,  from  Colorado  northwestward  to  Oregon. 

3.    PSEUDOTSUGA,    Carr.        DOUGLAS  SPRUCE. 

A  very  large  tree,  at  first  pyramidal  and  spruce-like,  often  at  last  more 
spreading :  leaves  somewhat  2-rauked  by  a  twist  at  the  base,  with  stomata 


CONIFERS.      (PINE  FAMILY.)  431 

only  on  the  lower  surface,  close  to  the  epidermis  of  which  are  the  two  lateral 
resin-ducts. 

1.  P.  Douglash,  Carr.  A  large  tree,  150  to  over  300  feet  high,  6  to 
15  feet  in  diameter,  with  very  thick  brown  deeply  fissured  bark  :  leaves  flat, 
linear,  8  to  12  lines  or  more  long:  cones  2  to  4  inches  long,  subcylindrical ; 
bracts  more  or  less  exsert  and  spreading  or  reflexed,  giving  a  fringed  ap- 
pearance to  the  cones :  seeds  triangular,  on  the  upper  side  convex  and  red- 
dish brown,  on  the  lower  flat  and  white,  3  lines  long.  —  Abies  Douglasti, 
Lindl.  Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  those  of  California,  reaching 
its  greatest  proportions  in  Oregon. 

4.    PICE  A,    Link.        SPRUCE. 

Tall  pyramidal  trees,  with  white  soft  tough  timber :  leaves  spirally  ar- 
ranged around  the  branchlets,  or  somewhat  2-ranked. 

1.  P.  Engelmanni,  Eng.  A  tall  pyramidal  tree,  60  to  100  feet  high, 
with  horizontal  branches ;  bark  thin,  scaly,  reddish  or  purplish-brown ;  branc/ilets 
pubescent:  leaves  6  to  15  lines  long:  fertile  aments  9  to  10  lines  long,  dark  pur- 
ple: cone  solitary,  ovate-cylindric,  about  2  lines  long,  reddish  brown;  scales 
obovate-rhombic,  subtruncate  or  emarginate,  erose.  —  Abies  Engelmanni,  Parry. 
In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and  Oregon,  forming  exten- 
sive forests. 

2  P.  pungens,  Eng.  Of  strictly  conical  growth,  with  spreading 
branches ;  bark  thick,  smooth,  and  gra>/,  in  older  trees  becoming  very  thick, 
hard  and  ridged;  branchlets  smooth  and  shining:  leaves  6  to  12  lines  long, 
more  punr/ent :  fertile  aments  15  to  20  lines  long,  with  pale  shining  rounded  scales: 
cones  abundant,  solitary  or  clustered,  cylindrical,  drooping,  2£  to  5  inches  long, 
light  brown  ;  scales  ocal  or  subrhombic,  more  or  less  elongated  above,  undulate 
and  refuse.  —  The  form  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  heretofore  called  Abies  Men- 
ziesii,  which  latter  has  a  much  more  northwestward  range  and  now  bears  the 
name  Picea  Sitchensis,  Carr.  Commonly  called  "  Balsam." 

5.     P I N  U  S,    Tourn.,  Link.        PINE. 

Trees,  usually  not  so  large  as  in  the  preceding  genera,  nor  often  of  such 
pyramidal  habit,  with  wood  of  the  greatest  value :  primary  leaves  (only  on 
seedlings  and  young  shoots)  flat,  subulate  and  serrulate ;  the  secondary  in  bun- 
dles, needle-shaped,  terete,  semiterete,  or  triangular,  depending  on  the  number 
in  a  bundle. 

§  1.  Scales  slightli/  if  at  all  thickened  at  the  end  and  wholli/  destitute  of  prickle 
or  point :  leaves  in  fives,  with  resin-ducts  close  to  the  epidermis,  their  sheaths 
loose  and  deciduous :  cones  subterminal.  —  STROBUS.  In  ours  the  leaves  are 
entire  or  nearly  so,  and  the  cones  subsessile. 

1 .  P.  flexilis,  James.  A  tree  about  60  feet  high  and  3  to  5  feet  thick, 
with  furrowed  gray  bark :  leaves  l£  to  2  inches  long :  cones  oval  to  subcylin- 
dric,  3  to  5  inches  long,  light  brown,  with  somewhat  squarrose  scales. — 
Long's  Exped.  ii.  27.  In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  Montana  and 
westward. 


432  CONIFERS.      (PINE  FAMILY.) 

Var.  albicaulis,  Eng.  A  tree  40  or  50  feet  high,  becoming  low  and 
shrubby  at  the  highest  elevations,  with  very  pale  bark ;  cones  oval  or  subglo- 
bose,  l£  to  3  inches  long,  l£  to  2£  inches  thick,  purple  brown;  scales  much 
thicker  and  somewhat  pointed.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii  124.  P.  albicaulis,  Eng.  On 
alpine  peaks  in  Montana,  extending  from  the  mountainous  regions  of  Cali- 
fornia to  British  Columbia. 

§  2.    The  woody  scales  thickened  at  the  end,  and  usually  spiny-tipped  (sometimes 
blunt-pointed).  —  PINASTER. 

*  Resin-ducts  close  to  the  epidermis :  leaves  with  entire  margins  and  loose  decidu- 

ous sheaths. 

2.  P.  edulis,  Eng.     A  low  round-topped  tree,  branched  from  the  base  or 
near  it,  10  to  15  feet  high:  leaves  mostly  in  pairs  (rarely  in  threes),  I  to  1£ 
inches  long,  rigid,  curved  or  straightish,  spreading:  cones  sessile,  subglobose, 

2  inches  long;  tips  of  scales  thick,  truncate,  raised-pyramidal  but  without  awns 
or  prickles :  seeds  brown,  wingless,  edible. — From  S.  Colorado  and  southward. 
The  "  Pinon  "  or  "  Nut  Pine  "  of  the  Indians.     Westward  it  is  replaced  by 
P.  monophylla,  Torr.  &  Frem. 

3.  P.  Balfouriana,  Jeffrey.     A  medium-sized  tree,  seldom  over  50  feet 
high  and  sometimes  5  feet  in  diameter,  of  regular  pyramidal  growth:  bark  red- 
brown,  deeply  fissured:   leaves  in  Jives,  1  to  l£  inches  long,  rigid,  curved, 
crowded  and  oppressed  to  the  stem :  cones  pendulous  from  the  slender  branchlets, 
subcylindrical,  3%  to  5  inches  long,  dark  purple ;  tips  of  scales  thick,  with  short 
deciduous  prickles :  seeds  pale,  mottled,  and  winged.  —  West  of  our  range. 

Var.  aristata,  Eng.  Tree  50  to  100  feet  high  :  cones  ovate,  with  thinner 
scales,  and  with  shorter  recurved  or  slender  awn-like  prickles :  seeds  smaller  and 
wings  shorter.  — Bot.  Calif,  ii.  125.  P.  aristata,  Eng.  From  Colorado  through 
Nevada  and  Arizona  to  California. 

*  *  Resin-ducts  within  the  cellular  tissue:   leaves  serrulate  and  with  persistent 

sheaths:  cones  subterminal. 

4.  P.  ponderosa,  Dougl.     One  of  the  largest  pines  (200  to  300  feet  high 
and  12  to  15  feet  thick),  with  very  thick  red-brown  bark,  deeply  furrowed  and 
split  in  large  plates :  leaves  in  threes,  5  to  1 1   inches  long :  cones  oval,  3  to  5 
inches  long,  l£  to  2  inches  thick,  of  a  rich  brown  color,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  often 

3  to  5  together;  tip  of  scales  with  a  stout  straight  or  incurved  prickle :  seeds  dark 
brown,  4  lines  long;  wings  10  to  12  lines  long,  widest  above  the  middle.  —  The 
most  magnificent  and  widely  spread  Western  pine.     Known  as  the  "  Yellow 
Pine."     The  following  form  is  found  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  SCOpulorum,  Eng.  A  smaller  tree  (80  to  100  feet  high) :  leaves  3 
to  6  inches  long,  often  in  pairs  :  cones  smaller,  2  or  3  inches  long,  grayish  brown, 
with  stout  prickles:  seeds  2£  to  3£  lines  long.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  126.  Most  of  the 
P.  ponderosa  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  of  this  variety. 

5.  P.  COntorta,  Dougl.    A  low  tree,  5  to  15  or  rarely  25  feet  high  and 
6  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  rounded  or  depressed  top  and  thin  smoothish  bark: 
leaves  in  pairs,  1  to  l£  inches  long:  cones  clustered,  oval  or  subcylindric,  very 
oblique  ;  tip  of  scales  with  strong  knobs  and  delicate  prickles :  seeds  black,  grooved, 
2  lines  long ;  wings  6  lines  long,  widest  above  the  base  and  tapering  upward.  —  A 
Pacific  Coast  species  from  California  to  Alaska. 


CONIFERS.      (PINE  FAMILY.)  433 

Var.  Murrayana,  Eng.  Much  taller  and  straighter,  80  to  120  feet  high 
and  4  to  6  feet  ill  diameter,  with  a  conical  head  and  thin  scaly  light  grayish- 
brown  bark :  leaves  I  to  3  inches  long,  £  to  1  line  wide,  light  green  :  cones  very 
rarely  lateral,  less  oblique-  wings  of  seeds  longer.  —  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  126. 
P.  Murrayana,  Murr.  P.  cw'orta,  var.  iatifolia,  Eng.  In  the  mountains  of 
Colorado  and  Utah,  and  extending  northward  and  westward. 


434  ISOET^E.      (QU1LLWOKT  FAMlLiT.) 


SERIES   Ji. 

PTERIDOPHYTA  (VASCULAR  CRYPTOGAMS),  or 
FERNS  AND  THEIR  ALLIES. 

PLANTS  destitute  of  proper  flowers,  that  is,  having  no  sta- 
and  pistils,  and  not  producing  seeds.  A  distinct  axis 
containing  fibro-vascular  bundles,  as  does  the  foliage  when 
there  is  any.  Sexual  reproduction  by  means  of  antheridia 
and  archegonia,  one  or  both  of  which  is  formed  on  a  prothal- 
lus  which  is  developed  from  the  non  sexual  spore  and  upon 
which  the  conspicuous  but  non-sexual  plant  is  produced. 

CLASS  I.    LYCOPODINE.E. 

Plants  with  a  solid,  dichotomously  branched,  leafy  stem, 
the  leaves  imbricated  and  often  giving  to  the  lower  forms  a 
moss-like  appearance,  but  may  be  distinguished  from  moss 
leaves  by  their  midrib.  Sporangia  in  the  axils  of  simple 
leaves  or  bracts. 

SUBCLASS  I.    HETEROSPOKE.E. 

Producing  spores  of  two  kinds,  the  larger  (macrospores) 
producing  a  prothallus  with  archegonia,  the  smaller  (micro- 
spores)  producing  a  prothallus  (rudimentary)  with  sperm-cells. 
Leaves  with  ligules. 

ORDER  91.     ISOET^E.     (QUILLWORT  FAMILY.) 

Mostly  aquatic  plants,  with  a  short  solid  conn-like  stem  (trunk)  and 
elongated  grass-like  leaves,  the  bases  of  which  are  expanded  and  have 
thin  stipule-like  infolded  margins  (the  velum),,  which  enclose  large 
simple  ovoid  thin-walled  sporangia;  the  outer  ones  containing  large 
spherical  trivittate  macrospores;  those  of  the  inner  leaves  filled  with 
very  minute  grayish  triangular  microspores. 


SELAGINELL^E.  435 

1.    ISOETES,   L.       QUILLWORT. 

Characters  those  of  the  order.  For  an  elaboration  of  the  genus  see  Engel- 
mann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv.  358.  Our  species  (as  reported  at  present) 
belong  to  the  group  with  bilobed  trunks,  are  all  submerged,  with  quadrangu- 
lar leaves  and  an  incomplete  velum. 

1.  I.  lacustris,  L.     Leaves  stout,  rather  rigid,  acute  but  scarcely  tapering 
dark  or  olive-green,  10  to  25  in  number,  2  to  6  inches  long,  with  no  stomata: 
sporangium  orbicular  to  broadly  elliptical,  not  spotted,  with  a  rather  narrow 
velum;  macrospores  0.50  to  0.80  mm.1  in  diameter,  marked  all  over  with  distinct 
or  somewhat  confluent  crests;  microspores  smooth,  0.035  to  0.046  mm.  in  the  longer 
diameter.  —  Generally   distributed   throughout  Northern  America  and   New 
England. 

Var.  paupercula,  Eng.  Leaves  fewer  (10  to  18),  thinner,  shorter  (2  to 
3  inches):  spores  smaller;  macrospores  0.50  to  0.66  mm.  in  diameter;  mi- 
crospores somewhat  granulated,  0026  to  0.036  mm.  long.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  iv.  377.  Grand  Lake,  Middle  Park,  Colorado  (Engelmann),  and  near 
Mt.  Shasta,  California  (Pringle). 

2.  I.  echinospora,  Durieu,  var.  Braunii,  Engelm.     Leaves  soft  and 
tapering,  green  or  reddish  green,  erect  or  spreading,  13  to  15  in  number,  3  to 
6  inches  long,  generally  with  a  few  stomata  towards  the  tip :  sporangium  as  in 
the  last,  but  spotted  and  generally  £  or  even  f  covered  by  a  broad  velum ; 
macrospores  0.40  to  0.50  mm.  thick,  covered  with  broad  retuse  spinules,  sometimes 
somewhat  confluent  and  then  dentate  or  incised  at  tip ;  microspores  0.026  to 
0.030  mm.  long,  smooth.  —  Gray,  Manual,  676.    Lake  at  the  head  of  Bear  Kiver, 
Uinta  Mountains  (  Watson).     The  most  common  species  eastward,  but  re- 
ported only  from  the  one  station  within  our  range.     Apparently  replaced 
with  us  by  the  following. 

3.  I.  Bolanderi,  Engelm.     Leaves  erect,  soft,  bright  green,  tapering  to  a 
Jine  point,  5  to  25  in  number,  2  to  4|  inches  long,  generally  not  many  stomata  : 
sporangium  broadly  oblong,  mostly  without  spots,  with  a  narrow  velum;  macro- 
spores  0.30  to  0.40  mm.  thick,  marked  with  minute  low  tubercles  or  warts  ;  micro- 
spores  0.026  to  0.031  mm.  long,  generally  spinulose,  rarely  smooth.  —  Am.  Nat. 
viii.  214.     In  ponds  and  shallow  lakes  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Sierra  Nevada 
of  California,  and  Cascades. 


ORDER  92.     SEL  AGIN  ELI,  vE. 

Moss-like  plants  with  slender  branching  steins  and  small  leaves  ar- 
ranged in  4  or  several  ranks :  sporangia  minute,  subglobose  ;  some 
containing  usually  4  globose  macrospores  ;  others  (smaller  and  more 
abundant)  filled  with  numerous  microspores. 

1.     SELAGINELLA,    Beauvois. 

Characters  those  of  the  order.  In  ours  the  leaves  are  all  alike  arranged  in 
many  ranks,  those  of  the  fruiting  spikes  4-ranked. 

1  The  millimeter  is  very  nearly  half  a  line. 


436  RHIZOCARPE^E.       (PEPPERWORT  FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  rupestris,  Spring.  Stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  rather  rigid, 
2  to  12  inches  long,  vaguely  or  subpinnately  branching:  leaves  glaucescent, 
closely  imbricated  and  appressed,  lanceolate,  scarcely  a  line  long,  convex  and 
grooved  on  the  back,  bristle-tipped  and  ciliate :  spikes  strongly  quadrangular : 
macrosporangia  abundant,  intermixed  with  the  slightly  smaller  and  more 
numerous  microsporangia.  —  On  dry  rocks,  especially  in  the  mountains. 


SUBCLASS  II.     ISOSPOEE^E. 
Producing  but  one  kind  of  spore.     Leaves  without  ligules. 

ORDER  93.    L.YCOPODIACEJE.     (CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY.) 

Moss-like  plants,  with  small  leaves  imbricated  in  4  to  many  rows 
on  the  pinnately  or  dichotornously  branching  steins,  and  (in  ours)  with 
reniform  1 -celled  sporangia  in  the  axils  of  bracts  forming  stalked  or 
sessile  spikes. 

1.    LYCOPODIUM,    L.,  Spring.       CLUB-MOSS.    GROUND-PINE. 

Characters  those  of  the  order.  In  ours  the  leaves  (bracts)  of  the  spike  are 
yellowish,  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  very  different  from  the  other  leaves. 

1.  L.  annotinum,  L.  Stems  prostrate  and  creeping,  1  to  4  feet  long; 
the  ascending  branches  similar,  dichotomous,  4  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  in 
several  ranks,  equal,  spreading,  rigid,  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrulate,  2  to 
4  lines  long :  spikes  solitary  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branches.  —  From  Colorado 
to  Washington  Territory,  eastward  and  northward  across  the  continent. 


CLASS  II.    FILICI1OE. 

Plants  with  a  solid  stem,  which  (in  ours)  is  horizontal 
and  usually  underground,  bearing  broadly  expanded  mostly 
long-petioled  leaves  (fronds),  with  prominent  midrib  and 
veins.  Prothallus  monoecious. 


ORDER  94.    RHIZOCARPE^E.     (PEPPERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  plants,  with  a  horizontal  stern  floating  upon  the  water  or 
running  through  the  mud  at  the  bottom  of  shallow  water :  leaves  cir- 
cinately  developed,  simple  or  quadrifid :  spores  of  two  kinds  :  the  fruits 
(conceptacles)  borne  on  peduncles  (in  fact  petioles),  or  sessile  beneath 
the  stem. 


OPHIOGLOSSACE.E.      (ADDERS-TONGUE   FAMILY.)      437 

.1.  Marsilia.  Conceptacles  somewhat  crustaceous,  several-celled,  containing  both  macro- 
spores  and  microspores,  solitary  and  peduncled.  Leaves  peltately  quadrifoliolate, 
with  elongated  petioles. 

2.  Azolla.  Conceptacles  very  soft  and  thin-walled,  one-celled,  containing  either  macro- 
sporangia  with  solitary  macrospores  or  microsporangia  with  numerous  microspores, 
in  pairs  beneath  the  pinnately  branched  stems.  Leaves  minute,  imbricated,  and 
2-lobed,  apparently  distichous. 

1.  MAKSILIA,   L. 

Conceptacles  ovoid  or  bean-shaped,  composed  of  2  vertical  valves  and 
several  transverse  compartments  in  each  valve ;  their  peduncles  rising  either 
from  the  petiole  or  the  rhizome.  —  Plants  with  slender  creeping  rootstocks, 
growing  in  the  mud  under  shallow  water,  with  the  leaves  floating,  or  some- 
times terrestrial. 

1.  M.  vestita,  Hook.  &  Grev.  Leaflets  broadly  cuneate,  usually  hairy, 
entire,  2  to  7  lines  long  and  broad  ;  petioles  1  to  4  inches  long :  peduncles 
free  from  the  petiole :  sporocarps  short-peduncled,  about  2  lines  long,  very 
hairy  when  young.  —  From  Texas  to  Oregon  and  California.  In  Yellowstone 
Park  (Coulter). 

2.  AZOLLA,    Lam. 

Small  moss-like  floating  plants,  the  pinnately  branched  stems  covered  with 
minute  imbricated  leaves  and  emitting  rootlets  on  the  under  side:  the 
paired  Conceptacles  either  both  containing  macrospores,  or  one  of  each  kind  ; 
smaller  Conceptacles  acorn-shaped,  containing  a  single  macrospore ;  larger 
Conceptacles  globose,  and  having  a  basal  placenta  which  produces  many  pedi- 
celled  sporangia  containing  masses  of  microspores. 

1.  A.  Caroliniana,  Willd.  Plant  4  to  12  lines  broad,  much  branched: 
leaves  with  ovate  lobes,  inferior  lobe  reddish,  superior  one  green  with  a  red- 
dish border :  macrospores  with  a  minutely  granulate  surface :  masses  of 
microspores  glochidiate.  —  Floating  on  quiet  waters,  from  Oregon  to  Arizona 
and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic. 


ORDER  95.     OPHIOGLOSSACE^E.     (ADDER'S-TONGUE 
FAMILY.) 

Leafy  plants ;  the  leaves  (fronds)  simple  or  branched,  erect  in 
vernation  :  spores  of  one  kind,  borne  in  special  spikes  or  panicles 
in  sporangia  (without  an  elastic  ring),  which  are  formed  by  groups 
of  cells  in  the  interior  of  the  fruiting  segments  of  the  frond :  prothallus 
underground,  destitute  of  chlorophyll. 

1.    BOTBYCHIUM,    Swartz.        GRAPE-FERN.    MOONWORT. 

Fronds  with  a  posterior  pinnatifid  or  compound  sterile  segment  and  an 
anterior  panicled  fertile  segment,  the  separate  sporangia  in  a  double  row  on 
the  branches  of  the  panicle :  bud  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stalk. 


438  FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.) 

*  Base  of  the  stalk  which  encloses  the  bud  closed  on  all  sides :  sterile  division 

more  or  less  fleshy,  the  cells  of  the  epidermis  str aiglet. 

•*-  Sterile  division  usually  placed  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the  plant:  frond 

never  hairy. 

1.  B.  Lunaria,  L.    Plant  4  to  10  inches  high,  very  fleshy :  sterile  division 
sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  plant,  oblong  or  ovate,  once  pinnatifid ;   pinnae  or 
lobes   semilunar  from  a   broadly  cuneate  base,  the   sides  concave,  the  outer 
margin  crenate  or  even  incised.  — From  Colorado  (Parry)  and  New  England 
northward. 

2.  B.  lanceolatum,  Angstr.     Plant  2  to  10  inches  high,  scarcely  fleshy: 
sterile  division  high  up  on  the  plant,  sessile,  deltoid,  once  or  twice  pinnatifid 
with  oblique  oblong-lanceolnte  acute  segments.  —  From  Colorado  (Brandegee)  to 
New  England  and  in  the  far  North. 

•H-  •»-  Sterile  division  placed  low  down  on  the  plant. 

3.  B.  Simplex,  Hitchcock.     Plant  smooth,  fleshy,  2  to  6  inches  high: 
sterile  division  short-pet ioled,  varying  from  simple  and  round ish-obovate  and  2  to 
3  lines  long,  to  triangular-ovate  and  deeply  3  to  7-lobed,  or  even  to  fully  ternate 
with  incised  divisions ;  segments  broadly  obovate-cuneate  or  somewhat  lunate  : 
fertile  division  1  to  2-pinnate.  —  Yellowstone  Park   (Parry)  and  California ; 
eastward  from  Lake  Superior  to  New  England.     Exceedingly  variable,  the 
true  form  thought  to  be  most  nearly  represented  by 

Var.  compositum,  Milde.     A  low  alpine  form  with  the  sterile  segment 
an  inch  or  less  long,  teruate,  or  composed  of  3  ovate  incised  segments. 

4.  B.  ternatum,   Swartz.     Plant  sparsely  hairy,  fleshy,  4  to  12  inches 
high :  sterile  division  long-petioled  from  near  the  base  of  the  plant,  broadly 
deltoid,  ternate  and  variously  decompound;  ultimate  segments  from  roundish- 
reniform  and  subentire  to  ovate-lanceolate  and  doubly  incised :  fertile  division 
2  to  4-pinnate.  —  Throughout   North  America.      Exceedingly  variable,  with 
many  described  varieties  and  synonyms. 

#  #  Base  of  stalk  which  encloses  the  bud  open  along  one  side :  sterile  division 

membranaceous,  the  cells  of  the  epidermis  flexuous. 

5.  B.  Virginianum,  Swartz.    Plant  sparsely  hairy,  8  to  24  inches  high  : 
sterile  divisions  sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  plant,  broadly  triangular,  ternate ; 
primary  pinnae  short-stalked,  1  to  3  times  pinnatifid ;  secondary  pinnae  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  ultimate  segments  toothed  at  the  ends  :  fertile  division  2  to  4-pin- 
nate.  —  From  "Washington  Territory  to  Colorado  (Brandegee)  and  Texas,  and 
eastward  across  the  continent. 


ORDER  96.    FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.) 

Leafy  plants ;  the  leaves  (fronds)  often  much  branched,  circinate  in 
vernation,  rising  from  a  rootstock :  spores  of  one  kind,  borne  on  the 
under  surface  or  margins  of  the  leaves  in  sporangia  (with  an  elastic 
ring),  which  are  developed  from  a  single  epidermal  cell  (hence  modified 
trichomes)  :  prothallus  above  ground,  green.  —  The  sporangia  are  usu- 


FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.)  439 

ally  collected  in  little  masses  (fruit-dots  or  son),  which  are  often  covered 
by  a  scale  (indusium),  which  is  produced  by  a  cellular  outgrowth  from 
the  frond,  or  by  a  general  involucre  funned  from  the  infolded  margin  of 
the  frond.  — Eaton,  Ferns  of  North  America. 

Tribe  I.  Sori  round  or  oblong,  placed  on  the  veins  or  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  without 
indusium.  Stalk  articulated  to  the  rootstock.  Veins  free  or  reticulated.  —  POLYPODIES. 

1.  Polypodium.    Character  of  the  tribe. 

Tribe  II.  Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  without  indusium,  on  the  back  of  the  frond  or  its 
divisions,  and  usually  following  the  veins,  or  only  at  the  tips  of  the  latter.  Fronds  often 
scaly  or  tomentose,  or  covered  beneath  with  colored  powder.  —  GRAMMITIDE*:. 

2.  Notholaena.    Sori  but  little  elongated,  often  of  very  few  sporangia,  placed  below  the 

tips  of  the  veins  near  the  margin  of  the  lobes  of  the  frond. 

Tribe  III.  Sori  close  to  the  margin  of  the  frond  or  its  divisions,  sometimes  extending 
down  the  veins,  covered  (at  least  when  young)  by  an  involucre  opening  inward  and 
either  consisting  of  the  margin  or  produced  from  it.  —  PTERIDE^E. 

3.  Choilanth.es.    Sori  minute,  at  the  ends  of  the  unconnected  veins,  covered  by  a  usually 

interrupted  involucre.  — Small  ferns,  often  woolly,  chaffy,  or  pulverulent. 

4.  Pellaea.    Sori  near  the  ends  of  the  veins,  often  confluent.     Involucre  membranaceous, 

continuous  round  the  pinnules.    Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  much  alike  and  smooth  ; 
the  stalk  dark-colored. 

5.  Cryptogramine.    Sori  extending  down  the  free  veins.     Involucre  very  broad,  at 

length  flattened  out  and  exposing  the  now  confluent  sori.     Sterile  and  fertile  fronds 
unlike,  smooth  ;  the  stalk  light-colored. 

6.  Pteris.    Sporangia  borne  on  a  continuous  vein-like  marginal  receptacle,  which  connects 

the  ends  of  the  veins.     Involucre  continuous  round  the  pinnules.     Stalk  light- 
colored. 

7.  Adiantum.    Sporangia  borne  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  on  the  under  side  of  the  re- 

flexed  margin  of  the  frond.    Midvein  of  the  pinnules  mostly  eccentric  or  dissipated 
into  forking  veinlets.     Stalk  dark-colored, 

Tribe  IV.  Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  borne  on  veins  oblique  to  the  midvein,  covered  by 
a  usually  flattened  indusium,  which  is  attached  to  the  fertile  veinlet  by  one  edge  and 
free  at  the  other.  — ASPLENIE^E. 

8.  Aspleniura.    Sori  on  the  upper  side  of  the  fertile  veinlet,  less  commonly  on  both  sides 

of  it.     Veins  free. 

Tribe  V.    Sori  round  or  roundish,  on  the  back  or  sometimes  at  the  tip  of  the  fertile  vein- 
lets,  naked  or  with  an  indusium.    Stalk  not  articulated  to  the  rootstock.  —  ASPIDIE/E. 
9.  Phegopterig.    Sori  dot-like,  minute,  borne  on  the  back  of  the  fruiting  veinlets  ;  indu- 
sium none. 

10.  Aspidium*    Sori  round,  borne  on  the  back  or  at  the  apex  of  the  veinlets  ;  indusium 

orbicular  or  round-reniform.  —  Mostly  large  ferns. 

11.  Cystopteris*    Indusium  convex,  delicate,  fixed  across  the  back  of  the  veinlet  by  a 

broad  base,  usually  turned  back  by  the  ripening   sporangia.  —  Delicate  ferns  with 
small  fronds. 

12.  Woodsia*    Indusium  placed  beneath  the  sorus,  and  partly  or  wholly  enclosing  it, 

divided  into  irregular  lobes  or  into  a  delicate  fringe.  —  Fronds  small. 


1.    POLYPODIUM,   L.       POLYPODY. 

In  ours  the  veins  are  uniformly  free. 

1.  P.  vulgar©,  L.    Fronds  evergreen,  subcoriaceous,  2  to  10  inches  long, 
ovate-oblong  to  oblong-linear,  pinnatifid  into  linear-oblong  obtuse  or  acute 


440  FILTCES.      (TRUE   FERNS.) 

segments,  the  lowest  ones  rarely  diminished :  veins  branched  into  3  or  4  vein- 
lets,  the  lowest  ones  on  the  upper  side  of  the  vein  bearing  at  their  thickened 
ends  the  subglobose  sori  midway  between  the  midrib  and  the  margin  of  the 
segments.  —  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  to  the  Atlantic ;  also 
westward. 

2.    NOTHOL-SINA,   R.  Brown. 

In  ours  the  fronds  are  3  to  5-pinnate,  and  covered  beneath  with  a  white  or 
yellow  powder,  the  primary  and  secondary  pinnas  distinctly  stalked,  and  the 
ultimate  pinnules  very  small,  oval  or  2  to  3-lobed. 

1 .  N.  Fendleri,  Kunze.  Frond  2  to  5  inches  long,  broadly  deltoid-ovate, 
4  to  5-pinnate ;  rhachis  and  all  its  branches  flexuous  and  zigzag,  the  pinna) 
alternate ;  ultimate  pinnules  1  to  2  lines  long.  —  From  Colorado  to  Arizona 
and  Texas.  In  clefts  of  exposed  rocks. 

N.  DEALBATA,  Kunze,  reported  near  the  eastern  and  southern  limits  of  our 
range,  very  likely  occurs  within  it.  It  is  closely  allied  to  N.  Fendleri,  but 
may  be  distinguished  by  its  smaller  fronds,  which  are  triangular  ovate  and 
3  or  4-pinnate,  straight  rhachis  and  branches,  mostly  opposite  pinnae,  and 
ultimate  pinnules  hardly  a  line  long. 


3.    CHEILANTHES,   Swartz.        LIP-FERN. 

Small  ferns,  with  2  to  4-piunate  fronds,  and  the  under  surface  either  smooth 
or  variously  covered  with  hair,  wool,  scales,  or  waxy  powder.  Ours  belong  to 
the  section  in  which  the  involucres  are  continuous  around  the  greater  part  of 
the  margin  of  the  very  minute  and  bead-like  ultimate  segments,  and  the 
lower  surface  of  the  fronds  tomentose  or  scaly. 

*  Fronds  tomentose  beneath,  but  not  scaly. 

1.  C.  lanuginosa,  Nutt.     Fronds  2  to  4  inches  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  tri- 
piunate  or  bipiunate  with  pinnatifid  pinnules ;  ultimate  segments  less  than  a 
line  long ;  upper  surface  scantily  tomentose,  the  lower  surface  matted  with  jointed 
woolly  hairs ;  involucres  herbaceous,  very  narrow.  —  From  Arizona  and  Colorado 
to  British  America  and  eastward  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois.     Grows  in  dense 
tufts  on  dry  exposed  rocks. 

2.  C.  Eatoni,  Baker.     Stalks  with  narrow  scales  as  well  as  hairs  :  fronds 
4  to  9  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  above  woolly -pubescent,  beneath  matte d-tomen- 
tose  and  partly  scaly,  tripinnate ;  ultimate  segments  £  line  long,  rounded  obo- 
vate ;  margin  continuously  recurved,  the  edge  membranaceous.  —  Colorado  and 
Arizona  to  Texas. 

*  *  Fronds  very  scaly  beneath,  tomentum  scanty  or  none. 

3.  Q.  Fendleri,  Hook.     Rootstock  slender;  its  scales  loose  and  nerve- 
less: frond  3  to  6  inches  long,  tripinnate;  ultimate  pinnules  rounded  and 
entire  or  obovate  and  2  to  3-lobed,  covered  beneath  with  broadly  ovate,  acumi- 
nate scales,  which  are  sometimes  sparingly  ciliate  at  base. — From  Colorado 
to  Arizona  and  Texas.     In  crevices  of  rocks. 


FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.)  441 

4.    PELL  .32  A,   Link.        CLIFF-BRAKE. 

Allied  to  Cheilanthes,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly  iu  the  continuous  invo- 
lucre and  smooth  fronds  (without  tomentum  or  scales), 

*  Fronds  herbaceous  or  sub-coriaceous ;  veins  clearly  visible ;  involucre  broad  and 

usually  covering  the  sporangia  till  they  are  fully  ripe. 

1.  P.  Breweri,  Eaton.     Rootstock  short,  densely  covered  with  narrow  ful- 
vous chaff:  fronds  membranaceous,  2  to  6  inches  long,  simply  pinnate  with 
mostly  unequally  2-lobed  pinnae.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  555.    From  Colorado  to 
Utah  and  California.     In  clefts  of  rocks. 

2.  P.   gracilis,  Hook.      Rootstock  very  slender,  creeping,   nearly  naked: 
fronds  very  delicate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  oblong-ovate,  pinnate  with  a  few  once 
or  twice  pinnalifid  pinnce  ;  segments  oblong  or  obovate ;  involucres  broad  and 
delicate.  —  From  Colorado  northward,  eastward  through  British  America,  and 
southward  again  into  Iowa,  Pennsylvania,  etc.     Crevices  of  damp  and  shaded 
limestone  rocks. 

*  *  Fronds  subcoriaceous  or  coriaceous;    veins   rather  obscure;    involucre   con- 

spicuous. 
•t-  Pinnules  obtuse,  at  least  not  mucronate :  fronds  1  to  2-pinnate. 

3.  P.  atropurpurea,  Fe'e.     Frond  6  to  12  inches  long,  evergreen,  nearly 
smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  bipinnate  below,  simpler  upwards ;  pinnules 
oval  to  linear-oblong,  ^  to  2  inches   long.  —  From  Arizona   and  Alabama 
northward  to  British  America  and  Canada.     Crevices  of  shaded  limestone 
rocks. 

•»-  «-  Pinnules  decidedly  acute  or  mucronate. 

4.  P.  Wrightiana,  Hook.     Fronds  4  to  8  inches  long,  lanceolate  to  tri- 
angular-ovate, bipinnate;  pinnae  longer  than  broad,  having  3  to  13  oval  or 
oblong-oval  pinnules,  fertile  ones  with  the  margins  rolled  in  to  the  midvein.  — 
From  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  W.  Texas.     Mostly  in  exposed  rocky  places, 
especially  in  canons. 

5.  P.  densa,  Hook.     Fronds  l£  to  2  inches  long,  ovate,  closely  tr ip innate  ; 
ultimate  segments  linear,  3  to  6  lines  long,  sessile,  sterile  ones  serrated.  —  In 
California  and  Oregon ;  also  at  Jackson's  Lake,  Wyoming  ( Coulter).    Clefts 
of  rocks. 


5.    CRYPTOGKAMME,   R.  Brown.        ROCK-BRAKE. 

Fronds  rather  small,  and  smooth,  2  to  4-pinnate,  the  fertile  ones  taller  than 
the  sterile :  stalks  stramineous  and  tufted  on  a  short  rootstock. 

1.  C.  acrostichoides,  R.  Br.  Fronds  2  to  4  inches  long,  chartaceous, 
ovate,  closely  2  to  4-pinnate ;  pinnules  ovate  or  obovate,  adnate-decurrent, 
those  of  the  fertile  fronds  narrower  and  longer,  the  involucres  very  broad  :  sori 
extending  far  down  the  veinlets.  —  Allosorus  acrostichoides,  Spreng.  From 
California,  Colorado,  and  Lake  Superior,  northward  to  Arctic  America.  In 
dense  patches  among  rocks. 


442  FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.) 

6.     PTERIS,    L.         BRACKEN. 

In  ours  the  rootstock  is  cord-like,  and  the  fronds  scattered,  ternate,  with 
decompound  divisions. 

1.  P.  aquilina,  L.  Frond  often  very  large,  subcoriaceous,  broadly  tri- 
angular, primary  divisions  stalked ;  pinnae  mostly  pinnately  lobed  with  several 
to  many  rather  short  obtuse  lobes,  and  with  a  sometimes  very  long  subentire 
apex.  —  Common  everywhere,  being  the  most  widely  distributed  of  ferns. 


7.    ADI  ANT  UM,    L.        MAIDENHAIR. 

Stalk  mostly  blackened  or  very  dark  purplish-brown  and  commonly  highly 
polished. 

1 .  A.  Capillus-VeneriS,  L.   Fronds  pyramidal,  with  the  rhachis  continuous 
to  the  terminal  pinnule,  9  to  1 8  inches  long,  often  pendent,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 2  to  3-pinnate  at  base ;  pinnules  wedge-obovate  or  rhomboid,  ^  to  1  inch  long, 
deeply  and  irregularly  incised,   smooth;    involucres   lunulate  or  transversely 
oblong.  —  From  S.  California  to  Utah,  Arizona,  Texas,  and  eastward  to  Vir- 
ginia and  Florida.     In  moist  rocky  places,  especially  about  springs  and  along 
water-courses. 

2.  A.  pedatum,  L.     Frond  often  a  foot  broad ;  stalk  forked  at  the  top,  the 
branches  recurved,  and  bearing  several  pinnate  divisions  on  the  upper  side ;  pri- 
mary divisions  6  to  14,  bearing  numerous  oblong  or  triangular-oblong  pinnules, 
which  have  the  lower  margin  entire  and  the  upper  more  or  less  lobed ;  involucres 
oblong-lunate  or  transversely  linear.  —  Across  the  continent  and  far  north- 
ward, but  apparently  unreported  as  yet  from  our  immediate  range.     In  rich 
moist  woods,  especially  among  rocks. 


8.    ASPLENIUM,    L.        SPLEENWORT. 

Fronds  varying  from  simple  to  highly  decompound. 

*  Indusium  straight  or  nearly  so,  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  the  vein,  rarely 

double. 

•i-  Fronds  once  pinnate,  the  pinnae,  numerous  and  sometimes  toothed  but  not  again 
divided,  somewhat  rigid:  rhachis  dark  and  often  polished. 

1.  A.  TrichomaneS,  L.    Fronds  usually  4  to  6  inches  long,  narrowly  linear, 
pinnate ;  pinnas  subsessile,  roundish-oval  or  oval-oblong  from  an  obtusely  cuneate 
or  truncate  base,  entire  or  crenulate,  rarely  incised,  falling  separately  from  the 
persistent  rhachis.  —  Common  throughout  the  United  States  and  northward 
into  British  America.     Crevices  of  shaded  rocks. 

2.  A.  ebeneum,  Ait.     Fronds  9  to  18  inches  high,  linear-oblanceolate,  pin- 
nate ;  pinnae  6  to  18  lines  long,  firmly  membranaceous,  mostly  alternate,  sessile, 
spreading,  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  somewhat  auricled,  crenately  serrate  or  incised: 
sori  near  the  midvein.  —  Greenhorn  Mountains,  Colorado  ( Greene),  Indian  Ter- 
ritory, and  eastward  to  Canada  and  Florida. 


FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.)  443 

•«-  •»-  Fronds  more  than  once  pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 

3.  A.  Septentrionale,  Hoffm.     Fronds  3  to  6  inches   high,  subcoria- 
ceous,  the  stalk  alternately  forked ;  branches  widening  into  a  few  (2  to  5)  very 
narrowly  ouneate  and  acuminate  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  segments  :  veins 
closely  parallel  and  forking  :  sori  elongated,  1  to  3  to  a  segment.  —  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico.     In  crevices  of  rocks. 

#  *  Indusia  variously  curved,  often  crossing  the  fertile  veinlet  and  continued  a 
short  distance  down  the  other  side  of  it. 

4.  A.  Filix-fcemina,  Bernh.    Fronds  1  to  3  feet  long,  softly  membra- 
uaceous,  oblong-lanceolate,  2  to  3-pinnate ;  pinnules  adnate  to  the  secondary 
rhachis,  ovate  to  elongated-lanceolate,  variously  toothed  or  incised :  indusia 
lacerate-ciliate.  —  Common  almost  everywhere. 


9.    PHEGOPTERIS,   Fee. 

Sori  on  the  back  of  the  veins  below  their  attenuated  apices.  Differs  from 
Aspidium  only  in  having  no  iudusium.  In  our  species  the  fronds  are  trian- 
gular, ternate,  the  primary  divisions  stalked,  and  the  rhachis  is  not  winged. 

1.  P.  Dryopteris,  Fee.    Fronds  smooth  and  thin,  4  to  10  inches  wide  and 
long;  lateral  divisions  divergent;  all  triangular  and  pinnate,  the  pinnae  pin- 
natifid into  oblong, obtuse,  entire  or  even  pinnately  lobed  segments;  lowest 
inferior  pinna  of  the  lateral  divisions  equal  to  the  second  pinna  of  the  middle  di- 
vision. —  From  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  Oregon,  eastward  through  the 
Northern  United  States,  and  far  northward.     Open  rocky  woods. 

2.  P.  calcarea,  Fee.     Fronds  minutely  glandular  and  somewhat  rigid,  4  to 
8  inches  wide  and  long  ;  lateral  divisions  ascending ;  all  triangular  and  pinnate, 
the  pinnae  pinnatifid  into  oblong  obtuse  or  even  pinnately-lobed  segments; 
lowest  inferior  pinna  of  the  lateral  divisions  equal  to  the  third  pinna  of  the  middle 
division. — Collected  in  Minnesota  (Miss  CtaAcarf),but,  according  to  Professor 
Eaton,  to  be  expected  from  Lake  Superior  to  Idaho. 


10.    ASPIDIUM,    Swartz.        SHIELD  FERN.    WOOD  FERN. 

The  round  indusia  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  sorus  by  a  short  central 
stalk,  or  roundish-reniform  and  attached  at  the  base  of  the  sinus. 

*  Indusium  roundish-reniform  or  orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus:  in  ours  the  fronds 

are  larger,  subcoriaceous  or  nearly  so. 

1.  A.  Filix-mas,  Swartz.  Fronds  1  to  3  feet  long,  broadly  oblong- 
lanceolate,  somewhat  narrowed  and  twice  pinnate  towards  the  base ;  pinnae 
lanceolate-acuminate  from  a  broad  base ;  pinnules  or  segments  oblong  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  toothed  or  incised,  not  glandular  but  sometimes 
slightly  chaffy  beneath,  the  upper  confluent :  sori  near  the  midvein,  commonly 
only  on  the  lower  half  of  each  segment :  stalks  very  chaffy  with  large  scales. 
—  Occurs  generally  throughout  the  continent,  in  several  varieties.  In  Colo- 
rado and  Dakota  the  following  form  has  been  found  :  — 


444  FILICES.     (TRUE  FERNS.) 

Var.  incisum,  Mett.  Differs  from  the  type  in  the  rhachis  with  scanty 
chaff;  the  pinnules  or  segments  rather  distant,  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  sub- 
acute  point,  and  incised  on  the  margin  with  serrated  lobules. — Eaton,  Ferns 
N.  Am.  i.  312. 

A.  SPINULOSUM,  Swartz,  a  very  widely  distributed  and  variable  species, 
is  probably  to  be  found  within  our  range  to  the  north  and  east.  It  has  fronds 
1  to  3  feet  long,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  fully  twice  pinnate  and  but  little  nar- 
rowed at  base;  pinnae  short-stalked,  the  lowest  ones  triangular-lanceolate, 
upper  ones  gradually  narrower ;  pinnules  oblong,  pinnate  or  pinnately  incised 
with  spinulose-serrate  lobes  :  mdusium  either  smooth  or  glandular. 

*  *  Indusium  orbicular  and  entire,  fixed  by  the  depressed  centre  to  the  middle  of 

the  sorus :  pinnae,  and  pinnules  often  auricled  on  the  upper  side  of  the  base. 
2.  A.  Lonchitis,  Swartz.  Fronds  simply  pinnate,  6  to  18  inches  long 
(stalks  only  1  to  3  inches),  linear-lanceolate  ;  pinnae  broadly  lanceolate,  falcate, 
sharply  spinulose-serrate,  the  lower  ones  symmetrically  triangular  and  shorter, 
the  upper  ones  strongly  auricled.  —  In  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah,  Mon- 
tana, northward  to  British  Columbia,  and  eastward  to  the  Great  Lakes. 


11.    CYSTOPTEBIS,    Bernhardi. 

Tufted  ferns,  with  slender  and  delicate  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  fronds,  and 
cut-toothed  lobes. 

1.  C.  fragilis,  Bernh.  Fronds  6  to  12  inches  long,  broadly  lanceolate, 
usually  bipinnate ;  pinnae  oblong-ovate,  pointed ;  pinnules  ovate  or  oblong, 
variously  toothed  or  incised.  —  Throughout  North  America.  Usually  in  crev- 
ices of  shaded  rocks  and  among  stones. 


12.    WOOD  SI  A,    R.  Brown. 

Small  tufted  ferns  growing  on  exposed  rocks.    Ours  have  the  stalks  not 
articulated,  and  the  fronds  glandular-pubescent  or  smooth,  not  chaffy. 

1.  W.  SCOpulina,  Eaton.     Fronds  4  to  8  inches  long,  puberulent  beneath 
with  minute  jointed  hairs  and  stalked  glands,  oblong-ovate,  pinnate  with  deeply 
pinnatifid  pinnae,  the  lobes  oblong-ovate  and  crenulate :  indusia  deeply  cleft 
into  narrow  segments  terminating  in  jointed  hairs.  —  From  Colorado  westward  to 
California  and  Oregon,  and  eastward  to  Dakota  and  Minnesota.     In  dense 
masses  on  rocks  and  in  crevices. 

2.  W.  Oregana,  Eaton.    Very  similar,  but  with  smooth  fronds,  the  fertile 
taller  than  the  sterile :  the  indusium  reduced  to  a  few  moniliform  hairs.  —  From 
Arizona  and  Colorado  to  British  Columbia  and  Lake  Superior.     Habits  like 
the  last. 


EQUISETACE^E.       (HORSETAIL  FAMILY.)  445 


CLASS  III.    EQUISETISME. 

Plants  with  a  hollow,  elongated,  grooved  or  striate,  and 
jointed  stem,  bearing  at  each  node  a  whorl  of  narrow  united 
leaves  which  form  a  close  sheath.  The  branches,  arising  from 
the  axils  of  these  leaves,  are  therefore  in  whorls. 


ORDER  97.     EQUISETACE.E.     (HORSETAIL  FAMILY.) 

Steins  arising  from  subterranean  rootstocks.  Sterile  leaves  resem- 
bling a  toothed  sheath  at  the  joints;  the  fertile  ones  shield-shaped, 
bearing  sporangia  on  the  under  side,  and  forming  a  terminal  spike  or 
cone. 

1.    EQUISETUM,   L.        HORSETAIL.     SCOURING  RUSH. 

Stems  simple  or  branched,  the  joints  having  closed  ends :  leaves  of  the 
fruiting  cone  5  to  7-angled,  and  sporangia  hood-like  :  spores  round,  furnished 
with  two  slender  filaments  attached  by  the  middle  and  clavate  at  the  free 
ends :  prothallus  above  ground,  green,  usually  dioecious. 

*  Stems  of  two  kinds;  the  fertile  (in  spring)  soft,  pale  or  brownish;  the  sterile 

appearing  later,  herbaceous  and  very  different;  neither  surviving  the  winter: 
stomata  scattered. 

1.  E.  arvense,  L.     Fertile  stems  4  to  10  inches  high,  with  loose  and 
usually  distant  about  8  to  12-toothed  sheaths,  remaining  simple  and  soon  perish- 
ing: sterile  stems  slender,  at  length  1  to  2  feet  high,  10  to  14-furrowed,  pro- 
ducing long  and  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ^-angular  branches ;  their  teeth  4. 
—  Across  the  continent,  but  more  common   eastward ;  also  far  northward. 
The  "Common  Horsetail." 

2.  E.  pratense,  Ehrh.     Sterile  and  finally  also  fertile  stems  producing  sim- 
ple straight  3-angled  branches :  sheaths  of  the  stem  with  ovate-lanceolate  short 
teeth,  those  of  the  branches  3-toothed:  stems  more  slender  and  branches  shorter 
than  in  the  last.  —  Colorado  to  Michigan  and  northward. 

*  #  Stems  all  alike,  evergreen,  mostly  unbranched:  fruit  produced  in  summer: 

stomata  in  regular  roivs. 

-i-  Stems  tall  and  stout  (l£  to  Sfeet  high),  mostly  simple,  evenly  15  to  4Q-grooved: 
sheaths  appressed. 

3.  E.  Isevigatum,  Braun.     Stems  l£  to  4  feet  high,  sometimes  with 
numerous  branches ;  the  ridges  convex,  obtuse,  smooth  or  minutely  roughish  with 
minute  tubercles :  sheaths  elongated,  with  a  narrow  black  limb  and  about  22 
linear-awl-shaped  caducous  teeth,  1  -keeled  below.  —  From  Colorado  to  Oregon, 
and  eastward  to  Illinois  and  Louisiana. 


446  EQUISETACE^E.      (HORSETAIL   FAMILY.) 

4.  E.  robustum,  Brauu.    Stems  3  to  6  feet  high;  the  ridges  narrow,  rough 
with  one  line  of  tubercles :  sheaths  short,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base, 
rarely  with  a  black  limb,  and  about  40  deciduous  3-keeled  teeth  with  ovate-awl- 
shaped  points.  —  From  British  America  to  Mexico,  and  extending  eastward  to 
Louisiana  and  Ohio. 

5.  E.  hiemale,  L.     Stems  l£  to  4  feet  high ;  the  ridges  roughened  by  two 
more  or  less  distinct  lines  of  tubercles:  sheaths  elongated,  with  a  black  girdle 
above  the  base  and  a  black  limb,  of  about  20  (17  to  26)  narrowly  linear  teeth, 
l-keeled  at  the  base  and  with  awl-shaped  deciduous  points.  —  In  Utah  and  Wyo- 
ming, to  British  America  and  the  Atlantic  States.     The  "  Scouring  Rush,"  or 
'•  Shave  Grass." 

•i-  -i-  Stems  slender,  in  tufts,  5  to  10  grooved,  sheaths  looser. 

6.  E.  variegatum,  Schleicher.     Stems  ascending,  6  to  18  inches  long, 
usually  simple  from  a  branched  base,  5  to  IQ-grooved:  sheaths  green  variegated 
with  black  above;  the  5  to  10  teeth  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristle.  —  Clear 
Creek,  Colorado  ( Coulter),  Utah,  and  Wyoming ;  also  in  the  Atlantic  States 
and  northward. 

7.  E.  SCirpoides,  Michx.     Stems  very  numerous  in  a  tuft,  filiform,  3  to  6 
inches  high,Jle,xuous  and  curving,  mostltj  6-grooved,  with  acute  ridges:  sheaths 
3-toothed,  the  bristle-pointed  teeth  more  persistent.  —  Utah  and  Wyoming  ; 
also  in  the  North  Atlantic  States  and  northward. 


INDEX. 


Abies                           429,  430 

Arabia 

15,19 

Bilberry                               227 

Abronia                        301,302 

Aralia 

121,  122 

Bindweed                              265 

Abutilon                           41,  42 

Araliaceae 

121 

Birch                                   332 

Acer                                  48,  49 

Arceuthobium 

322,  323 

Biscutella                        16,  27 

Acerates                        238,  242 

Archangelica 

114,  118 

Bitter  Cress                             18 

Achillea                       13!),  198 

Archemora 

114,  121 

Bitter-weed                            181 

Acnida                          304,  305 

Arctium 

140,  212 

Blackberry                              79 

Aconite                                   11 

Arctostapkylos 

226,  228 

Black  Snakeroot                  114 

Aconitum                          2,  11 

Arenaria 

31,34 

Bladder-pod                             25 

Actsea                                 2,  11 

Argemone 

13 

Bladderwort                         290 

Actinella                        138,  195 

Argvthamnia 

324 

Bladder  wort  Family            290 

Adder's-Tongue  Family       437 

Aristida 

399,  407 

Blazing  Star                          144 

Adiantum                     439,  442 

Arnica 

140,  205 

Blueberry                             227 

Adoxa                                    123 

Aromatic  Wintergreen        228 

Blue  Cammas                        349 

Agrimonia                        76,  87 

Arrow  grass 

354 

Blue«yed  Grasa                  345 

Agrimony                               87 

Arrow-head 

331 

Blue  Grass                            422 

Asiropyrum                  402,  425 

Artemisia 

139,  199 

Blue-jcnnt                              426 

Agrostis                          399,  412 

Aruncus 

75,78 

Bog-Rusk                            357 

Alder                                     332 

Asclepiadaceae 

238 

Boneset                                   142 

Alfilaria                                   45 

Asclepias 

238,  239 

Borrage  Family                    257 

Alisma                                   361 

Asclepiodora 

238 

Borraginaceae                       257 

Alismaceae                             3'51 

Ash 

236 

Botrycbium                          437 

Allionia                         301,302 

Aspen 

339 

Bottle  Grass                          404 

Allium                           346,  347 

Aspidium 

431,  443 

Bouteloua                     400,  416 

Alnus                            331,  332 

Asplenium 

43  »,  442 

Box-Elder                               49 

Alopecurus                   3J9,  406 

Aster 

132.  158 

Boykinia                          90,  92 

Alum-root                                94 

Asteroideae 

130,  131 

Bracken                                 442 

Amarantace.e                       304 

Astragalus 

51,60 

Brickellia                      131,  143 

Amaranth                               304 

Atriplex 

306,  309 

Bristly  Foxtail  Grass           404 

Amaranth  Family                 304 

Avena 

400,  415 

Brodisea                        346,349 

Amarantus                             304 

Avens 

81 

Brome  Grass                         425 

Amarvlli  laceaa                      345 

Awlwort 

25 

Bromus                         402,  425 

Ambrosia                      134,  180 

Azolla 

437 

Brookline                              282 

Amelanchier                     76,  88 

Brookweed                             235 

American  Cowslip                 232 

Baceharis 

132,  175 

Broom-Rape  Family            289 

American  Laurel 

Bahia 

137,  192 

Bryanthus                     227,  229 

American  Pennyroyal         293 

Balsam 

431 

Bnchloe                         400,  417 

Ammannia                             100 

Balsam  orrhiza 

135,  1S4 

Buckthorn                               46 

Ammophila                  400,  413 

Baneberry 

11     Buckthorn  Family                  46 

Amorpha                    50,  51,  59 

Barbarea 

16,  23    Buckwheat  Family              313 

Ampelopsis                              48 

Barberry 

12 

Buffalo  Berry 

Anacardiaceae                          49 

Barberry  Family 

12 

Buffalo  Grass                        417 

Anaphalis                      133.  177 

Barley 

426 

Buirie-weed                             294 

Andropngon                   3  '8,  405 

Barn-  yard  Grass 

404 

Bug-seed                                 31  1 

Androsace                     232,  234 

Basil 

295 

Bulrush                                  366 

Androsfephiutn            346,  34') 

Bastard  Toad-Flax 

823 

Bunch  Grass 

Anemone  •                              2,  3 

Bearberry 

228 

Bup'eurum                    113,  116 

Angelica                         114,  118 

Beard  Grass 

405 

Burdock                                212 

Angio-ipermae                             1 

Beard-tongue 

273 

Bur  Grass                             404 

Antennaria                    132,  175 

Beckmanni* 

398,  40:} 

Bur-Marigold                         189 

Anthemideae                 130,  138 

Bedstraw 

127 

Btirnet                                      87 

Anthemis                      .139,  198 

Bell-flower 

225 

Bur-reed                                 359 

ApetalaB                                    301 

Bengal  Grass 

404 

Butter-bur                             203 

Aphyllon                               28i) 

Bent  Grass 

412 

Buttercup                                  6 

Aplectrum                      340,  312 

Berberidaceae 

12 

Butterfly  -weed                      239 

Aplopappus                   131,  146 

Berberis 

12 

Apoeynaceas                          237    Berula 

113,  115 

Cactaceae                              109 

Apocvnum                             237    Betula 

331,  332 

Cactus  Family                      109 

Apple                                       89  ;  Bidens 

136,  189 

Csesalpineae                            51 

Aquilegia                           2,9    Bigeloria 

131,  149 

Calamint                               295 

448 


INDEX. 


Calamintha 

293,205 

Clover 

54 

Dicotyledons 

1 

Calandrinia 

37 

Club-Moss 

436 

Diplachne 

401,  418 

Callirrhoe 

41 

Club-Moss  Family 

436 

Distichlis 

402,  420 

Callitrichaceae 

328 

Club  Rush 

366 

Dock 

317 

Calochortus 

346,352 

Cnicus 

140,  212 

Dodder 

265 

Caltha 

2,9 

Cockle 

32 

Dodecatheon 

232 

Calypso 

340,341 

Cockle-bur 

182 

Dogbane 

237 

Calyptridium 

37,39 

Coldenia 

257,  258 

Dogbane  Family 

237 

Camass 

350 

Coleogyne 

75,80 

Dog  Fennel 

198 

Camassia 

346,350 

Collinsia 

271,  273 

Dog's-tooth  Violet 

352 

Campanula 

225 

Columbino 

9 

Dogwood 

122 

Campanulaceae 

225 

Comandra 

323 

Dogwood  Family 

122 

Campanula  Family 

225 

Commelyna 

355 

Door-weed 

318 

Canary  Grass 

406 

Commclynaceaa 

355 

Dougiasia 

232,  234 

Cancer-root 

289 

Compass  Plant 

178 

Douglas  Spruce 

430 

Cannabinaceae 

329 

Compositae 

129 

Draba 

15,16 

Caper  Family 

27 

Composite  Family 

121) 

Dracocephalum 

293,  298 

Capparidacese 

27 

Coneflower 

182 

Dragon-head 

208 

Caprifoliaceae 

123 

Coniferae 

428 

Drop-seed  Grass 

409,  410 

Capsella 

16,25 

Couvolvulaceae 

264 

Dry  as 

75,81 

Cardamine 

15,18 

Convolvulus 

265 

Duck's-meat 

3(50 

Cardinal  Flower 

224 

Convolvulus  Family 

264 

Duckweed 

300 

Carex 

365,  370 

Conyza 

132,  174 

Duckweed  Family 

3(50 

Carpet-weed 

112 

Corallorhiza 

340,  341 

Dysodia 

138,  197 

Carum 

113,  115 

Coral-root 

341 

Caryophyllaceae 

31 

Cord  Grass 

405 

Eatonia 

401,  419 

Cashew  Family 

49 

Cordylanthus 

272,  286 

Echinacea 

135,  182 

Cassia 

61,73 

Coreopsis 

136,  189 

Echinocactus 

109,  110 

Castilleia 

272,  283 

Corispermum 

306.  311 

Echinocystis 

108 

Catabrosa 

401,  419 

Cornaceae 

'  122 

Echinospermum 

257,  258 

Catchfly 

31 

Cornel  N 

122 

Elrcagnacese 

321 

Cat's-tail  Grass 

410 

Cornus 

122 

Elacngnus 

321 

Cat-tail  Family 

359 

Corydalis 

13,14 

ElatinaceaB 

39 

Cat-tail  Flag 

359 

Corylus 

331,333 

Elatine 

40 

Caulanthus 

15,  21 

Cotton  Grass 

368 

Elder 

124 

Ceanothus 

46,47 

Cotton  wood 

339 

Eleocharis 

365,  368 

CelastraceaB 

46 

I'ouch  Grass 

426 

Ellisia 

254,255 

Celtis 

329,  330 

Cowania 

75,81 

Elm 

32!) 

Ceuchrus 

395,  404 

Cow  bane 

121 

Elm  Family 

329 

Centaury 

243 

Cow  Parsnip 

121 

Elymus      ' 

402,  427 

Centunculus 

232,  235 

Crab  Grass 

403 

Enchanter's  Nigh( 

shade     106 

Cerastium 

31,33 

Cranesbill 

44 

Endojreus 

34<) 

Ceratophyllaceaa 

328 

CrassulaceaB 

98 

Ephedra 

428 

Cercocarpus 

75,80 

Cratsegus 

76,88 

Epilobium 

101 

Ccreus 

109,  110 

Creosote-bush 

43 

Epipactis 

341,  343 

Chaenactis 

138,  194 

Crepis 

141,  218 

Equisetaceao 

445 

Chaffweed 

235 

Croton 

324,  325 

Equisetinae 

445 

Chamagbatiaria 

75,78 

Crowfoot 

6 

Kquisetum 

445 

Chamaelirium 

347,  354 

Crowfoot  Family 

2 

Eragrostis 

401,  419 

Chamaerhodos 

76,86 

Cruciferae 

15 

Ericaceae 

226 

Chamaesaracha 

267,  26!) 

Cryptogramme 

439,  441 

Ericineae 

226 

Cheat 

425 

Cucurbita 

108 

Erigeron 

132,  168 

Cheilanthes 

439,440 

Cucurbitaceaa 

108 

Eriogonum 

313 

Chenopodiaceas 

3:6 

Cudweed 

177 

Eriophorum 

365,  368 

Chenopodium 

80S,  307 

Cupuliferae 

331 

Eriophyllum 

137,  1!>2 

Cherry 

76 

Currant 

96 

Erodium 

44 

Chess 

425 

Cuscuta 

265,  266 

Erysimum 

15,22 

Chickweed 

33 

Cycloloma 

306,  307 

Erythraea 

242,  243 

Chionophila 

271,  279 

Cyrnopterus 

114,  118 

Erythronium 

343,  352 

Chrysanthemum 

139,  199 

Cyperaceas 

365 

Eupatoriaceae 

129,  130 

Chrysopogon 

395,  406 

Cyperus 

365 

Eupatorium 

130,  142 

Chrysopsis 

131,  145 

Cypripedium 

341,  344 

Euphorbia 

324,  325 

Chrysosplenium 

00,94 

Cystopteris 

439,  444 

Euphorbiaceaa 

324 

Cichoriacese 

130,  140 

Eurotia 

306,  311 

Cicuta 

113,  116 

Dalea 

61,57 

Evax 

132,  175 

Cinna 

400,  413 

Dandelion 

222 

Evening  Primrose 

103 

Circaea 

101,  106 

Danthonia 

400,  415 

Evening  Primrose 

Family  100 

Cladothrix 

304,  305 

Datura 

268 

Everlasting 

175,  177 

Clarkia 

101,  105 

Daucus 

121 

Everlasting  Pea 

72 

Claytonia 

37.38 

Day-Flower 

355 

Evolvulus 

265,  266 

Cleavers 

127 

Death  Camass 

353 

Clematis 

2 

Delphinium 

2,  10 

Fallugia 

75,81 

Cleorne 

27 

Deschampsia 

400,414 

False  Asphodel 

354 

Cleomella 

27,28 

Devil's-Bit 

354 

False  Dragon  -Ileac 

I             299 

Cliff  Brake 

441 

Deyeuxia 

400,  413 

False  Hellebore 

353 

Cliff  Rose 

81 

Dicentra 

13,14 

False  Indieo 

5!) 

Clot-bur 

182 

Dicoria 

134,180    False  Mallow 

41 

INDEX. 


449 


False  Red-top 

422 

Goodyera 

341,  343 

Hosackia 

50,56 

False  Solomon's  Seal 

350 

Gooseberry 

9o 

Huumlus 

329,331 

Fatsla 

121,  122 

Goosefoot 

307 

Hydrophyllaceaa 

254 

Feather  Grass 

407 

Goosetbot  Family 

306 

Hvdrophyllum 

254 

Fendlera 

90,  o:> 

Goose-grass 

318 

llynienatheruui 

138,  11)7 

Ferns 

_438 

Gourd  Family 

108 

llymenopappus 

137,  193 

Ferula 

114,  121     Grama  Grass 

416 

Hypericaceae 

40 

Fescue  Grass 

424     Gramineae 

397 

llypericuin 

40 

Festuca 

402,  421  !  Grape 

48 

Ilypoxys 

345 

Fetid  Marigold 

197  j  Grape  Fern 

437 

Ficoideas 

112    Graphephoram 

402,  422 

Illecebraceae 

303 

Figwort 

273  !  Grass  Family 

397 

Indian  Currant 

125 

Figwort  Family 

271    Grass  of  Parnassus 

95 

Indian  Grass 

406 

Filices 

438 

Gratiola 

272,  281 

Indian  Hemp 

237 

Filicinae 

436 

Grayia 

306,  311 

Indian  Mallow 

42 

FimbrLstylis 

365,  369 

Grease  wood 

312 

Indian  Pipe 

231 

Finger  Grass 

403    Greek  Valerian 

252 

Inuloideae 

130 

Fir 

430     Green  Brier 

355 

lonidium 

28,30 

Five-finger 

83    Green  Gammas 

350 

Ipomoea 

265 

Flag 

344    Green  Foxtail 

404 

Iridaceae 

344 

Fliveria 

138,  197    Green  Meadow-Grass 

422 

Iris 

344 

Flax 

42  1  Green  Milkweed 

242 

Iris  Family 

344 

Flax  Family 

42  !  Grindeiia 

131,  145    Iron-weed" 

141 

Fleabane 

168 

Groinwell 

263    Isoiitae 

434 

Flower-cle-Luce 

344 

Ground  Cherry 

269 

Isoetes 

435 

Flowering  Plants 

1 

Ground  Pine 

436 

Iva 

134,  179 

Forestiera 

233 

Groundsel 

206 

Ivesia 

76,86 

Forget-me-not 

263 

Gum  Plant 

145 

Four-o'clock 

301 

Gutierrezia 

131,144 

Jacob's  Ladder 

252 

Four-o'clock  Family 

301 

Gymnolomia 

136,  185 

Jauiesia 

90,  95 

Fowl  Meadow-Grass 

422 

GymnospcrmaB 

428 

Jamestown  Weed 

268 

Foxtail 

404 

Gypsy-wort 

294 

Jerusalem  Artichoke 

187 

Foxtail  Grass 

406 

Joe-Pye  Weed 

142 

Fragaria 

75,82 

Ilabenaria 

340,  342 

Juncaceae 

356 

Frankcnia 

31 

Hackberry 

330 

Juncus 

356,  357 

Frankeniaceae 

31 

Hair  Grass 

412.  414 

June-berry 

89 

Franseria 

134,  181 

Ha'orageae 

'    99 

June  Grass 

422 

Frasera 

243,  243 

Haploesthes 

139,  204 

Juniper 

429 

Fraxinus 

23! 

Harebell 

225 

Juniperus 

429 

Fringed  Gentians 

243 

Hawkweed 

216 

Friti'llaria 

343,  351 

Hazel-nut 

333 

Kalmia 

227,  229 

Froelichia 

304,  305 

Heath  Family 

226 

Kelloggia 

126 

Fumariaeeae 

13 

Hedeoma 

293,  296 

Kinnikinnick 

228 

Fumitory  Family 

13 

Hedgehog  Grass 

404 

Knotweed 

318 

Hedge  Hyssop 

281 

Kobresia 

365,  370 

Gaillardia 

138,  197 

Hedge  Mustard 

23 

Kochia 

306,307 

Galingale 

365 

Hedysarum 

51,72 

Koeleria 

401,  418 

Galium 

126,  127 

Helen  ioidese 

130,  137 

Krigia 

140,  215 

G.imopetalae 

123 

Hclenium 

138,  196 

Krynitzkia 

257,  260 

Gaultheria 

227,  228 

Helianthella 

136,  187 

Kuhnia 

131,  143 

Gaura 

101,  106 

Helianthoideae 

130,  133 

Gayophytuui 

101,  103 

Helianthus 

138,  1S5 

Labiatae 

202 

Gentian 

243 

Heliopsis 

135,  182 

Labrador  Tea 

229 

Gentiana 

243 

Heliotrope 

258 

Lactuca 

141,223 

Gentianaceae 

242 

Heliotropium 

257,258 

Lady's  Tresses 

343 

Gentiauella 

243 

Hemicarpha 

365,  368 

Lady's  Slipper 

344 

Gentian  Family 

242 

Hemp  Family 

329 

Lagoon  Grass 

426 

Geraniaceae 

43 

Heracleum 

114,  121 

l-aportea 

329,  830 

Geranium 

44 

Heuchera 

90,94 

Larkspur 

10 

Geranium  Family 

43 

Hieracium 

140,  216 

Larrea 

43 

Gerardia 

272,  283 

Hierochloa 

399,  406 

Lathyrus 

51,  72 

Germander 

294 

Hilaria 

398,  405 

Laurentia 

224 

Geum 

75,81 

Hippuris 

99 

Layia 

136,  191 

Gilia 

247,  248 

Hoffmanseggia 

51,73 

Lead  Plant 

59 

Ginseng  Family 

121 

Hogs'  Potato 

353 

Ledum 

227,229 

Glass  wort 

312 

Holodiscus 

75,78 

LegumSnosse 

50 

Glaux 

232,  235 

Holy  Grass 

406 

Lemna 

360 

Globe-flower 

9 

Honeysuckle 

125 

Lemnaceae 

360 

Glyceria 

402,  423 

Honeysuckle  Family 

123 

Lentibulariacese 

2JK) 

Glycosma 

113,  117 

Hop 

331 

Lepachys 

135,  183 

Glycyrrhiza 
Gnaphalium 

51,59 
133,  177 

Hop-tree 
Hordeum 

45 

402,  426 

Lepidium 
lettuce 

16,26 
223 

GnetaccaD 

428 

Horned  Pond  weed 

362 

Leucocampyx 

138,  198 

Goafs-Beard 

78 

Hornwort  Family 

32S 

Leucoorinum 

346,  &50 

Golden  Aster 

145 

Ilorso  Mint 

•    297 

Lowisia 

37,  39 

Golden-rod 

152 

Horsetail 

445 

Liatris 

131,  144 

Golden  Saxifrage 

94    Horsetail  Family 

445 

Ligusticum 

114,  117 

450 


INDEX. 


Liliacese 

345    Mint 

204 

Oxybaphua 

301,  302 

Lilium 

346,351 

Mint  Family 

Ox>  teuia 

134,  180 

Lily 

351    Mirabilis 

301 

Oxytheca 

313,  316 

Lily  Family 

345  !  Mistletoe 

322 

Oxytropis 

51,  69 

Limosella 

272,  281    Mitella 

90,  !-3 

Oxyria 

313,  317 

Liuaceae 

42  ;  Mitre-  wort 

93 

Liuaria 

271,  273    Mock  Orange 

95 

Pachystima 

46 

Liunaea 

123,  124    Mollugo 

112 

Painted  Cup 

283 

Linum 

42     Monarda 

293,  297 

Panic  Grass 

403 

Lip  Fern 

440  |  Mouardella 

292,  295 

Panicuin 

398,  403 

Lippia 

290,  291     Monescs 

227,  229 

Papaver 

13 

Liquorice 

59    Monkey-flower 

279 

Papaveracese 

13 

Listera 

341,  343  !  Monkshood 

11 

Papilionaceae 

50 

Lithospermum 

257,  263    Monocotyledons 

340 

Parietaria 

329,331 

Lloydia 

346,  352 

Monolepis 

306,  309 

Parnassia 

90,95 

Loasaceae 

106 

Mouotropa 

227,  231 

Parouychia 

303 

Lobelia 

224 

Monotropeae 

227 

Parrya 

15,  19 

Lobeliaceae 

224 

Moouwort 

437 

Parsley  Family 

112 

Lobelia  Family 

224 

Morning-Glory 

265 

Parthenice 

133,  179 

Locust 

59 

Moschatel 

123 

Parthenium 

133,  179 

Lonicera 

123,  125 

Mountain  Mahogany 

80 

Pas(»alum 

398,  403 

Loosestrife 

100  ;  Mountain  Mint 

295 

Pear 

89 

Loosestrife  Family 

100     Mountain  Rice 

408 

Pearl  wort 

36 

Lophanthus 

293,  297    Mountain  Sorrel 

317 

Pectis 

138,  198 

Loranthaceae 

322  i  Mouse-ear  Cuickweed 

33 

Pedicularia 

273,  287 

Lousewort 

287 

Mouse-tail 

5 

Pellaja 

439,  441 

Lovage 

117 

Mud  wort 

281 

Pellitory 

331 

Lungwort 

262 

Muhleubergia 

399,  409 

Pennycress 

26 

Lupine 

52  !  Munroa 

401,  418 

Pentstemon 

271,  273 

Lupinus 

50,  52  !  Musenium 

113,  114 

Peppergrass 

26 

Luzula 

356 

Musk  Plant 

280 

Pepperwort  Family 

436 

Lychnis 

31.  32    Mustard  Family 

15 

Peraphyllmn 

76,89 

Lycopodiaceae 

436     Myosotis 

257,263 

Pcrieome 

137,  li'2 

Lycopodineae 

434    Myosurus 

2,5 

Petalostemon 

51,58 

L.  copodium 

436    Myriophyllum 

99 

Petasifces 

139,  203 

Lycopus 

292,  294 

Pc'teria 

51,69 

Lygodesmia 

141,220    Naiadacese 

361 

Peucedanum 

114,119 

Lyme  Grass 

427    Nama 

254,  257 

Phaselia 

254,  255 

L}  thraceae 

100 

Nasturtium 

16,24 

Phaenogamia 

1 

Lythrum 

100 

Negundo 

48,49 

Phalaris 

399,  406 

Nettle 

330 

Phegopteris 

439,  443 

Madder  Family 

126 

Nettle  Family 

329 

Phjladelphus 

90,95 

Madia 

136,  191 

New  Jersey  Tea 

47 

Phleum 

399,  410 

Maidenhair 

442 

Nicotiana 

268,  270 

Phlox 

247 

Malacothrix 

140,  216 

Nightshade 

268 

Phoradendron 

322 

Mallow  Family 

40 

Nightshade  Family 

267 

Phragmites 

401,  418 

Malvaceae 

40  I  Nine-Bark 

78 

Physalis 

268,  269 

Malva-trum 

41  j  Nothola-na, 

439,440 

Physaria 

16,26 

Mamillaria 

109     Nothoscordum 

346,  349 

Physocarpus 

75,  78 

Manna  Grass 

423     Nuphar 

12 

Physostegia 

293,  298 

Manzanita 

228 

Nut  Pine 

432 

Picea 

429,  431 

Maple 

49 

Nyctaginaceae 

301 

Pigweed 

307 

Mare's-tail 

S9 

Nymphaeaceae 

12 

Pin-clover 

45 

Marsh  Grass 

405 

Pine 

431 

Marsh  Marigold 

9 

Oak 

333 

Pine-drops 

231 

Marsilia 

437 

Oak  Family 

331 

Pine  Family 

428 

Matrioaria 

139,  199 

Oat 

415 

Pine-sap 

231 

Mayweed 

198 

(Enothera 

101,  103 

Pin-grass 

45 

Meadow  Grass 

420 

Oleaceae 

236 

Pink  Family 

31 

v  eadow  Parsnip 

117 

Olive  Family 

236 

Pifion 

432 

Meadow  Rue 

5 

Omplialodes 

257,  259 

Pinus 

429,  431 

Meadow  Sweet 

Onagraceae 

100 

Plantaginaceae 

299 

Melam  podium 

133,  178 

Onion 

347 

Plantago 

299 

Melica 

402,  410 

Onosmodium 

257,  264 

Plantain 

299 

Melie  Grass 

419 

Opiiioglossaceae 

437 

Plantain  Family 

299 

Menodora 

236,  237 

Opuntia 

109,111 

Pleurisy-root 

239 

Mentha 

292,  294 

Orchidaceae 

340 

Pleurogyne 

243,246 

Mentzelia 

107 

Orchis  Family 

340 

Plum 

76 

Mertensia 

257,  262 

Orobanchaceae 

289 

Pneumonanthe 

244 

Mirroseris 
Milkweed 

140,  216 
239 

Orogenia 
Orpine  Family 

113,  115 

98 

Poa 

Polanisia 

402,  410 
27 

Milkweed  Family 

238 

Orthocarpus 

272,  285 

Polemon  iaceae 

247 

Milkwort 

30 

Oryzopsis 

399,  408 

Polemonium 

247,252 

Mi  Ik  wort  Family 

30 

Osier 

344 

Polemonium  Family 

247 

MiUet 

404 

Osmorrhiza 

113,  116 

Polygala 

10 

Mimo^eae 

51 

Oxalis 

44,45 

Poly  gala  cese 

30 

Mimuius 

272,  279 

Ox-eye  Daisy 

199 

Polygonace«e 

313 

INDEX. 


451 


Polygonatum 

346,  a50    Rosacese 

74 

Smelowskia 

16,24 

Polygonum 

313,  318    Rose 

87 

Smilaceae 

354 

1'olypetalae 

1     Rose  Family 

74 

I  Smilacina 

346,  350 

Poly  podium 

439 

Rosin-  weed 

178 

i  Smilax 

355 

Polypody 

439 

Rubiaceae 

126  !  Smilax  Familv 

354 

Polypteris 

137,  191 

Rub  us 

75,79 

•  Sneeze-weed 

196 

Polytzenia 

114,  121 

Rudbeckia 

133,  182 

Snowberry 

125 

Pondweed 
Pondweed  Family 

3(32 
361 

Rue  Family 
Rumex 

45 
313,  317 

Soapberry  Family 
SolanaceaB 

48 
267 

Poplar 

339 

Rush 

357 

Solanum 

267,  268 

Poppy 

13 

Rush  Family 

356 

Solidago 

132,  152 

Poppy  Family 

13 

Rush  Grass 

410 

Solomon's  Seal 

3f>0 

Populus 

334,  339 

Ruta_ceae 

45 

Sonchus 

141,  223 

Portulaca 

37 

Sophora 

50,52 

Portulacaceae 

37 

Sage 

296 

Sorrel 

317 

Potamogetou 

362 

Sage  brush 

199 

Sow  Thistle 

223 

Potentate 

75.83 

Sagina 

31,36 

Spanish  Bayonet 

351 

Poterium 

76,87 

Sagittaria 

361 

Spanish  Needles 

190 

Prairie  Clover 

58 

Salicineae 

334 

Sparganium. 

359 

Prenanthes 

141,  220 

Salicoruia 

306,  312 

Spartina 

398,  405 

Prickly  Poppy 

13 

Salix 

334 

S  patter-Dock 

12 

Primula 

232,  233 

Salmon-berry 

79 

Spear  Grass 

422 

Primulaceae 

232 

Salvia 

293,  296 

Specularia 

225 

Primrose 

233 

Sainbucua 

123,  124 

Speedwell 

282 

Primrose  Family 

232 

.Samolus 

232,  235 

Speirodela 

360 

Prosartes 

347.  353 

Samphire 

312 

Sphaeralcea 

41,42 

Prunus 

74,76 

Sand  Grass 

418 

Spiderwort 

355 

Pseudotsuga 

429,  430 

Sandwort 

34 

Spiderwort  Family 

355 

Psoralea 

50,56 

Sanicle 

114 

Spike  Grass 

420 

Ptelea 

45 

Sauicula 

113,  114 

Spikenard 

122 

Preridophyta 

434 

Santalaceae 

323 

Spike  Rush 

368 

Pteris 

432,  442 

Sapindacca9 

48 

Spiraea 

75,  77 

Pterospora 

227,  231 

Sarcobatus 

306,  312 

Spiranthes 

340,  343 

Puocoon 

263 

Suxifraga 

80 

Spleen  wort 

442 

Pulse  Family 

50 

Saxifragaceae 

89 

Sporobolus 

399,  410 

Pumpkin 

108 

Saxifrage 

90 

Spraguea 

37,  ."9 

Purshia 

75,80 

Saxifrage  Family 

89 

Spring  Beauty 

33 

Purslane 

37 

Schedonnardus 

400,  416 

.Spruce 

431 

Purslane  Family 

37 

Scheuchzeria 

362,  364 

Spurge  Family 

324 

Putty  -root 

342 

Schrankia 

51,74 

Squirrel-tail  Grass 

427 

Pycnantheuium 

292,  295 

Scirpus 

365,  366 

Stachys 

293,  299 

Pvroli 

227,  230 

Scrophularia 

271,  273 

Staff-tree  Family 

46 

Pyrolineas 

227 

Scrophulariacese 

271 

Stanleya 

15,22 

Pyrrhopappus 

141,223 

Scouring  Rush 

445 

Star-grass 

345 

Pyrus 

76,80 

Scutellaria 

293,  298 

Starwort 

158 

Sea  Blite 

312  i 

Steironema 

232,  235 

Quack  Grasa 

426 

Sea  Milkwort 

235 

Stellaria 

31,33 

Quaking  Asp 

339 

Sea  Purslane 

112 

Stenosiphon 

101,105 

Quercu-s 

331,  333 

Sedge 

370 

Stephanomeria 

140,  215 

Quillwort 

435 

Sedge  Family 

365 

Stickseed 

258 

Quillwort  Family 

434 

Sedurn 

98 

Stick-tight 

189 

Quitch  Grass 

426 

Selaginella 

435 

Stipa 

399,  407 

Selaginellaa 

485 

St.  John's-wort 

40 

Ragweed 

180 

Senecio 

140,  206 

St.  John's-wort  Family         40 

RanunculaceaB 

2 

Senecionideae 

130,  139 

Stonecrop 

98 

Ranunculus 

2,6 

Senna 

73  ; 

StorksbiH 

44 

R  ispberry 

79 

Sensitive  Briar 

74  i 

Strawberry 

82 

Rattlesnake  Plantain 

343 

Service-berry 

89  I 

Strawberry  Blite 

309 

Rattle-weed 

60 

Sesuvium 

112  ! 

Streptanthus 

15.  20 

R  iv  less  Golden-rod 

149     Setaria 

398,  404 

Streptopus 

347,  352 

Red-top 

412  1  Shave  Grass 

446 

Suaeda 

30(»,  312 

Read 

418 

Shepherdia 

321,  322 

Subnlaria 

16,  25 

Reed  Bent-Grasa 

413 

Shepherd's  Purse 

25 

Suck  ley  a 

306,  311 

Reed  Meadow-Grass 

423 

Shield  Fern 

443 

Sumach 

49 

Rhamnaceas 

46 

Shin  le-if 

230 

Sunflower 

185 

Rhamnus 

46 

Shooting-Star 

232 

Sweet  Cicelv 

116 

R  linanthus 

273,  288 

Shrubby  Trefoil 

45 

Sweet  Coltsfoot 

203 

Riiizocarpeaa 

436 

Sibbnldia 

75,  81 

Swertia 

243,  246 

Rims 

49 

Sidi.lcea 

41 

Symphoricarpos 

123,  125 

Kibes 

90,96 

Silene 

31  i 

Synthyris 

272,  281 

Ribwort 

2!»9 

Silkwoed 

239  , 

Syringa 

95 

Riddcllia 

137,  191 

Silphium 

133,  178 

Robinia 

61,  59 

Sisymbrium 

16,  23 

Talinum 

37 

Rock  Brake 

441 

Sisyrinchiuiu 

344,  345 

Tanacetum 

139,  199 

Rock  Cress 

19 

Sinm 

113  116 

Tansy 

199 

Roman  Wormwood 

181 

Skullcap 

298 

Taraxacum 

141,  222 

Rosa 

76,87 

Slender  Grass 

418 

Tare 

72 

452 


INDEX. 


Tarweed                                191 

Urticaceae                            328 

Water-wort                            40 

Telliina                               90,  93 
Tetradymia                   139,  204 

Urticeaa                                  329 
Utricularia                           290 

Water-wort  Family                39 
White  Fir                              430 

Teucrium                      292,  294 

White  Sage                            311 

Thalictrum                           2,  5 

Vaccinieae                              226 

Whiteweed                              199 

Thamnosma                             45 

Vaccinium                     226,  227 

Whitlow-Grass                        16 

Thaspium                      114,  117 

Valeriana                                128 

Whitlow-wort                       303 

Thelesperma                 130,  190 

Valerianaceae                        128 

Whortleberry                        228 

Thelypodium                     15,  21 
Thermopsis                       50,  52 

Valerian  Family                   128 
Vanilla  Grass                        406 

Wild  Balsam-Apple              108 
Wild  Oat  Grass                     415 

Thimbleberry                         80 

Venus's  Looking-glass         225 

Wild  Rye                               427 

Thin  Grass                            412 

Veratrum                      347,  353 

Willow                                   334 

Thistle                                   212 

Verbena                          2LO,  291 

Willow  Family                      334 

Thlaspi                              16,  26 

Verbenaceae                           290 

Willow-IIerb                           101 

Thorn                                      88 

Verbesina                      136,  188 

Wind  flower                              3 

Thorn  Apple                         268 

Vernonia                        130,  141 

Winged  Pigweed                   307 

Thorough-wax                       116 

Vernoniaceae                 129,  130 

Winter  Cress                          23 

1  horoughwort                      142 

Veronica                        272,  282 

Winter  Fat                             311 

Tiarella                               90,  93 

Vervain                                   291 

Wintergreen                          230 

Tickseed                                189 

Vervain  Family                     290 

Wire  Grass                            357 

Tillsea                                      98 

Vesicaria                           16,  25 

Wolf-berry                            125 

Timothy                                410 

Vetch                                       72 

Wolfsbane                              11 

Toad-Flax                            273 

Viburnum                     123,  124 

Woodbine                              125 

Tobacco                                 270 

Vicia                                61,  72 

Wood  Fern                            443 

Tofieldia                       347,  354 

Vine  Family                            48 

Wood  Grass                          406 

Townsendia                   132,  156 

Viola                                        28 

Wood  Nettle                          330 

Tradescantia                         355 

Violacese                                28 

Wood  Reed  Grass                 413 

Tragia                                    324 

Violet                                       28 

Wood  Rush                         356 

Tribulus                                  43 

Violet  Family                         28 

Woodsia                       439,  444 

Trifolium                          50,  54 

Virginia  Creeper                     48 

Wormwood                            199 

Triglochin                    362,  364 

Virgin's-Bower                         2 

Woundwort                          299 

'J  riodia                         401,  417 

Vitacese                                  48 

Wyethia                        135  184 

Triplasis                        401,  418 

Vitis                                       48 

Triple-awned  Grass              407 

Xanthium                    134,  182 

Trisetum                       400,  415 

Water-Cress                            24 

Xerophyllum                347,  354 

Trollius                                 2,  9 

Water  Hemlock                    116 

Trumpet  Weed                     142 

Water  Hemp                         305 

Yamp                                      115 

Tubulifloraj                          129 

Water  Horehound                294 

Yarrow                                    198 

Tule                                      367 

Waterleaf                              254 

Yellow  Pine                         432 

Tumble-weed                        305 

Waterleaf  Family                254 

Yellow  Pond-Lily                   12 

Twayblade                             343 

Water-Lily  Family                 12 

Yellow  Rattle                       288 

Twin-flower                           124 

Water-Milfoil                          99 

Yucca                           346,  351 

Typha                                    359 

Water-Milfoil  Family             99 

Typhaceaa                            359 

Water  Parsnip                      116 

Zanichellia                            362 

Water  Pimpernel                  235 

Zauschneria                          101 

TJlmaceae                                329 

Water-Plantain                      361 

Zinnia                            135,  182 

Ulmus                                    329 

Water-Plantain  Family       361 

Zygadenus                     347,  353 

Umbelliferaa                         112 

Water-Starworts                   328 

Zygophyllaceae                      43 

Urtica                           329,  330 

ADDENDUM. 


On  page  380,  after  C.  frigida,  All.,  insert :  — 

28  a.  C.  misandra,  R.  Br.  Slender,  3  to  8  inches  high :  leaves  many, 
narrow,  1  to  3  inches  long :  sheaths  purplish,  leafless,  usually  tipped  by  a  short 
setaceous  bract:  terminal  spike  pistillate  above:  spikes  all  ovate  (£  inch  or 
less  long),  dull  brown,  hanging  on  slender  peduncles  from  a  half -inch  to  an 
inch  long :  perigynium  lanceolate,  rough  or  serrate  on  the  two  margins,  the 
lower  half  occupied  by  the  nearly  flat  3-ribbed  obovate  akene,  longer  than  the 
obtuse  brown  scale.  —  C.  fuliginosa,  St.  &  Hoppe.  In  dense  sod  on  Gray's 
Peak,  Colorado  (H.  N,  Patterson,  1885);  also  in  Arctic  America.  (Eu.) 
C.  misandra  is  the  more  recent  name,  but  Sternberg  and  Hoppe  applied  the 
name  C.  fuliginosa  to  this  species,  thinking  it  to  be  the  (7.  fuliginosa  of 
Schkuhr,  which  is  C.  frigida,  All.  The  species  was  first  distinguished  by 
Robert  Brown. 


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